太阳电池及相关测试设备的计量方法研究
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摘要
研究内容：
1、改善当前光电探测器相对光谱响应度测量工作基准装置的测量水平,使其能够适应不同类型太阳电池的测试；
2、搭建了太阳电池光电参数测量装置,优化和完善太阳电池Ⅰ-Ⅴ特性参数测量的不确定度；
3、设计研制三种标准太阳电池,包括单晶硅、多晶硅和模拟非晶硅,为光伏企业和认证机构提供了量值溯源基准；
4、测试分析了多种类型太阳模拟器的性能特点,提供了如何对模拟器进行等级评定的测量方法,为企业选型及使用测试提供了参考依据；
5、分析了由于不同类型光源、电池间的光谱失配对标定太阳电池产生的影响,提出了短路电流修正方法；
6、针对市场上现有类型的总辐射表提供了计量测试方法。
研究成果：
1、在现有光电探测器相对光谱响应度测量工作基准装置的基础上,进行技术改造和设备更新,优化其组成结构,使其能够针对不同类型的太阳电池,包括单晶硅,多晶硅,染料敏化,单结非晶硅薄膜、多结太阳电池进行测试。
2、设计搭建了太阳电池光电特性参数测量系统,并为清华大学、北京大学、南开大学、哈尔滨工业大学等多家高校及科研院所提供太阳电池测试服务。
3、分析了不同类型光源的光谱分布以及不同类型太阳电池光谱响应度,对标定太阳电池时产生的影响。提供了如何计算当标定与测量光源光谱不匹配、标准与被测电池类型不匹配时的修正因子的方法。
创新点：
1、设计研制了三种标准太阳电池,较之国外同类产品增加了真空密封及温度控制功能,使得产品量值稳定可靠,可以作为量值基准进行传递；
2、搭建太阳模拟器等级评定测试系统装置,对多种品牌类型的太阳模拟器进行了测试。分析比较了不同型号与设计结构的模拟器性能差异。掌握了当前模拟器的技术测试水平,提供了如何使用测试来减少测量不确定度因素的依据。
Research contents:
1. Improve current photoelectric detector relative spectral responsivity measurement working standard devices to enable it for testing differernt kinds of solar cells;
2. Build solar cells characteristic parameters measurement device, make optimization and improvement on the measurement uncertainty of solar cells'Ⅰ-Ⅴcharacteristic parameters;
3. Design and develop three types of standard solar cells, including monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon and amorphous silicon, provide working standard for PV manufactory and certification lab;
4. Analyze and test various types of solar simulators'performance characteristics, introduce a measurement method for rating solar simulator and provide PV enterprise a reference on brand selection and right operation;
5. Analyze the impact of spectral mismatch between different types of light sources and solar cells on solar cell calibration, provide a calculation method for correcting short-circuit current;
6. Provides calibration method for the available pyranometers in the PV market.
Research results:
1. Based on the current photodetector relative spectral responsivity measurement working standard, carry out technological transformation and equipments renewal to extend measuring range for different types of solar cells, including mono-crystalline, polysilicon, DSSc, thin film, multi-junction etc.
2. Design solar cells characteristic parameters measurement set up, and provide testing services for Tsinghua University, Peking University, Nankai University, Harbin Institute of Technology etc.
3. Analyze the impact of spectral mismatch between different types of light source spectral distribution and solar cell spectral response on the solar cell calibration. Provide a calculation method for spectral mismatch correction factor when the light sources and solar cells do not match between the standard and test.
Innovations:
1. Design and develop three kinds of standard solar cells (including monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon and amorphous silicon), make an enhancement on vacuum sealing and temperature control than similar foreign products, stable and reliable value allow it for a reference value to pass;
2. Built solar simulator measurement grading system, test different brands and types of solar simulators and compare the functional characteristics differences. Have good knowledge of current simulator technology level, and provide basis of how to use the equipment to reduce uncertainty factors.
1、改善当前光电探测器相对光谱响应度测量工作基准装置的测量水平,使其能够适应不同类型太阳电池的测试；
2、搭建了太阳电池光电参数测量装置,优化和完善太阳电池Ⅰ-Ⅴ特性参数测量的不确定度；
3、设计研制三种标准太阳电池,包括单晶硅、多晶硅和模拟非晶硅,为光伏企业和认证机构提供了量值溯源基准；
4、测试分析了多种类型太阳模拟器的性能特点,提供了如何对模拟器进行等级评定的测量方法,为企业选型及使用测试提供了参考依据；
5、分析了由于不同类型光源、电池间的光谱失配对标定太阳电池产生的影响,提出了短路电流修正方法；
6、针对市场上现有类型的总辐射表提供了计量测试方法。
研究成果：
1、在现有光电探测器相对光谱响应度测量工作基准装置的基础上,进行技术改造和设备更新,优化其组成结构,使其能够针对不同类型的太阳电池,包括单晶硅,多晶硅,染料敏化,单结非晶硅薄膜、多结太阳电池进行测试。
2、设计搭建了太阳电池光电特性参数测量系统,并为清华大学、北京大学、南开大学、哈尔滨工业大学等多家高校及科研院所提供太阳电池测试服务。
3、分析了不同类型光源的光谱分布以及不同类型太阳电池光谱响应度,对标定太阳电池时产生的影响。提供了如何计算当标定与测量光源光谱不匹配、标准与被测电池类型不匹配时的修正因子的方法。
创新点：
1、设计研制了三种标准太阳电池,较之国外同类产品增加了真空密封及温度控制功能,使得产品量值稳定可靠,可以作为量值基准进行传递；
2、搭建太阳模拟器等级评定测试系统装置,对多种品牌类型的太阳模拟器进行了测试。分析比较了不同型号与设计结构的模拟器性能差异。掌握了当前模拟器的技术测试水平,提供了如何使用测试来减少测量不确定度因素的依据。
Research contents:
1. Improve current photoelectric detector relative spectral responsivity measurement working standard devices to enable it for testing differernt kinds of solar cells;
2. Build solar cells characteristic parameters measurement device, make optimization and improvement on the measurement uncertainty of solar cells'Ⅰ-Ⅴcharacteristic parameters;
3. Design and develop three types of standard solar cells, including monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon and amorphous silicon, provide working standard for PV manufactory and certification lab;
4. Analyze and test various types of solar simulators'performance characteristics, introduce a measurement method for rating solar simulator and provide PV enterprise a reference on brand selection and right operation;
5. Analyze the impact of spectral mismatch between different types of light sources and solar cells on solar cell calibration, provide a calculation method for correcting short-circuit current;
6. Provides calibration method for the available pyranometers in the PV market.
Research results:
1. Based on the current photodetector relative spectral responsivity measurement working standard, carry out technological transformation and equipments renewal to extend measuring range for different types of solar cells, including mono-crystalline, polysilicon, DSSc, thin film, multi-junction etc.
2. Design solar cells characteristic parameters measurement set up, and provide testing services for Tsinghua University, Peking University, Nankai University, Harbin Institute of Technology etc.
3. Analyze the impact of spectral mismatch between different types of light source spectral distribution and solar cell spectral response on the solar cell calibration. Provide a calculation method for spectral mismatch correction factor when the light sources and solar cells do not match between the standard and test.
Innovations:
1. Design and develop three kinds of standard solar cells (including monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon and amorphous silicon), make an enhancement on vacuum sealing and temperature control than similar foreign products, stable and reliable value allow it for a reference value to pass;
2. Built solar simulator measurement grading system, test different brands and types of solar simulators and compare the functional characteristics differences. Have good knowledge of current simulator technology level, and provide basis of how to use the equipment to reduce uncertainty factors.
引文
[1]IEC60904-1-2006:Photovoltaic devices-Part 1:Measurement of photovoltaic current-voltage characteristics
[2]IEC60904-7-1998:Photovoltaic devices-Part 7:Computation of spectral mismatch error introduced in the testing of a photovoltaic device
[3]IEC60904-8-1998:Photovoltaic devices-Part 8:Measurement of spectral response of a photovoltaic (PV) device
[4]IEC60904-9-2007:Photovoltaic devices-Part 9:Solar simulator performance requirements
[5]GB/T 6495.1-1996 光伏器件第1部分：光伏电流-电压特性的测量
[6]GB/T 6495.2-1996 光伏器件第2部分：标准太阳电池的要求
[7]GB/T 6495.3-1996 光伏器件第3部分：地面用光伏器件的测量原理及标准光谱辐照度数据
[8]GB/T 6495.4-1996 光伏器件第4部分：晶体硅光伏器件的Ⅰ-Ⅴ实测特性的温度和辐照度修正方法
[9]GB 11009-1989 太阳电池光谱响应测试方法
[10]GB 11011-1989 非晶硅太阳电池电性能测试的一般规定
[11]GB 6497-1986 地面用太阳电池标定的一般规定
[12]GB 6492-1986 航天用标准太阳电池
[13]GB 6494-1986 航天用太阳电池电性能测试方法
[14]GB 6496-1986 航天用太阳电池标定的一般规定
[15]The Results of the PEP'93 Intercomparison of Reference Cell Calibration and Newer Technology Performance Measurements
[16]L. Philippe Boivin, Wolfgang Budde, C. X. Dodd, and S. R. Das, "Spectral response measurement apparatus for large area solar cells", Applied Optics, Vol.25, Issue 16, pp. 2715-2719
[17]Ghassan E Jabbour, Evan Williams, Richard Young, Alexandre Y Fong, "Spectroradiometer improves accuracy of photovoltaic measurement", Laser Focus World, Jan 2008, ProQuest Science Journals, pg.127
[18]J.Metzdorf, "Calibration of solar cells.1:The differential spectral responsivity method", Applied Optics, Vol.26, Issue 9, pp.1701-1708
[19]Comparison between large reference cells calibrated by ESTI-JRC,NREL and PTB, performed at ECN, Presented at the 20th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, Barcelona, Spain,6-10 June 2005
[20]R.Galleano, E.D. Dunlop, D.Halton, "Comparison of pulsed solar simulator spectra in use at ESTI", Renewable Energies, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, European Commission, Italy.
[21]Antti Tolvanen, Endeas Oy, Solar Simulation Standards and QuickSun Measurement System [EB]. http://www.endeas.fi/products.htm
[22]C. Droz, J. Roux, S. Boutinard Rouelle, et al. "Mastering the spectrum in class A pulsed solar simulators,23rd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Valencia, Spain, September, 2008.
[23]M.Schadel, J.Isenberg, J.Suthues,et al. "Improving quantum efficiency measurement in large area solar cells by using appropriate bias illumination."
[24]Scott Pinegar, Derek Nalley, and Keith Emery, "Linearity Testing of Photovoltaic Cells"
[25]D. L. King, B. R. Hansen, J. M. Moore, et al. "New methods for measuring performance of monolithic multi-junction solar cells", Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM,87185
[26]D.L. Young, S. Pinegar, and P. Stradins, "New Real-Time Quantum Efficiency Measurement System", Presented at the 33rd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference San Diego, California
[27]B. Fischer, M. Keil, P. Fath, et al. "Scanning IQE-measurement for accurate current determination on very large area solar cells", University of Konstanz, Department of Physics, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
[28]Edward F. Zalewski and Jon Geist, "Solar cell spectral response characterization"
[29]H. Field, "UV-VIS-IR Spectral Responsivity Measurement System for Solar Cells", Presented at the National Center for Photovoltaics, Program Review Meeting, September 8-11,1998, Denver, Colorado
[30]N.H. Reich, W.G.J.H.M. van Sark, et al. "Weak light performance and spectral response of different solar cell types"
[31]M. Meusel, C. Baur, G. Letay, et al."Spectral response measurements of monolithic GaInP/Ga(In)As/Ge triple-junction solar cells:Measurement artifacts and their explanation", Prog.Photovolt:Res.Appl.2003;11:499-514
[32]Afshin M. Andreas and Daryl R. Myers, "Pulse Analysis Spectroradiometer System for Measuring the Spectral Distribution of Flash Solar Simulators", SPIE Optics and Photonics 2008 Conference:Optical Modeling and Measurements for Solar Energy Systems Ⅱ San Diego, California August 10-14,2008
[33]T.W. Cannon, "Spectral Measurements of Pulse Solar Simulators,National Renewable Energy Laboratory",Presented at the National Center for Photovoltaics Program Review Meeting Denver, Colorado September 8-11,1998
[34]Howard W. Yoon, Brian P. Dougherty, Vladimir B. Khromchenko, "Spectroradiometric Characterization of the NIST Pulsed Solar Simulator", Gaithersburg MD 20899, USA, 2NIST/USU Joint Program in Optical Sensor Calibration
[35]张建民,熊利民,晶体硅光伏能源器件(硅太阳电池)的计量测试,现代计量测试
[36]张建民,熊利民,樊其明等,太阳能电池光伏计量基标准研究报告
[37]黄翊东,表面等离子体增强高效光伏电池的研究,清华大学电子工程系,太阳能光伏计量技术研讨会暨行业交流会,2009.12,北京
[38]王德亮,第二代薄膜太阳能电池,中国科技大学合肥微尺度物质科学国家实验室,太阳能光伏计量技术研讨会暨行业交流会,2009.12,北京
[39]光伏电池行业研究报告,上海申银万国证券研究所有限公司
[40]JJG 925-1997 净全辐射表
[41]吕文华,莫月琴,杨云,太阳模拟器在辐射仪器检测中的应用,应用气象学报,Vol.12,No.2,May 2001
[42]吕文华,莫月琴,王冬,总辐射表性能的测试研究,太阳能学报,Vol.23,No.3,Jun.2002
[43]白素莲,裴种,管影等,光电型总日射表性能的初步研究,太阳能学报,Vol.20,No.2,Apr.1999
[44]李景天,刘祖明,廖华等,太阳电池光谱响应测试中负载电阻的选择,太阳能学报,Vol.25,No.3,July,2004
[45]李长健,周亚训,高卫东等,非晶硅太阳电池的标准测试,太阳能学报,Vol.12,No.3,July,1991
[46]陈双宏,翁坚,戴松元等,染料敏化纳米TiO2薄膜太阳电池测试,太阳能学报,Vol.27,No.9,Sep.,2006
[2]IEC60904-7-1998:Photovoltaic devices-Part 7:Computation of spectral mismatch error introduced in the testing of a photovoltaic device
[3]IEC60904-8-1998:Photovoltaic devices-Part 8:Measurement of spectral response of a photovoltaic (PV) device
[4]IEC60904-9-2007:Photovoltaic devices-Part 9:Solar simulator performance requirements
[5]GB/T 6495.1-1996 光伏器件第1部分：光伏电流-电压特性的测量
[6]GB/T 6495.2-1996 光伏器件第2部分：标准太阳电池的要求
[7]GB/T 6495.3-1996 光伏器件第3部分：地面用光伏器件的测量原理及标准光谱辐照度数据
[8]GB/T 6495.4-1996 光伏器件第4部分：晶体硅光伏器件的Ⅰ-Ⅴ实测特性的温度和辐照度修正方法
[9]GB 11009-1989 太阳电池光谱响应测试方法
[10]GB 11011-1989 非晶硅太阳电池电性能测试的一般规定
[11]GB 6497-1986 地面用太阳电池标定的一般规定
[12]GB 6492-1986 航天用标准太阳电池
[13]GB 6494-1986 航天用太阳电池电性能测试方法
[14]GB 6496-1986 航天用太阳电池标定的一般规定
[15]The Results of the PEP'93 Intercomparison of Reference Cell Calibration and Newer Technology Performance Measurements
[16]L. Philippe Boivin, Wolfgang Budde, C. X. Dodd, and S. R. Das, "Spectral response measurement apparatus for large area solar cells", Applied Optics, Vol.25, Issue 16, pp. 2715-2719
[17]Ghassan E Jabbour, Evan Williams, Richard Young, Alexandre Y Fong, "Spectroradiometer improves accuracy of photovoltaic measurement", Laser Focus World, Jan 2008, ProQuest Science Journals, pg.127
[18]J.Metzdorf, "Calibration of solar cells.1:The differential spectral responsivity method", Applied Optics, Vol.26, Issue 9, pp.1701-1708
[19]Comparison between large reference cells calibrated by ESTI-JRC,NREL and PTB, performed at ECN, Presented at the 20th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, Barcelona, Spain,6-10 June 2005
[20]R.Galleano, E.D. Dunlop, D.Halton, "Comparison of pulsed solar simulator spectra in use at ESTI", Renewable Energies, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, European Commission, Italy.
[21]Antti Tolvanen, Endeas Oy, Solar Simulation Standards and QuickSun Measurement System [EB]. http://www.endeas.fi/products.htm
[22]C. Droz, J. Roux, S. Boutinard Rouelle, et al. "Mastering the spectrum in class A pulsed solar simulators,23rd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Valencia, Spain, September, 2008.
[23]M.Schadel, J.Isenberg, J.Suthues,et al. "Improving quantum efficiency measurement in large area solar cells by using appropriate bias illumination."
[24]Scott Pinegar, Derek Nalley, and Keith Emery, "Linearity Testing of Photovoltaic Cells"
[25]D. L. King, B. R. Hansen, J. M. Moore, et al. "New methods for measuring performance of monolithic multi-junction solar cells", Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM,87185
[26]D.L. Young, S. Pinegar, and P. Stradins, "New Real-Time Quantum Efficiency Measurement System", Presented at the 33rd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference San Diego, California
[27]B. Fischer, M. Keil, P. Fath, et al. "Scanning IQE-measurement for accurate current determination on very large area solar cells", University of Konstanz, Department of Physics, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
[28]Edward F. Zalewski and Jon Geist, "Solar cell spectral response characterization"
[29]H. Field, "UV-VIS-IR Spectral Responsivity Measurement System for Solar Cells", Presented at the National Center for Photovoltaics, Program Review Meeting, September 8-11,1998, Denver, Colorado
[30]N.H. Reich, W.G.J.H.M. van Sark, et al. "Weak light performance and spectral response of different solar cell types"
[31]M. Meusel, C. Baur, G. Letay, et al."Spectral response measurements of monolithic GaInP/Ga(In)As/Ge triple-junction solar cells:Measurement artifacts and their explanation", Prog.Photovolt:Res.Appl.2003;11:499-514
[32]Afshin M. Andreas and Daryl R. Myers, "Pulse Analysis Spectroradiometer System for Measuring the Spectral Distribution of Flash Solar Simulators", SPIE Optics and Photonics 2008 Conference:Optical Modeling and Measurements for Solar Energy Systems Ⅱ San Diego, California August 10-14,2008
[33]T.W. Cannon, "Spectral Measurements of Pulse Solar Simulators,National Renewable Energy Laboratory",Presented at the National Center for Photovoltaics Program Review Meeting Denver, Colorado September 8-11,1998
[34]Howard W. Yoon, Brian P. Dougherty, Vladimir B. Khromchenko, "Spectroradiometric Characterization of the NIST Pulsed Solar Simulator", Gaithersburg MD 20899, USA, 2NIST/USU Joint Program in Optical Sensor Calibration
[35]张建民,熊利民,晶体硅光伏能源器件(硅太阳电池)的计量测试,现代计量测试
[36]张建民,熊利民,樊其明等,太阳能电池光伏计量基标准研究报告
[37]黄翊东,表面等离子体增强高效光伏电池的研究,清华大学电子工程系,太阳能光伏计量技术研讨会暨行业交流会,2009.12,北京
[38]王德亮,第二代薄膜太阳能电池,中国科技大学合肥微尺度物质科学国家实验室,太阳能光伏计量技术研讨会暨行业交流会,2009.12,北京
[39]光伏电池行业研究报告,上海申银万国证券研究所有限公司
[40]JJG 925-1997 净全辐射表
[41]吕文华,莫月琴,杨云,太阳模拟器在辐射仪器检测中的应用,应用气象学报,Vol.12,No.2,May 2001
[42]吕文华,莫月琴,王冬,总辐射表性能的测试研究,太阳能学报,Vol.23,No.3,Jun.2002
[43]白素莲,裴种,管影等,光电型总日射表性能的初步研究,太阳能学报,Vol.20,No.2,Apr.1999
[44]李景天,刘祖明,廖华等,太阳电池光谱响应测试中负载电阻的选择,太阳能学报,Vol.25,No.3,July,2004
[45]李长健,周亚训,高卫东等,非晶硅太阳电池的标准测试,太阳能学报,Vol.12,No.3,July,1991
[46]陈双宏,翁坚,戴松元等,染料敏化纳米TiO2薄膜太阳电池测试,太阳能学报,Vol.27,No.9,Sep.,2006