乙二醇辅助水热法合成氧化物纳米结构及表征
摘要
纳米材料和纳米结构是当今新材料领域中十分重要的研究对象,特别是一
维纳米材料由于其新颖的物理、化学和生物学特性以及在纳米器件中的潜在用
途成为当今纳米技术的研究热点。就一维纳米材料的合成而言,水热法由于设
备简单,成本较低,可控性好,制备的材料纯度高、结晶好等优点,被认为是
未来制备纳米材料最具有潜力的方法之一。
本文在传统水热和溶剂热方法的基础上,提出了乙二醇辅助水热法新工艺,
成功合成出铜氧化物和氧化铁纳米材料的新结构一枝状纳米结构。其中取得的
主要创新结果如下:
采用乙二醇辅助水热法合成了CuO枝状纳米结构和Cu2O花状纳米结构,
无乙二醇作辅助剂的条件下,直接水热合成了CuO片状纳米结构,由此可知,
乙二醇对枝状纳米结构的形成起决定作用。研究指出,辅助剂乙二醇为10ml
左右时合成枝状结构,为20-40ml时形成花状结构;形成枝状纳米结构的pH
值范围为8-10;温度为200℃时,纳米结构结晶较好。通过上述三种纳米结构
合成过程的对比,提出了枝状纳米结构的形成机理。
通过乙二醇辅助水热法还成功合成了FeOOH枝状纳米结构,再经350℃热
处理,得到Fe2O3枝状纳米结构。无乙二醇辅助剂的条件下,直接水热合成了
片状FeOOH纳米结构,同样经350℃热处理后,得到Fe2O3片状纳米结构。研
究发现,上述两种结构只能在碱性或中性条件下制备得到,而在酸性溶液中,
乙二醇不再具有辅助剂的作用,水热合成的是Fe2O3纳米颗粒,其粒径约40nm,
同时还发现,粒径大小跟反应源浓度有正对应关系,反应源浓度较高时,合成
的Fe2O3纳米颗粒粒径随之增大。
实验对上述制得的不同形貌Fe2O3纳米结构进行各种性能测试。对其紫外
可见吸收谱的测试分析表明,随Fe2O3纳米结构尺寸减小,其吸收峰发生明显
蓝移。通过对合成的不同形貌Fe2O3磁滋回线的测试分析,发现随Fe2O3纳米结
构尺寸减小,矫顽力和余磁随之减小,而饱和磁化强度则增加。
Nanostructures with various morphologies have attracted great interests due to their significant potential applications. One-dimensional nanomaterials have received intensive interests due to their novel physical, chemical, and biological properties as well as the potential applications in nanodevices. Comparing to other methods, hydrothermal method has been widely employed to prepare one-dimensional nanomaterials due to its advantages of low temperature, simplicity, and large-scale production.In this paper, the novel Ethylene Glycol (EG) assisted hydrothermal method is used to prepare the novel dendrite-like CuO and FeOOH nanostructures successfully. The main results are the following:The dendrite-like CuO and flower-like Cu_2O nanostructures have been synthesized by EG-assisted hydrothermal route. When no EG in the hydrothermal solution, flake-like CuO nanostructures is obtained. The results of the experiments indicate that EG is critical to the preparation of the dendrite-like nanostructures and at the same time it is found that EG is an assistor only when pH value of the hydrothermal solution is within an appropriate range. Moreover, EG is not only an assistor but also has the ability of reducing under the certain pH value. If low quantity of EG is added into the solution, the dendrite-like nanostructures can be prepared, but when with high quantity of EG addition, flower-like and cubic Cu_2O nanostructures are achieved. Based on that, the effects of reaction conditions including the quantity of EG, pH value, reaction temperature and the source concentrations on the morphology and phase of the resulting products are further studied, at the same time, the mechanism of such dendrite-like nanostructures is preliminary presented. Such results will probably be helpful to the controllable fabrication of various nanostructures.Similarly, during the preparation of FeOOH nanostructures, when no EG the
flake-like FeOOH nanostructures are synthesized, otherwise, if EG is introduced into the hydrothermal solution, dendrite-like FeOOH can also be fabricated. After the annealing of FeOOH, the corresponding Fe_2O_3 nanostructures are obtained. When the pH value is low in the hydrothermal solution, the product synthesized is Fe_2O_3 nanoparticles. Further investigation shows that the higher the resource concentration is, the larger the nanoparticles are.The UV-vis absorption spectra of the Fe_2O_3 nanostructures with various morphologies show that with the size decrease of the nanoparticles there is blue-shift to the absorption peaks. The magnetization curves of the Fe_2O_3 nanostructures with various morphologies indicate that the morphology has great effects on the magnetic properties of the Fe_2O_3 nanostructures. With the size increase of the Fe_2O_3 nanostructures, the coercive force and residual magnetism are reduced, but the saturation magnetization increases.
维纳米材料由于其新颖的物理、化学和生物学特性以及在纳米器件中的潜在用
途成为当今纳米技术的研究热点。就一维纳米材料的合成而言,水热法由于设
备简单,成本较低,可控性好,制备的材料纯度高、结晶好等优点,被认为是
未来制备纳米材料最具有潜力的方法之一。
本文在传统水热和溶剂热方法的基础上,提出了乙二醇辅助水热法新工艺,
成功合成出铜氧化物和氧化铁纳米材料的新结构一枝状纳米结构。其中取得的
主要创新结果如下:
采用乙二醇辅助水热法合成了CuO枝状纳米结构和Cu2O花状纳米结构,
无乙二醇作辅助剂的条件下,直接水热合成了CuO片状纳米结构,由此可知,
乙二醇对枝状纳米结构的形成起决定作用。研究指出,辅助剂乙二醇为10ml
左右时合成枝状结构,为20-40ml时形成花状结构;形成枝状纳米结构的pH
值范围为8-10;温度为200℃时,纳米结构结晶较好。通过上述三种纳米结构
合成过程的对比,提出了枝状纳米结构的形成机理。
通过乙二醇辅助水热法还成功合成了FeOOH枝状纳米结构,再经350℃热
处理,得到Fe2O3枝状纳米结构。无乙二醇辅助剂的条件下,直接水热合成了
片状FeOOH纳米结构,同样经350℃热处理后,得到Fe2O3片状纳米结构。研
究发现,上述两种结构只能在碱性或中性条件下制备得到,而在酸性溶液中,
乙二醇不再具有辅助剂的作用,水热合成的是Fe2O3纳米颗粒,其粒径约40nm,
同时还发现,粒径大小跟反应源浓度有正对应关系,反应源浓度较高时,合成
的Fe2O3纳米颗粒粒径随之增大。
实验对上述制得的不同形貌Fe2O3纳米结构进行各种性能测试。对其紫外
可见吸收谱的测试分析表明,随Fe2O3纳米结构尺寸减小,其吸收峰发生明显
蓝移。通过对合成的不同形貌Fe2O3磁滋回线的测试分析,发现随Fe2O3纳米结
构尺寸减小,矫顽力和余磁随之减小,而饱和磁化强度则增加。
Nanostructures with various morphologies have attracted great interests due to their significant potential applications. One-dimensional nanomaterials have received intensive interests due to their novel physical, chemical, and biological properties as well as the potential applications in nanodevices. Comparing to other methods, hydrothermal method has been widely employed to prepare one-dimensional nanomaterials due to its advantages of low temperature, simplicity, and large-scale production.In this paper, the novel Ethylene Glycol (EG) assisted hydrothermal method is used to prepare the novel dendrite-like CuO and FeOOH nanostructures successfully. The main results are the following:The dendrite-like CuO and flower-like Cu_2O nanostructures have been synthesized by EG-assisted hydrothermal route. When no EG in the hydrothermal solution, flake-like CuO nanostructures is obtained. The results of the experiments indicate that EG is critical to the preparation of the dendrite-like nanostructures and at the same time it is found that EG is an assistor only when pH value of the hydrothermal solution is within an appropriate range. Moreover, EG is not only an assistor but also has the ability of reducing under the certain pH value. If low quantity of EG is added into the solution, the dendrite-like nanostructures can be prepared, but when with high quantity of EG addition, flower-like and cubic Cu_2O nanostructures are achieved. Based on that, the effects of reaction conditions including the quantity of EG, pH value, reaction temperature and the source concentrations on the morphology and phase of the resulting products are further studied, at the same time, the mechanism of such dendrite-like nanostructures is preliminary presented. Such results will probably be helpful to the controllable fabrication of various nanostructures.Similarly, during the preparation of FeOOH nanostructures, when no EG the
flake-like FeOOH nanostructures are synthesized, otherwise, if EG is introduced into the hydrothermal solution, dendrite-like FeOOH can also be fabricated. After the annealing of FeOOH, the corresponding Fe_2O_3 nanostructures are obtained. When the pH value is low in the hydrothermal solution, the product synthesized is Fe_2O_3 nanoparticles. Further investigation shows that the higher the resource concentration is, the larger the nanoparticles are.The UV-vis absorption spectra of the Fe_2O_3 nanostructures with various morphologies show that with the size decrease of the nanoparticles there is blue-shift to the absorption peaks. The magnetization curves of the Fe_2O_3 nanostructures with various morphologies indicate that the morphology has great effects on the magnetic properties of the Fe_2O_3 nanostructures. With the size increase of the Fe_2O_3 nanostructures, the coercive force and residual magnetism are reduced, but the saturation magnetization increases.
引文
1. 张立德,牟季美,“纳米材料与纳米结构”科学出版社,2001
2. 李新勇,张桂兰,汤国庆,陈文驹,“纳米晶体材料研究进展”化学进展,8 (1996) 231-239
3. Xiaogang Peng, Liberato Manna, Weidong Yang, Juanita Wickham, Erik Scher, Andreas Kadavanich, A. P. Alivisatos, "Shape control of CdSe nanocrystals" Nature 404 (2000) 59-61
4. Chao Li, Daihua Zhang, Song Han, Xiaolei Liu, Tao Tang, Chongwu Zhou, "Diameter-controlled Growth of Single-Crystalline In2O3 nanowires and their electronic propeties" Adv. Mater. 15 (2003) 143-146
5. Michael S. Arnold, Phaedon Avouris, Zheng Wei Pan, Zhong L. Wang, "Field-Effect Transistors Based on Single Semiconducting Oxide Nanobelts" J. Phys. Chem. B 107 (2003) 659-663
6. Daihua Zhang, Chao Li, Song Han, Xiaolei Liu, Tao Tang, Wu Jin, Chongwu Zhou, "Electronic transport studies of single-crystalline In2O3 nanowires" Appl. Phys. Lett. 82(2003) 112-114
7. Elisabetta Comini, Vincenzo Guidi, Cesare Malagu, Giuliano Martinelli, Z. Pan, Giorgio Sberveglieri, Zhong L. Wang, "Electrical Properties of Tin Dioxide Two-Dimensional Nanostructures" J. Phys. Chem. B108 (2004) 1882-1887
8. Xiaolei Liu, Chao Li, Song Han, Jie Han, Chongwu Zhou, "Synthesis and electronic transport studies of CdO nanoneedles" Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 (2003) 1950-1952
9. W. I. Park, Gyu-Chul Yi, J.W. Kim, S. M. Park, "Schottky nanocontacts on ZnO nanorod arrays" Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 (2003) 4358-4360
10. Matt Law, Hannes Kind, Benjamin Messer, Franklin Kim, Peidong Yang, "Photochemical Sensing of NO2 with SnO2 Nanoribbon Nanosensors at Room Temperature" Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 41 (2002) 2405-2408
11. Zhonglin Wang, "Nanobelts, nanowires, and nanodiskettes of semiconducting oxides-from materials to nanodevices" Adv. Mater. 15 (2003) 432-436
12. E. Comini, G Faglia, and G Sberveglieri, Zhengwei Pan and Zhong L. Wang, "Stable and highly sensitive gas sensors based on semiconducting oxide nanobelts" Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 (2002) 1869-1871
13. Yuliang Wang, Xuchuan Jiang, Younan Xia, "A Solution-Phase, Precursor Route to Polycrystalline SnO2 Nanowires That Can Be Used for Gas Sensing under Ambient Conditions" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (2003) 16176-16177
14. Chao Li, Daihua Zhang, Xiaolei Liu, Song Han, Tao Tang, Jie Han, Chongwu Zhou, "In2O3 nanowires as chemical sensors" Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 (2003) 1613-1615
15. Alexander Gurlo, Nicolae Barsan, Udo Weimar, Maria Ivanovskaya, Antonietta Taurino, Pietro Siciliano, "Polycrystalline Well-Shaped Blocks of Indium Oxide Obtained by the Sol-Gel Method and Their Gas-Sensing Properties" Chem. Mater. 15(2003) 4377-4383
16. Michael H. Huang, Samuel Mao, Henning Feick, Haoquan Yan, Yiying Wu, Hannes Kind, Eicke Weber, Richard Russo, Peidong Yang, "Room-Temperature Ultraviolet Nanowire Nanolasers" Science 292 (2001) 1897-1899
17. Justin C. Johnson, Haoquan Yan, Richard D. Schaller, Louis H. Haber, Richard J. Saykally, Peidong Yang, "Single Nanowire Lasers" J. Phys. Chem. B 105 (2001) 11387-11390
18. Kuveshni Govender, David S. Boyle, Paul O'Brien, David Binks, Dave West, Dan Coleman, "Room-temperature lasing observed from ZnO nanocolumns grown by aqueous solution deposition" Adv. Mater. 14 (2002) 1221-1224
19. Changhong Liu, Juan Antonio Zapien, Yuan Yao, Xiangmin Meng, Chun Sing Lee, Shoushan Fan, Yeshayahu Lifshitz, Shuitong Lee, "High-density, ordered ultraviolet light-emitting ZnO nanowire arrays" Adv. Mater. 15 (2003) 838-841
20. Haoquan Yan, Rongrui He, Justin Johnson, Matthew Law, Richard J. Saykally, Peidong Yang, "Dendritic Nanowire Ultraviolet Laser Array" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125(2003)4728-4729
21. Justin C. Johnson, Kelly P. Knutsen, Haoquan Yan, Matt Law, Yanfeng Zhang, Peidong Yang, Richard J. Saykally, "Ultrafast Carrier Dynamics in Single ZnO Nanowire and Nanoribbon Lasers" Nano Letters 4 (2004) 197-204
22. S.Ijima, "Helical microtubules of graphite carbon" Nature 354 (1991) 56-58
23. Yingchun Zhu, Hongliang Li, Yuri Koltypin, Yaron Rosenfeld Hacohen Aharon Gedanken, "Sonochemical synthesis of titania whiskers and nanotubes" Chem. Commun. (2001) 2616-2617
24. Zhengrong R. Tian, James A. Voigt, Jun Liu, Bonnie Mckenzie, Huifang Xu, "Large Oriented Arrays and Continuous Films of TiO2-Based Nanotubes" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (2003) 12384-12385
25. Hans-Joachim Muhr, Frank Krumeich, Urs P. Schonholzer, Fabian Bieri, Markus Niederberger, Ludwig J. Gauckler, Reinhard Nesper, "Vanadium Oxide Nanotubes-A New Flexible Vanadate Nanophase" Adv. Mater. 12 (2000) 231-234
26. Yubao Li, Yoshio Bando, Dmitri Golberg, "Quasi-Aligned Single-Crystalline W18O49 Nanotubes and Nanowires" Adv. Mater. 15 (2003) 1294-1296
27. R M Wang, Y J Xing, J Xu, D P Yu, "Fabrication and microstructure analysis on zinc oxide nanotubes" New Journal of Physics 5 (2003) 115.1-115.7
28. J. Q. Hu, Y. Bando, "Growth and optical properties of single-crystal tubular ZnO whiskers" Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 (2003) 1401-1403
29. Jih-Jen Wua, Sai-Chang Liu, Chien-Ting Wu, Kuei-Hsien Chen, Li-Chyong Chen, "Heterostructures of ZnO-Zn coaxial nanocables and ZnO nanotubes" Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 (2002) 1312-1314
30. Xiang Yang Kong, Yong Ding, Zhong Lin Wang, "Metal-Semiconductor Zn-ZnO Core-Shell Nanobelts and Nanotubes" J. Phys. Chem. B 108 (2004) 570-574
31. Junqing Hu, Yoshio Bando, Zongwen Liu, "Synthesis of Gallium-Filled Gallium Oxide-Zinc Oxide Composite Coaxial Nanotubes" Adv. Mater. 15 (2003) 402-405
32. J. Q. Hu, Q. Li, X. M. Meng, C. S. Lee, S. T. Lee, "Thermal Reduction Route to
the Fabrication of Coaxial Zn/ZnO Nanocables and ZnO Nanotubes" Chem. Mater. 15(2003)305-308
33. Jun Zhang, Lingdong Sun, Chunsheng Liao, Chunhua Yan, "A simple route towards tubular ZnO" Chem. Commun. (2002) 262-263
34. Lionel Vayssieres, Karin Keis, Anders Hagfeldt, Sten-Eric Lindquist, "Three-Dimensional Array of Highly Oriented Crystalline ZnO Microtubes" Chem. Mater. 13 (2001) 4395-4398
35. Brinda B. Lakshmi, Peter K. Dorhout, Charles R. Martin, "Sol-Gel Template Synthesis of Semiconductor Nanostructures" Chem. Mater. 9 (1997) 857-862
36. Lianzhou Wang, Shinji Tomura, Fumihiko Ohashi, Masaki Maeda, Masaya Suzuki, Keiichi Inukai, "Synthesis of single silica nanotubes in the presence of citric acid" J. Mater. Chem., 11 (2001) 1465-1468
37. Yubao Li, Yoshio Bando, Dmitri Golberg, "Indium-Assisted Growth of Aligned Ultra-Long Silica Nanotubes" Adv. Mater. 16 (2004) 37-40
38. Ming Zhang, Y. Bando, K. Wada, "Silicon dioxide nanotubes prepared by anodic alumina as templates" J. Mater. Res. 15 (2000) 387-392
39. Joowon Hwang, Byungdon Min, Jong Soo Lee, Kihyun Keem, Kyoungah Cho, Man Young Sung, Moon Sook Lee, Sangsig Kim, "AI2O3 nanotubes fabricated by wet etching of ZnO/Al2O3 Core/Shell nanofibers" Adv. Mater. 14 (2004) 422-425
40. Zhihao Yuan, Hua Huang, Shoushan Fan, "Regular Alumina Nanopillar Arrays" Adv. Mater. 14 (2002) 303-306
41. Daibin Kuang, Yueping Fang, Hanqin Liu, Christoph Frommen, Dieter Fenske, "Fabrication of boehmite A1OOH and Y -A12O3 nanotubes via a soft solution route" J. Mater. Chem. 13 (2003) 660-662
42. Yingjiu Zhang, Jun Liu, Rongrui He, Qi Zhang, X. Zhang, Jing Zhu, "Synthesis of alumina nanotubes using carbon nanotubes as templates" Chem. Phys. Lett. 360(2002)579-584
43. Bin Cheng, Edward T. Samulski, "Fabrication and characterization of nanotubular semiconductor oxides In_2O_3 and Ga2O3" J. Mater. Chem. 11 (2001) 2901-2902
44. Jih-Jen Wu, Sai-Chang Liu, "Catalyst-Free Growth and Characterization of ZnO Nanorods", J. Phys. Chem. B 106 (2002) 9546-9551
45. Jih-Jen Wu, Sai-Chang Liu, "Low-Temperature Growth of Well-Aligned ZnO Nanorods by Chemical Vapor Deposition" Adv. Mater. 14 (2002) 215-218
46. Yiying Wu, Haoquan Yan, Michael Huang, Benjamin Messer, Jae Hee Song, and Peidong Yang, "Inorganic Semiconductor Nanowires: Rational Growth, Assembly, and Novel Properties" Chem. Eur. J. 8 (2002) 1260-1268
47. Ying Dai, Yue Zhang, Yuan Qiang Bai, Zhong Lin Wang, "Bicrystalline zinc oxide nanowires" Chemical Physics Letters 375 (2003) 96 - 101
48. Ye Zhang, Hongbo Jia, Xuhui Luo, Xihong Chen, Dapeng Yu, Rongming Wang, "Synthesis, Microstructure, and Growth Mechanism of Dendrite ZnO Nanowires" J. Phys. Chem. B 107 (2003) 8289-8293
49. Yingjiu Zhang, Nanlin Wang, Shangpeng Gao, Rongrui He, Shu Miao, Jun Liu, Jing Zhu, X. Zhang, "A Simple Method To Synthesize Nanowires" Chem. Mater. 14(2002)3564-3568
50. Yong Ding, Pu Xian Gao, and Zhong Lin Wang, "Catalyst-Nanostructure Interfacial Lattice Mismatch in Determining the Shape of VLS Grown Nanowires and Nanobelts: A Case of Sn/ZnO" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 (2004) 2066-2072
51. Y.W. Wang, L.D. Zhang, G.Z. Wang, X.S. Peng, Z.Q. Chu, C.H. Liang, "Catalytic growth of semiconducting zinc oxide nanowires and their photoluminescence properties" Journal of Crystal Growth 234 (2002) 171 - 175
52. Michael H. Huang, Yiying Wu, Henning Feick, Ngan Iran, Eicke Weber, Peidong Yang, "Catalytic Growth of Zinc Oxide Nanowires by Vapor Transport" Adv. Mater. 13(2001)113-116
53. J. Q. Hu, X. L. Ma, Z.Y. Xie, N. B. Wong, C. S. Lee, S. T. Lee, "Characterization of zinc oxide crystal whiskers grown by thermal evaporation" Chemical Physics Letters 344 (2001) 97-100
54. Seu Yi Li, Chia Ying Lee, Tseung Yuen Tseng, "Copper-catalyzed ZnO nanowires on silicon (10 0) grown by vapor-liquid-solid process" Journal of Crystal Growth 247 (2003) 357 - 362
55. P. X. Gao, Y. Ding, and Z. L. Wang, "Crystallographic Orientation-Aligned ZnO Nanorods Grown by a Tin Catalyst" Nano Lett. 3 (2003) 1315-1320
56. J.Y. Li, X.L. Chen, H. Li, M. He, Z.Y. Qiao, "Fabrication of zinc oxide nanorods" Journal of Crystal Growth 233 (2001) 5-7
57. B. D. Yao, Y. F. Chan, N. Wang, "Formation of ZnO nanostructures by a simple way of thermal evaporation" Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 (2002) 757-759
58. L Dai, XL Chen, WJWang, T Zhou, B Q Hu, "Growth and luminescence characterization of large-scale zinc oxide nanowires" J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 15(2003)2221-2226
59. Jong-Su Lee, Myung-Il Kang, Sangsig Kim, Min-Sang Lee, Young-Ki Lee, "Growth of zinc oxide nanowires by thermal evaporation on vicinal Si(l 0 0) substrate" Journal of Crystal Growth 249 (2003) 201 - 207
60. Xudong Wang, Christopher J. Summers, Zhong Lin Wang, "Large-Scale hexagonal-Patterned Growth of Aligned ZnO Nanorods for Nano-optoelectronics and Nanosensor Arrays" Nano Lett. 4 (2004) 423-426
61. Seung Chul Lyu, Ye Zhang, Hyun Ruh, Hwack-Joo Lee, Hyun-WookShim, Eun-Kyung Suh, Cheol Jin Lee, "Low temperature growth and photoluminescence of well-aligned zinc oxide nanowires" Chemical Physics Letters 363 (2002) 134-138
62. Seung Chul Lyu, Ye Zhang, Cheol Jin Lee, "Low-Temperature Growth of ZnO Nanowire Array by a Simple Physical Vapor-Deposition Method" Chem. Mater. 15(2003)3294-3299
63. V. A. L. Roy, A. B. Djurisjlic', W. K. Chan, J. Gao, H. F. Lui, C. Surya, "Luminescent and structural properties of ZnO nanorods prepared under different conditions" Appl. Phys. Lett. 83 (2003) 141-143
64. Haoquan Yan, Rongrui He, Johnny Pham, Peidong Yang, "Morphogenesis of One-Dimensional ZnO Nano- and Microcrystals" Adv. Mater. 15 (2003) 402-405
65. Hou Tee Ng, Bin Chen, Jun Li, Jie Han, M. Meyyappan, J. Wu, S. X. Li, E. E. Haller, "Optical properties of single-crystalline ZnO nanowires on m-sapphire" Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 (2003) 2023-2025
66. Q. X. Zhao, M. Willander, R. E. Morjan, Q-H. Hu, E. E. B. Campbell, "Optical recombination of ZnO nanowires grown on sapphire and Si substrates" Appl. Phys. Lett. 83 (2003) 165-167
67. Puxian Gao, Zhong Lin Wang, "Self-Assembled Nanowire-Nanoribbon Junction Arrays of ZnO" J. Phys. Chem. B 106 (2002) 12653-12658
68. J.G Wen, J.Y. Lao, D.Z. Wang, T.M. Kyaw, Y.L. Foo, Z.F. Ren, "Self-assembly of semiconducting oxide nanowires, nanorods, and nanoribbons" Chemical Physics Letters 372 (2003) 717-722
69. Xiaoming Sun, Zhaoxiang Deng, Yadong Li, "Self-organized growth of ZnO single crystal columns array" Materials Chemistry and Physics 80 (2003) 366-370
70. Yingkai Liua, Zhihui Liu, Guanghou Wang, "Synthesis and characterization of ZnOnanorods" Journal of Crystal Growth 252 (2003) 213-218
71. B. Y. Geng, G Z. Wang, Z. Jiang, T. Xie, S. H. Sun, G W. Meng, L. D. Zhang, "Synthesis and optical properties of S-doped ZnO nanowires" Appl. Phys. Lett. 82(2003)4791-4793
72. M. Haupt, A. Ladenburger, R. Sauer, K. Thonke, R. Glass, W. Roos, J. P. Spatz, H. Rauscher, S. Riethmuller, M. Moller, "Ultraviolet-emitting ZnO nanowhiskers prepared by a vapor transport process on prestructured surfaces with self-assembled polymers" J. Appl. Phys. 93 (2003) 6252-6257
73. Y. C. Kong, D. P. Yu, B. Zhang, W. Fang, S. Q. Feng, "Ultraviolet-emitting ZnO nanowires synthesized by a physical vapor deposition approach" Appl. Phys. Lett. 78 (2001) 407-409
74. Peidong Yang, Haoquan Yan, Samuel Mao, Richard Russo, Justin Johnson, Richard Saykally, Nathan Morris, Johnny Pham, Rongrui He, Heon-jin Choi, "Controlled Growth of ZnO Nanowires and Their Optical Properties" Adv. Funct. Mater. 12(2002)323-331
75. Y. W. Heo, V. Varadarajan, M. Kaufman, K. Kim, D. P. Norton, F. Ren, P. H. Fleming, "Site-specific growth of ZnO nanorods using catalysis-driven molecularbeam epitaxy" Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 (2002) 3467-3469
76. W. I. Park, D. H. Kim, S. W. Jung, Gyu-Chul Yi, "Metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxial growth of vertically well-aligned ZnO nanorods" Appl. Phys. Lett. 80 (2002) 4232-4234
77. Kwang-Sik Kim, Hyoun Woo Kim, "Synthesis of ZnO nanorod on bare Si substrate using metal organic chemical vapor deposition" Physica B 328 (2003) 368-371
78. Won I Park, Gyu-Chul Yi, Miyoung Kim, Stephen J. Pennycook, "ZnO Nanoneedles Grown Vertically on Si Substrates by Non-Catalytic Vapor-Phase Epitaxy" Adv. Mater. 14 (2002) 1841-1843
79. K. Ogataa, K. Maejima, Sz. Fujitac, Sg. Fujitab, "Growth mode control of ZnO toward nanorod structures or high-quality layered structures by metal-organic
vapor phase epitaxy" Journal of Crystal Growth 248 (2003) 25-30
80. Claudia Pacholski, Andreas Kornowski, Horst Weller, "Self-Assembly of ZnO: From Nanodots to Nanorods" Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 41 (2002) 1188-1191
81. X.M. Sun, X. Chen, Z.X. Deng, Y.D. Li, "A CTAB-assisted hydrothermal orientation growth of ZnO nanorods" Materials Chemistry and Physics 78 (2002) 99-104
82. Jun Zhang, Lingdong Sun, Huayong Pan, Chunsheng Liao, Chunhua Yan, "ZnO nanowires fabricated by a convenient route" New J. Chem., 26 (2002) 33 - 34
83. Jun Zhang, Lingdong Sun, Chunsheng Liao, Chunhua Yan, "A simple route towards tubular ZnO" Chem. Commun. (2002) 262-263
84. Lionel Vayssieres, "Growth of Arrayed Nanorods and Nanowires of ZnO from Aqueous Solutions" Adv. Mater. 15 (2003) 464-466
85. Dairong Chen, Xiuling Jiao, Gang Cheng, "Hydrothermal synthesis of zinc oxide powders with different morphologies" Solid State Communications 113 (2000) 363-366
86. Bin Liu, Hua Chun Zeng, "Hydrothermal Synthesis of ZnO Nanorods in the Diameter Regime of 50 nm" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (2003) 4430-4431
87. Lionel Vayssieres, Karin Keis, Sten-Eric Lindquist, Anders Hagfeldt, "Purpose-Built Anisotropic Metal Oxide Material: 3D Highly Oriented Microrod Array of ZnO" J. Phys. Chem. B 105 (2001) 3350-3352
88. Zhengrong R. Tian, James A. Voigt, Jun Liu, Bonnie Mckenzie, Matthew J. Mcdermott, "Biomimetic Arrays of Oriented Helical ZnO Nanorods and Columns" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (2002) 12954-12955
89. Lori E. Greene, Matt Law, Joshua Goldberger, Franklin Kim, Justin C. Johnson, Yanfeng Zhang, Richard J. Saykally, Peidong Yang, "Low-Temperature Wafer-Scale Production of ZnO Nanowire Arrays" Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 42 (2003)3031-3034
90. Andreas Taubert, Christian Kulbel, David C. Martin, "Polymer-Induced Microstructure Variation in Zinc Oxide Crystals Precipitated from Aqueous Solution" J. Phys. Chem. B 107 (2003) 2660-2666
91. Kuveshni Govender, David S. Boyle, Paul O' Brien, David Binks, Dave West, Dan Coleman, "Room-temperature lasing observed from ZnO nanocolumn growth from aqueous solution deposition" Adv. Mater. 14 (2002) 1221-1224
92. Y. Li, G. W. Meng, L. D. Zhang, " Ordered semiconductor ZnO nanowire arrays and their photoluminescence properties" Appl. Phys. Lett. 76 (2000) 2011-2013
93. M.J. Zheng, L.D. Zhang, G.H. Li, W.Z. Shen, "Fabrication and optical properties of large-scale uniform zinc oxide nanowire arrays by one-step electrochemical deposition technique" Chem. Phys. Lett. 363 (2002) 123-128
94. Y.C. Wang, I.C. Leu, M.H. Hon, "Preparation andcharacterization of nanosizedZnO arrays by electrophoretic deposition" Journal of Crystal Growth 237-239 (2002) 564-568
95. Z.X. Zheng, Y.Y. Xi, P. Dong, H.G Huang, J.Z. Zhou, L.L. Wu, Z.H. Lin, "The enhanced photoluminescence of zinc oxide and polyaniline coaxial nanowire arrays in anodic oxide aluminium membranes" PhysChemComm 5 (2002) 63-65
96. Yuan-Chung Wang, Ing-Chi Leu, Min-Hsiung Hon, "Preparation of Nanosized ZnO Arrays by Electrophoretic Deposition" Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 5 (2002) C53-C55
97. Y.C. Wang, I.C. Leu, M.H. Hon, "Effect of colloid characteristics on the fabrication of ZnO nanowires arrays by electrophoretic deposition" J. Mater. Chem. 12 (2002) 2439-2444
98. Hansoo Kim, Wolfgang Sigmund, "Zinc oxide nanowires on carbon nanotubes" Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 (2002) 2085-2087
99. Zhong-Yong Yuan, Zaoli Zhang, Gaohui Du, Tie-Zhen Ren, Bao-Lian Su, "A simple method to synthesise single-crystalline manganese oxide nanowires " Chemical Physics Letters 378 (2003) 349-353
100.Xun Wang and Yadong Li, "Selected-Control Hydrothermal Synthesis of Gr and β-MnO_2 Single Crystal Nanowires" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (2002) 2880-2881
101.Wenzhong Wang, Congkang Xu, Guanghou Wang, Yingkai Liu, Changlin Zheng, "Preparation of Smooth Single-Crystal Mn_3O_4 Nanowires" Adv. Mater. 14 (2002) 837-840
102.Yiqing Chen, Xuefeng Cui, Kun Zhang, Dengyu Pan, Shuyuan Zhang, Bing Wang, J.G. Hou, "Bulk-quantity synthesis and self-catalytic VLS growth of SnO_2 nanowires by lower-temperature evaporation" Chemical Physics Letters 369 (2003) 16-20
103.Z. R. Dai, J. L. Gole, J. D. Stout, Z. L. Wang, "Tin Oxide Nanowires, Nanoribbons, and Nanotubes" J. Phys. Chem. B 106 (2002) 1274-1279
104.Dong-Feng Zhang, Ling-Dong Sun, Jin-Lu Yin, Chun-Hua Yan, "Low temperature fabrication of highly crystalline SnO_2 nanorods" Adv. Mater. 15 (2003) 1022-1025
105.Minhua Cao, Changwen Hu, Ge Peng, Yanjuan Qi, Enbo Wang, "Selected-Control Synthesis of PbO_2 and Pb_3O_4 Single-Crystalline Nanorods" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (2003) 4982-4983
106.Xuchuan Jiang, Thurston Herricks, Younan Xia, "CuO Nanowires Can Be Synthesized by Heating Copper Substrates in Air" Nano Lett. 2 (2002) 1333-1338
107.Congkang Xu, Yingkai Liu, Guoding Xu, Guanghou Wang, "Preparation and characterization of CuO nanorods by thermal decomposition of CuC_2O_4 precursor" Materials Research Bulletin 37 (2002) 2365-2372
108.Yujie Xiong, Zhengquan Li, Rong Zhang, Yi Xie Jun Yang, Changzheng Wu, "From Complex Chains to ID Metal Oxides: A Novel Strategy to Cu_2O Nanowires" J. Phys. Chem. B 107 (2003) 3697-3702
109.Zhi-Zhan Chen, Er-Wei Shi, Yan-Qing Zheng, Wen-Jun Li, Bing Xiao, Ji-Yong Zhuang, "Growth of hex-pod-like Cu_2O whisker under hydrothermal conditions" Journal of Crystal Growth 249 (2003) 294-300
110.Wenzhong Wang, Guanghou Wang, Xiaoshu Wang, Yongjie Zhan, Yingkai Liu, Changlin Zheng, "Synthesis and Characterization of Cu_2O Nanowires by a Novel
Reduction Route" Adv. Mater. 14 (2002) 67-69
111 .Yunyi Fu, Jing Chen, Han Zhang, "Synthesis of Fe_2O_3 nanowires by oxidation of iron" Chemical Physics Letters 350 (2001) 491 - 494
112.Kyoungja Woo, Ho Jin Lee, Jae-Pyoung Ahn, Young Sung Park, "Sol-Gel Mediated Synthesis of Fe_2O_3 Nanorods" Adv. Mater. 15 (2003) 1761-1764
113.Lionel Vayssieres, Niclas Beermann, Sten-Eric Lindquist, and Anders Hagfeldt, "Controlled Aqueous Chemical Growth of Oriented Three-Dimensional Crystalline Nanorod Arrays: Application to Iron(III) Oxides" Chem. Mater. 13 (2001)233-235
114.Yujie Xiong, Yi Xie, Zhengquan Li, Rong Zhang, Jun Yang, Changzheng Wu, "Complexing-reagent assisted synthesis of a-Fe and γ-Fe_2O_3 nanowires under mild conditions" New J. Chem. 27 (2003) 588-590
115Jun Wang, Qianwang Chen, Chuan Zeng, Binyang Hou, "Magnetic-field induced growth of single-crystalline Fe_3O_4 nanowires " Adv. Mater. 16 (2004) 137-140
116.Chengchun Tang, Yoshio Bando, Tadao Sato, "Oxide-Assisted Catalytic Growth of MgO Nanowires with Uniform Diameter Distribution" J. Phys. Chem. B 106 (2002) 7449-7452
117.Wenzhong Wang, Yingkai Liu, Congkang Xu, Changlin Zheng, Guanghou Wang, "Synthesis of NiO nanorods by a novel simple precursor thermal decomposition approach" Chemical Physics Letters 362 (2002) 119-122
118.Jun Zhou, S.Z. Deng, Jun Chen, J.C. She, N.S. Xu, "Synthesis of crystalline alumina nanowires and nanotrees" Chem. Phys. Lett. 365 (2002) 505-508
119.Young Chul Choi, Won Seok Kim, Young Soo Park, Seung Mi Lee, Dong Jae Bae, Young Hee Lee, Gyeong-Su Park, Won Bong Choi, Nae Sung Lee, Jong Min Kim, "Catalytic Growth of 3 -Ga_2O_3 Nanowires by Arc Discharge" Adv. Mater. 12(2000)746-750
120.Ko-Wei Chang, Jih-Jen Wu, "Low-Temperature Catalytic Growth of Ga_2O_3 Nanowires by Single Organometallic Precursor" J. Phys. Chem. B 108 (2004) 1838-1843
121.Jun Zhang, Feihong Jiang, "Catalytic growth of Ga_2O_3 nanowires by physical evaporation and their photoluminescence properties" Chemical Physics 289 (2003) 243-249
122.C. H. Liang, G. W. Meng, G. Z. Wang, Y. W. Wang, L. D. Zhang, S. Y. Zhang, "Catalytic synthesis and photoluminescence of Ga_2O_3 nanowires" Appl. Phys. Lett. 78(2001)3202-3204
123.X.C. Wu, W.H. Song, W.D. Huang, M.H. Pu, B. Zhao, Y.P. Sun, J.J. Du, "Crystalline gallium oxide nanowires: intensive blue light emitters" Chemical Physics Letters 328 (2000) 5-9
124.Shashank Sharma and Mahendra K. Sunkara, "Direct Synthesis of Gallium Oxide Tubes, Nanowires, and Nanopaintbrushes" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (2002) 12288-12289
125.Hu JQ, Li Q, Meng XM, Lee CS, Lee ST, "Synthesis of beta-Ga_2O_3 nanowires by laser ablation" J. Phys. Chem. B 106 (2002): 9536-9539
126.Jun Zhang, Xin Qing, Feihong Jiang, Zhenhong Dai, "A route to Ag-catalyzed growth of the semiconducting In_2O_3 nanowires" Chemical Physics Letters 371 (2003)311-316
127.Changhao Liang, Guowen Meng, Yong Lei, Fritz Phillipp, and Lide Zhang, "Catalytic Growth of Semiconducting In_2O_3 Nanofibers" Adv. Mater. 13 (2001) 1330-1333
128.X.C. Wu a, J.M. Hong, Z.J. Han, Y.R. Tao, "Fabrication and photoluminescence characteristics of single crystalline In_2O_3 nanowires" Chemical Physics Letters 373 (2003)28 - 32
129.X. S. Peng, G W. Meng, J. Zhang, X. F. Wang, Y. W. Wang, C. Z. Wang L. D. Zhang, "Synthesis and photoluminescence of single-crystalline In_2O_3 nanowires" J. Mater. Chem. 12 (2002) 1602-1605
130.Maojun Zheng, Lide Zhang, Xinyi Zhang, Jun Zhang, Guanghai Li, "Fabrication and optical absorption of ordered indium oxide nanowire arrays embedded in anodic alumina membranes" Chem. Phys. Lett. 334 (2001) 298-302
131.M.J. Zheng, L.D. Zhang, G.H. Li, X.Y. Zhang, X.F. Wang, "Ordered indium-oxide nanowire arrays and their photoluminescence properties" Appl. Phys. Lett. 79 (2001) 839-841
132.Renzhi Ma, Yoshio Bando, "Self-assembled array of boron oxide nanowires on Mg surface" Chemical Physics Letters 374 (2003) 358-361
133.Z. G. Bai, D. P. Yu, H. Z. Zhang, Y. Ding, Y. P. Wang, X. Z. Gai, Q. L. Hang, G C. Xiong, S. Q. Feng, "Nano-scale GeO_2 wires synthesized by physical evaporation" Chemical Physics Letters 303 (1999) 311-314
134.Jun Zhou, N.S. Xu, S.Z. Deng, Jun Chen, J.C. She, "Synthesis of large-scaled MoO_2 nanowire arrays" Chemical Physics Letters 382 (2003) 443-446
135.Greta R. Patzke, Alexej Michailovski, Frank Krumeich, Reinhard Nesper, Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt, Alfons Baiker, "One-Step Synthesis of Submicrometer Fibers of MoO_3" Chem. Mater. 16 (2004) 1126-1134
136.Xiong Wen Lou, Hua Chun Zeng, "Hydrothermal Synthesis of γ -MoO_3 Nanorods via Acidification of Ammonium Heptamolybdate Tetrahydrate" Chem. Mater. 14(2002)4781-4789
137.J.Q. Hu, Y. Jiang, X.M. Meng, C.S. Lee, S.T. Lee, "A simple large-scale synthesis of very long aligned silica nanowires" Chemical Physics Letters 367 (2003) 339-343
138.Hang Qi, Cuiying Wang, Jie Liu, "A Simple Method for the Synthesis of Highly Oriented Potassium-Doped Tungsten Oxide Nanowires" Adv. Mater. 15 (2003) 411-414
139.Zongwen Liu, Yoshio Bando, Chengchun Tang, "Synthesis of tungsten oxide nanowires" Chemical Physics Letters 372 (2003) 179-182
140.Gang Gu, Bo Zheng, W. Q. Han, Siegmar Roth, Jie Liu, "Tungsten Oxide Nanowires on Tungsten Substrates" Nano Lett. 2 (2002) 849-851
141.Kwangyeol Lee, Won Seok Seo, Joon T. Park, "Synthesis and Optical Properties of Colloidal Tungsten Oxide Nanorods " J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (2003) 3408-3409
142.Zheng Miao, Dongsheng Xu, Jianhua Ouyang, Guolin Guo, Xinsheng Zhao, Youqi Tang, "Electrochemically Induced Sol-Gel Preparation of Single-Crystalline TiO_2 Nanowires" Nano letters 2 (2002) 717-720
143.Y. Lei, L.D. Zhang, J.C. Fan, "Fabrication, characterization and Raman study of TiO_2 nanowire arrays prepared by anodic oxidative hydrolysis of TiCl_3 Chem. Phys. Lett. 338 (2001) 231-236
144.X.Y. Zhang, L.D. Zhang, W. Chen, G.W. Meng, M.J. Zheng, L.X. Zhao, "Electrochemical Fabrication of Highly Ordered Semiconductor and Metallic Nanowire Arrays" Chem. Mater. 13 (2001) 2511-2515
145.Zheng Wei Pan, Zu Rong Dai, Zhong Lin Wang, "Nanobelts of Semiconducting Oxides" Science 291 (2001) 1947-1949
146.Y. B. Li, Y Bando, T. Sato, K. Kurashima, "ZnO nanobelts grown on Si substrate" Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 (2002) 144-146
147.Zu Rong Dai, Zheng Wei Pan, Zhong L. Wang, "Novel Nanstructures of Functional Oxides Synthesized By Thermal Evaporation" Adv. Funct. Mater. 13 (2003) 9-24
148.Yanfa Yan, Ping Liu, J. G Wen, B. To, M. M. Al-Jassim, "In-Situ Formation of ZnO Nanobelts and Metallic Zn Nanobelts and Nanodisks" J. Phys. Chem. B 107 (2003)9701-9704
149.Zu Rong Dai, Zheng Wei Pan, Zhong L. Wang, "Growth and Structure Evolution of Novel Tin Oxide Diskettes" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (2002) 8673-8680
150.Zhong Lin Wang, Zhengwei Pan, "Junctions and Networks of SnO Nanoribbons" Adv. Mater. 14 (2002) 1029-1032
151.X.L. Ma, Y. Li, Y.L. Zhu, "Growth mode of the SnO_2 nanobelts synthesized by rapid oxidation" Chemical Physics Letters 376 (2003) 794-798
152.Z. W. Pan, Z. R. Dai, Z. L. Wang, "Lead oxide nanobelts and phase transformation induced by electron beam irradiation" Appl. Phys. Lett. 80 (2002) 309-311
153.Jun Zhang, Lide Zhang, "Intensive green light emission from MgO nanobelts" Chemical Physics Letters 363 (2002) 293 - 297
154.X. S. Peng, L. D. Zhang, G W. Meng, X. F. Wang, Y. W. Wang, C. Z. Wang, G S. Wu, "Photoluminescence and Infrared Properties of a -A12O3 Nanowires and Nanobelts" J. Phys. Chem. B 106 (2002) 11163-11167
155.Lei Fu, Yunqi Liu, Ping'an Hu, Kai Xiao, Gui Yu, Daoben Zhu, "Ga_2O_3 Nanoribbons: Synthesis, Characterization, and Electronic Properties" Chem. Mater. 15(2003)4287-4291
156.Z. R. Dai, Z. W. Pan, and Z. L. Wang, "Gallium Oxide Nanoribbons and Nanosheets" J. Phys. Chem. B 106 (2002) 902-904
157.Gautam Gundiah, A. Govindaraj, C.N.R. Rao, "Nanowires, nanobelts and related nanostructures of Ga_2O_3" Chemical Physics Letters 351 (2002) 189-194
158.Yadong Yin, Yu Lu, Yugang Sun, Younan Xia, "Silver Nanowires Can Be Directly Coated with Amorphous Silica To Generate Well-Controlled Coaxial Nanocables of Silver/Silica" 2 (2002) 427-430
159.Changfeng Wu, Weiping Qin, Guanshi Qin, Dan Zhao, Jisen Zhang, Wu Xu, Haiyan Lin, "Spontaneous growth and luminescence of Si/SiO_x core-shell nanowires" Chemical Physics Letters 378 (2003) 368-373
160.Ying Wang, Zhiyong Tang, Xiaorong Liang, Luis M. Liz-Marza'n, Nicholas A. Kotov, "SiO_2-Coated CdTe Nanowires: Bristled Nano Centipedes" Nano Lett. 4 (2004)225-231
161 .Ying Liu, Jian Dong, Meilin Liu, "Well-aligned Nano-box-beams of SnCV' Adv. Mater. 16(2004)353-35
162.Jing Yu Lao, Jian Guo Wen, and Zhi Feng Ren, "Hierarchical ZnO Nanostructures" Nano Lett. 2 (2002) 1287-1291
163.Pu Xian Gao, Zhong Lin Wang, "Mesoporous Polyhedral Cages and Shells Formed by Textured Self-Assembly of ZnO Nanocrystals" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125(2003)11299-11305
164.J. Y. Lao, J. Y. Huang, D. Z. Wang, Z. F. Ren, "ZnO Nanobridges and Nanonails" Nano Lett. 3 (2003) 235-238
165.D. N. Mcllroy, D. Zhang, Y. Kranov, "Nanosprings" Appl. Phys. Lett. 79 (2001) 1540-1542
166.Daqing Zhang, Abdullah Alkhateeb, Hongmei Han, Hasan Mahmood, David N. Mcllroy, "Silicon Carbide Nanosprings" Nano Letts. 3 (2003) 983-987
167.Won I Park, Gyu-Chul Yi, Miyoung Kim, Stephen J. Pennycook, "Quantum Confinement Observed in ZnO/ZnMgO Nanorod Heterstructures" Adv. Mater. 15(2003)526-529
168.Yiying Wu, Rong Fan, Peidong Yang, "Block-by-Block Growth of Single-Crystalline Si/SiGe Superlattice Nanowires" Nano Lett. 2 (2002) 83-86
169.Alfredo M. Morales and Charles M. Lieber, "A Laser Ablation Method for the Synthesis of Crystalline Semiconductor Nanowires" Science 279 (1998) 208-211
170.Xiangfeng Duan, Charles M. Lieber, "General Synthesis of Compound Semiconductor Nanowires" Adv. Mater. 12 (2000) 298-302
171.Mark S. Gudiksen, Charles M. Lieber, "Diameter-Selective Synthesis of Semiconductor Nanowires" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122 (2000) 8801-8802
172.R. S. Wagner, W. C. Ellis, "Vapor-liquid-solid mechanism of single crystal growth" Appl. Phys. Lett. 4 (1964) 89-90
173.Wensheng Shi, Yufeng Zheng, Ning Wang, Chun-Sing Lee, Shuit-Tong Lee, "A General Synthetic Route to III-V Compound Semiconductor Nanowires" Adv. Mater. 13(2001)591-594
174.GW. Sears, "A growth mechanism for mercury whiskers" Acta Metall., 3 (1955) 361-366
175.J.M. Blakely, K.A. Jackson, "Growth of crystal whiskers" J. Chem. Phys., 37 (1962)428-430
176.W.Q. Han, P. Kohler-Redlich, F. Ernst, M. Ruhle. Growth and microstructure of Ga_2O_3 nanorods. Solid State Commun., 115 (2000) 527-529
177.G-S. Park, W.-B. Choi, J.-M. Kim, Y. C. Choi, Y. H. Lee, C.-B. Lim. Structure investigation of gallium oxide nanowires grown by arc-discharge. J. Cryst. Growth, 220 (2000) 494-500
178.L. M. Cao, K. Hahn, C. Scheu, M. Ruhle, Y. Q. Wang, Z. Zhang, C. X. Gao, Y. C. Li, X. Y. Zhang, M. He, L. L. Sun, W. K. Wang, "Template-catalyst-free growth of highly ordered boron nanowire arrays" Appl. Phys. Lett. 80 (2002) 4226-4228
179.Limin Cao, Ze Zhang, Liling Sun, Cunxiao Gao, Meng He, Yiqian Wang, Yancun Li, Xiangyi Zhang, Gong Li, Jun Zhang, and Wenkui Wang, "Well-Aligned Boron Nanowire Arrays" Adv. Mater. 13 (2001) 1701-1703
180.Heng Yu, William E. Buhro, "Solution-Liquid-Solid Growth of Soluble GaAs Nanowires" Adv. Mater. 15 (2003) 416-419
181.Heng Yu, Jingbo Li, Richard A. Loomis, Patrick C. Gibbons, Lin-Wang Wang, William E. Buhro, "Cadmium Selenide Quantum Wires and the Transition from 3D to 2D Confinement" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (2003) 16168-16169
182.S. P. Ahrenkiel, O. I. Micaica, A. Miedaner, C. J. Curtis, J. M. Nedeljkovicja, A. J. Nozik, "Synthesis and Characterization of Colloidal InP Quantum Rods" Nano Lett. 3 (2003) 833-835
183.D. Holmes, Keith P. Johnston, R. Christopher Doty, Brian A. Korgel, "Control of Thickness and Orientation of Solution-Grown Silicon Nanowires" Science 287 (2000) 1471-1473
184.Xianmao Lu, Tobias Hanrath, Keith P. Johnston, Brian A. Korgel, "Growth of Single Crystal Silicon Nanowires in Supercritical Solution from Tethered Gold Particles on a Silicon Substrate" Nano Lett. 3 (2003) 93-99
185.Nicholas R. B. Coleman, M. A. Morris, Trevor R. Spalding, Justin D. Holmes, "The Formation of Dimensionally Ordered Silicon Nanowires within Mesoporous Silica" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 (2001) 187-188
186.Tobias Hanrath and Brian A. Korgel, "Nucleation and Growth of Germanium Nanowires Seeded by Organic Monolayer-Coated Gold Nanocrystals" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124(2002) 1424-1429
187.Tobias Hanrath, Brian A. Korgel, "Supercritical Fluid-Liquid-Solid (SFLS) Synthesis of Si and Ge Nanowires Seeded by Colloidal Metal Nanocrystals" Adv. Mater. 15(2003)437-440
188.Byron Gates, Brian Mayers, Andrew Grossman, Younan Xia, "A Sonochemical Approach to the Synthesis of Crystalline Selenium Nanowires in Solutions and on Solid Supports" Adv. Mater. 14 (2002) 1749-1752
189.H. Wang, J. J. Zhu, J. M. Zhu, "Sonochemical method for the preparation of bismuth sulfide nanorods" J. Phy. Chem. B 106 (2002) 3848-3854
190.GS. Wu, X.Y. Yuan, T. Xie, GC. Xu, L.D. Zhang, Y.L. Zhuang, "A simple synthesis route to CdS nanomaterials with different morphologies by sonochemical reduction" Materials Letters 58 (2004) 794-797
191.S.M. Zhou, Y.S. Feng, L.D. Zhang, "Sonochemical synthesis of large-scale single crystal CdS nanorods" Materials Letters 57 (2003) 2936-2939
192.Mei Li, Stephen Mann, "Emergence of Morphological Complexity in BaSO_4 Fibers Synthesized in AOT Microemulsions" Langmuir 16 (2000) 7088-7094
193Jong-Uk Kim, Sang-Ho Cha, Kyusoon Shin, Jae Young Jho, Jong-Chan Lee, "Preparation of gold nanowires and nanosheets in bulk block copolymer phases
under mild conditions" Adv. Mater. 16 (2004) 459-464
19
194. Lionel Vayssieres, Lew Rabenberg, Arumugam Manthiram, "Aqueous Chemical Route to Ferromagnetic 3-D Arrays of Iron Nanorods" Nano Lett. 2 (2002) 3393-1395
195. Wenzhong Wang, Chun Lan, Yuanzhi Li, Kunquan Hong, Guanghou Wang, "A simple wet chemical route for large-scale synthesis of Cu(OH)2 nanowires" Chemical Physics Letters 366 (2002) 220-223
196. Yujie Xiong, Yi Xie, Changzheng Wu, Jun Yang, Zhengquan Li, Fen Xu, "Formation of Silver Nanowires Through a Sandwiched Reduction Process" Adv. Mater. 15(2003) 405-408
197. Chung-Sung Yang, David D. Awschalom, Galen D. Stucky, "Growth of CdS Nanorods in Nonionic Amphiphilic Triblock Copolymer Systems" Chem. Mater. 14(2002) 1277-1284
198. C. N. R. Rao, A. Govindaraj, F. Leonard Deepak, N. A. Gunari, Manashi Nath, "Surfactant-assisted synthesis of semiconductor nanotubes and nanowires" Appl. Phys. Lett. 78 (2001) 1853-1855
199. Yugang Sun, Brian Mayers, Younan Xia, "Transformation of Silver Nanospheres into Nanobelts and Triangular Nanoplates through a Thermal Process" Nano Lett. 3 (2003) 675-679
200. Qitao Zhao, Lisong Hou, Ruian Huang, Shuzhi Li, "Surfactant-assisted growth and characterization of CdS nanorods" Inorganic Chemistry Communications 6 (2003) 1459-1462
201. C. R. Martin, "Nanomaterials: a membrane-based synthetic approach " Science, 266(1994) 1961-1966
202. Weiqiang Han, Shoushan Fan, Qunqing Li, Yongdan Hu, "Synthesis of Gallium Nitride Nanorods Througha Carbon Nanotube-Confined Reaction" Science 277 (1997) 1287-1289
203. Yingjiu Zhang, Jun Liu, Rongrui He, Qi Zhang, Xiaozhong Zhang, Jing Zhu, "Synthesis of Aluminum Nitride Nanowires from Carbon Nanotubes" Chem. Mater. 13 (2001) 3899-3905
204. Chengchun Tang, Shoushan Fan, Marc Lamy de la Chapelle, Haiyan Dang, Peng Li, "Synthesis of Gallium Phosphide Nanorods" Adv. Mater. 12 (2000) 1346-1348
205. Yiying Wu, Peidong Yang, "Germanium/carbon core-sheath nanostructures" Appl. Phys. Lett. 77 (2000) 43-45
206. J.Y. Lao, W.Z. Li, J.G. Wen, Z.F. Ren, "Boron carbide nanolumps on carbon nanotubes" Appl. Phys. Lett. 80 (2002) 500-502
207. Yadong Li, Yitai Qian, Hangwei Liao, Yi Ding, Li Yang, Cunyi Xu, Fangqing Li, Guien Zhou, "A reduction-pyrolysis-catalysis synthesis of diamond" Science 281 (1998) 246-247
208. 霍启华、冯守华、徐如人,“非水体系中全硅沸石分子筛合成的研究-全硅 方钠石与ZSM-39的晶化”化学学报48(1998) 639-642
209. 徐如人、庞文琴,“无机合成与制备化学”高等教育出版社2001
210. J. R. Heath, F. K. LeGoues, "A liquid solution synthesis of single crystal germanium quantum wires "Chem. Phys. Lett. 208 (1993) 263-268
211.Shu-Hong Yu, Yong-Sheng Wu, Jian Yang, Zhao-Hui Han, Yi Xie, Yi-Tai Qian, Xian-Ming Liu, "A Novel Solventothermal Synthetic Route to Nanocrystalline CdE (E= S, Se, Te) and Morphological Control" Chem. Mater. 10 (1998) 2309-2312
212.Jun Lu, Pengfei Qi, Yiya Peng, Zhaoyu Meng, Zhiping Yang, Weichao Yu, Yitai Qian, "Metastable MnS Crystallites through Solvothermal Synthesis" Chem. Mater. 13(2001)2169-2172
213.Dabin Yu, Debao Wang, Zhaoyu Meng, Jun Lu, Yitai Qian, "Synthesis of closed PbS nanowires with regular geometric morphologies" J. Mater. Chem., 12 (2002) 403-40
214.Debao Wang, Mingwang Shao, Dabin Yu, Gongpu Li, Yitai Qian, "Polyol-mediated preparation of Bi_2S_3 nanorods" Journal of Crystal Growth 243 (2002)331-335
215.Wenzhong Wang, Yan Geng, Yitai Qian, Mingrong Ji, Xianming Liu, "A Novel Pathway to PbSe Nanowires at Room Temperature" Adv. Mater. 10 (1998) 1479-1481
216,Changhua An, Kaibin Tang, Guozhen Shen, Chunrui Wang, Qing Yang, Bin Haia, Yitai Qian, "Growth of belt-like SnS crystals from ethylenediamine solution" Journal of Crystal Growth 244 (2002) 333-338
217.J. Q. Hu, Q. Y. Lu, K. B. Tang, B. Deng, R. R. Jiang, Y. T. Qian, W. C. Yu, G. E. Zhou, X. M. Liu, and J. X. Wu, "Synthesis and Characterization of SiC Nanowires through a Reduction-Carburization Route" J. Phys. Chem. B 104 (2000)5251-5254
218.X. Wang, J. Lu, Y. Xie, G Du, Q. Guo, S. Zhang, "A novel route to multiwalled carbon nanotubes and carbon nanorods at low temperature" J. Phys. Chem. B. 106(2002)933-937
219.Feng Gao, Qingyi Lu, Songhai Xie, Dongyuan Zhao, "A Simple Route for the Synthesis of Multi-Armed CdS Nanorod-Based Materials" Adv. Mater. 14 (2002) 1537-1540
220.Qingyi Lu, Feng Gao, Dongyuan Zhao, "One-Step Synthesis and Assembly of Copper Sulfide Nanoparticles to Nanowires, Nanotubes, and Nanovesicles by a Simple Organic Amine-Assisted Hydrothermal Process" Nano Lett. 2 (2002) 725-728
221.Bin Cheng and Edward T. Samulski, "Rapid, high yield, solution-mediated transformation of polycrystalline selenium powder into single-crystal nanowires" Chem. Commun. (2003) 2024-2025
222.Xun Wang, Xiaoming Sun, Dapeng Yu, Bingsuo Zou, Yadong Li, "Rare earth compound nanotubes" Adv. Mater. 15 (2003) 1442-1445
223Jiaguo Yu, Jimmy C. Yu, Wingkei Ho, Ling Wu, Xinchen Wang, "A Simple and General Method for the Synthesis of Multicomponent Na_2V_6O_16.3H_2O Single-Crystal Nanobelts" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 (2004) 3422-3423
224.Y. D. Li, J. W Wang, Z. X. Deng, Y. Y. Wu, X. M. Sun, D. P. Yu, P. D. Yang, "Bismuth nantubes: A rational low-temperature synthesis route" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123(2001) 9904-9905
22
225. Maosong Mo, Jinghui Zeng, Xianming Liu, Weichao Yu, Shuyuan Zhang, Yitai Qian, "Controlled Hydrothermal Synthesis of Thin Single-Crystal Tellurium Nanobelts and Nanotubes" Adv. Mater. 14 (2002) 1658-1662
226. Yadong Li, Xiaolin Li, Zhao-Xiang Deng, Beichuan Zhou, Shoushan Fan, Junwei Wang, Xiaoming Sun, "From Surfactant-Inorganic Mesostructures to Tungsten Nanowires" Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 41 (2002) 333-335
227. Weixin Zhang, Zeheng Yang, xinmin Huang, Shuyuan Zhang, Weichao Yu, Yitai Qian, Yunbo Jia, Guien Zhou, Lin Chen, "Low temperature growth of bismuth sulfide nanorods by a hydrothermal method" Solid State Communications 119 (2001) 143-146
228. Yujie Ji, Hui Zhang, XiangYang Ma, Jin Xu, Deren Yang, "Single crystalline SnS2 nanobelts fabricated by a novel hydrothermal method" J. Phys.: Condens. Mater. 15 (2003) L661-L665
229. Jinhua Zhan, Xiaogang Yang, Dunwei Wang, Shengdong Li, Yi Xie, Younan Xia, Yitai Qian, "Polymer-Controlled Growth of CdS Nanowires" Adv. Mater. 12 (2000) 1348-1351
230. Minhua Cao, Changwen Hu, Enbo Wang, "The First Fluoride One-Dimensional Nanostructures: Microemulsion-Mediated Hydrothermal Synthesis of BaF2 Whiskers" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (2003) 11196-11197
231. Peng Zhang, Lian Gao, "Synthesis and Characterization of CdS Nanorods via Hydrothermal Microemulsion" Langmuir 19 (2003) 208-210
232. J. Q. Hu, Q. Y. Lu, K. B. Tang, B. Deng, R. R. Jiang, Y. T. Qian, W. C. Yu, G E. Zhou, X. M. Liu, and J. X. Wu, "Synthesis and Characterization of SiC Nanowires through a Reduction-Carburization Route" J. Phys. Chem. B 104 (2000) 5251-5254
233. Yujie Ji, Deren Yang, Hui Zhang, XiangYang Ma, Jin Xu, Duanlin Que, "Morphology control of PbS nanocrystals by a novel hydrothermal process" E-MRS 3003 Fall Meeting, September 2003
234. Qiu-Lin Nie, Zhu-De Xu, Qiu-Li Yuan, Guo-Hua Li, "Chemical control synthesis of CdS nanorods with different diameter" Materials Chemistry and Physics 82 (2003) 808-811
235. 吉宇杰,巯基乙酸辅助水热法制备硫化物纳米结构及其表征,浙江大学硕 士学位论文,42-44
2. 李新勇,张桂兰,汤国庆,陈文驹,“纳米晶体材料研究进展”化学进展,8 (1996) 231-239
3. Xiaogang Peng, Liberato Manna, Weidong Yang, Juanita Wickham, Erik Scher, Andreas Kadavanich, A. P. Alivisatos, "Shape control of CdSe nanocrystals" Nature 404 (2000) 59-61
4. Chao Li, Daihua Zhang, Song Han, Xiaolei Liu, Tao Tang, Chongwu Zhou, "Diameter-controlled Growth of Single-Crystalline In2O3 nanowires and their electronic propeties" Adv. Mater. 15 (2003) 143-146
5. Michael S. Arnold, Phaedon Avouris, Zheng Wei Pan, Zhong L. Wang, "Field-Effect Transistors Based on Single Semiconducting Oxide Nanobelts" J. Phys. Chem. B 107 (2003) 659-663
6. Daihua Zhang, Chao Li, Song Han, Xiaolei Liu, Tao Tang, Wu Jin, Chongwu Zhou, "Electronic transport studies of single-crystalline In2O3 nanowires" Appl. Phys. Lett. 82(2003) 112-114
7. Elisabetta Comini, Vincenzo Guidi, Cesare Malagu, Giuliano Martinelli, Z. Pan, Giorgio Sberveglieri, Zhong L. Wang, "Electrical Properties of Tin Dioxide Two-Dimensional Nanostructures" J. Phys. Chem. B108 (2004) 1882-1887
8. Xiaolei Liu, Chao Li, Song Han, Jie Han, Chongwu Zhou, "Synthesis and electronic transport studies of CdO nanoneedles" Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 (2003) 1950-1952
9. W. I. Park, Gyu-Chul Yi, J.W. Kim, S. M. Park, "Schottky nanocontacts on ZnO nanorod arrays" Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 (2003) 4358-4360
10. Matt Law, Hannes Kind, Benjamin Messer, Franklin Kim, Peidong Yang, "Photochemical Sensing of NO2 with SnO2 Nanoribbon Nanosensors at Room Temperature" Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 41 (2002) 2405-2408
11. Zhonglin Wang, "Nanobelts, nanowires, and nanodiskettes of semiconducting oxides-from materials to nanodevices" Adv. Mater. 15 (2003) 432-436
12. E. Comini, G Faglia, and G Sberveglieri, Zhengwei Pan and Zhong L. Wang, "Stable and highly sensitive gas sensors based on semiconducting oxide nanobelts" Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 (2002) 1869-1871
13. Yuliang Wang, Xuchuan Jiang, Younan Xia, "A Solution-Phase, Precursor Route to Polycrystalline SnO2 Nanowires That Can Be Used for Gas Sensing under Ambient Conditions" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (2003) 16176-16177
14. Chao Li, Daihua Zhang, Xiaolei Liu, Song Han, Tao Tang, Jie Han, Chongwu Zhou, "In2O3 nanowires as chemical sensors" Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 (2003) 1613-1615
15. Alexander Gurlo, Nicolae Barsan, Udo Weimar, Maria Ivanovskaya, Antonietta Taurino, Pietro Siciliano, "Polycrystalline Well-Shaped Blocks of Indium Oxide Obtained by the Sol-Gel Method and Their Gas-Sensing Properties" Chem. Mater. 15(2003) 4377-4383
16. Michael H. Huang, Samuel Mao, Henning Feick, Haoquan Yan, Yiying Wu, Hannes Kind, Eicke Weber, Richard Russo, Peidong Yang, "Room-Temperature Ultraviolet Nanowire Nanolasers" Science 292 (2001) 1897-1899
17. Justin C. Johnson, Haoquan Yan, Richard D. Schaller, Louis H. Haber, Richard J. Saykally, Peidong Yang, "Single Nanowire Lasers" J. Phys. Chem. B 105 (2001) 11387-11390
18. Kuveshni Govender, David S. Boyle, Paul O'Brien, David Binks, Dave West, Dan Coleman, "Room-temperature lasing observed from ZnO nanocolumns grown by aqueous solution deposition" Adv. Mater. 14 (2002) 1221-1224
19. Changhong Liu, Juan Antonio Zapien, Yuan Yao, Xiangmin Meng, Chun Sing Lee, Shoushan Fan, Yeshayahu Lifshitz, Shuitong Lee, "High-density, ordered ultraviolet light-emitting ZnO nanowire arrays" Adv. Mater. 15 (2003) 838-841
20. Haoquan Yan, Rongrui He, Justin Johnson, Matthew Law, Richard J. Saykally, Peidong Yang, "Dendritic Nanowire Ultraviolet Laser Array" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125(2003)4728-4729
21. Justin C. Johnson, Kelly P. Knutsen, Haoquan Yan, Matt Law, Yanfeng Zhang, Peidong Yang, Richard J. Saykally, "Ultrafast Carrier Dynamics in Single ZnO Nanowire and Nanoribbon Lasers" Nano Letters 4 (2004) 197-204
22. S.Ijima, "Helical microtubules of graphite carbon" Nature 354 (1991) 56-58
23. Yingchun Zhu, Hongliang Li, Yuri Koltypin, Yaron Rosenfeld Hacohen Aharon Gedanken, "Sonochemical synthesis of titania whiskers and nanotubes" Chem. Commun. (2001) 2616-2617
24. Zhengrong R. Tian, James A. Voigt, Jun Liu, Bonnie Mckenzie, Huifang Xu, "Large Oriented Arrays and Continuous Films of TiO2-Based Nanotubes" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (2003) 12384-12385
25. Hans-Joachim Muhr, Frank Krumeich, Urs P. Schonholzer, Fabian Bieri, Markus Niederberger, Ludwig J. Gauckler, Reinhard Nesper, "Vanadium Oxide Nanotubes-A New Flexible Vanadate Nanophase" Adv. Mater. 12 (2000) 231-234
26. Yubao Li, Yoshio Bando, Dmitri Golberg, "Quasi-Aligned Single-Crystalline W18O49 Nanotubes and Nanowires" Adv. Mater. 15 (2003) 1294-1296
27. R M Wang, Y J Xing, J Xu, D P Yu, "Fabrication and microstructure analysis on zinc oxide nanotubes" New Journal of Physics 5 (2003) 115.1-115.7
28. J. Q. Hu, Y. Bando, "Growth and optical properties of single-crystal tubular ZnO whiskers" Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 (2003) 1401-1403
29. Jih-Jen Wua, Sai-Chang Liu, Chien-Ting Wu, Kuei-Hsien Chen, Li-Chyong Chen, "Heterostructures of ZnO-Zn coaxial nanocables and ZnO nanotubes" Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 (2002) 1312-1314
30. Xiang Yang Kong, Yong Ding, Zhong Lin Wang, "Metal-Semiconductor Zn-ZnO Core-Shell Nanobelts and Nanotubes" J. Phys. Chem. B 108 (2004) 570-574
31. Junqing Hu, Yoshio Bando, Zongwen Liu, "Synthesis of Gallium-Filled Gallium Oxide-Zinc Oxide Composite Coaxial Nanotubes" Adv. Mater. 15 (2003) 402-405
32. J. Q. Hu, Q. Li, X. M. Meng, C. S. Lee, S. T. Lee, "Thermal Reduction Route to
the Fabrication of Coaxial Zn/ZnO Nanocables and ZnO Nanotubes" Chem. Mater. 15(2003)305-308
33. Jun Zhang, Lingdong Sun, Chunsheng Liao, Chunhua Yan, "A simple route towards tubular ZnO" Chem. Commun. (2002) 262-263
34. Lionel Vayssieres, Karin Keis, Anders Hagfeldt, Sten-Eric Lindquist, "Three-Dimensional Array of Highly Oriented Crystalline ZnO Microtubes" Chem. Mater. 13 (2001) 4395-4398
35. Brinda B. Lakshmi, Peter K. Dorhout, Charles R. Martin, "Sol-Gel Template Synthesis of Semiconductor Nanostructures" Chem. Mater. 9 (1997) 857-862
36. Lianzhou Wang, Shinji Tomura, Fumihiko Ohashi, Masaki Maeda, Masaya Suzuki, Keiichi Inukai, "Synthesis of single silica nanotubes in the presence of citric acid" J. Mater. Chem., 11 (2001) 1465-1468
37. Yubao Li, Yoshio Bando, Dmitri Golberg, "Indium-Assisted Growth of Aligned Ultra-Long Silica Nanotubes" Adv. Mater. 16 (2004) 37-40
38. Ming Zhang, Y. Bando, K. Wada, "Silicon dioxide nanotubes prepared by anodic alumina as templates" J. Mater. Res. 15 (2000) 387-392
39. Joowon Hwang, Byungdon Min, Jong Soo Lee, Kihyun Keem, Kyoungah Cho, Man Young Sung, Moon Sook Lee, Sangsig Kim, "AI2O3 nanotubes fabricated by wet etching of ZnO/Al2O3 Core/Shell nanofibers" Adv. Mater. 14 (2004) 422-425
40. Zhihao Yuan, Hua Huang, Shoushan Fan, "Regular Alumina Nanopillar Arrays" Adv. Mater. 14 (2002) 303-306
41. Daibin Kuang, Yueping Fang, Hanqin Liu, Christoph Frommen, Dieter Fenske, "Fabrication of boehmite A1OOH and Y -A12O3 nanotubes via a soft solution route" J. Mater. Chem. 13 (2003) 660-662
42. Yingjiu Zhang, Jun Liu, Rongrui He, Qi Zhang, X. Zhang, Jing Zhu, "Synthesis of alumina nanotubes using carbon nanotubes as templates" Chem. Phys. Lett. 360(2002)579-584
43. Bin Cheng, Edward T. Samulski, "Fabrication and characterization of nanotubular semiconductor oxides In_2O_3 and Ga2O3" J. Mater. Chem. 11 (2001) 2901-2902
44. Jih-Jen Wu, Sai-Chang Liu, "Catalyst-Free Growth and Characterization of ZnO Nanorods", J. Phys. Chem. B 106 (2002) 9546-9551
45. Jih-Jen Wu, Sai-Chang Liu, "Low-Temperature Growth of Well-Aligned ZnO Nanorods by Chemical Vapor Deposition" Adv. Mater. 14 (2002) 215-218
46. Yiying Wu, Haoquan Yan, Michael Huang, Benjamin Messer, Jae Hee Song, and Peidong Yang, "Inorganic Semiconductor Nanowires: Rational Growth, Assembly, and Novel Properties" Chem. Eur. J. 8 (2002) 1260-1268
47. Ying Dai, Yue Zhang, Yuan Qiang Bai, Zhong Lin Wang, "Bicrystalline zinc oxide nanowires" Chemical Physics Letters 375 (2003) 96 - 101
48. Ye Zhang, Hongbo Jia, Xuhui Luo, Xihong Chen, Dapeng Yu, Rongming Wang, "Synthesis, Microstructure, and Growth Mechanism of Dendrite ZnO Nanowires" J. Phys. Chem. B 107 (2003) 8289-8293
49. Yingjiu Zhang, Nanlin Wang, Shangpeng Gao, Rongrui He, Shu Miao, Jun Liu, Jing Zhu, X. Zhang, "A Simple Method To Synthesize Nanowires" Chem. Mater. 14(2002)3564-3568
50. Yong Ding, Pu Xian Gao, and Zhong Lin Wang, "Catalyst-Nanostructure Interfacial Lattice Mismatch in Determining the Shape of VLS Grown Nanowires and Nanobelts: A Case of Sn/ZnO" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 (2004) 2066-2072
51. Y.W. Wang, L.D. Zhang, G.Z. Wang, X.S. Peng, Z.Q. Chu, C.H. Liang, "Catalytic growth of semiconducting zinc oxide nanowires and their photoluminescence properties" Journal of Crystal Growth 234 (2002) 171 - 175
52. Michael H. Huang, Yiying Wu, Henning Feick, Ngan Iran, Eicke Weber, Peidong Yang, "Catalytic Growth of Zinc Oxide Nanowires by Vapor Transport" Adv. Mater. 13(2001)113-116
53. J. Q. Hu, X. L. Ma, Z.Y. Xie, N. B. Wong, C. S. Lee, S. T. Lee, "Characterization of zinc oxide crystal whiskers grown by thermal evaporation" Chemical Physics Letters 344 (2001) 97-100
54. Seu Yi Li, Chia Ying Lee, Tseung Yuen Tseng, "Copper-catalyzed ZnO nanowires on silicon (10 0) grown by vapor-liquid-solid process" Journal of Crystal Growth 247 (2003) 357 - 362
55. P. X. Gao, Y. Ding, and Z. L. Wang, "Crystallographic Orientation-Aligned ZnO Nanorods Grown by a Tin Catalyst" Nano Lett. 3 (2003) 1315-1320
56. J.Y. Li, X.L. Chen, H. Li, M. He, Z.Y. Qiao, "Fabrication of zinc oxide nanorods" Journal of Crystal Growth 233 (2001) 5-7
57. B. D. Yao, Y. F. Chan, N. Wang, "Formation of ZnO nanostructures by a simple way of thermal evaporation" Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 (2002) 757-759
58. L Dai, XL Chen, WJWang, T Zhou, B Q Hu, "Growth and luminescence characterization of large-scale zinc oxide nanowires" J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 15(2003)2221-2226
59. Jong-Su Lee, Myung-Il Kang, Sangsig Kim, Min-Sang Lee, Young-Ki Lee, "Growth of zinc oxide nanowires by thermal evaporation on vicinal Si(l 0 0) substrate" Journal of Crystal Growth 249 (2003) 201 - 207
60. Xudong Wang, Christopher J. Summers, Zhong Lin Wang, "Large-Scale hexagonal-Patterned Growth of Aligned ZnO Nanorods for Nano-optoelectronics and Nanosensor Arrays" Nano Lett. 4 (2004) 423-426
61. Seung Chul Lyu, Ye Zhang, Hyun Ruh, Hwack-Joo Lee, Hyun-WookShim, Eun-Kyung Suh, Cheol Jin Lee, "Low temperature growth and photoluminescence of well-aligned zinc oxide nanowires" Chemical Physics Letters 363 (2002) 134-138
62. Seung Chul Lyu, Ye Zhang, Cheol Jin Lee, "Low-Temperature Growth of ZnO Nanowire Array by a Simple Physical Vapor-Deposition Method" Chem. Mater. 15(2003)3294-3299
63. V. A. L. Roy, A. B. Djurisjlic', W. K. Chan, J. Gao, H. F. Lui, C. Surya, "Luminescent and structural properties of ZnO nanorods prepared under different conditions" Appl. Phys. Lett. 83 (2003) 141-143
64. Haoquan Yan, Rongrui He, Johnny Pham, Peidong Yang, "Morphogenesis of One-Dimensional ZnO Nano- and Microcrystals" Adv. Mater. 15 (2003) 402-405
65. Hou Tee Ng, Bin Chen, Jun Li, Jie Han, M. Meyyappan, J. Wu, S. X. Li, E. E. Haller, "Optical properties of single-crystalline ZnO nanowires on m-sapphire" Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 (2003) 2023-2025
66. Q. X. Zhao, M. Willander, R. E. Morjan, Q-H. Hu, E. E. B. Campbell, "Optical recombination of ZnO nanowires grown on sapphire and Si substrates" Appl. Phys. Lett. 83 (2003) 165-167
67. Puxian Gao, Zhong Lin Wang, "Self-Assembled Nanowire-Nanoribbon Junction Arrays of ZnO" J. Phys. Chem. B 106 (2002) 12653-12658
68. J.G Wen, J.Y. Lao, D.Z. Wang, T.M. Kyaw, Y.L. Foo, Z.F. Ren, "Self-assembly of semiconducting oxide nanowires, nanorods, and nanoribbons" Chemical Physics Letters 372 (2003) 717-722
69. Xiaoming Sun, Zhaoxiang Deng, Yadong Li, "Self-organized growth of ZnO single crystal columns array" Materials Chemistry and Physics 80 (2003) 366-370
70. Yingkai Liua, Zhihui Liu, Guanghou Wang, "Synthesis and characterization of ZnOnanorods" Journal of Crystal Growth 252 (2003) 213-218
71. B. Y. Geng, G Z. Wang, Z. Jiang, T. Xie, S. H. Sun, G W. Meng, L. D. Zhang, "Synthesis and optical properties of S-doped ZnO nanowires" Appl. Phys. Lett. 82(2003)4791-4793
72. M. Haupt, A. Ladenburger, R. Sauer, K. Thonke, R. Glass, W. Roos, J. P. Spatz, H. Rauscher, S. Riethmuller, M. Moller, "Ultraviolet-emitting ZnO nanowhiskers prepared by a vapor transport process on prestructured surfaces with self-assembled polymers" J. Appl. Phys. 93 (2003) 6252-6257
73. Y. C. Kong, D. P. Yu, B. Zhang, W. Fang, S. Q. Feng, "Ultraviolet-emitting ZnO nanowires synthesized by a physical vapor deposition approach" Appl. Phys. Lett. 78 (2001) 407-409
74. Peidong Yang, Haoquan Yan, Samuel Mao, Richard Russo, Justin Johnson, Richard Saykally, Nathan Morris, Johnny Pham, Rongrui He, Heon-jin Choi, "Controlled Growth of ZnO Nanowires and Their Optical Properties" Adv. Funct. Mater. 12(2002)323-331
75. Y. W. Heo, V. Varadarajan, M. Kaufman, K. Kim, D. P. Norton, F. Ren, P. H. Fleming, "Site-specific growth of ZnO nanorods using catalysis-driven molecularbeam epitaxy" Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 (2002) 3467-3469
76. W. I. Park, D. H. Kim, S. W. Jung, Gyu-Chul Yi, "Metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxial growth of vertically well-aligned ZnO nanorods" Appl. Phys. Lett. 80 (2002) 4232-4234
77. Kwang-Sik Kim, Hyoun Woo Kim, "Synthesis of ZnO nanorod on bare Si substrate using metal organic chemical vapor deposition" Physica B 328 (2003) 368-371
78. Won I Park, Gyu-Chul Yi, Miyoung Kim, Stephen J. Pennycook, "ZnO Nanoneedles Grown Vertically on Si Substrates by Non-Catalytic Vapor-Phase Epitaxy" Adv. Mater. 14 (2002) 1841-1843
79. K. Ogataa, K. Maejima, Sz. Fujitac, Sg. Fujitab, "Growth mode control of ZnO toward nanorod structures or high-quality layered structures by metal-organic
vapor phase epitaxy" Journal of Crystal Growth 248 (2003) 25-30
80. Claudia Pacholski, Andreas Kornowski, Horst Weller, "Self-Assembly of ZnO: From Nanodots to Nanorods" Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 41 (2002) 1188-1191
81. X.M. Sun, X. Chen, Z.X. Deng, Y.D. Li, "A CTAB-assisted hydrothermal orientation growth of ZnO nanorods" Materials Chemistry and Physics 78 (2002) 99-104
82. Jun Zhang, Lingdong Sun, Huayong Pan, Chunsheng Liao, Chunhua Yan, "ZnO nanowires fabricated by a convenient route" New J. Chem., 26 (2002) 33 - 34
83. Jun Zhang, Lingdong Sun, Chunsheng Liao, Chunhua Yan, "A simple route towards tubular ZnO" Chem. Commun. (2002) 262-263
84. Lionel Vayssieres, "Growth of Arrayed Nanorods and Nanowires of ZnO from Aqueous Solutions" Adv. Mater. 15 (2003) 464-466
85. Dairong Chen, Xiuling Jiao, Gang Cheng, "Hydrothermal synthesis of zinc oxide powders with different morphologies" Solid State Communications 113 (2000) 363-366
86. Bin Liu, Hua Chun Zeng, "Hydrothermal Synthesis of ZnO Nanorods in the Diameter Regime of 50 nm" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (2003) 4430-4431
87. Lionel Vayssieres, Karin Keis, Sten-Eric Lindquist, Anders Hagfeldt, "Purpose-Built Anisotropic Metal Oxide Material: 3D Highly Oriented Microrod Array of ZnO" J. Phys. Chem. B 105 (2001) 3350-3352
88. Zhengrong R. Tian, James A. Voigt, Jun Liu, Bonnie Mckenzie, Matthew J. Mcdermott, "Biomimetic Arrays of Oriented Helical ZnO Nanorods and Columns" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (2002) 12954-12955
89. Lori E. Greene, Matt Law, Joshua Goldberger, Franklin Kim, Justin C. Johnson, Yanfeng Zhang, Richard J. Saykally, Peidong Yang, "Low-Temperature Wafer-Scale Production of ZnO Nanowire Arrays" Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 42 (2003)3031-3034
90. Andreas Taubert, Christian Kulbel, David C. Martin, "Polymer-Induced Microstructure Variation in Zinc Oxide Crystals Precipitated from Aqueous Solution" J. Phys. Chem. B 107 (2003) 2660-2666
91. Kuveshni Govender, David S. Boyle, Paul O' Brien, David Binks, Dave West, Dan Coleman, "Room-temperature lasing observed from ZnO nanocolumn growth from aqueous solution deposition" Adv. Mater. 14 (2002) 1221-1224
92. Y. Li, G. W. Meng, L. D. Zhang, " Ordered semiconductor ZnO nanowire arrays and their photoluminescence properties" Appl. Phys. Lett. 76 (2000) 2011-2013
93. M.J. Zheng, L.D. Zhang, G.H. Li, W.Z. Shen, "Fabrication and optical properties of large-scale uniform zinc oxide nanowire arrays by one-step electrochemical deposition technique" Chem. Phys. Lett. 363 (2002) 123-128
94. Y.C. Wang, I.C. Leu, M.H. Hon, "Preparation andcharacterization of nanosizedZnO arrays by electrophoretic deposition" Journal of Crystal Growth 237-239 (2002) 564-568
95. Z.X. Zheng, Y.Y. Xi, P. Dong, H.G Huang, J.Z. Zhou, L.L. Wu, Z.H. Lin, "The enhanced photoluminescence of zinc oxide and polyaniline coaxial nanowire arrays in anodic oxide aluminium membranes" PhysChemComm 5 (2002) 63-65
96. Yuan-Chung Wang, Ing-Chi Leu, Min-Hsiung Hon, "Preparation of Nanosized ZnO Arrays by Electrophoretic Deposition" Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 5 (2002) C53-C55
97. Y.C. Wang, I.C. Leu, M.H. Hon, "Effect of colloid characteristics on the fabrication of ZnO nanowires arrays by electrophoretic deposition" J. Mater. Chem. 12 (2002) 2439-2444
98. Hansoo Kim, Wolfgang Sigmund, "Zinc oxide nanowires on carbon nanotubes" Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 (2002) 2085-2087
99. Zhong-Yong Yuan, Zaoli Zhang, Gaohui Du, Tie-Zhen Ren, Bao-Lian Su, "A simple method to synthesise single-crystalline manganese oxide nanowires " Chemical Physics Letters 378 (2003) 349-353
100.Xun Wang and Yadong Li, "Selected-Control Hydrothermal Synthesis of Gr and β-MnO_2 Single Crystal Nanowires" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (2002) 2880-2881
101.Wenzhong Wang, Congkang Xu, Guanghou Wang, Yingkai Liu, Changlin Zheng, "Preparation of Smooth Single-Crystal Mn_3O_4 Nanowires" Adv. Mater. 14 (2002) 837-840
102.Yiqing Chen, Xuefeng Cui, Kun Zhang, Dengyu Pan, Shuyuan Zhang, Bing Wang, J.G. Hou, "Bulk-quantity synthesis and self-catalytic VLS growth of SnO_2 nanowires by lower-temperature evaporation" Chemical Physics Letters 369 (2003) 16-20
103.Z. R. Dai, J. L. Gole, J. D. Stout, Z. L. Wang, "Tin Oxide Nanowires, Nanoribbons, and Nanotubes" J. Phys. Chem. B 106 (2002) 1274-1279
104.Dong-Feng Zhang, Ling-Dong Sun, Jin-Lu Yin, Chun-Hua Yan, "Low temperature fabrication of highly crystalline SnO_2 nanorods" Adv. Mater. 15 (2003) 1022-1025
105.Minhua Cao, Changwen Hu, Ge Peng, Yanjuan Qi, Enbo Wang, "Selected-Control Synthesis of PbO_2 and Pb_3O_4 Single-Crystalline Nanorods" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (2003) 4982-4983
106.Xuchuan Jiang, Thurston Herricks, Younan Xia, "CuO Nanowires Can Be Synthesized by Heating Copper Substrates in Air" Nano Lett. 2 (2002) 1333-1338
107.Congkang Xu, Yingkai Liu, Guoding Xu, Guanghou Wang, "Preparation and characterization of CuO nanorods by thermal decomposition of CuC_2O_4 precursor" Materials Research Bulletin 37 (2002) 2365-2372
108.Yujie Xiong, Zhengquan Li, Rong Zhang, Yi Xie Jun Yang, Changzheng Wu, "From Complex Chains to ID Metal Oxides: A Novel Strategy to Cu_2O Nanowires" J. Phys. Chem. B 107 (2003) 3697-3702
109.Zhi-Zhan Chen, Er-Wei Shi, Yan-Qing Zheng, Wen-Jun Li, Bing Xiao, Ji-Yong Zhuang, "Growth of hex-pod-like Cu_2O whisker under hydrothermal conditions" Journal of Crystal Growth 249 (2003) 294-300
110.Wenzhong Wang, Guanghou Wang, Xiaoshu Wang, Yongjie Zhan, Yingkai Liu, Changlin Zheng, "Synthesis and Characterization of Cu_2O Nanowires by a Novel
Reduction Route" Adv. Mater. 14 (2002) 67-69
111 .Yunyi Fu, Jing Chen, Han Zhang, "Synthesis of Fe_2O_3 nanowires by oxidation of iron" Chemical Physics Letters 350 (2001) 491 - 494
112.Kyoungja Woo, Ho Jin Lee, Jae-Pyoung Ahn, Young Sung Park, "Sol-Gel Mediated Synthesis of Fe_2O_3 Nanorods" Adv. Mater. 15 (2003) 1761-1764
113.Lionel Vayssieres, Niclas Beermann, Sten-Eric Lindquist, and Anders Hagfeldt, "Controlled Aqueous Chemical Growth of Oriented Three-Dimensional Crystalline Nanorod Arrays: Application to Iron(III) Oxides" Chem. Mater. 13 (2001)233-235
114.Yujie Xiong, Yi Xie, Zhengquan Li, Rong Zhang, Jun Yang, Changzheng Wu, "Complexing-reagent assisted synthesis of a-Fe and γ-Fe_2O_3 nanowires under mild conditions" New J. Chem. 27 (2003) 588-590
115Jun Wang, Qianwang Chen, Chuan Zeng, Binyang Hou, "Magnetic-field induced growth of single-crystalline Fe_3O_4 nanowires " Adv. Mater. 16 (2004) 137-140
116.Chengchun Tang, Yoshio Bando, Tadao Sato, "Oxide-Assisted Catalytic Growth of MgO Nanowires with Uniform Diameter Distribution" J. Phys. Chem. B 106 (2002) 7449-7452
117.Wenzhong Wang, Yingkai Liu, Congkang Xu, Changlin Zheng, Guanghou Wang, "Synthesis of NiO nanorods by a novel simple precursor thermal decomposition approach" Chemical Physics Letters 362 (2002) 119-122
118.Jun Zhou, S.Z. Deng, Jun Chen, J.C. She, N.S. Xu, "Synthesis of crystalline alumina nanowires and nanotrees" Chem. Phys. Lett. 365 (2002) 505-508
119.Young Chul Choi, Won Seok Kim, Young Soo Park, Seung Mi Lee, Dong Jae Bae, Young Hee Lee, Gyeong-Su Park, Won Bong Choi, Nae Sung Lee, Jong Min Kim, "Catalytic Growth of 3 -Ga_2O_3 Nanowires by Arc Discharge" Adv. Mater. 12(2000)746-750
120.Ko-Wei Chang, Jih-Jen Wu, "Low-Temperature Catalytic Growth of Ga_2O_3 Nanowires by Single Organometallic Precursor" J. Phys. Chem. B 108 (2004) 1838-1843
121.Jun Zhang, Feihong Jiang, "Catalytic growth of Ga_2O_3 nanowires by physical evaporation and their photoluminescence properties" Chemical Physics 289 (2003) 243-249
122.C. H. Liang, G. W. Meng, G. Z. Wang, Y. W. Wang, L. D. Zhang, S. Y. Zhang, "Catalytic synthesis and photoluminescence of Ga_2O_3 nanowires" Appl. Phys. Lett. 78(2001)3202-3204
123.X.C. Wu, W.H. Song, W.D. Huang, M.H. Pu, B. Zhao, Y.P. Sun, J.J. Du, "Crystalline gallium oxide nanowires: intensive blue light emitters" Chemical Physics Letters 328 (2000) 5-9
124.Shashank Sharma and Mahendra K. Sunkara, "Direct Synthesis of Gallium Oxide Tubes, Nanowires, and Nanopaintbrushes" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (2002) 12288-12289
125.Hu JQ, Li Q, Meng XM, Lee CS, Lee ST, "Synthesis of beta-Ga_2O_3 nanowires by laser ablation" J. Phys. Chem. B 106 (2002): 9536-9539
126.Jun Zhang, Xin Qing, Feihong Jiang, Zhenhong Dai, "A route to Ag-catalyzed growth of the semiconducting In_2O_3 nanowires" Chemical Physics Letters 371 (2003)311-316
127.Changhao Liang, Guowen Meng, Yong Lei, Fritz Phillipp, and Lide Zhang, "Catalytic Growth of Semiconducting In_2O_3 Nanofibers" Adv. Mater. 13 (2001) 1330-1333
128.X.C. Wu a, J.M. Hong, Z.J. Han, Y.R. Tao, "Fabrication and photoluminescence characteristics of single crystalline In_2O_3 nanowires" Chemical Physics Letters 373 (2003)28 - 32
129.X. S. Peng, G W. Meng, J. Zhang, X. F. Wang, Y. W. Wang, C. Z. Wang L. D. Zhang, "Synthesis and photoluminescence of single-crystalline In_2O_3 nanowires" J. Mater. Chem. 12 (2002) 1602-1605
130.Maojun Zheng, Lide Zhang, Xinyi Zhang, Jun Zhang, Guanghai Li, "Fabrication and optical absorption of ordered indium oxide nanowire arrays embedded in anodic alumina membranes" Chem. Phys. Lett. 334 (2001) 298-302
131.M.J. Zheng, L.D. Zhang, G.H. Li, X.Y. Zhang, X.F. Wang, "Ordered indium-oxide nanowire arrays and their photoluminescence properties" Appl. Phys. Lett. 79 (2001) 839-841
132.Renzhi Ma, Yoshio Bando, "Self-assembled array of boron oxide nanowires on Mg surface" Chemical Physics Letters 374 (2003) 358-361
133.Z. G. Bai, D. P. Yu, H. Z. Zhang, Y. Ding, Y. P. Wang, X. Z. Gai, Q. L. Hang, G C. Xiong, S. Q. Feng, "Nano-scale GeO_2 wires synthesized by physical evaporation" Chemical Physics Letters 303 (1999) 311-314
134.Jun Zhou, N.S. Xu, S.Z. Deng, Jun Chen, J.C. She, "Synthesis of large-scaled MoO_2 nanowire arrays" Chemical Physics Letters 382 (2003) 443-446
135.Greta R. Patzke, Alexej Michailovski, Frank Krumeich, Reinhard Nesper, Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt, Alfons Baiker, "One-Step Synthesis of Submicrometer Fibers of MoO_3" Chem. Mater. 16 (2004) 1126-1134
136.Xiong Wen Lou, Hua Chun Zeng, "Hydrothermal Synthesis of γ -MoO_3 Nanorods via Acidification of Ammonium Heptamolybdate Tetrahydrate" Chem. Mater. 14(2002)4781-4789
137.J.Q. Hu, Y. Jiang, X.M. Meng, C.S. Lee, S.T. Lee, "A simple large-scale synthesis of very long aligned silica nanowires" Chemical Physics Letters 367 (2003) 339-343
138.Hang Qi, Cuiying Wang, Jie Liu, "A Simple Method for the Synthesis of Highly Oriented Potassium-Doped Tungsten Oxide Nanowires" Adv. Mater. 15 (2003) 411-414
139.Zongwen Liu, Yoshio Bando, Chengchun Tang, "Synthesis of tungsten oxide nanowires" Chemical Physics Letters 372 (2003) 179-182
140.Gang Gu, Bo Zheng, W. Q. Han, Siegmar Roth, Jie Liu, "Tungsten Oxide Nanowires on Tungsten Substrates" Nano Lett. 2 (2002) 849-851
141.Kwangyeol Lee, Won Seok Seo, Joon T. Park, "Synthesis and Optical Properties of Colloidal Tungsten Oxide Nanorods " J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (2003) 3408-3409
142.Zheng Miao, Dongsheng Xu, Jianhua Ouyang, Guolin Guo, Xinsheng Zhao, Youqi Tang, "Electrochemically Induced Sol-Gel Preparation of Single-Crystalline TiO_2 Nanowires" Nano letters 2 (2002) 717-720
143.Y. Lei, L.D. Zhang, J.C. Fan, "Fabrication, characterization and Raman study of TiO_2 nanowire arrays prepared by anodic oxidative hydrolysis of TiCl_3 Chem. Phys. Lett. 338 (2001) 231-236
144.X.Y. Zhang, L.D. Zhang, W. Chen, G.W. Meng, M.J. Zheng, L.X. Zhao, "Electrochemical Fabrication of Highly Ordered Semiconductor and Metallic Nanowire Arrays" Chem. Mater. 13 (2001) 2511-2515
145.Zheng Wei Pan, Zu Rong Dai, Zhong Lin Wang, "Nanobelts of Semiconducting Oxides" Science 291 (2001) 1947-1949
146.Y. B. Li, Y Bando, T. Sato, K. Kurashima, "ZnO nanobelts grown on Si substrate" Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 (2002) 144-146
147.Zu Rong Dai, Zheng Wei Pan, Zhong L. Wang, "Novel Nanstructures of Functional Oxides Synthesized By Thermal Evaporation" Adv. Funct. Mater. 13 (2003) 9-24
148.Yanfa Yan, Ping Liu, J. G Wen, B. To, M. M. Al-Jassim, "In-Situ Formation of ZnO Nanobelts and Metallic Zn Nanobelts and Nanodisks" J. Phys. Chem. B 107 (2003)9701-9704
149.Zu Rong Dai, Zheng Wei Pan, Zhong L. Wang, "Growth and Structure Evolution of Novel Tin Oxide Diskettes" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 (2002) 8673-8680
150.Zhong Lin Wang, Zhengwei Pan, "Junctions and Networks of SnO Nanoribbons" Adv. Mater. 14 (2002) 1029-1032
151.X.L. Ma, Y. Li, Y.L. Zhu, "Growth mode of the SnO_2 nanobelts synthesized by rapid oxidation" Chemical Physics Letters 376 (2003) 794-798
152.Z. W. Pan, Z. R. Dai, Z. L. Wang, "Lead oxide nanobelts and phase transformation induced by electron beam irradiation" Appl. Phys. Lett. 80 (2002) 309-311
153.Jun Zhang, Lide Zhang, "Intensive green light emission from MgO nanobelts" Chemical Physics Letters 363 (2002) 293 - 297
154.X. S. Peng, L. D. Zhang, G W. Meng, X. F. Wang, Y. W. Wang, C. Z. Wang, G S. Wu, "Photoluminescence and Infrared Properties of a -A12O3 Nanowires and Nanobelts" J. Phys. Chem. B 106 (2002) 11163-11167
155.Lei Fu, Yunqi Liu, Ping'an Hu, Kai Xiao, Gui Yu, Daoben Zhu, "Ga_2O_3 Nanoribbons: Synthesis, Characterization, and Electronic Properties" Chem. Mater. 15(2003)4287-4291
156.Z. R. Dai, Z. W. Pan, and Z. L. Wang, "Gallium Oxide Nanoribbons and Nanosheets" J. Phys. Chem. B 106 (2002) 902-904
157.Gautam Gundiah, A. Govindaraj, C.N.R. Rao, "Nanowires, nanobelts and related nanostructures of Ga_2O_3" Chemical Physics Letters 351 (2002) 189-194
158.Yadong Yin, Yu Lu, Yugang Sun, Younan Xia, "Silver Nanowires Can Be Directly Coated with Amorphous Silica To Generate Well-Controlled Coaxial Nanocables of Silver/Silica" 2 (2002) 427-430
159.Changfeng Wu, Weiping Qin, Guanshi Qin, Dan Zhao, Jisen Zhang, Wu Xu, Haiyan Lin, "Spontaneous growth and luminescence of Si/SiO_x core-shell nanowires" Chemical Physics Letters 378 (2003) 368-373
160.Ying Wang, Zhiyong Tang, Xiaorong Liang, Luis M. Liz-Marza'n, Nicholas A. Kotov, "SiO_2-Coated CdTe Nanowires: Bristled Nano Centipedes" Nano Lett. 4 (2004)225-231
161 .Ying Liu, Jian Dong, Meilin Liu, "Well-aligned Nano-box-beams of SnCV' Adv. Mater. 16(2004)353-35
162.Jing Yu Lao, Jian Guo Wen, and Zhi Feng Ren, "Hierarchical ZnO Nanostructures" Nano Lett. 2 (2002) 1287-1291
163.Pu Xian Gao, Zhong Lin Wang, "Mesoporous Polyhedral Cages and Shells Formed by Textured Self-Assembly of ZnO Nanocrystals" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125(2003)11299-11305
164.J. Y. Lao, J. Y. Huang, D. Z. Wang, Z. F. Ren, "ZnO Nanobridges and Nanonails" Nano Lett. 3 (2003) 235-238
165.D. N. Mcllroy, D. Zhang, Y. Kranov, "Nanosprings" Appl. Phys. Lett. 79 (2001) 1540-1542
166.Daqing Zhang, Abdullah Alkhateeb, Hongmei Han, Hasan Mahmood, David N. Mcllroy, "Silicon Carbide Nanosprings" Nano Letts. 3 (2003) 983-987
167.Won I Park, Gyu-Chul Yi, Miyoung Kim, Stephen J. Pennycook, "Quantum Confinement Observed in ZnO/ZnMgO Nanorod Heterstructures" Adv. Mater. 15(2003)526-529
168.Yiying Wu, Rong Fan, Peidong Yang, "Block-by-Block Growth of Single-Crystalline Si/SiGe Superlattice Nanowires" Nano Lett. 2 (2002) 83-86
169.Alfredo M. Morales and Charles M. Lieber, "A Laser Ablation Method for the Synthesis of Crystalline Semiconductor Nanowires" Science 279 (1998) 208-211
170.Xiangfeng Duan, Charles M. Lieber, "General Synthesis of Compound Semiconductor Nanowires" Adv. Mater. 12 (2000) 298-302
171.Mark S. Gudiksen, Charles M. Lieber, "Diameter-Selective Synthesis of Semiconductor Nanowires" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122 (2000) 8801-8802
172.R. S. Wagner, W. C. Ellis, "Vapor-liquid-solid mechanism of single crystal growth" Appl. Phys. Lett. 4 (1964) 89-90
173.Wensheng Shi, Yufeng Zheng, Ning Wang, Chun-Sing Lee, Shuit-Tong Lee, "A General Synthetic Route to III-V Compound Semiconductor Nanowires" Adv. Mater. 13(2001)591-594
174.GW. Sears, "A growth mechanism for mercury whiskers" Acta Metall., 3 (1955) 361-366
175.J.M. Blakely, K.A. Jackson, "Growth of crystal whiskers" J. Chem. Phys., 37 (1962)428-430
176.W.Q. Han, P. Kohler-Redlich, F. Ernst, M. Ruhle. Growth and microstructure of Ga_2O_3 nanorods. Solid State Commun., 115 (2000) 527-529
177.G-S. Park, W.-B. Choi, J.-M. Kim, Y. C. Choi, Y. H. Lee, C.-B. Lim. Structure investigation of gallium oxide nanowires grown by arc-discharge. J. Cryst. Growth, 220 (2000) 494-500
178.L. M. Cao, K. Hahn, C. Scheu, M. Ruhle, Y. Q. Wang, Z. Zhang, C. X. Gao, Y. C. Li, X. Y. Zhang, M. He, L. L. Sun, W. K. Wang, "Template-catalyst-free growth of highly ordered boron nanowire arrays" Appl. Phys. Lett. 80 (2002) 4226-4228
179.Limin Cao, Ze Zhang, Liling Sun, Cunxiao Gao, Meng He, Yiqian Wang, Yancun Li, Xiangyi Zhang, Gong Li, Jun Zhang, and Wenkui Wang, "Well-Aligned Boron Nanowire Arrays" Adv. Mater. 13 (2001) 1701-1703
180.Heng Yu, William E. Buhro, "Solution-Liquid-Solid Growth of Soluble GaAs Nanowires" Adv. Mater. 15 (2003) 416-419
181.Heng Yu, Jingbo Li, Richard A. Loomis, Patrick C. Gibbons, Lin-Wang Wang, William E. Buhro, "Cadmium Selenide Quantum Wires and the Transition from 3D to 2D Confinement" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (2003) 16168-16169
182.S. P. Ahrenkiel, O. I. Micaica, A. Miedaner, C. J. Curtis, J. M. Nedeljkovicja, A. J. Nozik, "Synthesis and Characterization of Colloidal InP Quantum Rods" Nano Lett. 3 (2003) 833-835
183.D. Holmes, Keith P. Johnston, R. Christopher Doty, Brian A. Korgel, "Control of Thickness and Orientation of Solution-Grown Silicon Nanowires" Science 287 (2000) 1471-1473
184.Xianmao Lu, Tobias Hanrath, Keith P. Johnston, Brian A. Korgel, "Growth of Single Crystal Silicon Nanowires in Supercritical Solution from Tethered Gold Particles on a Silicon Substrate" Nano Lett. 3 (2003) 93-99
185.Nicholas R. B. Coleman, M. A. Morris, Trevor R. Spalding, Justin D. Holmes, "The Formation of Dimensionally Ordered Silicon Nanowires within Mesoporous Silica" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 (2001) 187-188
186.Tobias Hanrath and Brian A. Korgel, "Nucleation and Growth of Germanium Nanowires Seeded by Organic Monolayer-Coated Gold Nanocrystals" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124(2002) 1424-1429
187.Tobias Hanrath, Brian A. Korgel, "Supercritical Fluid-Liquid-Solid (SFLS) Synthesis of Si and Ge Nanowires Seeded by Colloidal Metal Nanocrystals" Adv. Mater. 15(2003)437-440
188.Byron Gates, Brian Mayers, Andrew Grossman, Younan Xia, "A Sonochemical Approach to the Synthesis of Crystalline Selenium Nanowires in Solutions and on Solid Supports" Adv. Mater. 14 (2002) 1749-1752
189.H. Wang, J. J. Zhu, J. M. Zhu, "Sonochemical method for the preparation of bismuth sulfide nanorods" J. Phy. Chem. B 106 (2002) 3848-3854
190.GS. Wu, X.Y. Yuan, T. Xie, GC. Xu, L.D. Zhang, Y.L. Zhuang, "A simple synthesis route to CdS nanomaterials with different morphologies by sonochemical reduction" Materials Letters 58 (2004) 794-797
191.S.M. Zhou, Y.S. Feng, L.D. Zhang, "Sonochemical synthesis of large-scale single crystal CdS nanorods" Materials Letters 57 (2003) 2936-2939
192.Mei Li, Stephen Mann, "Emergence of Morphological Complexity in BaSO_4 Fibers Synthesized in AOT Microemulsions" Langmuir 16 (2000) 7088-7094
193Jong-Uk Kim, Sang-Ho Cha, Kyusoon Shin, Jae Young Jho, Jong-Chan Lee, "Preparation of gold nanowires and nanosheets in bulk block copolymer phases
under mild conditions" Adv. Mater. 16 (2004) 459-464
19
194. Lionel Vayssieres, Lew Rabenberg, Arumugam Manthiram, "Aqueous Chemical Route to Ferromagnetic 3-D Arrays of Iron Nanorods" Nano Lett. 2 (2002) 3393-1395
195. Wenzhong Wang, Chun Lan, Yuanzhi Li, Kunquan Hong, Guanghou Wang, "A simple wet chemical route for large-scale synthesis of Cu(OH)2 nanowires" Chemical Physics Letters 366 (2002) 220-223
196. Yujie Xiong, Yi Xie, Changzheng Wu, Jun Yang, Zhengquan Li, Fen Xu, "Formation of Silver Nanowires Through a Sandwiched Reduction Process" Adv. Mater. 15(2003) 405-408
197. Chung-Sung Yang, David D. Awschalom, Galen D. Stucky, "Growth of CdS Nanorods in Nonionic Amphiphilic Triblock Copolymer Systems" Chem. Mater. 14(2002) 1277-1284
198. C. N. R. Rao, A. Govindaraj, F. Leonard Deepak, N. A. Gunari, Manashi Nath, "Surfactant-assisted synthesis of semiconductor nanotubes and nanowires" Appl. Phys. Lett. 78 (2001) 1853-1855
199. Yugang Sun, Brian Mayers, Younan Xia, "Transformation of Silver Nanospheres into Nanobelts and Triangular Nanoplates through a Thermal Process" Nano Lett. 3 (2003) 675-679
200. Qitao Zhao, Lisong Hou, Ruian Huang, Shuzhi Li, "Surfactant-assisted growth and characterization of CdS nanorods" Inorganic Chemistry Communications 6 (2003) 1459-1462
201. C. R. Martin, "Nanomaterials: a membrane-based synthetic approach " Science, 266(1994) 1961-1966
202. Weiqiang Han, Shoushan Fan, Qunqing Li, Yongdan Hu, "Synthesis of Gallium Nitride Nanorods Througha Carbon Nanotube-Confined Reaction" Science 277 (1997) 1287-1289
203. Yingjiu Zhang, Jun Liu, Rongrui He, Qi Zhang, Xiaozhong Zhang, Jing Zhu, "Synthesis of Aluminum Nitride Nanowires from Carbon Nanotubes" Chem. Mater. 13 (2001) 3899-3905
204. Chengchun Tang, Shoushan Fan, Marc Lamy de la Chapelle, Haiyan Dang, Peng Li, "Synthesis of Gallium Phosphide Nanorods" Adv. Mater. 12 (2000) 1346-1348
205. Yiying Wu, Peidong Yang, "Germanium/carbon core-sheath nanostructures" Appl. Phys. Lett. 77 (2000) 43-45
206. J.Y. Lao, W.Z. Li, J.G. Wen, Z.F. Ren, "Boron carbide nanolumps on carbon nanotubes" Appl. Phys. Lett. 80 (2002) 500-502
207. Yadong Li, Yitai Qian, Hangwei Liao, Yi Ding, Li Yang, Cunyi Xu, Fangqing Li, Guien Zhou, "A reduction-pyrolysis-catalysis synthesis of diamond" Science 281 (1998) 246-247
208. 霍启华、冯守华、徐如人,“非水体系中全硅沸石分子筛合成的研究-全硅 方钠石与ZSM-39的晶化”化学学报48(1998) 639-642
209. 徐如人、庞文琴,“无机合成与制备化学”高等教育出版社2001
210. J. R. Heath, F. K. LeGoues, "A liquid solution synthesis of single crystal germanium quantum wires "Chem. Phys. Lett. 208 (1993) 263-268
211.Shu-Hong Yu, Yong-Sheng Wu, Jian Yang, Zhao-Hui Han, Yi Xie, Yi-Tai Qian, Xian-Ming Liu, "A Novel Solventothermal Synthetic Route to Nanocrystalline CdE (E= S, Se, Te) and Morphological Control" Chem. Mater. 10 (1998) 2309-2312
212.Jun Lu, Pengfei Qi, Yiya Peng, Zhaoyu Meng, Zhiping Yang, Weichao Yu, Yitai Qian, "Metastable MnS Crystallites through Solvothermal Synthesis" Chem. Mater. 13(2001)2169-2172
213.Dabin Yu, Debao Wang, Zhaoyu Meng, Jun Lu, Yitai Qian, "Synthesis of closed PbS nanowires with regular geometric morphologies" J. Mater. Chem., 12 (2002) 403-40
214.Debao Wang, Mingwang Shao, Dabin Yu, Gongpu Li, Yitai Qian, "Polyol-mediated preparation of Bi_2S_3 nanorods" Journal of Crystal Growth 243 (2002)331-335
215.Wenzhong Wang, Yan Geng, Yitai Qian, Mingrong Ji, Xianming Liu, "A Novel Pathway to PbSe Nanowires at Room Temperature" Adv. Mater. 10 (1998) 1479-1481
216,Changhua An, Kaibin Tang, Guozhen Shen, Chunrui Wang, Qing Yang, Bin Haia, Yitai Qian, "Growth of belt-like SnS crystals from ethylenediamine solution" Journal of Crystal Growth 244 (2002) 333-338
217.J. Q. Hu, Q. Y. Lu, K. B. Tang, B. Deng, R. R. Jiang, Y. T. Qian, W. C. Yu, G. E. Zhou, X. M. Liu, and J. X. Wu, "Synthesis and Characterization of SiC Nanowires through a Reduction-Carburization Route" J. Phys. Chem. B 104 (2000)5251-5254
218.X. Wang, J. Lu, Y. Xie, G Du, Q. Guo, S. Zhang, "A novel route to multiwalled carbon nanotubes and carbon nanorods at low temperature" J. Phys. Chem. B. 106(2002)933-937
219.Feng Gao, Qingyi Lu, Songhai Xie, Dongyuan Zhao, "A Simple Route for the Synthesis of Multi-Armed CdS Nanorod-Based Materials" Adv. Mater. 14 (2002) 1537-1540
220.Qingyi Lu, Feng Gao, Dongyuan Zhao, "One-Step Synthesis and Assembly of Copper Sulfide Nanoparticles to Nanowires, Nanotubes, and Nanovesicles by a Simple Organic Amine-Assisted Hydrothermal Process" Nano Lett. 2 (2002) 725-728
221.Bin Cheng and Edward T. Samulski, "Rapid, high yield, solution-mediated transformation of polycrystalline selenium powder into single-crystal nanowires" Chem. Commun. (2003) 2024-2025
222.Xun Wang, Xiaoming Sun, Dapeng Yu, Bingsuo Zou, Yadong Li, "Rare earth compound nanotubes" Adv. Mater. 15 (2003) 1442-1445
223Jiaguo Yu, Jimmy C. Yu, Wingkei Ho, Ling Wu, Xinchen Wang, "A Simple and General Method for the Synthesis of Multicomponent Na_2V_6O_16.3H_2O Single-Crystal Nanobelts" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 (2004) 3422-3423
224.Y. D. Li, J. W Wang, Z. X. Deng, Y. Y. Wu, X. M. Sun, D. P. Yu, P. D. Yang, "Bismuth nantubes: A rational low-temperature synthesis route" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123(2001) 9904-9905
22
225. Maosong Mo, Jinghui Zeng, Xianming Liu, Weichao Yu, Shuyuan Zhang, Yitai Qian, "Controlled Hydrothermal Synthesis of Thin Single-Crystal Tellurium Nanobelts and Nanotubes" Adv. Mater. 14 (2002) 1658-1662
226. Yadong Li, Xiaolin Li, Zhao-Xiang Deng, Beichuan Zhou, Shoushan Fan, Junwei Wang, Xiaoming Sun, "From Surfactant-Inorganic Mesostructures to Tungsten Nanowires" Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 41 (2002) 333-335
227. Weixin Zhang, Zeheng Yang, xinmin Huang, Shuyuan Zhang, Weichao Yu, Yitai Qian, Yunbo Jia, Guien Zhou, Lin Chen, "Low temperature growth of bismuth sulfide nanorods by a hydrothermal method" Solid State Communications 119 (2001) 143-146
228. Yujie Ji, Hui Zhang, XiangYang Ma, Jin Xu, Deren Yang, "Single crystalline SnS2 nanobelts fabricated by a novel hydrothermal method" J. Phys.: Condens. Mater. 15 (2003) L661-L665
229. Jinhua Zhan, Xiaogang Yang, Dunwei Wang, Shengdong Li, Yi Xie, Younan Xia, Yitai Qian, "Polymer-Controlled Growth of CdS Nanowires" Adv. Mater. 12 (2000) 1348-1351
230. Minhua Cao, Changwen Hu, Enbo Wang, "The First Fluoride One-Dimensional Nanostructures: Microemulsion-Mediated Hydrothermal Synthesis of BaF2 Whiskers" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (2003) 11196-11197
231. Peng Zhang, Lian Gao, "Synthesis and Characterization of CdS Nanorods via Hydrothermal Microemulsion" Langmuir 19 (2003) 208-210
232. J. Q. Hu, Q. Y. Lu, K. B. Tang, B. Deng, R. R. Jiang, Y. T. Qian, W. C. Yu, G E. Zhou, X. M. Liu, and J. X. Wu, "Synthesis and Characterization of SiC Nanowires through a Reduction-Carburization Route" J. Phys. Chem. B 104 (2000) 5251-5254
233. Yujie Ji, Deren Yang, Hui Zhang, XiangYang Ma, Jin Xu, Duanlin Que, "Morphology control of PbS nanocrystals by a novel hydrothermal process" E-MRS 3003 Fall Meeting, September 2003
234. Qiu-Lin Nie, Zhu-De Xu, Qiu-Li Yuan, Guo-Hua Li, "Chemical control synthesis of CdS nanorods with different diameter" Materials Chemistry and Physics 82 (2003) 808-811
235. 吉宇杰,巯基乙酸辅助水热法制备硫化物纳米结构及其表征,浙江大学硕 士学位论文,42-44