非政府组织与阿富汗战后重建
摘要
本论文是在阿富汗战后重建进程中,以公民社会理论为宏观理论指导,沿着非政府组织发展的共性,重视阿富汗公民社会生成机理的个性研究思路展开的。通过理论综述、文献分析、实证分析和理论总结的技术路线,具体分析了阿富汗公民社会的组织结构,各个组织在阿富汗重建过程中的角色、功能以及与政府及捐助机构之间的关系。在研究方法上,采用宏观与微观、历史与现实、理论探讨与实证分析相结合。在论文的层次分析视角上主要集中在三个层次:在理论与分析上赞同公民社会理论观点,即认为公民社会是实现民主的活动舞台,而民主化又是和平建设的重要因素,故公民社会已成为近年来“和平建设”的重要组成部分;在阿富汗公民社会的组织结构的分析上,本文主张对公民社会的理解并不仅仅局限于西方语境下的概念界定上,而是视之为一个纯粹的概念,重点研究其在特定环境中的具体形式,特点及其功能;在阿富汗战后重建的行为体的选择上,将阿富汗国家纳入国际关系范畴,联合国,各国政府、政府组织等国际关系行为主体在阿富汗重建之中扮演着主要角色,同时又有大量的国际非政府组织,阿富汗国内包括非政府组织在内的公民社会诸组织在阿富汗重建进程中承担着大量的人道主义救助、改善民众生存条件、提高教育识字水平、增强妇女权益等具体工作,其角色日益突显,作用日渐提升;在文章结构上,以尽可能多地考察不同行为体在阿富汗重建进行中的作用及其对彼此间的互动关系进行分析,并为后续的进一步研究预留空间。
论文的第一部分以阿富汗战后重建(包括政治重建、经济重建和社会重建)为切入点,重点论述了国际关系行为主体(联合国,各国政府以及国际组织)在阿富汗重建进程中的作用及存在的问题,由此得出阿富汗重建需要“历史的合力”。离开大量非政府组织的广泛参与,有效应对阿富汗重建过程中所面临的种种困难是无法实现的。在此基础上,又从理论综述的方法阐述了非政府组织的产生、发展状况和组织理论基础,并通过对非政府组织的类型剖析阐明其在降低冲突,消除贫困,维护人类和平与安全中的作用。
第二部分,从宏观角度综合考察阿富汗公民社会的生成机理和组织结构,展现了乡村组织(传统舒拉)、支尔格、宗教组织机构、现代乡村发展组织(新舒拉)、非政府组织、妇女非政府组织以及媒介组织,并以比较和归纳、历史与现实相结合的方式探究公民社会各个组织行为体在参与阿富汗重建事务中的得失。
第三部分,从微观角度分析了支尔格大会、宗教公民社会、妇女非政府组织在阿富汗重建进程中的角色和功能。其中第五章采用历史分析法考查了支尔格的起源,在阿富汗民族国家形成与发展中的作用,重点考察了在2002年后的紧急支尔格大会,制宪支尔格大会在阿富汗政治重建中的作用;第六章则首先从理论上突破西方公民社会理论的预设框架,从阿富汗的经济发展状况和宗教、部落文化入手,具体考察了宗教公民社会中的乌理玛、毛拉、清真寺等角色和功能及其与政府关系的互动;第七章是从非政府组织的一个重要类型——妇女非政府组织(包括国际妇女非政府组织和阿富汗国内妇女非政府组织)在阿富汗重建中增进女性权益,提高女性教育,改善女性健康等方面的作用及其面临的挑战作一具体分析。
基于上述研究,本论文得出如下结论:阿富汗公民社会是一个包含传统与现代因素的有机统一体;阿富汗问题的产生是由内、外部诸多因素相互交织而成的,阿富汗战后重建也需国内和国际社会多种力量组成的“合力”;在考察非政府组织与政府组织及其代理机构的关系上,通过多维度、多层次分析,展现出彼此分离中有联系、竞争中有合作、自主中有依赖、对抗中有促进的纷繁复杂的动态关系;同任何事物一样,阿富汗非政府组织也有其不足和面临困难的一面,因此,如何解决非政府组织自身在发展中所面临的问题直接影响到阿富汗非政府组织能否在战后重建中持久有效地发挥作用。
The paper is written in the course of Afghan post-war reconstruction according to the macrocosmic instruction of the theory of civil society, which is along with the commonness of the development of NGOs, and the special study of emphasizing the generation of Afghan civil society. Through the technical route of the theory the literature analysis, the empirical analysis and the theoretical summary, it concretely studies the Afghanistan organizational structure of civil society, the roles, and the functions of each organization that plays in the course of Afghan reconstruction as well as the relationship among the organizations, the government and the contributed agencies. In the research, the paper unifies the macrocosm and microcosm, the history and the reality, the theoretical discussion and the empirical analysis. It mainly focuses on three levels on the analytic view of it. The first one is the viewpoint of approving the civil society theory in the theory and the analysis in which the civil society is thought to be the active stage of realizing the democracy, thus civil society has become the important component of "peace construction" in recent years. The second one is that in the analysis of civil society's organizational structure in Afghan, this article advocates that the understanding of civil society is not limited to the concept in the linguistic environment in west, but is regarded as a pure concept which studies with emphasis its concrete forms, the features and the functions in the specific surroundings. The last one is about the choice of the groups in Afghan post-war reconstruction, integrating the Afghan into the international relation category would make it that the groups of the international relationship, such as the United Nations, various country's governments, and the other international relation, etc. play the principal roles in Afghanistan reconstruction; at the same time, in the course of Afghan reconstruction, considerable international NGOs, civil society with every organization including NGOs in Afghan will play a more important role day by day in undertaking some concrete works such as, offer the massive humanistic rescue, improving the populace's survival requirement, enhancing the education of literacy, strengthening the rights and interests of women and so on. In the structure of the article, it inspects the interactive relations among them and the functions of the different groups ?as many as possible in the Afghan reconstruction for the sake of allowing a leeway for the following further research.
The first part of the paper takes the Afghan post-war reconstruction (including political reconstruction, economic reconstruction and social reconstruction) as a point, disserts with emphasis the functions and the problems of the groups of the international relationships (like, the United Nations, various governments as well as international organizations) in the process of Afghan reconstruction, and thus draws a conclusion that "the historical joint effort" is needed in the Afghan reconstruction. It is unable to deal with all sorts of difficulties effectively faced during the course without the massive NGOs' widespread participation. Based on these through the theoretical summary it elaborates the generation, the condition of development and the foundation on organizational theory of NGOs, and simultaneously disserts, through the analyzing of the NGOs' type, the roles which played in reducing the conflict, eliminating poverty, maintaining the peace and the security of human.
In the second part, it comprehensively surveys the generation and organizational structure of the society from a macrocosmic perspective, and develops some organizations, like the country organization (traditional Shura), Loya Jirga, the religious organizational structure, the modern country organization of development (new Shura), the NGOs, and the women NGO as well as the medium organization, and makes a thorough inquiry of gain and loss of every group of organization in civil society in participating in the business of Afghan reconstruction through the combination of comparing and summarizing, the history and the reality.
In the third part, the paper analyzes the roles and the effects of the big Loya Jirga conference, the religious civil society, the women NGOs from a microcosmic angle in the course of the reconstruction. Besides, the fifth chapter in the paper uses the historical analytic method to examine the origin of Loya Jirga and its function in the formation and the development in Afghanistan state, and inspects the urgent Loya Jirga congress with emphasis after 2002 and the role which a constitutional Loya Jirga congress has played in Afghan politics reconstruction. And, the sixth chapter firstly breaks through the preinstall frame of the western theory of civil society, and then concretely inspects religious roles and the functions and the interactions which relate to the government specially that exist in the religious civil society, such as Ulama、Mullah, and mosque and so on from Afghan's economic condition of development and the tribal culture. The seventh chapter makes the special analysis from the function and the challenge of one important type of NGOs—the women NGOs (including international women NGOsandthe domestic women NGOs in Afghanistan) in promoting the female rights and interests, enhancing the female education, improving the female health in Afghan reconstruction.
Based on the above research, the paper draws the following conclusions: Afghan civil society is one organic unity containing the traditional and the modern factors; the appearance of the Afghan problems is interwove with the internal and external various factors, so that the Afghan post-war reconstruction also needs "the joint effort" which is composed of many kinds of strengths of domestic and international society; while, inspecting the relations among the NGOs, the official organization and the relations of agencies, through the multi-dimensions and the multi- level analyses it can demonstrate the complex dynamic relations between each that separation includes relation, that competition includes cooperation, that self-independence includes dependence, that resistance includes promotion; the same as any thing in the course, Afghan NGO also has its insufficient and difficult side which should be faced with. Thus, the fact that how to solve the problems which occur in the self-development of NGOs directly influence whether the Afghan NGOs can lastingly and effectively give full play in the post-war reconstruction.
论文的第一部分以阿富汗战后重建(包括政治重建、经济重建和社会重建)为切入点,重点论述了国际关系行为主体(联合国,各国政府以及国际组织)在阿富汗重建进程中的作用及存在的问题,由此得出阿富汗重建需要“历史的合力”。离开大量非政府组织的广泛参与,有效应对阿富汗重建过程中所面临的种种困难是无法实现的。在此基础上,又从理论综述的方法阐述了非政府组织的产生、发展状况和组织理论基础,并通过对非政府组织的类型剖析阐明其在降低冲突,消除贫困,维护人类和平与安全中的作用。
第二部分,从宏观角度综合考察阿富汗公民社会的生成机理和组织结构,展现了乡村组织(传统舒拉)、支尔格、宗教组织机构、现代乡村发展组织(新舒拉)、非政府组织、妇女非政府组织以及媒介组织,并以比较和归纳、历史与现实相结合的方式探究公民社会各个组织行为体在参与阿富汗重建事务中的得失。
第三部分,从微观角度分析了支尔格大会、宗教公民社会、妇女非政府组织在阿富汗重建进程中的角色和功能。其中第五章采用历史分析法考查了支尔格的起源,在阿富汗民族国家形成与发展中的作用,重点考察了在2002年后的紧急支尔格大会,制宪支尔格大会在阿富汗政治重建中的作用;第六章则首先从理论上突破西方公民社会理论的预设框架,从阿富汗的经济发展状况和宗教、部落文化入手,具体考察了宗教公民社会中的乌理玛、毛拉、清真寺等角色和功能及其与政府关系的互动;第七章是从非政府组织的一个重要类型——妇女非政府组织(包括国际妇女非政府组织和阿富汗国内妇女非政府组织)在阿富汗重建中增进女性权益,提高女性教育,改善女性健康等方面的作用及其面临的挑战作一具体分析。
基于上述研究,本论文得出如下结论:阿富汗公民社会是一个包含传统与现代因素的有机统一体;阿富汗问题的产生是由内、外部诸多因素相互交织而成的,阿富汗战后重建也需国内和国际社会多种力量组成的“合力”;在考察非政府组织与政府组织及其代理机构的关系上,通过多维度、多层次分析,展现出彼此分离中有联系、竞争中有合作、自主中有依赖、对抗中有促进的纷繁复杂的动态关系;同任何事物一样,阿富汗非政府组织也有其不足和面临困难的一面,因此,如何解决非政府组织自身在发展中所面临的问题直接影响到阿富汗非政府组织能否在战后重建中持久有效地发挥作用。
The paper is written in the course of Afghan post-war reconstruction according to the macrocosmic instruction of the theory of civil society, which is along with the commonness of the development of NGOs, and the special study of emphasizing the generation of Afghan civil society. Through the technical route of the theory the literature analysis, the empirical analysis and the theoretical summary, it concretely studies the Afghanistan organizational structure of civil society, the roles, and the functions of each organization that plays in the course of Afghan reconstruction as well as the relationship among the organizations, the government and the contributed agencies. In the research, the paper unifies the macrocosm and microcosm, the history and the reality, the theoretical discussion and the empirical analysis. It mainly focuses on three levels on the analytic view of it. The first one is the viewpoint of approving the civil society theory in the theory and the analysis in which the civil society is thought to be the active stage of realizing the democracy, thus civil society has become the important component of "peace construction" in recent years. The second one is that in the analysis of civil society's organizational structure in Afghan, this article advocates that the understanding of civil society is not limited to the concept in the linguistic environment in west, but is regarded as a pure concept which studies with emphasis its concrete forms, the features and the functions in the specific surroundings. The last one is about the choice of the groups in Afghan post-war reconstruction, integrating the Afghan into the international relation category would make it that the groups of the international relationship, such as the United Nations, various country's governments, and the other international relation, etc. play the principal roles in Afghanistan reconstruction; at the same time, in the course of Afghan reconstruction, considerable international NGOs, civil society with every organization including NGOs in Afghan will play a more important role day by day in undertaking some concrete works such as, offer the massive humanistic rescue, improving the populace's survival requirement, enhancing the education of literacy, strengthening the rights and interests of women and so on. In the structure of the article, it inspects the interactive relations among them and the functions of the different groups ?as many as possible in the Afghan reconstruction for the sake of allowing a leeway for the following further research.
The first part of the paper takes the Afghan post-war reconstruction (including political reconstruction, economic reconstruction and social reconstruction) as a point, disserts with emphasis the functions and the problems of the groups of the international relationships (like, the United Nations, various governments as well as international organizations) in the process of Afghan reconstruction, and thus draws a conclusion that "the historical joint effort" is needed in the Afghan reconstruction. It is unable to deal with all sorts of difficulties effectively faced during the course without the massive NGOs' widespread participation. Based on these through the theoretical summary it elaborates the generation, the condition of development and the foundation on organizational theory of NGOs, and simultaneously disserts, through the analyzing of the NGOs' type, the roles which played in reducing the conflict, eliminating poverty, maintaining the peace and the security of human.
In the second part, it comprehensively surveys the generation and organizational structure of the society from a macrocosmic perspective, and develops some organizations, like the country organization (traditional Shura), Loya Jirga, the religious organizational structure, the modern country organization of development (new Shura), the NGOs, and the women NGO as well as the medium organization, and makes a thorough inquiry of gain and loss of every group of organization in civil society in participating in the business of Afghan reconstruction through the combination of comparing and summarizing, the history and the reality.
In the third part, the paper analyzes the roles and the effects of the big Loya Jirga conference, the religious civil society, the women NGOs from a microcosmic angle in the course of the reconstruction. Besides, the fifth chapter in the paper uses the historical analytic method to examine the origin of Loya Jirga and its function in the formation and the development in Afghanistan state, and inspects the urgent Loya Jirga congress with emphasis after 2002 and the role which a constitutional Loya Jirga congress has played in Afghan politics reconstruction. And, the sixth chapter firstly breaks through the preinstall frame of the western theory of civil society, and then concretely inspects religious roles and the functions and the interactions which relate to the government specially that exist in the religious civil society, such as Ulama、Mullah, and mosque and so on from Afghan's economic condition of development and the tribal culture. The seventh chapter makes the special analysis from the function and the challenge of one important type of NGOs—the women NGOs (including international women NGOsandthe domestic women NGOs in Afghanistan) in promoting the female rights and interests, enhancing the female education, improving the female health in Afghan reconstruction.
Based on the above research, the paper draws the following conclusions: Afghan civil society is one organic unity containing the traditional and the modern factors; the appearance of the Afghan problems is interwove with the internal and external various factors, so that the Afghan post-war reconstruction also needs "the joint effort" which is composed of many kinds of strengths of domestic and international society; while, inspecting the relations among the NGOs, the official organization and the relations of agencies, through the multi-dimensions and the multi- level analyses it can demonstrate the complex dynamic relations between each that separation includes relation, that competition includes cooperation, that self-independence includes dependence, that resistance includes promotion; the same as any thing in the course, Afghan NGO also has its insufficient and difficult side which should be faced with. Thus, the fact that how to solve the problems which occur in the self-development of NGOs directly influence whether the Afghan NGOs can lastingly and effectively give full play in the post-war reconstruction.
引文
① Lester M-Salamon,The Rise of the non-profit Ssector,Foreign Affairs.Vol.74,No.3.(July/August 1994)
② 在纯概念上,公民社会和非政府组织两者之间是不能完全划登号的。一般来讲,前者的外延要大于后者,二者是一种包含与被包含的关系。非政府组织是公民社会的一种亚组织。但由于两个概念在学术界的讨论中又相当模糊,没有公认的、权威的、一致认识,且非政府组织又是当前体现公民社会精神最集中、表现也最活跃的行为体。所以,学者们在使用时对二者往往不加区分。因此,在本文中,为了叙述方便,笔者根据上下文灵活运用这两个概念。参阅:王杰等主编:《全球理论中的国家NGO》,北京大学出版社,第107-109页;何增科:《公民社会与第三部门》,社会科学文献出版社,第288页。
③ Henry F.Carey,Mitigating Conflict-The Role of NGOs,Frank Cass Rublishers,2003,p.1.
① 王逸舟:《全球政治和中国外交》,北京,世界知识出版社,2003年,第82页。
② 纳瓦夫·萨姆(Nawaf Salm):从历史与政治范畴看伊斯兰世界的公民社会。(发表于哈佛大学法学院2002年10月)Http://www.smth.edu.cn/pc/pccon.php?id
① Maha M.Abdelrahman,Civil Society Exposed----The Politics of NGOs in Egypt,Tauris Academic Studies,2004,pp.77-80.
② 蒲瑶:《刍议阿富汗公民社会》,《世界经济与政治论坛》,2008(1)。
[1]Astri Suhrke,The Limits of Statebuilding:The Role of International Assistance in Afghanistan,The Chr.Michelsen Institute (CMI),March,2006.
[2]孙壮志:《中亚安全与阿富汗问题》,世界知识出版社,2004年,第115页。
① 新华网杜尚别2001年10月22日电,http://www.sina.com.cn.2001.10.22
① Antonella Deledda,"Afghanistan----The End of the Boon Process",Transition Studies Review(2006)13(1).
② 新华网联合国11月12日电,http://www.sina.com.cn.2001.11.13
③ Alex Conte,Security in the 21st Century.The United Nations,Afghanistan and Iraq,Ashgate Publishing Ltd.,2005,p.73.
① 新华网喀布尔12月22日电,http://jczs.sina.com.cn 2001.12.22
② 人民日报阿拉木图6月5日电.《人民日报》2002年6月6日。
① Angelo Rasanayagam,Afghanistan:A Modern History,I.B.Tauris,2003,p.257;Lansford,A Bitter Harvest,p.180.
②[阿富汗]阿卜杜尔·卡兹:《阿富汗战后的重建》,《中国水泥》2002年6月号。
③ Rasanayagam,Afghanistan:A Modern History,p.259.
④ 法新社布鲁塞尔2001年12月20日电。
① Rasanayagam,Afghanistan:A Modern History,p.259.
② 陈一鸣:《重建进程艰难安全形势严峻 阿富汗问题又惹眼》,引自《人民日报》,2004-4-4,http://www.zjol.com.cn/gb/node2/node138665/node138753/userobjectl5ai2521865.html.
③ 《人民日报》2006年2月1日。
④[巴基斯坦]《黎明报》10月10日。
① 陈一鸣:《阿富汗寻求合作促重建》,《人民日报》2005年12月7日。
② Rasanayagam,Afghanistan:A Modern History,p.259.
③ 参见傅小强:《阿富汗重建隐现地缘之争》。《瞭望》周刊2002年第5期。
④ Rasanayagam,Afghanistan:A Modern History,p.260.
⑤ 2002-8-29,http://aoyun.eastday.com/epublish/gb/paper92/200_20829/class009200002/10K.
⑥[日]《读卖新闻》2001年11月19日。
⑦[日]《日本经济新闻》2001年10月14日。
①[美]《纽约时报》2001年12月18日。
② Kolhatkar and Ingalls,Bleeding Afghanistan,p.225.
③ 东方网,2002.8.29,http://aoyun.eastday.com/epublish/gb/paper92/20020829/class0092000002/10K.
① Samay Ram,The New Afghanistan:Pawn of America?,New Delhi,2004,pp.163-165.
② Rasanayagam,Afghanistan:A Modern History,p.260.
③ 中华人民共和国外交部网页,2008-3-24,http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/chn/wjb/zzjg/yzs/gjlb/1206/default.htm.
① The Logic of Suicide attacks in afghanistan,HIMAL Southasian July,2007.
①《环球时报》,2007年6月25日。
②新华网2007年6月21日:《潘基文严厉谴责阿富汗暴力活动》。
③ Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit(AREU),Background,2004,see http://www.areu.org.Af/.
① 陈琦:《阿富汗重建路漫漫》,《共产党员》2002年第4期。
② World Bank,Afghanistan--state building,sustaining growth,and reducing poverty,p.4.
③ World Bank,Afghanistan--state building,sustaining growth,and reducing poverty,p.15.
④ World Bank,Afghanistan--state building,sustaining growth,and reducing poverty,p.9.
⑤ World Bank,Afghanistan--state building,sustaining growth,and reducing poverty,pp.6-7,11.
⑥ 郑瑞祥:《阿富汗的和平与重建任重道远》,《国际问题研究》,2007年第5期。
⑦ 丁隆:《阿富汗:重建路漫漫》,《当代世界》,2007年第2期。
① Antonella Deledda,Afghanistan----The End of the Boon Process,Transition Studies Review(2006)13(1).
② World Bank,Afghanistan--state building,sustaining growth,and reducing povety,p.16.
③ World Bank,Afghanistan--state building,sustaining growth,and reducing povety,p.19.
④ Afghanistan Online,May 14,2008,http://www.afghan-web.com/economy/
⑤[德]《明镜》周刊2008年10月6日报道。
① New York Times,Dec.24,2008.
② 美国广播公司网站2007年11月30日。
③ 法新社喀布尔2008年12月20日电。
④ 美国海军研究生学院一位教授的观点。见[美]《新闻周刊》2008年9月23日。
[1]Mostafa Rejai and Cynthia H.Enloe,'Nation-States and State-Nations',International Studies Quarterly,vol.13,no.2,1969.
[2]宁骚:《民族与国家》,北京大学出版社:1995年版,第270-281页。
[3]杨雪冬:《民族国家与国家构建:一个理论综述》,“世纪中国系列论坛”网,2003-11-7,http://www.ccforum.org.cn/viewthread.php?tid=9274.
[4]宁骚:《民族与国家》,第270-281页。
[5]丁隆:《阿富汗:重建路漫漫》,《当代世界,》2007年第2期。
[1]刘泓:《中亚地缘政治的焦点》.《中国民族》.2006年第8期。
[1]Hugh Miall,Oliver Ramsbotham and Tom Woodhouse,Contemporary Conflict Resolution,Cambridge:Policy,1999,pp.77-78.
[2]Lester M.Salamon,The Rise oftge Nonprofit Sector,Foreugn Affairs,Vol.73,No4(July/August 1994)
[3]王杰、张海滨、张志洲:《全球治理中的国际非政府组织》.北京大学出版社,2004年.第12-18页。
[1]http://www.un.org/Morelnfo/ngolink/calendar.htm
[2]Lester M.Salamn and Helmut K.Anheier,The Emerging Nonprofit Sector:An Overview,Manchester University Press,1995,pp.14-15.
[3][美]杰勒德·克拉克:《发展中的非政府组织与政治》,载何增科主编:《公民社会与第三部门》,社会科学文献出版社.2000年.第363页。
[1]http://www.icbl.org/campaign/ambassadors/jody_willianms.
[2]Salamon M.Lester,Partner in Public Service:Government-Nonprofit Relations in the Modern Welfare State.Baltimore and London:The John Hopkins University Press,2002,pp.38-40.
[1]赵黎青:《非政府组织问题初探》,《中共中央党校学报》1997,第10期。
[2]Salamon M.Lester,Partner in Public Service:Government-Nonprofit Relations in the Modern Welfare State,pp.45.
[1]王振轩:《非政府组织的议题与发展》,台北.鼎茂图书,2005年。 第15-23页。
[2]Michael Hsin -Huang Hsiao,Social Movements and the Rise of a Demanding Civil Society,The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs.No.27(1990),pp163-80.转引自何增科:《公民社会与第三部门》.社会科学文献出版社.2000年,第60页。
[1]Maha M.Abdelrahman,Civil Society Exposed-The Politics of NGOs in Egypt,Tauris Academic Studies,2004,London.pp.43-46.
[2]S.N.艾森斯塔特:《反思现代性》,旷新年、王爱松译,生活、读书、新知三联书店.2006年,第348页。
[1]Korten-David,Third Generation NGO Strategies:a Key to People-Centred Development,in World Development,15(Supplement):145.
[2]Fowler Alan,P·Campbell & B· Pratt,Institutional Development and NGOs in Africa:Policy Perspectives for European Development Agencies.in ZNTRC.The Hague:NOVI13,1992,pp.12.
[3]Maha M.Abdelrahman,Civil Society Exposed-The Politics of NGOs in Egypt,p.43.
[4]Maha M.Abdelrahman,Civil Society Exposed-The Politics of NGOs in Egypt,p.44.
[1]在查阅大量英文资料发现,在发达资本主义国家更多将非政府组织称作非营利组织(简称NPO),而将这些组织在涉外的分支机构叫NGO。
[2]Maha M.Abdelrahman,Civil Society Exposed-The Politics of NGOs in Egypt,p.46.
[1]赵黎青:《非政府组织问题初探》,《中共中央党校学报》 1997。第10期。
[2]http://www.worldbank.org/about/whatis/glance.htm
[3]http://wbIn0018.worldbank.org/es.../ce6b105aaa19360f85256966006c74e3?openDocumn.
[1]查尔斯·林德布洛姆:《政治与市场--世界的政治经济制度》,王逸舟译.上海三联书店1996年版,第19页。
[2]王杰、张海滨、张志洲:《全球治理中的国际非政府组织》,第224-225页。
[1]Henry F·Catty,Mitigating Conflict-The Role of NGOs,Frank Cass publishers,Great Britain,2003,p.3.
[2]URL=http://www.icbl.org/home.
[1]Lester M·Salamon.The Rise of the Nonprofit Sector.Foreign Affairs.Vol.74,No.3.July/August 1994.
[2]Yearbook of International Organization 2003/2004 edition,转引自王振轩:《非政府组织的议题与发展》。台北:鼎茂图书出版公司。2005.第3页。
[3][苏丹]阿卜杜拉系.安-纳依姆语,见《依附问题:阿拉伯世界的人权组织》.《中东报导》,2000年第1期.第30卷,转引自彭树智主编:《二十世界中东史》.北京。高等教育出版社,2001年,第452页。
[4]Amnesty International,"Human Defenders in Afghanistan:Civil Society Destroyed ",London,Amnesty International. 1999.
[1]Loya Jirga:the Islamic Transitional Afghan Administration,is variously translated as government,Transition Authority in English donor documents.
[2]Kaja Borchgrevink," Religious Actors and Civil Society in Post-2001 Afghanistan",International Peace Research Institute,Oslo(PRIO),p.13.
[1]蒲瑶:《国际妇女非政府组织在阿富汗:作用与挑战》,《当代世界与社会主义》,2007(4)。
[1]路易斯·杜普雷:《阿富汗现代史纲要》.黄民兴译,西北大学中东研究所,2002年,第83页。
[2]http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RW-B.NSF.
[1]M·Kamali,Civil Society and Islam:A Sociologie perspective,Archives Europeennes de Sociologie 2001,42(3):p457-482.
[1]Civil Society Assessment,Afghanistan Civil Societ Assessment,Counterparter International Afghanistan,2007,p.35.
[2]Civil Society Assessment,Afghanistan Civil Societ Assessment,Counterparter International Afghanistan 2007,p37.
[3]Kristian Berg Harpviken,Afghanistan and Civil Society.Commissioned by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Peshawar/bergen,8 December 2002,p.6.
[1]M·Kamali,Civil Society and Islam:A Sociologie perspective.p.457-482.
[2]Graham E Fuller,The Future of Political Islam,Palgrave,Macmillan,2003 24.转引自阎文虎:《非政府组织浅析》,《国际政治研究》,2005(4)
[3]Kaja Borchgrevink,Religious Actors and Civil Society in Post-2001 Afghanistan,International Peace Research Institute,Oslo(PRIO),2007.
[1]Katarin.The Expansion of Humanitarian NGOs in Rwanda and Afghanistan.Burlingtion.VT:Ashgate.2001:80.
[1]J.Ludin,Civil Society Conference,Kabul,Swiss Peace Fonudation,2002.
[2]Kaja Borchgrevink,Religious Actors and Civil Society in Post-2001 Afghanistan,International Peace Research Institute,Oslo(PRIO),2007.
[1]Counterparter International Afghanistan Civil Society Assessment,Afghanistan Civil Societ Assessment.2007.
[2]Intergrate Approach to Assist Refugee Repatriation in Afghanistan ",Accessed at www.nudp.org/rbap/Afghanistan.htm
[3]Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit(AREU),Background,2004,http://www.areu.org.Af/
[4]Margret Emery and Hiram Ruiz,"Descent into Disaster?Afghan Refugee",Middle East Report,N221,Winter 2001.
[1]Landmine Monitor Report 200t,Accessed at,www.icb.org/im/2001/Afghanistan
[2]Kristian Berg Harpviken,Afghanistan and Civil Society,Commissioned by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Peshawar/bergen,8 December2002,p.10.
[3]存在不少有关是否应从公民社会中寻找政治力量的争论,参见Van Pooy A,Civil Society and Aid industry.London.Earthscam,1998,p.46.暂且将这些争论搁置一边,我们会发现在阿富汗重新恢复政党和政党政治应受到关注。
[4]新华网喀布尔2004年10月7日电。
[1]The Christian Science Monitor,May 8th,2006.
[1]Sunnite Mehta,Women For Afghan Women:Shattering myths and claiming the future,Palgrave Macmillan,2002,p.131.
[2]Deniz Kandiyoti,The Politics of Gender and Reconstruction in Afghanistan,Occasional Paper 4,United Nations Research Institute for Social Development,Feb.2005,p.16.
[3]Deniz Kandiyoti,The Politics of Gender and Reconstruction in Afghanistan,p.17.
[1]Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit(AREU),Background,2004.,http://www.areu.org.Af/
[2]Sunita Mehta,Women For Afghan Women:Shattering mytha and claiming the future,Plagrave Macmillan.2002,p.176.
[3]Deniz Kandiyoti,The Politics of Gender and Reconstruction in Afghanistan,pp.18,20-21.
[4]Deniz Kandiyoti,The Politics of Gender and Reconstruction in Afghanistan.notes 51 and 53,p.29:p.22.
[1]Deniz Kandiyoti,The Politics of Gender and Reconstruction in Afghanistan,pp.25-26.
[2]Counterparter International Afghanistan Civil Society Assessment,Afghanistan Civil Societ Assessment.2007.
[3]Counterparter International Afghanistan Civil Society Assessment,Afghanistan Civil SocietAssessment,2007.
[1]Counterparter International Afghanistan Civil Society Assessment,"Afghanistan Civil Societ Assessment",2007.
[1]毕健康:中东民主问题。 http://www.cars.net.cn/file/2005120852172.html
[1]Nawaf Salam,Civil Society in the Arab world,The Historical and Political Dimensions.http://www.smth.edu.cn/pc/pccon.php?id=2818nid=94640&order=&tid=1027.
[2]毕健康:中东民主问题。 http://www.cars.net.cn/file/2005120852172.html
[3]Mountstart Elphinstone,An Account of the kingdom UK,Oxford University Press,1992,p.215.
[4]Christine Noelle-Karimi,"The Loya Jirga-An Effective Political Instrument7.",See Christine Noelle Karimi,Afghanistan A Country without a State?,Frankfurt an Main.London,2002,p.37.
[5]Gerhard Doeffer,Turkische undmongolische Elemente in Neupersischen.Vol.1 Mongolisch Elemente in Neupersischen.wiesbaden,Franz Steiner.1963,pp.292-293.
[1]Christine Noeile-Karimi,The Loya Jirga-An Effective Political Instrument?.p.38.
[2]彭树智主编:《阿富汗史》,陕西旅游出版社,1993年,第120页。
[3]彭树智主编:《阿富汗史》,第137页。
[1][美]路易斯·杜普雷著,黄民兴译:《阿富汗》,西北大学中东研究所,2002年,第371页。
[2]Christine Noelle-Karimi,The Loya Jirga-An Effective Political Instrument?.,p.39.
[3]Christine Noelle-Karimi,The Loya Jirga--An Effective Political Instrument?,pal.
[1]Ali Mohammed,Progressive Afghanistan.Lahore,Punjab Educational Electric Press,1969,p.303.
[1]Christine Noelle-Karimi,The Lova Jirga-An Effective Political Instrument?,p.43.
[2]关于这次小支尔格会议的人数有不同的记录,路易斯·杜普雷著,黄民兴译:《阿富汗现代史纲要》里记载的是100名,第38页;彭树智主编:《阿富汗史》里记载为400人,第243页。
[1]蒲瑶:“刍议阿富汗公民社会”,《世界经济与政治论坛》2008年第1期。
[2]路易斯·杜普雷:《阿富汗现代史纲要》,第37页。
[1]路易斯·杜普雷:《阿富汗现代史纲要》,第153-157页。
[1]上院的28名代表由国王指定.另外28名代表由各省选出,其余28名由尚未建立省议事会的选出。参见路易斯·杜普雷著,黄民兴译前引书,第175页。
[2]Sara Amityar,"The Loya Jirga Tradition in Afghanistan ",See Sunita Mehta,Women for Afghan Women,Plagrave Macmilian~(TM),2002,pp.87-88.
[1]Nancy Newell,Richards Newell,The straggle for Afghanistan,NY,Cornell University Press,1981,pp.184-185.
[1]Angelo Rasanayagam,Afghanistan:A Modern History,I.B.Tauris,2003,p.257;Tom Lansford,A Bitter Harvest:US Foreign Policy and Afghanistan,University of Southern Mississippi Gulf Coast,Ashgate 2003,p.180.
[2]Alex Conte.Security in the 21st Century.The United Nations,Afghanistan and Iraq.Ashgate Publishing Ltd.,2005,p.81.
[3]关于立宪过程和相关的争议问题,参见 Kolhatkar and Ingalls,Bleeding,Afghanistan,pp.140-144;Bulent Aras and Sule Toktas,"Afghanistan's Security:Political Process,State- Building and Narcotics".Middle East Policy.Vol.15.No.2.2008:Barnett R.Rubin,"Crafting a Constitution for Afghanistan",Journal of Democracy.vol.15,no.3,2004:王凤:《从制宪进程看阿富汗现行政治体制的特点》,《西亚非洲》2008年第10期。
[1]宪法全文见阿富汗政府网站:“The Constitution ofthe Islamic Republic of Afghanistan",http://presidcnt.gov.at/english/constitution.mspx#Transitional
[2]David Shelby:《阿富汗大选标志着历史转折点》,美国国务院国际信息局(IIP)《美国参考》从华盛顿报 导.http://usinfo.state.gov/mgck/Archive/2005/Jun/14-614838.html.
[3]Kolhatkarand Ingails,Bleeding Afghanistan,PP.142,144.
[1]孟庆顺:《阿富汗国家的诞生--兼论国家产生的第四种形式》.《西亚非洲》,1989年第2期。
[2]彭树智主编:《阿富汗史》,第139页。
[1]S.N.艾森斯塔特:《反思现代性》,旷新年、毛爱松译,生活、读书、新知三联书店,2006年.第344页。
[2]S.N.艾森斯塔特:《反思现代性》,第346页。
[1]S.N.艾森斯塔特:《反思现代性》,第347页。
[2]David Lewis,Civil Society in African Contexts:Reflections on the Usefulness of a Concept,Development and Change 2004,p.570.
[3]Jenny Pearce,Development.NGOS.and Civil Society:The Debate and Its Future.London:Oxfam,2000,p.34.
[1]Masoud Kamali,Civil Society and Islam:A Sociological Perspective,Archives Europeanes De Sociologie,2001,42(3):p.459-478.
[2]Daid Herbert,Religion and Civil Society:Rethingking Public Religion in the Contemporary World.Aldershot &Burlington,TV:Ashgate,2003,p.31.
[1]Kaja Borchgrevink,Religious Actors and Civil Society in Post-2001 Afghanistan,Peace Research Institute,Oslo (PRIO).2007.
[1]Kaja Borchgrevink,Religious Actors and Civil Society in Post-2001 Afghanistan,Peace Research Institute,Oslo (PRIO),2007.
[1]Interviews with key Informants in Sayedabad,Wardak,CAPU August 2006.
[1]Interviews with key Informants in Sayedabad,Wardak and Kunduz city,CAPU in November 2006.
[2]The Bayaat Foundation belongs to the AWCC mobile company;See http://bayart foundation.org Interview with official from the Ministry of Hajj and Endowment,Kabul,September,2006.
[1]Thania Paffenholz &Christoph Spark,"Civil Society,Civic Engagement and Peacebuilding",Social Development Paper No.36.Washington,DC:World Bank,2005.
[1]http://www.mrrd.gov.af/nsp/
[2]http://law.moj.gov.af/Official Gazctte/0801/OG 0803.pdf
[1]Interview with official from the Ministry of Hajj and Endowment,Kabul,September,2006.
[1]Suhrke,Astri,Kristian Berg Harpvike&Arne Strand,Conflictual Peacebuild:Afghanistan Two Year After Bonn,Bergen:CMI/OSLO:PRIO,2004.
[2]Speech by Adib Farhadi Director of Afghanistan National Development Strategy(ANDS),Kabul,6December2006;http://www.ands.gov.af/andscspdfs/dec-6-06/Adib%20Speech%20-%20English.pdf
[3]Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Ministry of Counter-Narcotics,Press Release,n.d.avallableat http://www.mcn.gov.af/eng/downloads/press-release/decrees-fatwa.htm(accessed27 June 2007)
[1]The Ministry of Hajj and Endowment interviewed,Kabul,September 2006.
[1]http://www.eu.europa.eu/extemal_relations/afghanistan/csp/03-06.pdf(27 June 2007).
[2]http://afghanistan.usaid.gov/en/Article.97.aspx(27 June 2007).
[1]Religious Actors and Civil Society in post-2001 Afghanistan,PRIO PAPERS,November,2007.
[1]Salomon·Lester· M,"The Rise of the Nonprofit Sector",Foreign,Affair,July/August,1994,pp.109-122.
[2]World Bank Website,"Nongovernmental Organization and Civil Society/Overview",http://www.wbln0018.worldbank.org/essd.nsf/NGO./home
[1]Yearbook of International Associations 1993-1994(Brussels:Union of International Associations).
[2]Yearbook of International Organizations 2003/2004 edition
[1]伍庆玲:《现代中东妇女问题》,昆明,云南大学出版社,2004年,第273-274页。
[2]马晋强:《阿富汗今昔》,昆明,云南大学出版社,1993年.第12页。
[3]伍庆玲:《现代中东妇女问题》。第276页。
[1]何平:《阿富汗史:文明的碰撞和融合》,台北,三民书局。2003年,第225页。
[2]Kalin Bahadar:The Taliban Takeover in Afghanistan,Afghanistan and Asian Stability,Cyaa Publishing House,p.51.
[3]《Times》,December 3,2001,p3.
[4]新华社喀布尔电1999年10月7日。
[1]《Times》,December 3,2001,p3.
[2]陈静:《论阿富汗妇女地位的历史演变》。《重庆大学学报》(社科版)2002.第4期。
[1]Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit(AREU),Background,2004,http://www.areu.org.Af/
[2]The Christian Science Monitor.May8th.2006
[1]http://www.areu.org.Af/
[1]Zohra Rasekh:"Public health-A Reconstruction priority in Afghanistan",Sunite Mehta.Women for Afghan Women,Palgrave Macmillan.2002,p176.
[2]Sunite Mehta:Women For Afghan Women,p.68.
[1]Internation Crisis Group(ICG),14Mar,2003
[2]The Christian Science Monitor.May8th.2006
[1]The Christian Science Monitor.May8th.2006
[2]Mark Sedra and Octet:Afghanistan'sprobicmatic path to peace,Brook/March2004,http://www.fpif.org.AF/
[1](英)鲁思·曼德尔:《培育公民社会》,《当代世界与社会主义》,2007(1)。
[1]Asian Development Bank(ADB).Feb.3th,2006
[1]S.N.艾森斯塔特:《反思现代性》,旷新年、王爱松译,生活·读书·新知三联书店2006年版,第356页。
[2]Henry F.Carey,Mitigating Conflict-The Role of NGOs,Frank Cass Press,2003,p151.
[1]《马克思恩格斯选集》,第4卷,北京,人民出版社,1995年版。第679页。
[2]彭树智主编:《阿拉伯国家史》,高等教育出版社2002年版,第2-5页。
[1]S.N.艾森斯塔特:《反思现代性》.第351页。
[1]Paul O'Brien,"New Paths,and Diverging Choices for NGOs".see Antonio Donini,Norah Nilang,and Karin Wermester,Nation--Building Unraveled?.Aid Peace and Justice in Afghanistan.Kumarian Press,Inc.p202.
[2]http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?176886
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19、金宜久.伊斯兰教史[M].南京,江苏人民出版社,2006年版。
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11 Mehta,Sunita:Women for Afghan Women -Shattering Maths and Claiming the Future,Palgrave Macmilla,2002.
12 Nefissa,Sarah Ben,Al-Fattah Nabil Abd and Sad Hanafi,NGOs and Governance in the Arab World,the American University in Cairo Press,2005.
13 Peimani,Hooman:Falling Terrorism and Rising Conflicts -the Afghan Contribution to Polarization and Confrontation in West and South Asia,Greenwood Press,2001.
14 Smith Bonnie G:Global Feminisms--Since 1945,Routledge,2000.
1 Kandiyoti,Deniz:The Politics of Gender and Reconstruction in Afghanistan,UN Research Institute for Social Development,feb.2005.
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3 Harpviken,kristian Berg,Strand,Arne and Ask,Karin:Afghtanistan and Civil Society.Commissioned by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs,December 2002.
4 Borchgrevink,Kaja:Religious Actors and Civil Society in Post-2001.Afghtanistan,Internation Peace Research Institute(PRIO).November2007.
5 Afghans in Pakistan:Broadening the Focus,Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit,J -anuary2006.
6 Peacebuilding in:Afghtanistan,International crisis group(ICG),Sebtember 2003.
7 Carlin Anne:Engaing the IFIs in Afghtanistan-the Emergence of Afghan Civil Society.Bank information center(BIC),2004.
8 Suhrke,Astir:The Limits of Statebuilding:The Role of International Assistance in Afghanistan,International studies Association annual meting 21-24 March 2006.
9 Deledda,Antionella:Afghanistan-the end of the Bonn Process,Transtition Studies Review,2006.
10 World Bank,Afghanistan's Opium Drug Economic,December 2004.
11 Civil Society with Guns it not Civil Society-Aid,Security and Civil Society in Afghanistan.July 2008.Non-Governmental Public Action Programme Howell,Judy and Lind,jJeremy.(NGPA).
12 Afghanistan Civil Society Assessment,United States Agency for International Deveiopment(USAID)Des 2005.
13 Spink Jeaniene:Teacher Education and Professional Development in Afghanistan,Afghanistan Research &Eduation Unit(AREU),August 2004.
14 NGO Insecurity in Afghanistan,Afghanistan NGO Safety office(ANSO) and CARE,may 2005.
15 Afghan Refugees in Iran:From Refugee Emergence to Migration Management,International Peace Research Institute,Oslo(PRIO),June 2004.
16 Peacebuilding in Afghanistan,International Crisis Group(ICG),September2003.
17 Gender roles in Agriculture -Case Studies of five villages in northern Afghanistan,Afghanistan Research &Evaluation Unit,March 2004.
18 Talal,basma bint:Rethinking an NGO,I.B.Tauris &Co Lty,2004.
19 World bank:Afghanistan -State building,sustaining growth,and reducing poverty,Washington,D,C.2005
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② 在纯概念上,公民社会和非政府组织两者之间是不能完全划登号的。一般来讲,前者的外延要大于后者,二者是一种包含与被包含的关系。非政府组织是公民社会的一种亚组织。但由于两个概念在学术界的讨论中又相当模糊,没有公认的、权威的、一致认识,且非政府组织又是当前体现公民社会精神最集中、表现也最活跃的行为体。所以,学者们在使用时对二者往往不加区分。因此,在本文中,为了叙述方便,笔者根据上下文灵活运用这两个概念。参阅:王杰等主编:《全球理论中的国家NGO》,北京大学出版社,第107-109页;何增科:《公民社会与第三部门》,社会科学文献出版社,第288页。
③ Henry F.Carey,Mitigating Conflict-The Role of NGOs,Frank Cass Rublishers,2003,p.1.
① 王逸舟:《全球政治和中国外交》,北京,世界知识出版社,2003年,第82页。
② 纳瓦夫·萨姆(Nawaf Salm):从历史与政治范畴看伊斯兰世界的公民社会。(发表于哈佛大学法学院2002年10月)Http://www.smth.edu.cn/pc/pccon.php?id
① Maha M.Abdelrahman,Civil Society Exposed----The Politics of NGOs in Egypt,Tauris Academic Studies,2004,pp.77-80.
② 蒲瑶:《刍议阿富汗公民社会》,《世界经济与政治论坛》,2008(1)。
[1]Astri Suhrke,The Limits of Statebuilding:The Role of International Assistance in Afghanistan,The Chr.Michelsen Institute (CMI),March,2006.
[2]孙壮志:《中亚安全与阿富汗问题》,世界知识出版社,2004年,第115页。
① 新华网杜尚别2001年10月22日电,http://www.sina.com.cn.2001.10.22
① Antonella Deledda,"Afghanistan----The End of the Boon Process",Transition Studies Review(2006)13(1).
② 新华网联合国11月12日电,http://www.sina.com.cn.2001.11.13
③ Alex Conte,Security in the 21st Century.The United Nations,Afghanistan and Iraq,Ashgate Publishing Ltd.,2005,p.73.
① 新华网喀布尔12月22日电,http://jczs.sina.com.cn 2001.12.22
② 人民日报阿拉木图6月5日电.《人民日报》2002年6月6日。
① Angelo Rasanayagam,Afghanistan:A Modern History,I.B.Tauris,2003,p.257;Lansford,A Bitter Harvest,p.180.
②[阿富汗]阿卜杜尔·卡兹:《阿富汗战后的重建》,《中国水泥》2002年6月号。
③ Rasanayagam,Afghanistan:A Modern History,p.259.
④ 法新社布鲁塞尔2001年12月20日电。
① Rasanayagam,Afghanistan:A Modern History,p.259.
② 陈一鸣:《重建进程艰难安全形势严峻 阿富汗问题又惹眼》,引自《人民日报》,2004-4-4,http://www.zjol.com.cn/gb/node2/node138665/node138753/userobjectl5ai2521865.html.
③ 《人民日报》2006年2月1日。
④[巴基斯坦]《黎明报》10月10日。
① 陈一鸣:《阿富汗寻求合作促重建》,《人民日报》2005年12月7日。
② Rasanayagam,Afghanistan:A Modern History,p.259.
③ 参见傅小强:《阿富汗重建隐现地缘之争》。《瞭望》周刊2002年第5期。
④ Rasanayagam,Afghanistan:A Modern History,p.260.
⑤ 2002-8-29,http://aoyun.eastday.com/epublish/gb/paper92/200_20829/class009200002/10K.
⑥[日]《读卖新闻》2001年11月19日。
⑦[日]《日本经济新闻》2001年10月14日。
①[美]《纽约时报》2001年12月18日。
② Kolhatkar and Ingalls,Bleeding Afghanistan,p.225.
③ 东方网,2002.8.29,http://aoyun.eastday.com/epublish/gb/paper92/20020829/class0092000002/10K.
① Samay Ram,The New Afghanistan:Pawn of America?,New Delhi,2004,pp.163-165.
② Rasanayagam,Afghanistan:A Modern History,p.260.
③ 中华人民共和国外交部网页,2008-3-24,http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/chn/wjb/zzjg/yzs/gjlb/1206/default.htm.
① The Logic of Suicide attacks in afghanistan,HIMAL Southasian July,2007.
①《环球时报》,2007年6月25日。
②新华网2007年6月21日:《潘基文严厉谴责阿富汗暴力活动》。
③ Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit(AREU),Background,2004,see http://www.areu.org.Af/.
① 陈琦:《阿富汗重建路漫漫》,《共产党员》2002年第4期。
② World Bank,Afghanistan--state building,sustaining growth,and reducing poverty,p.4.
③ World Bank,Afghanistan--state building,sustaining growth,and reducing poverty,p.15.
④ World Bank,Afghanistan--state building,sustaining growth,and reducing poverty,p.9.
⑤ World Bank,Afghanistan--state building,sustaining growth,and reducing poverty,pp.6-7,11.
⑥ 郑瑞祥:《阿富汗的和平与重建任重道远》,《国际问题研究》,2007年第5期。
⑦ 丁隆:《阿富汗:重建路漫漫》,《当代世界》,2007年第2期。
① Antonella Deledda,Afghanistan----The End of the Boon Process,Transition Studies Review(2006)13(1).
② World Bank,Afghanistan--state building,sustaining growth,and reducing povety,p.16.
③ World Bank,Afghanistan--state building,sustaining growth,and reducing povety,p.19.
④ Afghanistan Online,May 14,2008,http://www.afghan-web.com/economy/
⑤[德]《明镜》周刊2008年10月6日报道。
① New York Times,Dec.24,2008.
② 美国广播公司网站2007年11月30日。
③ 法新社喀布尔2008年12月20日电。
④ 美国海军研究生学院一位教授的观点。见[美]《新闻周刊》2008年9月23日。
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[4]Maha M.Abdelrahman,Civil Society Exposed-The Politics of NGOs in Egypt,p.44.
[1]在查阅大量英文资料发现,在发达资本主义国家更多将非政府组织称作非营利组织(简称NPO),而将这些组织在涉外的分支机构叫NGO。
[2]Maha M.Abdelrahman,Civil Society Exposed-The Politics of NGOs in Egypt,p.46.
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[3]http://wbIn0018.worldbank.org/es.../ce6b105aaa19360f85256966006c74e3?openDocumn.
[1]查尔斯·林德布洛姆:《政治与市场--世界的政治经济制度》,王逸舟译.上海三联书店1996年版,第19页。
[2]王杰、张海滨、张志洲:《全球治理中的国际非政府组织》,第224-225页。
[1]Henry F·Catty,Mitigating Conflict-The Role of NGOs,Frank Cass publishers,Great Britain,2003,p.3.
[2]URL=http://www.icbl.org/home.
[1]Lester M·Salamon.The Rise of the Nonprofit Sector.Foreign Affairs.Vol.74,No.3.July/August 1994.
[2]Yearbook of International Organization 2003/2004 edition,转引自王振轩:《非政府组织的议题与发展》。台北:鼎茂图书出版公司。2005.第3页。
[3][苏丹]阿卜杜拉系.安-纳依姆语,见《依附问题:阿拉伯世界的人权组织》.《中东报导》,2000年第1期.第30卷,转引自彭树智主编:《二十世界中东史》.北京。高等教育出版社,2001年,第452页。
[4]Amnesty International,"Human Defenders in Afghanistan:Civil Society Destroyed ",London,Amnesty International. 1999.
[1]Loya Jirga:the Islamic Transitional Afghan Administration,is variously translated as government,Transition Authority in English donor documents.
[2]Kaja Borchgrevink," Religious Actors and Civil Society in Post-2001 Afghanistan",International Peace Research Institute,Oslo(PRIO),p.13.
[1]蒲瑶:《国际妇女非政府组织在阿富汗:作用与挑战》,《当代世界与社会主义》,2007(4)。
[1]路易斯·杜普雷:《阿富汗现代史纲要》.黄民兴译,西北大学中东研究所,2002年,第83页。
[2]http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RW-B.NSF.
[1]M·Kamali,Civil Society and Islam:A Sociologie perspective,Archives Europeennes de Sociologie 2001,42(3):p457-482.
[1]Civil Society Assessment,Afghanistan Civil Societ Assessment,Counterparter International Afghanistan,2007,p.35.
[2]Civil Society Assessment,Afghanistan Civil Societ Assessment,Counterparter International Afghanistan 2007,p37.
[3]Kristian Berg Harpviken,Afghanistan and Civil Society.Commissioned by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Peshawar/bergen,8 December 2002,p.6.
[1]M·Kamali,Civil Society and Islam:A Sociologie perspective.p.457-482.
[2]Graham E Fuller,The Future of Political Islam,Palgrave,Macmillan,2003 24.转引自阎文虎:《非政府组织浅析》,《国际政治研究》,2005(4)
[3]Kaja Borchgrevink,Religious Actors and Civil Society in Post-2001 Afghanistan,International Peace Research Institute,Oslo(PRIO),2007.
[1]Katarin.The Expansion of Humanitarian NGOs in Rwanda and Afghanistan.Burlingtion.VT:Ashgate.2001:80.
[1]J.Ludin,Civil Society Conference,Kabul,Swiss Peace Fonudation,2002.
[2]Kaja Borchgrevink,Religious Actors and Civil Society in Post-2001 Afghanistan,International Peace Research Institute,Oslo(PRIO),2007.
[1]Counterparter International Afghanistan Civil Society Assessment,Afghanistan Civil Societ Assessment.2007.
[2]Intergrate Approach to Assist Refugee Repatriation in Afghanistan ",Accessed at www.nudp.org/rbap/Afghanistan.htm
[3]Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit(AREU),Background,2004,http://www.areu.org.Af/
[4]Margret Emery and Hiram Ruiz,"Descent into Disaster?Afghan Refugee",Middle East Report,N221,Winter 2001.
[1]Landmine Monitor Report 200t,Accessed at,www.icb.org/im/2001/Afghanistan
[2]Kristian Berg Harpviken,Afghanistan and Civil Society,Commissioned by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Peshawar/bergen,8 December2002,p.10.
[3]存在不少有关是否应从公民社会中寻找政治力量的争论,参见Van Pooy A,Civil Society and Aid industry.London.Earthscam,1998,p.46.暂且将这些争论搁置一边,我们会发现在阿富汗重新恢复政党和政党政治应受到关注。
[4]新华网喀布尔2004年10月7日电。
[1]The Christian Science Monitor,May 8th,2006.
[1]Sunnite Mehta,Women For Afghan Women:Shattering myths and claiming the future,Palgrave Macmillan,2002,p.131.
[2]Deniz Kandiyoti,The Politics of Gender and Reconstruction in Afghanistan,Occasional Paper 4,United Nations Research Institute for Social Development,Feb.2005,p.16.
[3]Deniz Kandiyoti,The Politics of Gender and Reconstruction in Afghanistan,p.17.
[1]Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit(AREU),Background,2004.,http://www.areu.org.Af/
[2]Sunita Mehta,Women For Afghan Women:Shattering mytha and claiming the future,Plagrave Macmillan.2002,p.176.
[3]Deniz Kandiyoti,The Politics of Gender and Reconstruction in Afghanistan,pp.18,20-21.
[4]Deniz Kandiyoti,The Politics of Gender and Reconstruction in Afghanistan.notes 51 and 53,p.29:p.22.
[1]Deniz Kandiyoti,The Politics of Gender and Reconstruction in Afghanistan,pp.25-26.
[2]Counterparter International Afghanistan Civil Society Assessment,Afghanistan Civil Societ Assessment.2007.
[3]Counterparter International Afghanistan Civil Society Assessment,Afghanistan Civil SocietAssessment,2007.
[1]Counterparter International Afghanistan Civil Society Assessment,"Afghanistan Civil Societ Assessment",2007.
[1]毕健康:中东民主问题。 http://www.cars.net.cn/file/2005120852172.html
[1]Nawaf Salam,Civil Society in the Arab world,The Historical and Political Dimensions.http://www.smth.edu.cn/pc/pccon.php?id=2818nid=94640&order=&tid=1027.
[2]毕健康:中东民主问题。 http://www.cars.net.cn/file/2005120852172.html
[3]Mountstart Elphinstone,An Account of the kingdom UK,Oxford University Press,1992,p.215.
[4]Christine Noelle-Karimi,"The Loya Jirga-An Effective Political Instrument7.",See Christine Noelle Karimi,Afghanistan A Country without a State?,Frankfurt an Main.London,2002,p.37.
[5]Gerhard Doeffer,Turkische undmongolische Elemente in Neupersischen.Vol.1 Mongolisch Elemente in Neupersischen.wiesbaden,Franz Steiner.1963,pp.292-293.
[1]Christine Noeile-Karimi,The Loya Jirga-An Effective Political Instrument?.p.38.
[2]彭树智主编:《阿富汗史》,陕西旅游出版社,1993年,第120页。
[3]彭树智主编:《阿富汗史》,第137页。
[1][美]路易斯·杜普雷著,黄民兴译:《阿富汗》,西北大学中东研究所,2002年,第371页。
[2]Christine Noelle-Karimi,The Loya Jirga-An Effective Political Instrument?.,p.39.
[3]Christine Noelle-Karimi,The Loya Jirga--An Effective Political Instrument?,pal.
[1]Ali Mohammed,Progressive Afghanistan.Lahore,Punjab Educational Electric Press,1969,p.303.
[1]Christine Noelle-Karimi,The Lova Jirga-An Effective Political Instrument?,p.43.
[2]关于这次小支尔格会议的人数有不同的记录,路易斯·杜普雷著,黄民兴译:《阿富汗现代史纲要》里记载的是100名,第38页;彭树智主编:《阿富汗史》里记载为400人,第243页。
[1]蒲瑶:“刍议阿富汗公民社会”,《世界经济与政治论坛》2008年第1期。
[2]路易斯·杜普雷:《阿富汗现代史纲要》,第37页。
[1]路易斯·杜普雷:《阿富汗现代史纲要》,第153-157页。
[1]上院的28名代表由国王指定.另外28名代表由各省选出,其余28名由尚未建立省议事会的选出。参见路易斯·杜普雷著,黄民兴译前引书,第175页。
[2]Sara Amityar,"The Loya Jirga Tradition in Afghanistan ",See Sunita Mehta,Women for Afghan Women,Plagrave Macmilian~(TM),2002,pp.87-88.
[1]Nancy Newell,Richards Newell,The straggle for Afghanistan,NY,Cornell University Press,1981,pp.184-185.
[1]Angelo Rasanayagam,Afghanistan:A Modern History,I.B.Tauris,2003,p.257;Tom Lansford,A Bitter Harvest:US Foreign Policy and Afghanistan,University of Southern Mississippi Gulf Coast,Ashgate 2003,p.180.
[2]Alex Conte.Security in the 21st Century.The United Nations,Afghanistan and Iraq.Ashgate Publishing Ltd.,2005,p.81.
[3]关于立宪过程和相关的争议问题,参见 Kolhatkar and Ingalls,Bleeding,Afghanistan,pp.140-144;Bulent Aras and Sule Toktas,"Afghanistan's Security:Political Process,State- Building and Narcotics".Middle East Policy.Vol.15.No.2.2008:Barnett R.Rubin,"Crafting a Constitution for Afghanistan",Journal of Democracy.vol.15,no.3,2004:王凤:《从制宪进程看阿富汗现行政治体制的特点》,《西亚非洲》2008年第10期。
[1]宪法全文见阿富汗政府网站:“The Constitution ofthe Islamic Republic of Afghanistan",http://presidcnt.gov.at/english/constitution.mspx#Transitional
[2]David Shelby:《阿富汗大选标志着历史转折点》,美国国务院国际信息局(IIP)《美国参考》从华盛顿报 导.http://usinfo.state.gov/mgck/Archive/2005/Jun/14-614838.html.
[3]Kolhatkarand Ingails,Bleeding Afghanistan,PP.142,144.
[1]孟庆顺:《阿富汗国家的诞生--兼论国家产生的第四种形式》.《西亚非洲》,1989年第2期。
[2]彭树智主编:《阿富汗史》,第139页。
[1]S.N.艾森斯塔特:《反思现代性》,旷新年、毛爱松译,生活、读书、新知三联书店,2006年.第344页。
[2]S.N.艾森斯塔特:《反思现代性》,第346页。
[1]S.N.艾森斯塔特:《反思现代性》,第347页。
[2]David Lewis,Civil Society in African Contexts:Reflections on the Usefulness of a Concept,Development and Change 2004,p.570.
[3]Jenny Pearce,Development.NGOS.and Civil Society:The Debate and Its Future.London:Oxfam,2000,p.34.
[1]Masoud Kamali,Civil Society and Islam:A Sociological Perspective,Archives Europeanes De Sociologie,2001,42(3):p.459-478.
[2]Daid Herbert,Religion and Civil Society:Rethingking Public Religion in the Contemporary World.Aldershot &Burlington,TV:Ashgate,2003,p.31.
[1]Kaja Borchgrevink,Religious Actors and Civil Society in Post-2001 Afghanistan,Peace Research Institute,Oslo (PRIO).2007.
[1]Kaja Borchgrevink,Religious Actors and Civil Society in Post-2001 Afghanistan,Peace Research Institute,Oslo (PRIO),2007.
[1]Interviews with key Informants in Sayedabad,Wardak,CAPU August 2006.
[1]Interviews with key Informants in Sayedabad,Wardak and Kunduz city,CAPU in November 2006.
[2]The Bayaat Foundation belongs to the AWCC mobile company;See http://bayart foundation.org Interview with official from the Ministry of Hajj and Endowment,Kabul,September,2006.
[1]Thania Paffenholz &Christoph Spark,"Civil Society,Civic Engagement and Peacebuilding",Social Development Paper No.36.Washington,DC:World Bank,2005.
[1]http://www.mrrd.gov.af/nsp/
[2]http://law.moj.gov.af/Official Gazctte/0801/OG 0803.pdf
[1]Interview with official from the Ministry of Hajj and Endowment,Kabul,September,2006.
[1]Suhrke,Astri,Kristian Berg Harpvike&Arne Strand,Conflictual Peacebuild:Afghanistan Two Year After Bonn,Bergen:CMI/OSLO:PRIO,2004.
[2]Speech by Adib Farhadi Director of Afghanistan National Development Strategy(ANDS),Kabul,6December2006;http://www.ands.gov.af/andscspdfs/dec-6-06/Adib%20Speech%20-%20English.pdf
[3]Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Ministry of Counter-Narcotics,Press Release,n.d.avallableat http://www.mcn.gov.af/eng/downloads/press-release/decrees-fatwa.htm(accessed27 June 2007)
[1]The Ministry of Hajj and Endowment interviewed,Kabul,September 2006.
[1]http://www.eu.europa.eu/extemal_relations/afghanistan/csp/03-06.pdf(27 June 2007).
[2]http://afghanistan.usaid.gov/en/Article.97.aspx(27 June 2007).
[1]Religious Actors and Civil Society in post-2001 Afghanistan,PRIO PAPERS,November,2007.
[1]Salomon·Lester· M,"The Rise of the Nonprofit Sector",Foreign,Affair,July/August,1994,pp.109-122.
[2]World Bank Website,"Nongovernmental Organization and Civil Society/Overview",http://www.wbln0018.worldbank.org/essd.nsf/NGO./home
[1]Yearbook of International Associations 1993-1994(Brussels:Union of International Associations).
[2]Yearbook of International Organizations 2003/2004 edition
[1]伍庆玲:《现代中东妇女问题》,昆明,云南大学出版社,2004年,第273-274页。
[2]马晋强:《阿富汗今昔》,昆明,云南大学出版社,1993年.第12页。
[3]伍庆玲:《现代中东妇女问题》。第276页。
[1]何平:《阿富汗史:文明的碰撞和融合》,台北,三民书局。2003年,第225页。
[2]Kalin Bahadar:The Taliban Takeover in Afghanistan,Afghanistan and Asian Stability,Cyaa Publishing House,p.51.
[3]《Times》,December 3,2001,p3.
[4]新华社喀布尔电1999年10月7日。
[1]《Times》,December 3,2001,p3.
[2]陈静:《论阿富汗妇女地位的历史演变》。《重庆大学学报》(社科版)2002.第4期。
[1]Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit(AREU),Background,2004,http://www.areu.org.Af/
[2]The Christian Science Monitor.May8th.2006
[1]http://www.areu.org.Af/
[1]Zohra Rasekh:"Public health-A Reconstruction priority in Afghanistan",Sunite Mehta.Women for Afghan Women,Palgrave Macmillan.2002,p176.
[2]Sunite Mehta:Women For Afghan Women,p.68.
[1]Internation Crisis Group(ICG),14Mar,2003
[2]The Christian Science Monitor.May8th.2006
[1]The Christian Science Monitor.May8th.2006
[2]Mark Sedra and Octet:Afghanistan'sprobicmatic path to peace,Brook/March2004,http://www.fpif.org.AF/
[1](英)鲁思·曼德尔:《培育公民社会》,《当代世界与社会主义》,2007(1)。
[1]Asian Development Bank(ADB).Feb.3th,2006
[1]S.N.艾森斯塔特:《反思现代性》,旷新年、王爱松译,生活·读书·新知三联书店2006年版,第356页。
[2]Henry F.Carey,Mitigating Conflict-The Role of NGOs,Frank Cass Press,2003,p151.
[1]《马克思恩格斯选集》,第4卷,北京,人民出版社,1995年版。第679页。
[2]彭树智主编:《阿拉伯国家史》,高等教育出版社2002年版,第2-5页。
[1]S.N.艾森斯塔特:《反思现代性》.第351页。
[1]Paul O'Brien,"New Paths,and Diverging Choices for NGOs".see Antonio Donini,Norah Nilang,and Karin Wermester,Nation--Building Unraveled?.Aid Peace and Justice in Afghanistan.Kumarian Press,Inc.p202.
[2]http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?176886
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