异向介质基本结构分析
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摘要
根据麦克斯韦方程组及波动方程,电磁波可以在介电常数和磁导率均为负数的媒质中传播,其所表现的“奇异特性”给传统微波领域带来了极大地冲击。1966年,Veselago提出异向介质这一概念,为异向介质的出现提供了一个理论平台,而2000年Smith根据Pendry的研究成果制造出第一块人工异向介质之后,其人工结构设计、电磁特性分析以及强大的应用前景成为当今国内外微波技术的研究热点。
本论文的研究内容主要是围绕异向介质基本结构单元展开。首先介绍异向介质独特的奇异性质,如负折射及逆多普勒效应等；然后讨论异向介质基本单元的两种主要分析方法：S参数提取法及等效电路法,分别从理论和验证的角度出发,对这两种方法进行了探讨,分析两种方法各自的优缺点,在此基础上,针对“可控性”型异向介质基本结构,采用神经网络来对其进行分析,仿真结果证明,异向介质的神经网络分析可以减少再次预测所需时间,其结果与S参数提取法相吻合,证明该方法是一种快速而又准确的异向介质基本结构分析方法；其次针对异向介质基本单元存在的损耗大、带宽窄等问题,对异向介质结构进行改进,提出一种单面宽频带异向介质单元,分析其电磁特性,从数值上得到其双负频带范围,并通过Ansoft HFSS观测磁场随相位的动态变化规律,验证该结构的后向波特性；最后将该结构应用到矩形微带贴片天线中,检测其对于微带天线的小型化作用及对天线辐射性能的影响。
On the basis of Maxwell equation group and wave propagation equation, electromagnetic wave can be propagated in the media whose permittivity and permeability are double negative. Its bizarre characteristic has bring an enormously shake to traditional microwave field. Veslago proposed the concept called Metamaterial in 1966 and provided a platform for the appearance of Metamaterial. After 2000, while Smith produced the first man-made Metamaterial according to Pendry's research results, its man-made architectural design, electromagnetic characteristic analysis and strong application prospect have become the research spots in today's microwave technology at home and abroad.
The research contents of this paper are mainly focus on the basic structural unit of Metamaterial. Firstly, it introduces the medium's distinctive bizarre characteristic, such as negative refraction and the inverse Doppler effect, etc. And then discusses the two different main analysis methods of the media basic unit: the S parameter extraction method and the equivalent circuit method, from the theory and validation point view respectively, which are discussed to analyze their respective advantages and disadvantages of both methods. On this basis, use neural network to analyze the controllable type of the Metamaterial basic structure. The simulation results show that different neural network analysis to Metamaterial can reduce the time required for re-forecasting, the results of neural network are coincide with the S parameter extraction method, that proves the method to be a fast and accurate analysis for the basic structure of Metamaterial. Secondly, to the problem such as the large of loss, narrow bandwidth, improved the structure of Metamaterial, the paper brings forward a one-sided wide broadband basic structure of Metamaterial, analyzing its electromagnetic character properties, getting the negative frequency range numerically, observing dynamic changes of the magnetic field varying with the phase by electromagnetic software Ansoft HFSS, verifying the back wave properties of the structure. Finally apply the structure of Metamaterial in a rectangular microstrip patch antenna, detecting the effects to the miniaturization and radiation performance of the microstrip antennas.
本论文的研究内容主要是围绕异向介质基本结构单元展开。首先介绍异向介质独特的奇异性质,如负折射及逆多普勒效应等；然后讨论异向介质基本单元的两种主要分析方法：S参数提取法及等效电路法,分别从理论和验证的角度出发,对这两种方法进行了探讨,分析两种方法各自的优缺点,在此基础上,针对“可控性”型异向介质基本结构,采用神经网络来对其进行分析,仿真结果证明,异向介质的神经网络分析可以减少再次预测所需时间,其结果与S参数提取法相吻合,证明该方法是一种快速而又准确的异向介质基本结构分析方法；其次针对异向介质基本单元存在的损耗大、带宽窄等问题,对异向介质结构进行改进,提出一种单面宽频带异向介质单元,分析其电磁特性,从数值上得到其双负频带范围,并通过Ansoft HFSS观测磁场随相位的动态变化规律,验证该结构的后向波特性；最后将该结构应用到矩形微带贴片天线中,检测其对于微带天线的小型化作用及对天线辐射性能的影响。
On the basis of Maxwell equation group and wave propagation equation, electromagnetic wave can be propagated in the media whose permittivity and permeability are double negative. Its bizarre characteristic has bring an enormously shake to traditional microwave field. Veslago proposed the concept called Metamaterial in 1966 and provided a platform for the appearance of Metamaterial. After 2000, while Smith produced the first man-made Metamaterial according to Pendry's research results, its man-made architectural design, electromagnetic characteristic analysis and strong application prospect have become the research spots in today's microwave technology at home and abroad.
The research contents of this paper are mainly focus on the basic structural unit of Metamaterial. Firstly, it introduces the medium's distinctive bizarre characteristic, such as negative refraction and the inverse Doppler effect, etc. And then discusses the two different main analysis methods of the media basic unit: the S parameter extraction method and the equivalent circuit method, from the theory and validation point view respectively, which are discussed to analyze their respective advantages and disadvantages of both methods. On this basis, use neural network to analyze the controllable type of the Metamaterial basic structure. The simulation results show that different neural network analysis to Metamaterial can reduce the time required for re-forecasting, the results of neural network are coincide with the S parameter extraction method, that proves the method to be a fast and accurate analysis for the basic structure of Metamaterial. Secondly, to the problem such as the large of loss, narrow bandwidth, improved the structure of Metamaterial, the paper brings forward a one-sided wide broadband basic structure of Metamaterial, analyzing its electromagnetic character properties, getting the negative frequency range numerically, observing dynamic changes of the magnetic field varying with the phase by electromagnetic software Ansoft HFSS, verifying the back wave properties of the structure. Finally apply the structure of Metamaterial in a rectangular microstrip patch antenna, detecting the effects to the miniaturization and radiation performance of the microstrip antennas.
引文
1、 张富利.结构单元与左手材料性能关系研究,西北工业大学硕士学位论文,2006：1-3
2、J.Pacheco Jr, T.M.Grzegorczyk, B.I.Wu, Y.Zhang, J.A.Kong. Power Propagation in Homogeneous Isotropic Frequency-Dispersive Left-Handed Media. Physical Review Letters,2002,89 (25):1-4
3、 C.D.Moss, T.M.Grzegorczyk,Y.Zhang, J.A.Kong. Numerical Studies of Left Handed Metamaterials. Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, 2002,16 (10):1445-1446
4、V.G.Veselago. The Electrodynamics of Substances with Simultaneously Negative Values of E and M. Soviet Physics Uspekhl,1968,10 (4):509-511
5、 冉立新,陈红胜,皇甫江涛.异向介质研究进展.微波学报,2004,20(3)：89-94
6、 孟繁义.左手介质异常电磁特性激发原理与应用技术研究.哈尔滨工业大学博士学位论文,2007：1-2
7、Joshua A. Fladie, Jennifer T. Bernhard. On the Radiation Characteristics of Right and Left Handed Mircostrip Patch Antenna Design. IEEE Antenna and Wireless Propagation Letters,2006 (5):563-565
8、Nader Engheta. An Idea for Thin Subwavelength Cavity Resonators Using Metamaterials with Negative Permittivity and Permeability. IEEE Antenna and Wireless Propagation Letters,2002 (1):10-13
9、J.B.Pendry. Negative Refraction Makes a Perfect Lens. Physical Review Letters,2000,85 (18):3966-3969
10、M.A.Antoniades, G.V.Eleftheriades. A Broadband Wilkinson Balun Using Microstrip Metamaterial Lines. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters,2005,4(1):209-212
11、C.Caloz, T.Itoh. Application of the Transmission Line Theory of Left-Handed Materials to the Realization of a Microstrip "LH Line". IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International Symposium(Digest), 2002:412-415
12、 M.A.Antoniades, G.V.Eleftheriades. Compact Linear Lead/Lag Metamaterial Phase Shifters for Broadband Applications. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters,2003,2:103-106
13、 J B Pendry, A J Holden, W J Stewart. Extremely Low Frequency Plasmons in Metallic Microstructure. Phys. Rev. Lett.,1996,76 (25):4773-4776
14、 J B Pendry, A J Holden, D J Robbinset. Magnetism from Conductors and Enhanced Nonlinear Phenomena. IEEE Trans. MTT,1999,47 (11): 2075-2084
15、 D.R.Smith, W.J.Padilla, D.C.Vier, S.C.Nemat-Nasser, S.Sehultz. Composite Medium with Simultaneously Negative Permeability and Permittivity. Physical Reviews Letters,2000,84 (18):4184-187
16、N.Garcia, M.Nieto Vesperinas. Left-Handed Materials Do Not Make a Perfect Lens. Physical Review Letters,2002,88 (20):1-4
17、 P.M.Valanju, R.M.Walser, A.P.Valanju. Wave Refraction in Negative-Index Media:Always Positive and Very Inhomogeneous. Physical Review Letters, 2002,88(18):1-4
18、 J.Pacheco Jr, T.M.Grzegorczyk, B.I.Wu,Y.Zhang, J.A.Kong.Power Propagation in Homogeneous Isotropic Frequency-Dispersive Left-Handed Media. Physical Review Letters,2002,89 (25):1-4
19、 S.Foteinopoulou, E.N.Economou, C.M.Soukoulis. Refraction in Media with a Negative Refractive Index. Physical Review Letters,2003,90 (10):1-4
20、 A.Grbic, G.V.Eleftheriades. Experimental Verification of Backward Wave Radiation from a Negative Refractive Index Metamaterial. Journal of Applied Physics,2002,92 (10):5930-5935
21、A.Grbic, G.V.Eleftheriades. An Isotropic Three-Dimensional Negative Refractive Index Transmission-Line Metamaterial. Journal of Applied Physics,2005,98 (4):1-5
22、 C.Y.Cheng, R.W.Ziolkowski. Tailoring Double-Negative Metamaterial Responses to Achieve Anomalous Propagation Effects Along Microstrip Transmission Lines. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques,2003,51(12):2306-2314
23、 R.W.Ziolkowski, A.D.Kipple. Causality and Double-Negative Metamaterials. Physical Review Letters,2003,68 (2):1-9
24、 Y.J.Hsu, Y.C.Huang, J.S.Lih, J.L.Chern. Electromagnetic Resonance in Deformed Split Ring Resonators of Left-Handed Meta-Materials. Journal of Applied Physics,2004,96 (4):646-648
25、 M.M.1.Saadoun, N.Engheta. A Reciprocal Phase Shifter Using Novel Pseudochiral or Omega Medium, Microwave OPt. Teehnol. Lett.,1992,5 (4): 184-188
26、J.B.Pendry. Negative Refraction Makes a Perfect Lens. Physical Review Letters,2000,85 (18):3966-3969
27、Shadrivov I V, Sukhorukov A A, Kivshar Yu S. Beam Shaping by a Periodic Structure with Negative Refraction. Applied Physics Letters,2003,82 (22): 3820-3822
28、Ziolkowski.R.W, Kipple.A.D. Application of Double Negative Materials to Increase the Power Radiated by Electrically Small Antennas. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,2003,51 (10):2626-2640
29、 Engheta.N. An Idea for Thin Subwavelength Cavity Resonators Using Metamaterials with Negative Permittivity and Permeability. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters,2002,1(1):10-13
30、新型人工电磁介质的理论与应用研究.中华人民共和国科技部网站http://www.973. gov.cn/ReadItem.aspx?itemid=503
31、 L.Wu,S.He,L.Chen. On Unusual Narrow Transmission Bands for a Multi-Layered Periodic Structure Containing Left-Handed Materials. Optics Express,2003,11 (11):1283-1290
32、C.R.Simovski, P.A.Belov, S.He. Backward Wave Region and Negative Material Parameters of a Structure Formed by Lattices of Wires and Split-Ring Resonators. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2003,51 (101):2582-2591
33、S.Xiao, M.Qiu, Z.Ruan, S.He. Influence of the Surface Termination to the Point Imaging by a Photonic Crystal Slab with Negative Refraction. Applied Physics Letters,2004,85 (19):4269-4271
34、Q.Cheng, T.J.Cui. Infinite Guided Modes in a Planar Waveguide with a Biaxially Anisotropic Metamaterial. Journal of the Optical Society of America A:Optics and Image Science and Vision,2006,23 (8):1989-1993
35、龚中麟,徐承和.近代电磁理论.北京：北京大学出版社,1990：53-55
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64、S.A.Tretyakov, M.E.Ermutlu. Modeling of Patch Antennas Partially Loaded with Dispersive Backward-Wave Materials. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters,2005,1(4):266-269
65、Joshua A. Fladie, Jennifer T. Bernhard. On the Radiation Characteristics of Right and Left-Handed Microstrip Patch Antenna Designs. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters,2006(5):563-565
2、J.Pacheco Jr, T.M.Grzegorczyk, B.I.Wu, Y.Zhang, J.A.Kong. Power Propagation in Homogeneous Isotropic Frequency-Dispersive Left-Handed Media. Physical Review Letters,2002,89 (25):1-4
3、 C.D.Moss, T.M.Grzegorczyk,Y.Zhang, J.A.Kong. Numerical Studies of Left Handed Metamaterials. Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, 2002,16 (10):1445-1446
4、V.G.Veselago. The Electrodynamics of Substances with Simultaneously Negative Values of E and M. Soviet Physics Uspekhl,1968,10 (4):509-511
5、 冉立新,陈红胜,皇甫江涛.异向介质研究进展.微波学报,2004,20(3)：89-94
6、 孟繁义.左手介质异常电磁特性激发原理与应用技术研究.哈尔滨工业大学博士学位论文,2007：1-2
7、Joshua A. Fladie, Jennifer T. Bernhard. On the Radiation Characteristics of Right and Left Handed Mircostrip Patch Antenna Design. IEEE Antenna and Wireless Propagation Letters,2006 (5):563-565
8、Nader Engheta. An Idea for Thin Subwavelength Cavity Resonators Using Metamaterials with Negative Permittivity and Permeability. IEEE Antenna and Wireless Propagation Letters,2002 (1):10-13
9、J.B.Pendry. Negative Refraction Makes a Perfect Lens. Physical Review Letters,2000,85 (18):3966-3969
10、M.A.Antoniades, G.V.Eleftheriades. A Broadband Wilkinson Balun Using Microstrip Metamaterial Lines. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters,2005,4(1):209-212
11、C.Caloz, T.Itoh. Application of the Transmission Line Theory of Left-Handed Materials to the Realization of a Microstrip "LH Line". IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, AP-S International Symposium(Digest), 2002:412-415
12、 M.A.Antoniades, G.V.Eleftheriades. Compact Linear Lead/Lag Metamaterial Phase Shifters for Broadband Applications. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters,2003,2:103-106
13、 J B Pendry, A J Holden, W J Stewart. Extremely Low Frequency Plasmons in Metallic Microstructure. Phys. Rev. Lett.,1996,76 (25):4773-4776
14、 J B Pendry, A J Holden, D J Robbinset. Magnetism from Conductors and Enhanced Nonlinear Phenomena. IEEE Trans. MTT,1999,47 (11): 2075-2084
15、 D.R.Smith, W.J.Padilla, D.C.Vier, S.C.Nemat-Nasser, S.Sehultz. Composite Medium with Simultaneously Negative Permeability and Permittivity. Physical Reviews Letters,2000,84 (18):4184-187
16、N.Garcia, M.Nieto Vesperinas. Left-Handed Materials Do Not Make a Perfect Lens. Physical Review Letters,2002,88 (20):1-4
17、 P.M.Valanju, R.M.Walser, A.P.Valanju. Wave Refraction in Negative-Index Media:Always Positive and Very Inhomogeneous. Physical Review Letters, 2002,88(18):1-4
18、 J.Pacheco Jr, T.M.Grzegorczyk, B.I.Wu,Y.Zhang, J.A.Kong.Power Propagation in Homogeneous Isotropic Frequency-Dispersive Left-Handed Media. Physical Review Letters,2002,89 (25):1-4
19、 S.Foteinopoulou, E.N.Economou, C.M.Soukoulis. Refraction in Media with a Negative Refractive Index. Physical Review Letters,2003,90 (10):1-4
20、 A.Grbic, G.V.Eleftheriades. Experimental Verification of Backward Wave Radiation from a Negative Refractive Index Metamaterial. Journal of Applied Physics,2002,92 (10):5930-5935
21、A.Grbic, G.V.Eleftheriades. An Isotropic Three-Dimensional Negative Refractive Index Transmission-Line Metamaterial. Journal of Applied Physics,2005,98 (4):1-5
22、 C.Y.Cheng, R.W.Ziolkowski. Tailoring Double-Negative Metamaterial Responses to Achieve Anomalous Propagation Effects Along Microstrip Transmission Lines. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques,2003,51(12):2306-2314
23、 R.W.Ziolkowski, A.D.Kipple. Causality and Double-Negative Metamaterials. Physical Review Letters,2003,68 (2):1-9
24、 Y.J.Hsu, Y.C.Huang, J.S.Lih, J.L.Chern. Electromagnetic Resonance in Deformed Split Ring Resonators of Left-Handed Meta-Materials. Journal of Applied Physics,2004,96 (4):646-648
25、 M.M.1.Saadoun, N.Engheta. A Reciprocal Phase Shifter Using Novel Pseudochiral or Omega Medium, Microwave OPt. Teehnol. Lett.,1992,5 (4): 184-188
26、J.B.Pendry. Negative Refraction Makes a Perfect Lens. Physical Review Letters,2000,85 (18):3966-3969
27、Shadrivov I V, Sukhorukov A A, Kivshar Yu S. Beam Shaping by a Periodic Structure with Negative Refraction. Applied Physics Letters,2003,82 (22): 3820-3822
28、Ziolkowski.R.W, Kipple.A.D. Application of Double Negative Materials to Increase the Power Radiated by Electrically Small Antennas. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,2003,51 (10):2626-2640
29、 Engheta.N. An Idea for Thin Subwavelength Cavity Resonators Using Metamaterials with Negative Permittivity and Permeability. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters,2002,1(1):10-13
30、新型人工电磁介质的理论与应用研究.中华人民共和国科技部网站http://www.973. gov.cn/ReadItem.aspx?itemid=503
31、 L.Wu,S.He,L.Chen. On Unusual Narrow Transmission Bands for a Multi-Layered Periodic Structure Containing Left-Handed Materials. Optics Express,2003,11 (11):1283-1290
32、C.R.Simovski, P.A.Belov, S.He. Backward Wave Region and Negative Material Parameters of a Structure Formed by Lattices of Wires and Split-Ring Resonators. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2003,51 (101):2582-2591
33、S.Xiao, M.Qiu, Z.Ruan, S.He. Influence of the Surface Termination to the Point Imaging by a Photonic Crystal Slab with Negative Refraction. Applied Physics Letters,2004,85 (19):4269-4271
34、Q.Cheng, T.J.Cui. Infinite Guided Modes in a Planar Waveguide with a Biaxially Anisotropic Metamaterial. Journal of the Optical Society of America A:Optics and Image Science and Vision,2006,23 (8):1989-1993
35、龚中麟,徐承和.近代电磁理论.北京：北京大学出版社,1990：53-55
36、赵伟.微波左手材料中的非对称结构特征与微带天线.西北工业大学学位论文.2006：4-5
37、谢处方,饶克谨.电磁场与电磁波.高等教育出版社,1999：187-188
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