电针对脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑内PDGF-B及TGF-β1影响的研究
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摘要
目的:缺血性脑血管病,又称为脑梗死,是指由于脑部血液供应障碍,缺血、缺氧引起了脑组织坏死软化的脑血管疾病。据有关资料显示,脑梗死的发病率为100-300/10万,死亡率为50-100/10万,存活者中50%-70%留有残疾,为家庭和社会带来了沉重的经济和社会负担。随着社会老龄化进程的加快,脑血管病的病死率在增加,是目前世界范围内人类致死的主要原因之一。
     脑缺血研究中发现,当供应脑组织的动脉一支或多支闭塞时,血流的剪切力发生改变,引起脑组织局部血流下降,梗塞周边组织形成高流区域,我们称它为半暗带,半暗带神经元损伤是可逆的,是治疗缺血性脑卒中的基础。研究表明,脑组织缺血后形成的梗死病灶是由中心坏死区及其周围的缺血半暗带组成,细胞凋亡主要出现在缺血半暗带内,挽救保护半暗带可逆的神经元是改善缺血性脑血管病预后的关键。最近的研究表明,脑缺血后神经元的修复不仅与营养因子、生长相关因子表达等有关,还取决于缺血区血管新生营造的微环境。脑血管闭塞以后,缺血区血管增生,有自发形成侧支循环趋向,但不足以代偿原有的血供,缺血得不到纠正。正是由于缺血部位的血流量减少不能激活足够浓度血管新生所需要的生长因子,导致了机体内源性侧支循环难以建立。
     目前促进脑缺血后的血管新生的临床尝试尚不成熟,且具有较大的副作用,仍有许多问题有待解决。治疗性血管新生在治疗脑血管病中存在的不足促使我们把目光投向中医学。针刺治疗缺血性脑血管病的良好疗效,已被多年的医疗实践所肯定。络病理论认为,缺血性脑血管病的病机多为脑之脉络瘀塞,脉络末端供血供气、津血互换障碍,引起脑之脉络失养、脑神失用。这与现代医学关于缺血性脑血管病是由于缺血因素导致急骤发作的局灶/半球的脑功能障碍的认识不谋而合。在导师带领的课题组前期研究工作的基础上,进一步从血管新生的角度研究电针对急性脑缺血损伤的保护机制有着较为重要的理论价值和现实意义。
     方法:将清洁级SD大鼠随机分为模型组24只(按缺血再灌注1d、2d、4d、8d分4个亚组,每个亚组6只)、电针组24只(按缺血再灌注1d、2d、4d、8d分别加电针刺激分4个亚组,每个亚组6只)、假手术组6只(颈部切开后,仅分离CCA及IPA至PPA,不插线栓)、正常对照组6只(不予处理,正常给水给食)。采用线栓大脑中动脉致局灶性脑缺血模型,电针“水沟”、“内关”、“百会”穴,接G6805-Ⅱ型电针治疗仪,疏密波,每次持续刺激30min,于缺血再灌注2h后行第1次电针刺激,每隔12h再电针刺激1次。运用行为观察法检测各组大鼠神经症状学评分;运用免疫组织化学法检测各组大鼠缺血侧大脑皮层微血管计数、血小板衍生生长因子(PDGF)及其受体(PDGF-R)蛋白表达的变化;运用原位杂交法检测各组大鼠缺血侧大脑皮层TGF-β1mRNA的变化,并进一步分析各指标时空变化的规律及电针干预的影响。
     结果:
     (1)电针组神经症状学评分再灌注后1d组、2d、4d组、8d组分别和模型组相比,症状明显减轻,评分有显著性差异(p<0.01,p<0.05)。
     (2)模型组CD34微血管在再灌注1d迅速上升,持继升高至再灌注8d。缺血坏死区周围皮层表达明显增多,排列密集,且强阳性表达,侧脑室脉络膜、室管膜细胞及周围小血管的内皮细胞胞浆呈棕黄色。电针组与模型组表达规律基本一致,但更加广泛。再灌注各时间点,电针组与模型组组比较均有显著差异(P<0.01或0.05)。
     (3)缺血30min再灌注1d,PDGF-B和PDGFR-β的免疫染色增强,主要位于缺血区及其周围的小胶质细胞、星形胶质细胞以及血管内皮细胞中表达增多。梗死区周围神经元的特异性PDGF-B免疫染色于第4d显著增强,阳性细胞数也增加。而PDGFR-β的特异性免疫染色于缺血再灌注第8d显著增强。电针组PDGF-B和PDGFR-β的表达从再灌注后1d至8d均较模型组升高更加明显(P<0.05),表达部位与模型组大致相同,但胞浆染色更深,范围更加广泛。
     (4)再灌注1d后缺血周边区组织间隙TGF-β1mRNA的表达明显增强。再灌注2d达高峰,并持续至第8d。经过电针治疗后,电针1d、2d组的TGF-β1mRNA表达细胞的数量与同时间段的模型组比较有明显增加(P<0.05),而电针4d、8d组缺血脑组织TGF-β1mRNA阳性表达细胞数较相应模型组有增加的趋势,但无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
     结论:
     电针能较有效地改善大鼠脑缺血后的神经症状学评分,不仅是早期,晚期8d组仍有效改善预后,促进其神经功能恢复。通过CD34标记,电针刺激后缺血区周围微血管计数比模型组明显增多,表明电针改善脑缺血的神经症状的机制之一是促进了缺血再灌注后的新血管形成。
     脑缺血再灌注可以诱导PDGF-B、PDGFR-β和TGF-β1mRNA的表达。其表达代偿性增加,提示它们参与了缺血/再灌注的脑细胞级联反应,在损伤脑的愈合过程中起到保护作用。而电针激活内源性血管新生机制,与上调PDGF-B、PDGFR-β和TGF-β1mRNA的表达有关。通过进一步分析各组缺血侧皮层PDGF-B、PDGFR-β和TGF-β1mRNA表达的时间规律,认为TGF-β1mRNA的活化可能是针刺促进血管新生发挥对抗缺血性脑损伤的关键。
     电针相对于外源性“补充”机制,有许多优点,但是电针激活这种内源性反应本身也是有限的因此,怎样进一步激发机体的这种潜能,实现精确、适时、适量的调控,发挥最佳的血管效应,是当今研究的方向。
Objective:Ischemic cerebrovascular disease(ICVD),alsoknown as ischemicapoplexy,is cerebrovascular disease that isdue to the shortage of blood supply of the brain,thenischemiaand hypoxia cause a softening of the brain.According to thedata,the incidence rate of cerebral infarction is 100-300/10million,the mortality rate 50-100/10 million,50%-70%ofsurvival have disability,family and the community has beenbrought a heavy economic and social burdens.With the communityspeeding up the aging process,the mortality rate ofcerebrovascular disease is increasing,is one of the majorcauses of human death in the world.
     Study of cerebral ischemia found that when the supply ofa branch or more of artery of brain is closed,fluid shear stresswould change,which decrease blood flow partly in brain,andthe tissue around infarct form high-flow region,we call itpenumbra which is the foundation of treatment of ischemicstroke,the damage of neurons in the penumbra zone isreversible.Studies have shown that Infarction lesions which iscaused by the shortage of the brain tissue is composed ofcentral necrosis area and ischemic penumbra around,apoptosiswas found in the ischemic penumbra,the key to improve ICVD's curative effect is to ameliorate blood accommodation inischemic region,saving nerve cell at ischemic penumbra.Studies recently show that recovery of nerve cell aftercerebral ischemia is not only related to nutrition factors andgrowth-related factor expression,but also depends onangiogenesis in ischemic area to create the micro-environment.After cerebral vascular occlusion,vascular in the ischemiczone is generated,then there is a trend of forming collateralcirculation,but that's not enough to compensate the originalblood supply,ischemia is not improved.Blood flow which is inthe ischemic can not enough to activate growth factorangiogenes,resulting in a machine-derived collateral circula-tion in vivo difficult to establish.
     At present,clinical try of postischemic angiogenesis notmature,and have side effects greatly,then there are still manyissues to be resolved.Shortage of therapeutic angiogenesis inthe treatment of cerebrovascular disease prompted us to set oursights on Chinese medicine.Acupuncture treatment of ischemiccerebrovascular disease has a good effect,which has beenaffirmed by the medical practice for many years.This isconnected with the principle of modern medicine on ischemiccerebrovascular disease is due to ischemic factors leading tothe focal sharp attack/cerebral hemisphere dysfunctioncoincides awareness.Instructor-led group in the preliminaryresearch on the basis of further study of angiogenesis ofElectroacupuncture on the point of view of acute cerebralischemic injury has a more important protective mechanism ofthe theoretical value and practical significance.
     Method:To SD rats were randomly divided into model group (ischemia-reperfusion by 1d,2d,4d,8d a total of fivesub-groups),electro-acupuncture group(ischemia-reperfusionby ld,2d,4d,8d respectively,electroacupuncture plus a totalof five sub-group),sham operation group(neck incision,theonly separation of CCA and the IPA to the PPA,suture unplugged),the normal control group(no treatment,the normal water supplyto the food),6 in each group.The use of middle cerebral arterysuture-induced focal cerebral ischemia model of electro-acu-puncture“Shuigou”,“Neiguan”,“Baihui”point,then G6805-Ⅱelectro-acupuncture device,density waves,stimulate con-tinuously each 30 minutes,in ischemia-reperfusion 2h laterthe 1st electro-acupuncture stimulation,and then Electro-acu-puncture in every 12h and cardiac reperfusion therapy lh fixedbefore the last.Detection of the use of behavioral observa-tions of rats in each group score of neurological symptoms;theuse of immunohistochemistry of the cortex of ischemic ratsmicrovessel count,platelet-derived growth factor(PDGF)andits receptor(PDGF-R)protein expression changes;the use ofin situ hybridization detection of the ischemic rat cerebralcortex changes in TGF-βlmRNA and further analysis of theindicators of spatial and temporal changes in the law and theeffects of electro-acupuncture intervention.
     Results:
     (1)Electro-acupuncture groups which is evaluated byneurological deficit score is compared with model groups byld,2d,4d,,8d group after reperfusion,which significantlyimprove the nerve missing sign of the rats and whose scores weresignificantly different from the model ones(p<0.01,p<0.05).
     (2)Model group,the expression of CD34 microvascular increase rapidly in 1d after reperfusion,and sustainly to 8dreperfusion.The expression of CD34 around necrosis of cerebralcortex was increased significantly and intensively with strongpositive expression,the cytoplasm of endothelial cells inlateral choroidal,ependymal cells and the small vessel aroundshowed brown.The expression of CD34 was basically samebetween electro-acupuncture group and model group,but theelectro-acupuncture one was more.Electro-acupuncture groupcompared with the model group were significantly different fromreperfusion at different time points,(P<0.01 or 0.05).
     (3)In ischemia 30min reperfusion 1d,the immune stainingof PDGF-B and PDGFR-βenhanced,which mainly located inischemic and microglia,astrocytes and endothelial cellsaround.PDGF-B immunostaining specificially in neuronssurrounding the infarct area in 4th day significantly increasedand the number of positive cells also increased.And thespecific immune of PDGFR-βstaining in significantly enhancedin 8th day after ischemia-reperfusion.The expression ofPDGF-BandPDGFR-βin electro-acupuncture group after reper-fusion from ld to 8d increased more than those in model groupsignificantly(P<0.05),whose zone of expression is the sameroughly as the model group,but the cytoplasm stained a deeper,broader
     (4)Expression of TGF-βlmRNA in ischemic zone increasedsignificantly in ld after ischemia-reperfusion.That reachedthe peak in 2d after reperfusion,and continued to 8d.Aftertreatment of electro-acupuncture,compared to the same periodof the model group,the expression of TGF-βlmRNA inelectro-acupuncture ld,2d group significantly increased, while there is an increasing trend that expression of positiveceils of TGF-βlmRNA the electro-acupuncture 4d,8d group ofischemic brain tissue was more than the corresponding modelgroup,but no statistical significance(P>0.05).
     Conclusion:
     Electroacupuncture can improve effectively neurologicaldeficit score after ischemic rat brain,not only early andimproving the prognosis in 8d group is still effective later,and promote its recovery of neurological function.By theCD34marker,the microvessel count of electro-acupuncture inischemic areas was more significantly increased than the model,indicating that one of mechanism how electro-acupuncture toimprove the neurological symptoms of cerebral ischemia is topromote the formation of new blood vessels after ischemia-reperfusion.
     Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion can induce the expression ofPDGF-B,PDGFR-βand TGF-βlmRNA.Compensatory increase in itsexpression suggesting that they involved cascade of brain cellsin ischemia-reperfusion,and make a role of protection in thehealing process of the brain injury.Electro-acupunctureactivated mechanism of endogenous angiogenesis,which relatedto the increase of expression of PDGF-B,PDGFR-βand TGF-βlmRNA.By further analysis of expression of PDGF-B,PDGFR-βand TGF-βlmRNA in each ischemic group,we thought that themechanism of TGF-βlmRNA maybe that acupuncture promoteangiogenesis to play a key point against hypoxic-ischemic braindamage.
     Electroacupuncture compared to mechanism of exogenous“supplementary”have many advantages,but the electro-acupun- cture activate endogenous reaction is also limited.Therefore,how to further stimulate the potential of body achieve controlof accurately,timely and appropriate amount,and play the bestvascular effects,which is the direction of the current study.
引文
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