低成本高强韧低合金铸钢组织与性能研究
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摘要
随着铸钢生产技术的迅速发展,高性能铸钢的生产与应用越来越广泛。高性能铸钢与传统铸钢相比,在强度、韧性等方面具有独特的优越性。目前,部分原材料价格呈上涨趋势,为达到低成本高性能的目的,必须考虑材料的成本。
以ZG35SiMn为研究对象,通过正交实验设计低合金钢的基本化学成分,考察其力学性能和显微组织,分析各元素、热处理工艺对铸造低合金钢组织和性能的影响。运用正交实验直观分析法和回归分析法分别得到低合金钢中四种基本成分的最佳配比以及力学性能与各元素含量之间的关系式。结合一定成本和性能的要求,在正交实验的基础上研究了加入稀土和铌对低合金钢组织和性能的影响,探讨了稀土和铌在钢中的作用机理。通过热力学计算,分析了稀土和铌在钢中的存在形式以及稀土在钢中生成氧化物、硫化物的条件。
利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜,能谱分析等手段分析了合金的显微组织。结果表明,稀土不仅有脱氧、脱硫的作用,还能控制夹杂物形态。稀土和铌都有细化晶粒的作用。运用错配度和经典电子理论,分析了Ce203和NbC作为基底促进形核相非均质形核的能力,证明了Ce203对6-Fe非均质形核有非常显著效用,对γ-Fe非均质形核效用中等,而NbC对6-Fe和γ-Fe的非均质形核效用都为中等。可认为细化晶粒的主要机理是Ce203和NbC成为初生γ-Fe和6-Fe的异质晶核以及稀土在晶界的偏聚而对晶界的阻碍作用。
用万能拉伸试验机和布氏硬度计分别进行拉伸试验和宏观硬度测量。结果表明,钢中加入0.03%稀土后,屈服强度由525MPa提高到535MPa,而延伸率则由18%下降到16.1%；在此基础上再加入0.03%铌,屈服强度进一步提高到565MPa,而延伸率则为17%。实验证明,稀土与铌的复合加入,稀土的固溶强化作用增强,碳化铌析出增多,呈弥散状分布于铁素体基体,且颗粒较小。用稀土和铌微合金化复合处理可使低合金钢获得良好的强韧化综合性能。
低合金钢中复合加入稀土和铌,开发出了正火态屈服强度为565MPa,延伸率为17%的强韧性能良好的低合金钢。低成本实现了低合金钢强度与韧性的协调提升。
Along with cast steel production technology developing rapidly, development and applications of high-performance cast steel also become more and more widly. High-performance steel has unique superiority, with respect to strength and ductility, compared with traditional cast steel. Now, a part of raw materials is getting to rise in price, to reduce cost and improve performance, the cost of materials must be considering.
This paper focuses on steel of ZG35SiMn, through orthogonal experimental designing elementary composition of low alloy steel, investigating its mechanical property, to analysis the elements and techenology for heating treatment process how to influen on its microscopic structure and property. Orthogonal experimental intuitive analysis and regression analysis are used to get optimum composition, and relationship between mechanical property and content of element. To combine the cost and demand on property, then, on the basis of orthogonal experimental, add rare earth and Nb to liquid steel, to research their influence on low alloy steel's performance and microstructure, and investigate the mechanism of action of rare earth and Nb on steel.The article has analysised what rare earth and Nb to exist in steel, and how oxide and sulphide to be produced, by thermodynamic calculation.
Metallographic structure is analysised by the optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. It turned out that rare earth is not only with good functions deoxidation and desulfurization, but also controlling the morphology of inclusions. The rare earth and Nb both can promote fine grain size. It has anaysised the capability of nucleation based on Ce2O3 and NbC according to lattice misfit theory and classical electron theory, the result shows that Ce2O3 has the best remarkable capability of nucleation to 8-Fe, and medium toδ-Fe, while NbC has moderate capability of nucleation to 8-Fe and y-Fe. Ce2O3 and NbC to be phases of primary austenite and ferrite, and rare earth gathering to block grain boundary moving, are considered main mechanism of refined grains.
Tensile and hardness has tested by universal tensile testing machine and Breinell tester. It shows that after adding 0.03%RE to steel, yield strength of it has increaseds from 525MPa to 535MPa while elongation of it has dropped from 18% to 16.6%. Based on the former, adding another 0.03%Nb to steel, yield strength of it has raised to 565MPa while elongation of it also has raised to 17%. So, it's proved that solution strengthening of RE become more effective and dispersive distribution of fine NbC particles separate more out when adding RE and Nb together. Low alloy steel can get well combination property as strengthening-toughening when RE and Nb are used for microalloyed steel.
After adding RE and Nb to cast low alloy steel, yield strength of it has improved to 565MPa, and elongation of it improved to 17%. It comes true that strengthening-toughening is coordinated upgrade with low cost.
以ZG35SiMn为研究对象,通过正交实验设计低合金钢的基本化学成分,考察其力学性能和显微组织,分析各元素、热处理工艺对铸造低合金钢组织和性能的影响。运用正交实验直观分析法和回归分析法分别得到低合金钢中四种基本成分的最佳配比以及力学性能与各元素含量之间的关系式。结合一定成本和性能的要求,在正交实验的基础上研究了加入稀土和铌对低合金钢组织和性能的影响,探讨了稀土和铌在钢中的作用机理。通过热力学计算,分析了稀土和铌在钢中的存在形式以及稀土在钢中生成氧化物、硫化物的条件。
利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜,能谱分析等手段分析了合金的显微组织。结果表明,稀土不仅有脱氧、脱硫的作用,还能控制夹杂物形态。稀土和铌都有细化晶粒的作用。运用错配度和经典电子理论,分析了Ce203和NbC作为基底促进形核相非均质形核的能力,证明了Ce203对6-Fe非均质形核有非常显著效用,对γ-Fe非均质形核效用中等,而NbC对6-Fe和γ-Fe的非均质形核效用都为中等。可认为细化晶粒的主要机理是Ce203和NbC成为初生γ-Fe和6-Fe的异质晶核以及稀土在晶界的偏聚而对晶界的阻碍作用。
用万能拉伸试验机和布氏硬度计分别进行拉伸试验和宏观硬度测量。结果表明,钢中加入0.03%稀土后,屈服强度由525MPa提高到535MPa,而延伸率则由18%下降到16.1%；在此基础上再加入0.03%铌,屈服强度进一步提高到565MPa,而延伸率则为17%。实验证明,稀土与铌的复合加入,稀土的固溶强化作用增强,碳化铌析出增多,呈弥散状分布于铁素体基体,且颗粒较小。用稀土和铌微合金化复合处理可使低合金钢获得良好的强韧化综合性能。
低合金钢中复合加入稀土和铌,开发出了正火态屈服强度为565MPa,延伸率为17%的强韧性能良好的低合金钢。低成本实现了低合金钢强度与韧性的协调提升。
Along with cast steel production technology developing rapidly, development and applications of high-performance cast steel also become more and more widly. High-performance steel has unique superiority, with respect to strength and ductility, compared with traditional cast steel. Now, a part of raw materials is getting to rise in price, to reduce cost and improve performance, the cost of materials must be considering.
This paper focuses on steel of ZG35SiMn, through orthogonal experimental designing elementary composition of low alloy steel, investigating its mechanical property, to analysis the elements and techenology for heating treatment process how to influen on its microscopic structure and property. Orthogonal experimental intuitive analysis and regression analysis are used to get optimum composition, and relationship between mechanical property and content of element. To combine the cost and demand on property, then, on the basis of orthogonal experimental, add rare earth and Nb to liquid steel, to research their influence on low alloy steel's performance and microstructure, and investigate the mechanism of action of rare earth and Nb on steel.The article has analysised what rare earth and Nb to exist in steel, and how oxide and sulphide to be produced, by thermodynamic calculation.
Metallographic structure is analysised by the optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. It turned out that rare earth is not only with good functions deoxidation and desulfurization, but also controlling the morphology of inclusions. The rare earth and Nb both can promote fine grain size. It has anaysised the capability of nucleation based on Ce2O3 and NbC according to lattice misfit theory and classical electron theory, the result shows that Ce2O3 has the best remarkable capability of nucleation to 8-Fe, and medium toδ-Fe, while NbC has moderate capability of nucleation to 8-Fe and y-Fe. Ce2O3 and NbC to be phases of primary austenite and ferrite, and rare earth gathering to block grain boundary moving, are considered main mechanism of refined grains.
Tensile and hardness has tested by universal tensile testing machine and Breinell tester. It shows that after adding 0.03%RE to steel, yield strength of it has increaseds from 525MPa to 535MPa while elongation of it has dropped from 18% to 16.6%. Based on the former, adding another 0.03%Nb to steel, yield strength of it has raised to 565MPa while elongation of it also has raised to 17%. So, it's proved that solution strengthening of RE become more effective and dispersive distribution of fine NbC particles separate more out when adding RE and Nb together. Low alloy steel can get well combination property as strengthening-toughening when RE and Nb are used for microalloyed steel.
After adding RE and Nb to cast low alloy steel, yield strength of it has improved to 565MPa, and elongation of it improved to 17%. It comes true that strengthening-toughening is coordinated upgrade with low cost.
引文
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[3]叶平,沈剑平,王光耀,等.汽车轻量化用高强度钢现状及其发展趋势[J].机械工程材料,2006(3)：4-6.
[4]王祖滨.低合金钢和微合金钢的发展[J].中国冶金,2009,(3)：19-23.
[5]Peter F,Marcus H,Karlis M,et al. World Sieel Dynamics [J]. Global Metallics Crisis,1994:12-14.
[6]高泽平.低合金高强度钢的强化机理及生产工艺的探讨[J].湖南冶金,2001,(1)：17-20.
[7]侯晶,王飞,赵国英.微合金钢的研究现状及发展趋势[J].材料导报,2007,21(6)：91-95.
[8]王仪康.微合金钢回顾与展望[J].中国工程科学,2000,2(2)：77-78.
[9]马智明,宋红煌,杨华.微合金钢在性能和经济方面的协调[J].河南冶金,2001,5(46)19-22.
[10]雍岐龙,孙新军,郑磊,等.钢铁材料中第二相的作用[J].科技创新导报,2009,(8)：1-3.
[11]赵路遇.微量稀土元素在铸钢中的应用[J].材料开发与应用,2003,18(3)：43-46.
[12]叶文,郭世宝,林勤.稀土对钢中碳化铌溶解和析出行为的影响.中国稀土学报,1994,(4)：340-343.
[13]余宗森.钢中稀土[M].北京：冶金工业出版社,1982：19-21.
[14]褚幼义.钢中稀土夹杂物鉴定[M].北京,冶金工业出版社,1985：28-32.
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