无线信道特性的时域高频算法分析
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摘要
无线通信的蓬勃发展产生了个人无线电频率的新技术和应用。目前在世界范围内都正在努力发展个人通信系统。无线通信系统得到广泛应用,同时由于频谱资源是有限的,所以频谱资源显得日益紧张,但是人们希望传输质量越来越好,并且对传输带宽也提出了更高的要求。无线信道作为无信通信的媒介,重要性不言而喻,因此它对无线通信系统的研究有重要的意义。
本文首先介绍了无线通信的发展历史及意义,研究了国内外在研究无线信道时的三种建模类型及用于信道建模常用的几种电磁数值算法,同时还对电波传播的理论知识和无线信道路径损耗特性进行了详细的总结,对无线信道的研究有进一步明确的目标。然后研究了几种常用的射线追踪方法,包括镜像法、弹跳射线法(SBR)等。其中,对弹跳射线法(SBR)进行了详细的研究,并将时域弹跳射线法应用到无线信道中,在仿真算例中通过与商用软件比较证明了算法应用的正确性。最后运用编写的时域信道后期数据处理程序,对美国南加州大学获得的超宽带信道实测数据进行处理,提取出信道的冲激响应,并和相关文献比较以验证该程序的正确性,以空房间模型数据为例,运用改进的多模板CLEAN算法提取出空房间模型的信道冲激响应,完成平均超量时延、均方根(RMS)时延扩展、功率延迟剖面等信道特征参数的分析,并将它们用于对无线通信系统设计影响的分析。
The vigorous developments of the wireless communication produce personal radio frequency technology and applications. Personal communications systems are being developed worldwide. As wireless communication systems are widely used and the spectrum resources are limited, so spectrum resources is becoming increasingly tense, But people are more particular about the communication quality and transmission bandwidth. Radio channel as the medium of communication is very important, so it is meaningful to study the wireless channel.
This thesis first introduces the historical development and significance of the wireless communication, three modeling types of domestic and foreign research wireless channel, and the channel modeling is commonly used in several electromagnetic numerical algorithms. Also the theoretical knowledge of radio propagation and wireless channel path loss characteristics are detailed summary. And then study several commonly used ray tracing methods, including the method of images, shooting and bouncing racy (SBR), and so on. Shooting and bouncing racy method are described in detail and completed the program of bouncing ray method of time-domain applications in the wireless channel, in the case of simulation with commercial software has proved its correctness. At last, using the time domain channel data processing procedures, the University of Southern California's ultra-wideband channel measured data are processed to extract the channel impulse response, and the relevant literature to verify the correctness of the program. Using an improved multi-template CLEAN algorithm to extract the channel impulse response from the data obtained before. The parameters describing the channel characteristics have been calculated, including, mean excess delay, root mean square (RMS) delay spread, power delay profile and so on. They are used in the analysis of the impact of wireless communication system design.
本文首先介绍了无线通信的发展历史及意义,研究了国内外在研究无线信道时的三种建模类型及用于信道建模常用的几种电磁数值算法,同时还对电波传播的理论知识和无线信道路径损耗特性进行了详细的总结,对无线信道的研究有进一步明确的目标。然后研究了几种常用的射线追踪方法,包括镜像法、弹跳射线法(SBR)等。其中,对弹跳射线法(SBR)进行了详细的研究,并将时域弹跳射线法应用到无线信道中,在仿真算例中通过与商用软件比较证明了算法应用的正确性。最后运用编写的时域信道后期数据处理程序,对美国南加州大学获得的超宽带信道实测数据进行处理,提取出信道的冲激响应,并和相关文献比较以验证该程序的正确性,以空房间模型数据为例,运用改进的多模板CLEAN算法提取出空房间模型的信道冲激响应,完成平均超量时延、均方根(RMS)时延扩展、功率延迟剖面等信道特征参数的分析,并将它们用于对无线通信系统设计影响的分析。
The vigorous developments of the wireless communication produce personal radio frequency technology and applications. Personal communications systems are being developed worldwide. As wireless communication systems are widely used and the spectrum resources are limited, so spectrum resources is becoming increasingly tense, But people are more particular about the communication quality and transmission bandwidth. Radio channel as the medium of communication is very important, so it is meaningful to study the wireless channel.
This thesis first introduces the historical development and significance of the wireless communication, three modeling types of domestic and foreign research wireless channel, and the channel modeling is commonly used in several electromagnetic numerical algorithms. Also the theoretical knowledge of radio propagation and wireless channel path loss characteristics are detailed summary. And then study several commonly used ray tracing methods, including the method of images, shooting and bouncing racy (SBR), and so on. Shooting and bouncing racy method are described in detail and completed the program of bouncing ray method of time-domain applications in the wireless channel, in the case of simulation with commercial software has proved its correctness. At last, using the time domain channel data processing procedures, the University of Southern California's ultra-wideband channel measured data are processed to extract the channel impulse response, and the relevant literature to verify the correctness of the program. Using an improved multi-template CLEAN algorithm to extract the channel impulse response from the data obtained before. The parameters describing the channel characteristics have been calculated, including, mean excess delay, root mean square (RMS) delay spread, power delay profile and so on. They are used in the analysis of the impact of wireless communication system design.
引文
[1]杨鸿文,李卫东,郭文彬等译.无线通信[M].人民邮电出版社,2007
[2] C.-F. Yang, B.-C. Wu, and C.-J. Ko. A ray-tracing method for modeling indoor wave propagation and penetration [J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas Propagation, 1998, 46(6): 907-919.
[3] A. F. Molisch. Ultrawideband propagation channels—Theory, measurement, and modeling [J]. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2005, 54(5): 1528-1545.
[4]扈罗全,朱洪波.脉冲无线通信信道特性与建模研究进展[J].南京邮电大学学报(自然科学版), Vol.26, No.2, 2006, pp: 1-10.
[5]杨大成等.移动传播环境-理论基础、分析方法和建模技术[M].机械工业出版社, 2003.
[6] J.Foerster. Channel Modeling Sub-committee Report Final[S]. IEEE P802. 15202 /368 r52SG3a,2002: 12.
[7] H.Sugahara, Y. Watanabe, T.Ono, K.Okanoue, and S.Yarnazaki. Development and experimental evaluations of RS-200—A propagation simulator for UWB systems[C]. IEEE UWBST 04, 2004: 76–80.
[8] Y. Zhao, Y. Hao, and C. Parini. FDTD characterization of UWB indoor radio channel including frequency dependent antenna directivities[J]. IEEE Antennas Wireless Propagation Letter 2007, 6:191–194.
[9] G. Lerosey, J. de Rosny, A. Tourin, and M. Fink. Focusing Beyond the Diffraction Limit with Far-Field Time Reversal [J]. Science 315, 2007:1120-1122.
[10]闰玉波. FDTD在工程瞬态电磁学中的应用[D].西安:西安电子科技大学, 2001.
[11] Lynch D R, Paulsen K D. Time domain integration of the Max well equations of finite elements [J]. IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, 1990, 38(12): 1933- 1942.
[12] H. Ling, R.C. Chou, and S.W. Lee. Shooting and bouncing rays: Calculating the RCS of an arbitrarily shaped cavity[J], IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagate. 1989, 37(2): 194–205,
[13] Baldauf J, Lee S W, Lin L, et al. High frequency scattering from trihedral corner reflectors and other benchmark targets: SBR vs. experiments[ J] . IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation on, 1991, 39(9): 1345- 1351.
[14] R. G. Kouyoumjian,“Asymptotic High-Frequency Methods,”Proc. IEEE, vol. 53, no.8, pp.864–876, Aug. 1965.
[15] R. G. Kouyoumjian and P. H. Pathak,“A uniform geometrical theory of diffraction for an edge in a perfectly conducting surface,”Proc. IEEE, vol. 62, no. 11, pp. 1148–1461, Nov. 1974.
[16] Zhengqing Yun,Zhi jun Zhang and M.F.Iskander.Aray一tracing method Based on the triangular grid approach and application propagation prediction in urban environments IEEETrans. On AP.,May2002,50 (5):750~757
[17]谢益溪编.无线电波传播——原理与运用[M].人民邮电出版社,2008
[18] G. J. Foschini. Layed space-time architecture for wireless communication in fading environment when using multiple antennas. Bell Labs Technical Journal, 1996: 41-59
[19]李旭,艾渤,钟章队编.移动通信原理与系统[M].科学出版社,2011
[21]李建东,郭梯云,邬国扬编.移动通信(第四版)[M].西安电子科技大学出版社,2006
[22] A.F Molisch. A generic model for MIMO propagation channels in macro- and microcells. IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, Jan.2004; 52(1):61~71.
[23] V. Tarokh, N. Seshadri and A. R. Calderbank. Space-time codes for high data rate wireless communications: performance criterion and code construction. IEEE Trans. on I. T., 1998, 44(2): 744~765.
[24]周力,柴舜连,毛均杰.基于三维射线跟踪八叉树算法的城市微区预测算法模型.电子学报,2002(12):1776一1778
[25] J. K. Bang, B. C. Kim, S. H. Suk, K. S. Jin, and H. T. Kim,“Time consumption Reduction of ray tracing for RCS prediction using efficient grid division and space division algorithms,”J. Electromagn. Waves Applicat. 2007,21(6):829–840,
[26]黄沛霖,王钢林,武哲.以捷径法提高射线追踪效率[J].北京航空航天大学学报, 2004, 30(5): 428-428.
[27] F. Weinmann. The Influence of Surface Curvature on High-Frequency RCS Simulations[J]. EuCAP 2007–2nd European Conference on Antennas & Propagation, 2007, 11(16)
[28] Shung-Wu Lee, Mysore S.Sheshadri, Vahraz Jamnejad, Raj Mittra. Refraction at a Curved Dielectric Interface: Geometrical Optics Solution [J]. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat, 1982, 30(1):12-19
[29] D. Klement, J. Preissner, and V. Stein.“Special problems in applying the physicaloptics method for backscatter computations of complicated objects,”IEEE Trans.Antennas Propag., vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 229–237, Feb. 1988
[30] D. Klement, J. Preissner, and V. Stein. Special problems in applying the physicaloptics method for backscatter computations of complicated objects [J]. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. 1988, 36(2):228-237
[31] W.B.Gordon,“Far-field approximation to the Kirchoff-Helmholtz representations of scattered field,”IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 1975,23(5): 864–876
[32]丁建军.目标电磁散射的快速预估和基于多分辨基函数的高效算法[D].南京.南京理工大学
[33]阮颖铮,电磁射线理论基础[M].成都:成都电讯工程学院出版社,1989.
[34] S.Y.Seidel,T.5.Rappaport.Site-specific propagation prediction for wireless in-building personal communication system design. IEEE Trans. On VT,Nov.1994,43(4):879一891
[35] Chen Shannon and IENG Shyhkang. An SBR/Image approach for radio wave propagation in indoor environments with metallic furniture .IEEE Trans. On AP, 1997, 45(1):98-106
[36]李晓波,陈曦.基于APML-FDTD方法的指挥所UWB信道分析[J].科学技术与工程, 2009, 9(12): 3283-3287.
[37] SCHAFER T M, MAURER J, and von HAGEN J, et al. Experimental characterization of radio wave propagation in hospitals [J] IEEE Trans on Electromagnet tic Compatibility, 2005, 47 (2): 304-311
[38]袁正午,赵瑞静,朱志慧.室内射线跟踪定位方法[J].计算机应用研究,2009,26(4) : 1299-1301
[39]余丹娟,于秀丽,张华清.基于无线移动通信的信道研究与仿真分析[J] .通信市场, 2008(1):45-49
[40] G.L.Turin. Communication through Noisy Radom-Multipath Channels[C]. IRE Convention, 1956:154~166
[41] J.A.Hogbom. Aperture Synthesis with a Non-Regular Distribution of Interferometer Baselines[J]. Astron.Astrophys.Suppl.Ser.1974
[42] R.J.Cramer. An Evaluation of Ultrawideband Propagation Channels[N]. Phd Dissertation from University of Southern California.2000:1~13,31~34
[43] R.A.Scholtz, M.Z.Win, J.M.Cramer. Evaluation of the Characteristics of the Ultra-Wideband Propagation Channel[J]. Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 1998: 626~630
[44] C.Buccella, M.Feliziani, G.Manzi. Detection and Localization of Defects in Shielded Cablesby Time-Domain Measurements with UWB Pulse Injection And Clean Algorithm Post processing[J]. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility. 2004, (46): 597~606
[45] A.Muqaibel, A.Safaai-Jazi, B.Woerner.UWB Channel Impulse Response Characterization Using Deconvolution Techniques[C].45th IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits Systems,Tulsa Oklahoma,2002:4~7
[46]汪洋. UWB室内信道传输特性研究[D].哈尔滨工业大学博士学位论文, 2005.
[47] http://ultra.usc.edu/uwb_database/averaged_data.htm
[48] Shung-Wu Lee, Mysore S.Sheshadri, Vahraz Jamnejad, Raj Mittra. Refraction at a Curved Dielectric Interface: Geometrical Optics Solution [J]. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat, 1982, 30(1):12-19
[49]顾杰.无线信道的确定性建模和参数分析[D].南京理工大学硕士研究生学位论文,2010.
[2] C.-F. Yang, B.-C. Wu, and C.-J. Ko. A ray-tracing method for modeling indoor wave propagation and penetration [J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas Propagation, 1998, 46(6): 907-919.
[3] A. F. Molisch. Ultrawideband propagation channels—Theory, measurement, and modeling [J]. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2005, 54(5): 1528-1545.
[4]扈罗全,朱洪波.脉冲无线通信信道特性与建模研究进展[J].南京邮电大学学报(自然科学版), Vol.26, No.2, 2006, pp: 1-10.
[5]杨大成等.移动传播环境-理论基础、分析方法和建模技术[M].机械工业出版社, 2003.
[6] J.Foerster. Channel Modeling Sub-committee Report Final[S]. IEEE P802. 15202 /368 r52SG3a,2002: 12.
[7] H.Sugahara, Y. Watanabe, T.Ono, K.Okanoue, and S.Yarnazaki. Development and experimental evaluations of RS-200—A propagation simulator for UWB systems[C]. IEEE UWBST 04, 2004: 76–80.
[8] Y. Zhao, Y. Hao, and C. Parini. FDTD characterization of UWB indoor radio channel including frequency dependent antenna directivities[J]. IEEE Antennas Wireless Propagation Letter 2007, 6:191–194.
[9] G. Lerosey, J. de Rosny, A. Tourin, and M. Fink. Focusing Beyond the Diffraction Limit with Far-Field Time Reversal [J]. Science 315, 2007:1120-1122.
[10]闰玉波. FDTD在工程瞬态电磁学中的应用[D].西安:西安电子科技大学, 2001.
[11] Lynch D R, Paulsen K D. Time domain integration of the Max well equations of finite elements [J]. IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, 1990, 38(12): 1933- 1942.
[12] H. Ling, R.C. Chou, and S.W. Lee. Shooting and bouncing rays: Calculating the RCS of an arbitrarily shaped cavity[J], IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagate. 1989, 37(2): 194–205,
[13] Baldauf J, Lee S W, Lin L, et al. High frequency scattering from trihedral corner reflectors and other benchmark targets: SBR vs. experiments[ J] . IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation on, 1991, 39(9): 1345- 1351.
[14] R. G. Kouyoumjian,“Asymptotic High-Frequency Methods,”Proc. IEEE, vol. 53, no.8, pp.864–876, Aug. 1965.
[15] R. G. Kouyoumjian and P. H. Pathak,“A uniform geometrical theory of diffraction for an edge in a perfectly conducting surface,”Proc. IEEE, vol. 62, no. 11, pp. 1148–1461, Nov. 1974.
[16] Zhengqing Yun,Zhi jun Zhang and M.F.Iskander.Aray一tracing method Based on the triangular grid approach and application propagation prediction in urban environments IEEETrans. On AP.,May2002,50 (5):750~757
[17]谢益溪编.无线电波传播——原理与运用[M].人民邮电出版社,2008
[18] G. J. Foschini. Layed space-time architecture for wireless communication in fading environment when using multiple antennas. Bell Labs Technical Journal, 1996: 41-59
[19]李旭,艾渤,钟章队编.移动通信原理与系统[M].科学出版社,2011
[21]李建东,郭梯云,邬国扬编.移动通信(第四版)[M].西安电子科技大学出版社,2006
[22] A.F Molisch. A generic model for MIMO propagation channels in macro- and microcells. IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, Jan.2004; 52(1):61~71.
[23] V. Tarokh, N. Seshadri and A. R. Calderbank. Space-time codes for high data rate wireless communications: performance criterion and code construction. IEEE Trans. on I. T., 1998, 44(2): 744~765.
[24]周力,柴舜连,毛均杰.基于三维射线跟踪八叉树算法的城市微区预测算法模型.电子学报,2002(12):1776一1778
[25] J. K. Bang, B. C. Kim, S. H. Suk, K. S. Jin, and H. T. Kim,“Time consumption Reduction of ray tracing for RCS prediction using efficient grid division and space division algorithms,”J. Electromagn. Waves Applicat. 2007,21(6):829–840,
[26]黄沛霖,王钢林,武哲.以捷径法提高射线追踪效率[J].北京航空航天大学学报, 2004, 30(5): 428-428.
[27] F. Weinmann. The Influence of Surface Curvature on High-Frequency RCS Simulations[J]. EuCAP 2007–2nd European Conference on Antennas & Propagation, 2007, 11(16)
[28] Shung-Wu Lee, Mysore S.Sheshadri, Vahraz Jamnejad, Raj Mittra. Refraction at a Curved Dielectric Interface: Geometrical Optics Solution [J]. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat, 1982, 30(1):12-19
[29] D. Klement, J. Preissner, and V. Stein.“Special problems in applying the physicaloptics method for backscatter computations of complicated objects,”IEEE Trans.Antennas Propag., vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 229–237, Feb. 1988
[30] D. Klement, J. Preissner, and V. Stein. Special problems in applying the physicaloptics method for backscatter computations of complicated objects [J]. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. 1988, 36(2):228-237
[31] W.B.Gordon,“Far-field approximation to the Kirchoff-Helmholtz representations of scattered field,”IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 1975,23(5): 864–876
[32]丁建军.目标电磁散射的快速预估和基于多分辨基函数的高效算法[D].南京.南京理工大学
[33]阮颖铮,电磁射线理论基础[M].成都:成都电讯工程学院出版社,1989.
[34] S.Y.Seidel,T.5.Rappaport.Site-specific propagation prediction for wireless in-building personal communication system design. IEEE Trans. On VT,Nov.1994,43(4):879一891
[35] Chen Shannon and IENG Shyhkang. An SBR/Image approach for radio wave propagation in indoor environments with metallic furniture .IEEE Trans. On AP, 1997, 45(1):98-106
[36]李晓波,陈曦.基于APML-FDTD方法的指挥所UWB信道分析[J].科学技术与工程, 2009, 9(12): 3283-3287.
[37] SCHAFER T M, MAURER J, and von HAGEN J, et al. Experimental characterization of radio wave propagation in hospitals [J] IEEE Trans on Electromagnet tic Compatibility, 2005, 47 (2): 304-311
[38]袁正午,赵瑞静,朱志慧.室内射线跟踪定位方法[J].计算机应用研究,2009,26(4) : 1299-1301
[39]余丹娟,于秀丽,张华清.基于无线移动通信的信道研究与仿真分析[J] .通信市场, 2008(1):45-49
[40] G.L.Turin. Communication through Noisy Radom-Multipath Channels[C]. IRE Convention, 1956:154~166
[41] J.A.Hogbom. Aperture Synthesis with a Non-Regular Distribution of Interferometer Baselines[J]. Astron.Astrophys.Suppl.Ser.1974
[42] R.J.Cramer. An Evaluation of Ultrawideband Propagation Channels[N]. Phd Dissertation from University of Southern California.2000:1~13,31~34
[43] R.A.Scholtz, M.Z.Win, J.M.Cramer. Evaluation of the Characteristics of the Ultra-Wideband Propagation Channel[J]. Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 1998: 626~630
[44] C.Buccella, M.Feliziani, G.Manzi. Detection and Localization of Defects in Shielded Cablesby Time-Domain Measurements with UWB Pulse Injection And Clean Algorithm Post processing[J]. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility. 2004, (46): 597~606
[45] A.Muqaibel, A.Safaai-Jazi, B.Woerner.UWB Channel Impulse Response Characterization Using Deconvolution Techniques[C].45th IEEE International Midwest Symposium on Circuits Systems,Tulsa Oklahoma,2002:4~7
[46]汪洋. UWB室内信道传输特性研究[D].哈尔滨工业大学博士学位论文, 2005.
[47] http://ultra.usc.edu/uwb_database/averaged_data.htm
[48] Shung-Wu Lee, Mysore S.Sheshadri, Vahraz Jamnejad, Raj Mittra. Refraction at a Curved Dielectric Interface: Geometrical Optics Solution [J]. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat, 1982, 30(1):12-19
[49]顾杰.无线信道的确定性建模和参数分析[D].南京理工大学硕士研究生学位论文,2010.