应激障碍易感侯选基因的关联分析及MMPI-2的诊断效果研究
|
摘要
应激障碍(SD)是指一组主要由心理、社会(环境)因素引起的异常心理反应而导致的精神障碍，主要包括急性应激障碍(ASD)和创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)等。SD是战争及重大灾难后影响人类心身健康的主要疾病之一，近来受到越来越多学者的关注。本研究对影响精神科住院SD患者患病的较为重要的危险因素及遗传易感标记进行了初步探讨，以期为军事应激障碍易感人群的筛选方法提供资料；并初步评价了明尼苏达多相人格测验第二版(MMPI-2)对我国SD患者的诊断效果，为平战时SD的筛查和诊断提供依据。
本研究共分为三个部分：
1．应激障碍的危险因素分析
目的：探讨影响精神科住院SD患者患病的较为重要的危险因素。方法：实验组为43名符合DSM-IV诊断标准的SD患者，对照组为44名创伤幸存者。两组被试在医生指导下，填写依据SD患病危险因素的流行病学资料而制定的《应激状况调查表》。结果：应激障碍患者和对照组在研究中所涉及的11项影响因素中，有8项存在有显著差异。Logistic回归分析提示，在控制了精神疾病家族史这一因素后，家庭结构不稳定、酒精依赖家族史和性格内向的个体在经历创伤事件后患有应激障碍的可能性较大。结论：多种因素影响个体对应激的反应，包括创伤前易感素质和创伤后环境支持。
2．应激障碍易感候选基因的关联分析研究
目的：对我国汉族SD患者的多巴胺受体D_2基因(DRD2)Taq Ⅰ多态性进行检测，探讨其与SD的遗传易感性之间的关系。方法：采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)和限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)分析方法，检测37名SD患者和
第四军医大学硕士学位论文
47名创伤幸存者的DRDZ Taql多态性，并比较其等位基因频率及携带率。
结果:SD患者的Al等位基因频率及携带率分别为44.6%和75.7%，对照
组为26.6%和46.8%，两组有显著性差异;携带Al等位基因的SD患者的
PK分数显著高于未携带者。结论:TSLql多态性与应激障碍相关联，我国
汉族人群中A1等位基因的携带者可能对应激障碍易感。
3.应用明尼苏达多相人格测验诊断应激障碍的效果分析
目的:采用枷Pl一2中文版评估我国SD患者的心理病理特征，并探讨
其辅助诊断的应用价值。方法:实验组.包括26名ASD患者和13名PTSD患
者，对照组为42名创伤幸存者，在无影响测验的精神及躯体症状的情况
下完成咖Pl一2测验。结果:SD患者的F、Fb、Fp、D、Hy、Pa、Pt、Se、
Ma、PK量表以及除SOD的所有内容量表均显著高于对照组;ASD患者与
PTSD患者间差异显著的量表为Hs、D、Hy、ANG和TRT;SD患者平均剖面
图呈6一8一7型编码;判别分析得到2个有意义的变量，Pa和Sc，判别函
数在训练样本和验证样本中的预测符·合率分别为83.9%和72.0%。不同性
别、不同创伤经历和不同诊断分类的SD患者的PK分数无显著差异，使
用原始分17分为最佳截断点时，PK诊断SD的灵敏度为94.9%，特异度为
66.7%。结论:MMPI一2对应激失常症状比较敏感，Pa和Sc具有较好的鉴
别能力;SD患者和适应良好的创伤幸存者有着明显不同的心理病理表现;
以原始分17分为截断点，PK量表可以较好的区分应激事件后的适度与过
度心理反应，但假阳性率较高。
综合研究的结果提示:在军事或其他特殊职业人员的选拔过程中，应重
视应用个人信息收集及分子遗传标记等多种方法对遗传背景、家庭环境、性格
特征等易感因素进行综合评估，以预防和减少SD的发生;MMPI一2对应激失
常症状具有较好的评估效果和辅助诊断价值，在精神科门诊和灾难后应
激人群筛查中，PK可以用来排除个体发生应激失常症状的可能。但研究
样本量较小，结果需要进一步的验证，以上结论应慎重对待。
Stress disorder (SD) is abnormal psychological response caused by psychological, social and environmental factors. SD includes acute stress disorder (ASD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) etc. SD is one of the most important diseases that threaten human health after warfare and severe disaster. Considerable attention has been devoted to SD in recent years. This is a preliminary study investigating several important risk factors and genetic susceptibility markers for patients with SD in psychiatric hospital. This study may be helpful for the screening of army man to exclude those who are susceptive to SD. Diagnostic efficiency with MMPI-2 in patients with SD was also examined to provide usefiil information for the screening and diagnosis of SD during wartime or peacetime.
There were mainly three parts in our study:
First, risk factors for stress disorders. Objective: To ascertain risk factors associated with SD in psychiatric hospital. Methods: forty-three patients with acute stress disorder or posttraumatic stress disorder and forty-four trauma survivors were investigated with "the questionnaire for stress", which was developed on previous epidemic studies. Results: Of the eleven items examined, significant associations were found in eight risk factors between patients and controls. Logistic regression indicated family instability, family history of alcohol abuse and introversion make significant contributions to stress disorder after controlling for family history of mental disorders. Conclusions: the results confirmed that a group of factors has much
impact on individual's response to stress, which including pre-trauma predisposition and after-trauma supports.
Second, whether susceptive candidate gene is related to genetic susceptibility of stress disorders. Objective: To investigate the association between Taq I Polymorphism of Dopamine Receptor D2 (DRD2) and genetic susceptibility for stress disorder. Methods: PCR-RFLP was used to determine the DRD2 Taq I genotypes of 37 patients with SD and 47 trauma survivors. Results: There were significant differences in Al allele frequencies and carriers between two groups. Patients carrying Al alleles showed relatively higher elevations of PK raw scores than patients who did not carry Al alleles. Conclusions: Taq I Polymorphism of DRD2 was associated with genetic susceptibility of stress disorder and carrying Al alleles may confers an increased risk to stress disorders.
Third, diagnostic efficiency with the MMPI-2 in patients with SD. Objective: To investigate psychopathology and diagnostic efficiency with MMPI-2 in patients with SD. Methods: Chinese version of MMPI-2 were administered to 26 patients with ASD, 13 patients with PTSD and 42 trauma survivors. Results: Patients with SD obtained significantly higher mean scores of MMPI-2 scales F, Fb, Fp, D, Hy, Pa, Pt, Sc, Ma and PK than controls, the same with all content scales except SOD. There were significant differences in mean scores of Hs, D, Hy, ANG and TRT between patients with ASD and PTSD. 6-8-7 codetype was found as the mean profiles for SD patients. Discriminate analysis indicated that Pa and Sc were the most important variables and it successfully classified 83.9% and 72.0% respectively in training sample and cross-validation sample. Gender, types of traumatic events or types of diagnosis in patients with SD did not substantially influence PK scores. When an optimal cut-off point of 17 was utilized, sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis with PK are respectively 94.9% and 66.7%. Conclusions: MMPI-2 scales especially Pa and Sc were sensitive to posttraumatic stress symptoms. Patients with SD and trauma survivors show significantly different psychopathology. PK was moderately successful at identifying abnormal psychological responses after trauma though it produced more false-positive than false-negative errors.
Our results suggest that it may be more efficient to assess risk factors such as genetic background, family environment and personality in the course of personnel selec
本研究共分为三个部分：
1．应激障碍的危险因素分析
目的：探讨影响精神科住院SD患者患病的较为重要的危险因素。方法：实验组为43名符合DSM-IV诊断标准的SD患者，对照组为44名创伤幸存者。两组被试在医生指导下，填写依据SD患病危险因素的流行病学资料而制定的《应激状况调查表》。结果：应激障碍患者和对照组在研究中所涉及的11项影响因素中，有8项存在有显著差异。Logistic回归分析提示，在控制了精神疾病家族史这一因素后，家庭结构不稳定、酒精依赖家族史和性格内向的个体在经历创伤事件后患有应激障碍的可能性较大。结论：多种因素影响个体对应激的反应，包括创伤前易感素质和创伤后环境支持。
2．应激障碍易感候选基因的关联分析研究
目的：对我国汉族SD患者的多巴胺受体D_2基因(DRD2)Taq Ⅰ多态性进行检测，探讨其与SD的遗传易感性之间的关系。方法：采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)和限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)分析方法，检测37名SD患者和
第四军医大学硕士学位论文
47名创伤幸存者的DRDZ Taql多态性，并比较其等位基因频率及携带率。
结果:SD患者的Al等位基因频率及携带率分别为44.6%和75.7%，对照
组为26.6%和46.8%，两组有显著性差异;携带Al等位基因的SD患者的
PK分数显著高于未携带者。结论:TSLql多态性与应激障碍相关联，我国
汉族人群中A1等位基因的携带者可能对应激障碍易感。
3.应用明尼苏达多相人格测验诊断应激障碍的效果分析
目的:采用枷Pl一2中文版评估我国SD患者的心理病理特征，并探讨
其辅助诊断的应用价值。方法:实验组.包括26名ASD患者和13名PTSD患
者，对照组为42名创伤幸存者，在无影响测验的精神及躯体症状的情况
下完成咖Pl一2测验。结果:SD患者的F、Fb、Fp、D、Hy、Pa、Pt、Se、
Ma、PK量表以及除SOD的所有内容量表均显著高于对照组;ASD患者与
PTSD患者间差异显著的量表为Hs、D、Hy、ANG和TRT;SD患者平均剖面
图呈6一8一7型编码;判别分析得到2个有意义的变量，Pa和Sc，判别函
数在训练样本和验证样本中的预测符·合率分别为83.9%和72.0%。不同性
别、不同创伤经历和不同诊断分类的SD患者的PK分数无显著差异，使
用原始分17分为最佳截断点时，PK诊断SD的灵敏度为94.9%，特异度为
66.7%。结论:MMPI一2对应激失常症状比较敏感，Pa和Sc具有较好的鉴
别能力;SD患者和适应良好的创伤幸存者有着明显不同的心理病理表现;
以原始分17分为截断点，PK量表可以较好的区分应激事件后的适度与过
度心理反应，但假阳性率较高。
综合研究的结果提示:在军事或其他特殊职业人员的选拔过程中，应重
视应用个人信息收集及分子遗传标记等多种方法对遗传背景、家庭环境、性格
特征等易感因素进行综合评估，以预防和减少SD的发生;MMPI一2对应激失
常症状具有较好的评估效果和辅助诊断价值，在精神科门诊和灾难后应
激人群筛查中，PK可以用来排除个体发生应激失常症状的可能。但研究
样本量较小，结果需要进一步的验证，以上结论应慎重对待。
Stress disorder (SD) is abnormal psychological response caused by psychological, social and environmental factors. SD includes acute stress disorder (ASD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) etc. SD is one of the most important diseases that threaten human health after warfare and severe disaster. Considerable attention has been devoted to SD in recent years. This is a preliminary study investigating several important risk factors and genetic susceptibility markers for patients with SD in psychiatric hospital. This study may be helpful for the screening of army man to exclude those who are susceptive to SD. Diagnostic efficiency with MMPI-2 in patients with SD was also examined to provide usefiil information for the screening and diagnosis of SD during wartime or peacetime.
There were mainly three parts in our study:
First, risk factors for stress disorders. Objective: To ascertain risk factors associated with SD in psychiatric hospital. Methods: forty-three patients with acute stress disorder or posttraumatic stress disorder and forty-four trauma survivors were investigated with "the questionnaire for stress", which was developed on previous epidemic studies. Results: Of the eleven items examined, significant associations were found in eight risk factors between patients and controls. Logistic regression indicated family instability, family history of alcohol abuse and introversion make significant contributions to stress disorder after controlling for family history of mental disorders. Conclusions: the results confirmed that a group of factors has much
impact on individual's response to stress, which including pre-trauma predisposition and after-trauma supports.
Second, whether susceptive candidate gene is related to genetic susceptibility of stress disorders. Objective: To investigate the association between Taq I Polymorphism of Dopamine Receptor D2 (DRD2) and genetic susceptibility for stress disorder. Methods: PCR-RFLP was used to determine the DRD2 Taq I genotypes of 37 patients with SD and 47 trauma survivors. Results: There were significant differences in Al allele frequencies and carriers between two groups. Patients carrying Al alleles showed relatively higher elevations of PK raw scores than patients who did not carry Al alleles. Conclusions: Taq I Polymorphism of DRD2 was associated with genetic susceptibility of stress disorder and carrying Al alleles may confers an increased risk to stress disorders.
Third, diagnostic efficiency with the MMPI-2 in patients with SD. Objective: To investigate psychopathology and diagnostic efficiency with MMPI-2 in patients with SD. Methods: Chinese version of MMPI-2 were administered to 26 patients with ASD, 13 patients with PTSD and 42 trauma survivors. Results: Patients with SD obtained significantly higher mean scores of MMPI-2 scales F, Fb, Fp, D, Hy, Pa, Pt, Sc, Ma and PK than controls, the same with all content scales except SOD. There were significant differences in mean scores of Hs, D, Hy, ANG and TRT between patients with ASD and PTSD. 6-8-7 codetype was found as the mean profiles for SD patients. Discriminate analysis indicated that Pa and Sc were the most important variables and it successfully classified 83.9% and 72.0% respectively in training sample and cross-validation sample. Gender, types of traumatic events or types of diagnosis in patients with SD did not substantially influence PK scores. When an optimal cut-off point of 17 was utilized, sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis with PK are respectively 94.9% and 66.7%. Conclusions: MMPI-2 scales especially Pa and Sc were sensitive to posttraumatic stress symptoms. Patients with SD and trauma survivors show significantly different psychopathology. PK was moderately successful at identifying abnormal psychological responses after trauma though it produced more false-positive than false-negative errors.
Our results suggest that it may be more efficient to assess risk factors such as genetic background, family environment and personality in the course of personnel selec
引文
1. American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM-Ⅳ). 4th edition. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994. 424-429
2. Jonker B, Hamrin V. Acute stress disorder in children related to violence. J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Nuts, 2003, 16(2): 41-51
3. Davidson JRT. Posttraumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder. Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ. Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995, 1227-1236.
4. Madakasira S, O'Brien KE Acute posttraumatic stress disorder in victims of a natural disaster. J Nerv Merit Dis, 1987, 175(5): 286-290.
5. Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, Hughes M, Nelson CB. Posttraumatie stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 1995, 52(12): 1048-1060
6．王焕林，崔庶，陈继军．中国军人心理创伤后应激障碍的流行病学调查．中华精神科杂志，1996，29(2)：69-72
7．汪向东，赵丞智，新福尚隆，张富，范启亮，吕秋云．地震后创伤后应激障碍的发生率及影响因素．中国心理卫生杂志，1999，13(1)：28-30
8. Yehuda R, Davidson JRT. Clinician's Manual on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. London: Science Press, 2000.4-6
9. Breslau N, Kessler RC, Chilcoat HD, Schultz LR, Davis GC, Andreski P. Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in the community: the 1996 Detroit Area Survey of Trauma. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 1998, 55(7): 626-632.
10. Green BL. Psychosocial research in traumatic stress: an update. J Trauma Stress, 1994, 7(3): 341-362
11. Resnick HS, Kilpatrick DG, Dansky BS, Saunders BE, Best CL. Prevalence of civilian trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in a representative national sample of women. J Consult Clin Psychol, 1993, 61(6): 984-991
12. Smith EM, North CS, McCool RE, Shea JM. Acute postdisaster psychiatric disorders: identification of persons at risk. Am J Psychiatry, 1990, 147(2): 202-206
13. Norris FH. Epidemiology of trauma: frequency and impact of different potentially traumatic events on different demographic groups. J Consult Clin Psychol, 1992, 60: 409-418
14. Garrison CZ, Bryant ES, Addy CL, Spurrier PG, Freedy JR, Kilpatrick DG. Posttraumatic stress disorder in adolescents after Hurricane Andrew. J Am Acad
Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 1995, 34(9): 1193-1201
15. Foa EB, Street GP. Women and traumatic events. J Clin Psychiatry, 2001,62(17): 29-34
16. O'Toole BI, Marshall RP, Schureck RJ, Dobson M. Risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in Australian Vietnam veterans. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 1998, 32(1): 21-31
17. Yehuda R, Schmeidler J, Giller EL Jr, Siever LJ, Binder-Brynes, K. Relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder characteristics of Holocaust survivors and their adult offspring. Am J Psychiatry, 1998; 155(6): 841-843
18. Bollinger AR, Riggs DS, Blake DD, Ruzek JI. Prevalence of personality disorders among combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress, 2000,13(2): 255-270
19. Viken RJ, Rose RJ, Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M. A developmental genetic analysis of adult personality: extraversion and neuroticism from 18 to 59 years of age. J Pers Soc Psychol, 1994, 66(4):722-730
20. Ruchkin VV, Schwab-Stone M, Koposov R, Vermeiren R, Steiner H. Violence exposure, posttraumatic stress, and personality in juvenile delinquents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2002, 41(3): 322-329
21. Chung MC, Easthope Y, Farmer S, Werrett J, Chung C. Psychological sequelae: post-traumatic stress reactions and personality factors among community residents as secondary victims. Scand J Caring Sci, 2003, 17(3):265-270
22. Fauerbach JA, Lawrence JW, Schmidt CW Jr, Munster AM, Costa PT Jr. Personality predictors of injury-related posttraumatic stress disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis, 2000, 188(8):510-517
23. Richman H, Frueh BC. Personality and PTSD Ⅱ: personality assessment of PTSD-diagnosed Vietnam veterans using the cloninger tridimensional personality questionnaire (TPQ). Depress Anxiety, 1997, 6(2):70-77
24. Frommberger U, Stieglitz RD, Straub S, Nyberg E, Schlickewei W, Kuner E, Berger M. The concept of "sense of coherence" and the development of posttraumatic stress disorder in traffic accident victims. J Psychosom Res, 1999, 46(4): 343-348
25．王家同，宋国萍，皇甫恩，王惠利，肖玮．军人心因性精神障碍123例发病因素分析．人民军医，1999，42(2)：64-65
26. Holbrook TL, Hoyt DB, Stein MB, Sieber WJ. Perceived threat to life predicts posttraumatic stress disorder after major trauma: risk factors and functional outcome. J Trauma, 2001, 51(2):287-292
27. Kazak AE, Barakat LP, Meeske K, Christakis D, Meadows AT, Casey R, Penati B, Stuber ML. Posttraumatic stress, family functioning, and social support in survivors of childhood leukemia and their mothers and fathers. J Consult Clin Psychol, 1997, 65(1):120-129
28. Mundy EA, Blanchard EB, Cirenza E, Gargiulo J, Maloy B, Blanchard CG. Posttraumatic stress disorder in breast cancer patients following autologous bone marrow transplantation or conventional cancer treatments. Behav Res Ther, 2000, 38(10):1015-1027
29. King LA, King DW, Fairbank JA, Keane TM, Adams GA. Resilience-recovery factors in post-traumatic stress disorder among female and male Vietnam veterans: hardiness, postwar social support, and additional stressful life events. J Pers Soc Psychol, 1998, 74(2): 420-434
30. Yehuda R, McFarlance MC. Psychobiology of Postraumatic Stress Disorder. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1997,821:35-51
31. Sack WH, Clarke GN, Seeley J. Posttraumatic stress disorder across two generations of Cambodian refugees. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 1995, 34(9): 1160-1166.
32. Ebert MH, Loosen PT, Nurcombe B. Current Diagnosis & Treatment in Psychiatry. Gillette GM, Fielstein EM. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder & Acute Stress Disorder. Appleton: McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing, 2003.341-350
33. McLeod DS, Koenen KC, Meyer JM, Lyons MJ, Eisen S, True W, Goldberg J. Genetic and environmental influences on the relationship among combat exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, and alcohol use. J Trauma Stress, 2001, 14(2): 259-275
34. Skre I, Onstad S, Torgersen S, Lygren S, Kringlen E. A twin study of DSM-III-R anxiety disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 1993, 88(2): 85-92
35. True WR, Rice J, Eisen SA, Heath AC, Goldberg J, Lyons MJ, Nowak J. A twin study of genetic and environmental contributions to liability for posttraumatic stress symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 1993, 50(4): 257-264.
36. Xian H, Chantarujikapong SI, Scherrer JF, Eisen SA, Lyons M J, Goldberg J, Tsuang M, True WR. Genetic and environmental influences on posttraumatic stress disorder, alcohol and drug dependence in twin pairs. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2000, 61(1): 95-102
37. Chantarujikapong SI, Scherrer JF, Xian H, Eisen SA, Lyons MJ, Goldberg J, Tsuang M, True WR. A twin study of generalized anxiety disorder symptoms, panic disorder symptoms and post-traumatic stress disorder in men. Psychiatry Res, 2001,103(2-3): 133-145
38. van der Kolk BA. The psychobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry, 1997, 58(9): 16-24
39. Comings DE, Comings BG, Muhleman D, Dietz G, Shahbahrami B, Tast D, Knell E, Kocsis P, Baumgarten R, Kovacs BW. The dopamine D2 receptor locus as a modifying gene in neuropsychiatric disorders. JAMA, 1991,266(13): 1793-1800
40. Comings DE, Muhleman D, Gysin R. Dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene and
susceptibility to posttraumatic stress disorder: a study and replication. Biol Psychiatry, 1996, 40(5): 368-372
41. Gelernter J, Southwick S, Goodson S, Morgan A, Nagy L, Charney DS. No association between D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) "A" system alleles, or DRD2 haplotypes, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry, 1999, 45(5): 620-625
42. Young RM, Lawford BR, Noble EP, Kann B, Wiikie A, Ritchie T, Arnold L, Shadforth S. Harmful drinking in military veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder: association with the D2 dopamine receptor Al allele. Alcohol, 2002,37(5): 451-456
43. Lawford BR, McD Young R, Noble EP, Kann B, Arnold L, Rowell J, Ritchie TL. D2 dopamine receptor gene polymorphism: paroxetine and social functioning in posttraumatic stress disorder. Eur Neuropsychophannacol, 2003, 13(5): 313-320
44. Segman RH, Cooper-Kazaz R, Macciardi F, Goltser T, Halfon Y, Dobroborski T, Shalev AY. Association between the dopamine transporter gene and posttraumatic stress disorder. Mol Psychiatry, 2002,7(8): 903-907
45. Feusner J, Ritchie T, Lawford B, Young RM, Kann B, Noble EP. GABA (A) receptor beta 3 subunit gene and psychiatric morbidity in a post-traumatic stress disorder population. Psychiatry Res, 2001, 104(2): 109-117
46. King JA, Abend S, Edwards E. Genetic predisposition and the development of posttraumatic stress disorder in an animal model. Biol Psychiatry, 2001, 50(4): 231-237
47. Abueg F, Fairbank J. Behavioral treatment of PTSD and co-occurring substance abuse. Saigh PA. Post-traumatic stress disorder: A behavioral approach to assessment and treatment. New York: Pergammon Press, 1992.50-83
48. Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Gibbon M, First MB. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-11I-R-Patient-edition (SCID-P, Version 1.0). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1990
49. Blake DD, Weathers FW, Nagy LM, Kaioupek DG, Gusman FD, Charney DS, Keane TM. The development of a Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. J Trauma Stress, 1995, 8(1): 75-90.
50. Watson, CG, Juba, MP, Manifold V, Kucala T, Anderson P E D. The PTSD interview: Rationale, description, reliability, and concurrent validity of a DSM-lll-based technique. Journal of.Clinical Psychology, 1991,47, 179-188
51. Foa EB, Cashman L, Jaycox L, Perry K. The Validation of a Self-Report Measure of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: The Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale. Psycho Assess, 1997, 9(4), 445-451
52. Weathers FW, Ruscio AM, Keane TM. Psychometric Properties of Nine Rules for the Clinician-Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale. Psychol assess, 1999,11(2): 124-133
53. Pitman RK. Overview of biological themes in PTSD. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1997, 821:1-9
54. Ehlers A, Clark DM. A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behav Res Ther, 2000, 38(4): 319-345
55. Foa EB, Rothbaum BO. Treating the trauma of rape: Cognitive-behavioral therapy for PTSD. New York: Guiford, 1997,45-67
56. Fairbank JA, Keane TM, Malloy PF. Some preliminary data on the psychological characteristics of Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorders. J Consult Clin Psychol, 1983, 51(6): 912-919.
57. Koretzky MB, Rosenoer AS. MMPI assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder among alcoholic Vietnam veterans. Psychol Rep, 1987 60(2): 359-365
58. Wise EA. Diagnosing posttraumatic stress disorder with the MMPI clinical scales: A Review of the literature. J Psycho Behav Assess, 1990, 18(1): 71-82
59. McCaffrey RJ, Hickling EJ, Marrazo MJ. Civilian-related post-traumatic stress disorder: assessment-related issues. J Clin Psychol, 1989, 45(1): 72-76
60. Litz BT, Penk WE, Walsh S, Hyer L, Blake DD, Marx B, Keane TM, Bitman D. Similarities and differences between MMPI and MMPI-2 applications to the assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder. J Pers Assess, 1991, 57(2): 238-253
61. Albrecht NN, Talbert FS, Albrecht JW, Boudewyns PA, Hyer LA, Touze J, Lemmon CR. A comparison of MMPI and MMPI-2 in PTSD assessment. J Ciin Psychol, 1994, 50(4): 578-585
62. Munley PH, Bains DS, Bloem WD, Busby RM. Post-traumatic stress disorder and the MMPI-2. J Trauma Stress, 1995, 8(1): 171-178
63. Khan FI, Welch TL, Zillmer EA. MMPI-2 profiles of battered women in transition. J Pers Assess, 1993, 60(1): 100-111
64. Morrell JS, Rubin LJ. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Domestic Violence Survivors. Prof Psychol Res Pr, 2001, 32(2): 151-156
65. Lucenko BA, Gold SN, Elhai JD, Russo SA, Swingle JM. Relations between coercive strategies and MMPI-2 scale eievations among women survivors of childhood sexual abuse. J Trauma Stress, 2000, 13(1): 169-177
66. Cashel ML, Ovaert L, Holliman NG. Evaluating PTSD in incarcerated male juveniles with the MMPI-A: an exploratory analysis. J Clin Psychol, 2000, 56(12): 535-549
67. Gaston L, Brunet A, Koszycki D, Bradwejn J. MMPI profiles of acute and chronic PTSD in a civilian sample. J Trauma Stress, 1996, 9(4): 817-832
68. Gaston L, Brunet A, Koszycki D, Bradwejn J. MMPI scales for diagnosing acute and chronic PTSD in civilians. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. J Trauma Stress, 1998, 11(2): 355-365
69. Schlenger WE, Kulka RA. Performance of the Keane-Fairbank MMPI Scale and other self-report measures in identifying Posttraumatic stress disorder. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, New York, 1987
70. Lyons JA, Wheeler-Cox T. MMPI, MMPI-2 and PTSD: overview of scores, scales, and profiles. J Trauma Stress, 1999, 12(11): 175-183
71. Keane TM, Malloy PF, Fairbank JA. Empirical development of an MMPI subscale for the assessment of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol, 1984, 52(5): 888-891
72. Graham JR. MMPI-2: Assessing personality and psychopathology.3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press,2000:182-186
73. McFall ME, Smith DE, Roszeii DK, Tarver DJ, Malas KL. Convergent validity of measures of PTSD in Vietnam combat veterans. Am J Psychiatry, 1990, 147(5): 645-648
74. Watson CG, Piemel D, DeMotts J, Howard MT, Tuorila J, Moog R, Thomas D, Anderson D. A comparison of four PTSD measures' convergent validities in Vietnam veterans. J Trauma Stress, 1994, 7(1): 75-82
75. Perrin S, Van Hasselt VB, Basilio I, Hersen M. Assessing the effects of violence on women in battering relationships with the Keane MMPI-PTSD Scale. J Trauma Stress, 1996, 9(4): 805-816
76. Lyons JA, Scotti JR. Comparability of Two Administration Formats of the Keane Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Psychol Assess, 1994, 6(3): 209-211
77. Cannon DS, Bell WE, Andrews RH, Finkelstein AS. Correspondence between MMPI PTSD measures and clinical diagnosis. J Pers Assess, 1987, 51 (4): 517-521
78. Orr SP, Claiborn JM, Altman B, Forgue DF, de Jong JB, Pitman RK, Herz LR. Psychometric profile of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxious, and healthy Vietnam veterans: correlations with psychophysiologic responses. J Consult Clin Psychol, 1990,58(3): 329-335
79. Kenderdine SK, Phillips E J, Scurfield RM. Comparison of the MMPI-PTSD subscale with PTSD and substance abuse patient populations. J Clin Psychol, 1992,48(1): 136-139
80. Koretzky MB, Peck AH. Validation and cross-validation of the PTSD subscale of the MMPI with civilian trauma victims. J Clin Psychol, 1990, 46(3): 296-300
81. Bowler RM, Hartney C, Ngo LH. Amnestic disturbance and posttraumatic stress disorder in the aftermath of a chemical release. Arch Clin Neuropsychol, 1998,13(5): 455-471
82. Lyons JA, Keane TM. Keane PTSD scale: MMPI and MMPI-2 update. J Trauma Stress, 1992,5 (1):111-117
83. Wetzel RD, Yutzy S. Effect of reducing cut-off scores on Keane's Posttraumatic
Stress Disorder scale. Psychol Rep, 1994, 75(3): 1296-1298.
84. Scheibe S, Bagby RM, Miller LS, Dorian BJ. Assessing posttraumatic stress disorder with the MMPI-2 in a sample of workplace accident victims. Psychol Assess, 2001, 13(3): 369-374
85. Miller HR, Goldberg JO, Streiner DL. What's in a name? The MMPI-2 PTSD scales. Clin Psychol, 1995, 51(5): 626-631
86. Seedat S, Niehaus DJ, Stein DJ. The role of genes and family in trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder. Mol Psychiatry, 2001, 6(4): 360-362
87. Grandy DK, Zhang Y, Civelli O. PCR detection of the TaqA RFLP at the DRD2 locus. Hum Mol Genet, 1993, 2(12): 2197
88. Noble EP. The DRD2 gene in psychiatric and neurological disorders and its phenotypes. Pharmacogenomics, 2000, 1(3): 309-333
89. Inglis FM, Moghaddam B. Dopaminergie innervation of the amygdala is highly responsive to stress. J Neurochem, 1999, 72(3): 1088-1094
90. Barinov EF, Abramets II, Ziablitsev SV. Effect of selective activation and blockade of the central dopaminergic system on the course of the early post-traumatic period. Patol Fiziol Eksp Ter, 1995, (2): 27-30
91. Glover DA, Powers MB, Bergman L, Stairs JA, Telch MJ, Stuber M. Urinary dopamine and turn bias in traumatized women with and without PTSD symptoms. Behav Brain Res, 2003, 15 (1-2): 137-141
92．王建，刘焯霖，陈彪，黎锦如，潘勇辉，卢锡林，朱懿．广州地区汉族人群多巴胺受体基因多态性．中华医学遗传学杂志，2000，17(5)：348-351
93．张建新，宋维真，张妙清．明尼苏达多相人格测验中文版用户手册．北京：地质出版社，2004．17-44
94. Klotz Flitter JM, Elhai JD, Gold SN. MMPI-2 F scale elevations in adult victims of child sexual abuse. J Trauma Stress, 2003, 16(3): 269-274
95．张本，徐广明，马文有，孙贺祥，刘秀花，孙太起，于振剑，苗丽玲，牛俊红．大地震创伤后应激障碍患者的心理与神经内分泌变化．中国心理卫生杂志，2002，16(12)：817-821
96．纪术茂，戴郑生．明尼苏达多相人格调查表：最新研究与多类量表解释．北京：科学出版社，2004．228-233
97. Forbes D, Creamer M, McHugh T. MMPI-2 data for Australian Vietnam Veterans with combat-related PTSD. J Trauma Stress, 1999, 12(2): 371-378
98．王家同．部队心理卫生工作中的理论探讨．苗丹民，王京生．军事心理学研究．西安：第四军医大学出版社，2003．15-27
2. Jonker B, Hamrin V. Acute stress disorder in children related to violence. J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Nuts, 2003, 16(2): 41-51
3. Davidson JRT. Posttraumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder. Kaplan HI, Sadock BJ. Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1995, 1227-1236.
4. Madakasira S, O'Brien KE Acute posttraumatic stress disorder in victims of a natural disaster. J Nerv Merit Dis, 1987, 175(5): 286-290.
5. Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, Hughes M, Nelson CB. Posttraumatie stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 1995, 52(12): 1048-1060
6．王焕林，崔庶，陈继军．中国军人心理创伤后应激障碍的流行病学调查．中华精神科杂志，1996，29(2)：69-72
7．汪向东，赵丞智，新福尚隆，张富，范启亮，吕秋云．地震后创伤后应激障碍的发生率及影响因素．中国心理卫生杂志，1999，13(1)：28-30
8. Yehuda R, Davidson JRT. Clinician's Manual on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. London: Science Press, 2000.4-6
9. Breslau N, Kessler RC, Chilcoat HD, Schultz LR, Davis GC, Andreski P. Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in the community: the 1996 Detroit Area Survey of Trauma. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 1998, 55(7): 626-632.
10. Green BL. Psychosocial research in traumatic stress: an update. J Trauma Stress, 1994, 7(3): 341-362
11. Resnick HS, Kilpatrick DG, Dansky BS, Saunders BE, Best CL. Prevalence of civilian trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in a representative national sample of women. J Consult Clin Psychol, 1993, 61(6): 984-991
12. Smith EM, North CS, McCool RE, Shea JM. Acute postdisaster psychiatric disorders: identification of persons at risk. Am J Psychiatry, 1990, 147(2): 202-206
13. Norris FH. Epidemiology of trauma: frequency and impact of different potentially traumatic events on different demographic groups. J Consult Clin Psychol, 1992, 60: 409-418
14. Garrison CZ, Bryant ES, Addy CL, Spurrier PG, Freedy JR, Kilpatrick DG. Posttraumatic stress disorder in adolescents after Hurricane Andrew. J Am Acad
Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 1995, 34(9): 1193-1201
15. Foa EB, Street GP. Women and traumatic events. J Clin Psychiatry, 2001,62(17): 29-34
16. O'Toole BI, Marshall RP, Schureck RJ, Dobson M. Risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in Australian Vietnam veterans. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 1998, 32(1): 21-31
17. Yehuda R, Schmeidler J, Giller EL Jr, Siever LJ, Binder-Brynes, K. Relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder characteristics of Holocaust survivors and their adult offspring. Am J Psychiatry, 1998; 155(6): 841-843
18. Bollinger AR, Riggs DS, Blake DD, Ruzek JI. Prevalence of personality disorders among combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress, 2000,13(2): 255-270
19. Viken RJ, Rose RJ, Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M. A developmental genetic analysis of adult personality: extraversion and neuroticism from 18 to 59 years of age. J Pers Soc Psychol, 1994, 66(4):722-730
20. Ruchkin VV, Schwab-Stone M, Koposov R, Vermeiren R, Steiner H. Violence exposure, posttraumatic stress, and personality in juvenile delinquents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2002, 41(3): 322-329
21. Chung MC, Easthope Y, Farmer S, Werrett J, Chung C. Psychological sequelae: post-traumatic stress reactions and personality factors among community residents as secondary victims. Scand J Caring Sci, 2003, 17(3):265-270
22. Fauerbach JA, Lawrence JW, Schmidt CW Jr, Munster AM, Costa PT Jr. Personality predictors of injury-related posttraumatic stress disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis, 2000, 188(8):510-517
23. Richman H, Frueh BC. Personality and PTSD Ⅱ: personality assessment of PTSD-diagnosed Vietnam veterans using the cloninger tridimensional personality questionnaire (TPQ). Depress Anxiety, 1997, 6(2):70-77
24. Frommberger U, Stieglitz RD, Straub S, Nyberg E, Schlickewei W, Kuner E, Berger M. The concept of "sense of coherence" and the development of posttraumatic stress disorder in traffic accident victims. J Psychosom Res, 1999, 46(4): 343-348
25．王家同，宋国萍，皇甫恩，王惠利，肖玮．军人心因性精神障碍123例发病因素分析．人民军医，1999，42(2)：64-65
26. Holbrook TL, Hoyt DB, Stein MB, Sieber WJ. Perceived threat to life predicts posttraumatic stress disorder after major trauma: risk factors and functional outcome. J Trauma, 2001, 51(2):287-292
27. Kazak AE, Barakat LP, Meeske K, Christakis D, Meadows AT, Casey R, Penati B, Stuber ML. Posttraumatic stress, family functioning, and social support in survivors of childhood leukemia and their mothers and fathers. J Consult Clin Psychol, 1997, 65(1):120-129
28. Mundy EA, Blanchard EB, Cirenza E, Gargiulo J, Maloy B, Blanchard CG. Posttraumatic stress disorder in breast cancer patients following autologous bone marrow transplantation or conventional cancer treatments. Behav Res Ther, 2000, 38(10):1015-1027
29. King LA, King DW, Fairbank JA, Keane TM, Adams GA. Resilience-recovery factors in post-traumatic stress disorder among female and male Vietnam veterans: hardiness, postwar social support, and additional stressful life events. J Pers Soc Psychol, 1998, 74(2): 420-434
30. Yehuda R, McFarlance MC. Psychobiology of Postraumatic Stress Disorder. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1997,821:35-51
31. Sack WH, Clarke GN, Seeley J. Posttraumatic stress disorder across two generations of Cambodian refugees. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 1995, 34(9): 1160-1166.
32. Ebert MH, Loosen PT, Nurcombe B. Current Diagnosis & Treatment in Psychiatry. Gillette GM, Fielstein EM. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder & Acute Stress Disorder. Appleton: McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing, 2003.341-350
33. McLeod DS, Koenen KC, Meyer JM, Lyons MJ, Eisen S, True W, Goldberg J. Genetic and environmental influences on the relationship among combat exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, and alcohol use. J Trauma Stress, 2001, 14(2): 259-275
34. Skre I, Onstad S, Torgersen S, Lygren S, Kringlen E. A twin study of DSM-III-R anxiety disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 1993, 88(2): 85-92
35. True WR, Rice J, Eisen SA, Heath AC, Goldberg J, Lyons MJ, Nowak J. A twin study of genetic and environmental contributions to liability for posttraumatic stress symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 1993, 50(4): 257-264.
36. Xian H, Chantarujikapong SI, Scherrer JF, Eisen SA, Lyons M J, Goldberg J, Tsuang M, True WR. Genetic and environmental influences on posttraumatic stress disorder, alcohol and drug dependence in twin pairs. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2000, 61(1): 95-102
37. Chantarujikapong SI, Scherrer JF, Xian H, Eisen SA, Lyons MJ, Goldberg J, Tsuang M, True WR. A twin study of generalized anxiety disorder symptoms, panic disorder symptoms and post-traumatic stress disorder in men. Psychiatry Res, 2001,103(2-3): 133-145
38. van der Kolk BA. The psychobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Psychiatry, 1997, 58(9): 16-24
39. Comings DE, Comings BG, Muhleman D, Dietz G, Shahbahrami B, Tast D, Knell E, Kocsis P, Baumgarten R, Kovacs BW. The dopamine D2 receptor locus as a modifying gene in neuropsychiatric disorders. JAMA, 1991,266(13): 1793-1800
40. Comings DE, Muhleman D, Gysin R. Dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene and
susceptibility to posttraumatic stress disorder: a study and replication. Biol Psychiatry, 1996, 40(5): 368-372
41. Gelernter J, Southwick S, Goodson S, Morgan A, Nagy L, Charney DS. No association between D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) "A" system alleles, or DRD2 haplotypes, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry, 1999, 45(5): 620-625
42. Young RM, Lawford BR, Noble EP, Kann B, Wiikie A, Ritchie T, Arnold L, Shadforth S. Harmful drinking in military veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder: association with the D2 dopamine receptor Al allele. Alcohol, 2002,37(5): 451-456
43. Lawford BR, McD Young R, Noble EP, Kann B, Arnold L, Rowell J, Ritchie TL. D2 dopamine receptor gene polymorphism: paroxetine and social functioning in posttraumatic stress disorder. Eur Neuropsychophannacol, 2003, 13(5): 313-320
44. Segman RH, Cooper-Kazaz R, Macciardi F, Goltser T, Halfon Y, Dobroborski T, Shalev AY. Association between the dopamine transporter gene and posttraumatic stress disorder. Mol Psychiatry, 2002,7(8): 903-907
45. Feusner J, Ritchie T, Lawford B, Young RM, Kann B, Noble EP. GABA (A) receptor beta 3 subunit gene and psychiatric morbidity in a post-traumatic stress disorder population. Psychiatry Res, 2001, 104(2): 109-117
46. King JA, Abend S, Edwards E. Genetic predisposition and the development of posttraumatic stress disorder in an animal model. Biol Psychiatry, 2001, 50(4): 231-237
47. Abueg F, Fairbank J. Behavioral treatment of PTSD and co-occurring substance abuse. Saigh PA. Post-traumatic stress disorder: A behavioral approach to assessment and treatment. New York: Pergammon Press, 1992.50-83
48. Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Gibbon M, First MB. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-11I-R-Patient-edition (SCID-P, Version 1.0). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1990
49. Blake DD, Weathers FW, Nagy LM, Kaioupek DG, Gusman FD, Charney DS, Keane TM. The development of a Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. J Trauma Stress, 1995, 8(1): 75-90.
50. Watson, CG, Juba, MP, Manifold V, Kucala T, Anderson P E D. The PTSD interview: Rationale, description, reliability, and concurrent validity of a DSM-lll-based technique. Journal of.Clinical Psychology, 1991,47, 179-188
51. Foa EB, Cashman L, Jaycox L, Perry K. The Validation of a Self-Report Measure of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: The Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale. Psycho Assess, 1997, 9(4), 445-451
52. Weathers FW, Ruscio AM, Keane TM. Psychometric Properties of Nine Rules for the Clinician-Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale. Psychol assess, 1999,11(2): 124-133
53. Pitman RK. Overview of biological themes in PTSD. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1997, 821:1-9
54. Ehlers A, Clark DM. A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behav Res Ther, 2000, 38(4): 319-345
55. Foa EB, Rothbaum BO. Treating the trauma of rape: Cognitive-behavioral therapy for PTSD. New York: Guiford, 1997,45-67
56. Fairbank JA, Keane TM, Malloy PF. Some preliminary data on the psychological characteristics of Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorders. J Consult Clin Psychol, 1983, 51(6): 912-919.
57. Koretzky MB, Rosenoer AS. MMPI assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder among alcoholic Vietnam veterans. Psychol Rep, 1987 60(2): 359-365
58. Wise EA. Diagnosing posttraumatic stress disorder with the MMPI clinical scales: A Review of the literature. J Psycho Behav Assess, 1990, 18(1): 71-82
59. McCaffrey RJ, Hickling EJ, Marrazo MJ. Civilian-related post-traumatic stress disorder: assessment-related issues. J Clin Psychol, 1989, 45(1): 72-76
60. Litz BT, Penk WE, Walsh S, Hyer L, Blake DD, Marx B, Keane TM, Bitman D. Similarities and differences between MMPI and MMPI-2 applications to the assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder. J Pers Assess, 1991, 57(2): 238-253
61. Albrecht NN, Talbert FS, Albrecht JW, Boudewyns PA, Hyer LA, Touze J, Lemmon CR. A comparison of MMPI and MMPI-2 in PTSD assessment. J Ciin Psychol, 1994, 50(4): 578-585
62. Munley PH, Bains DS, Bloem WD, Busby RM. Post-traumatic stress disorder and the MMPI-2. J Trauma Stress, 1995, 8(1): 171-178
63. Khan FI, Welch TL, Zillmer EA. MMPI-2 profiles of battered women in transition. J Pers Assess, 1993, 60(1): 100-111
64. Morrell JS, Rubin LJ. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Domestic Violence Survivors. Prof Psychol Res Pr, 2001, 32(2): 151-156
65. Lucenko BA, Gold SN, Elhai JD, Russo SA, Swingle JM. Relations between coercive strategies and MMPI-2 scale eievations among women survivors of childhood sexual abuse. J Trauma Stress, 2000, 13(1): 169-177
66. Cashel ML, Ovaert L, Holliman NG. Evaluating PTSD in incarcerated male juveniles with the MMPI-A: an exploratory analysis. J Clin Psychol, 2000, 56(12): 535-549
67. Gaston L, Brunet A, Koszycki D, Bradwejn J. MMPI profiles of acute and chronic PTSD in a civilian sample. J Trauma Stress, 1996, 9(4): 817-832
68. Gaston L, Brunet A, Koszycki D, Bradwejn J. MMPI scales for diagnosing acute and chronic PTSD in civilians. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. J Trauma Stress, 1998, 11(2): 355-365
69. Schlenger WE, Kulka RA. Performance of the Keane-Fairbank MMPI Scale and other self-report measures in identifying Posttraumatic stress disorder. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, New York, 1987
70. Lyons JA, Wheeler-Cox T. MMPI, MMPI-2 and PTSD: overview of scores, scales, and profiles. J Trauma Stress, 1999, 12(11): 175-183
71. Keane TM, Malloy PF, Fairbank JA. Empirical development of an MMPI subscale for the assessment of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol, 1984, 52(5): 888-891
72. Graham JR. MMPI-2: Assessing personality and psychopathology.3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press,2000:182-186
73. McFall ME, Smith DE, Roszeii DK, Tarver DJ, Malas KL. Convergent validity of measures of PTSD in Vietnam combat veterans. Am J Psychiatry, 1990, 147(5): 645-648
74. Watson CG, Piemel D, DeMotts J, Howard MT, Tuorila J, Moog R, Thomas D, Anderson D. A comparison of four PTSD measures' convergent validities in Vietnam veterans. J Trauma Stress, 1994, 7(1): 75-82
75. Perrin S, Van Hasselt VB, Basilio I, Hersen M. Assessing the effects of violence on women in battering relationships with the Keane MMPI-PTSD Scale. J Trauma Stress, 1996, 9(4): 805-816
76. Lyons JA, Scotti JR. Comparability of Two Administration Formats of the Keane Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Psychol Assess, 1994, 6(3): 209-211
77. Cannon DS, Bell WE, Andrews RH, Finkelstein AS. Correspondence between MMPI PTSD measures and clinical diagnosis. J Pers Assess, 1987, 51 (4): 517-521
78. Orr SP, Claiborn JM, Altman B, Forgue DF, de Jong JB, Pitman RK, Herz LR. Psychometric profile of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxious, and healthy Vietnam veterans: correlations with psychophysiologic responses. J Consult Clin Psychol, 1990,58(3): 329-335
79. Kenderdine SK, Phillips E J, Scurfield RM. Comparison of the MMPI-PTSD subscale with PTSD and substance abuse patient populations. J Clin Psychol, 1992,48(1): 136-139
80. Koretzky MB, Peck AH. Validation and cross-validation of the PTSD subscale of the MMPI with civilian trauma victims. J Clin Psychol, 1990, 46(3): 296-300
81. Bowler RM, Hartney C, Ngo LH. Amnestic disturbance and posttraumatic stress disorder in the aftermath of a chemical release. Arch Clin Neuropsychol, 1998,13(5): 455-471
82. Lyons JA, Keane TM. Keane PTSD scale: MMPI and MMPI-2 update. J Trauma Stress, 1992,5 (1):111-117
83. Wetzel RD, Yutzy S. Effect of reducing cut-off scores on Keane's Posttraumatic
Stress Disorder scale. Psychol Rep, 1994, 75(3): 1296-1298.
84. Scheibe S, Bagby RM, Miller LS, Dorian BJ. Assessing posttraumatic stress disorder with the MMPI-2 in a sample of workplace accident victims. Psychol Assess, 2001, 13(3): 369-374
85. Miller HR, Goldberg JO, Streiner DL. What's in a name? The MMPI-2 PTSD scales. Clin Psychol, 1995, 51(5): 626-631
86. Seedat S, Niehaus DJ, Stein DJ. The role of genes and family in trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder. Mol Psychiatry, 2001, 6(4): 360-362
87. Grandy DK, Zhang Y, Civelli O. PCR detection of the TaqA RFLP at the DRD2 locus. Hum Mol Genet, 1993, 2(12): 2197
88. Noble EP. The DRD2 gene in psychiatric and neurological disorders and its phenotypes. Pharmacogenomics, 2000, 1(3): 309-333
89. Inglis FM, Moghaddam B. Dopaminergie innervation of the amygdala is highly responsive to stress. J Neurochem, 1999, 72(3): 1088-1094
90. Barinov EF, Abramets II, Ziablitsev SV. Effect of selective activation and blockade of the central dopaminergic system on the course of the early post-traumatic period. Patol Fiziol Eksp Ter, 1995, (2): 27-30
91. Glover DA, Powers MB, Bergman L, Stairs JA, Telch MJ, Stuber M. Urinary dopamine and turn bias in traumatized women with and without PTSD symptoms. Behav Brain Res, 2003, 15 (1-2): 137-141
92．王建，刘焯霖，陈彪，黎锦如，潘勇辉，卢锡林，朱懿．广州地区汉族人群多巴胺受体基因多态性．中华医学遗传学杂志，2000，17(5)：348-351
93．张建新，宋维真，张妙清．明尼苏达多相人格测验中文版用户手册．北京：地质出版社，2004．17-44
94. Klotz Flitter JM, Elhai JD, Gold SN. MMPI-2 F scale elevations in adult victims of child sexual abuse. J Trauma Stress, 2003, 16(3): 269-274
95．张本，徐广明，马文有，孙贺祥，刘秀花，孙太起，于振剑，苗丽玲，牛俊红．大地震创伤后应激障碍患者的心理与神经内分泌变化．中国心理卫生杂志，2002，16(12)：817-821
96．纪术茂，戴郑生．明尼苏达多相人格调查表：最新研究与多类量表解释．北京：科学出版社，2004．228-233
97. Forbes D, Creamer M, McHugh T. MMPI-2 data for Australian Vietnam Veterans with combat-related PTSD. J Trauma Stress, 1999, 12(2): 371-378
98．王家同．部队心理卫生工作中的理论探讨．苗丹民，王京生．军事心理学研究．西安：第四军医大学出版社，2003．15-27