凡纳滨对虾饲料配方优化及几种饲料添加剂的应用
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摘要
本文选择我国目前产量最高的对虾凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)为研究对象,以实用饲料配方为基础,在室内静水养殖系统(260 L)和室外水泥池(2.0×2.0×1.5m)中进行为期8周或10周的摄食生长实验。(1)探讨了对虾实用饲料中最适蛋白能量比,对虾对碳水化合物的代谢及利用,对虾饲料中适宜的脂肪源配比以及糖蜜在饲料中的应用。(2)探讨了在凡纳滨对虾饲料中添加几种绿色添加剂益生菌、半胱胺、低聚木糖、甘露寡糖、果寡糖以及益生菌和寡糖联用的应用效果及其机理。主要研究内容如下:
1.以初始体重为0.09±0.002g的凡纳滨对虾为研究对象,研究不同蛋白能量比饲料对凡纳滨对虾生长、体组成及代谢的影响。分别设置4个蛋白质水平(30%、34%、38%和42%),每个蛋白质水平设置3个脂肪水平(5%、7.5%和10%),配制出12种实验饲料(其蛋白能量比变动范围为21.0-33.1mg蛋白/kJ)。每个处理设3个重复,每个玻璃钢桶(260L)放养凡纳滨对虾苗30尾,养殖实验持续10周。实验结果表明,不同蛋白能量比饲料显著影响对虾的生长。其中,投喂30%蛋白质饲料及42%蛋白质(10%脂肪)饲料组对虾特定生长率最低。当饲料蛋白质水平为34%-42%时,除42%蛋白质(10%脂肪)饲料外,各饲料组生长均无显著差异。与投喂低脂肪组(5%)饲料相比,投喂较高脂肪水平组(7.5%)能一定程度提高对虾的生长,但继续提高饲料脂肪含量(10%)反而有使对虾生长呈下降的趋势。对虾在投喂42%蛋白质(7.5%脂肪)时有最高的特定生长率。然而,投喂34%蛋白质(7.5%脂肪)饲料组的特定生长率与42%蛋白(7.5%脂肪)组之间没有显著差异,而具有更高的蛋白质效率、能量保留率及饲料效率。不同蛋白能量比饲料对对虾中肠腺蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力没有显著影响,而高脂肪含量(10%)的饲料有使对虾血清谷草转氨酶(GOT)与谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活力降低的趋势,而血清尿素氮含量表现为相反的趋势。在不同蛋白水平下,血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇、虾体脂肪含量及虾体能量都有随饲料脂肪含量的升高而升高的趋势。在本实验条件下,凡纳滨对虾最适蛋白及脂肪需求分别为34%和7.5%,最适蛋白能量比为25.1mg蛋白质/kJ。饲料中脂肪含量增加对饲料蛋白质没有明显的节约作用。
2.以凡纳滨对虾幼虾(初始体重0.17±0.00g)为研究对象,进行8周饲喂试验,探讨饲料不同水平碳水化合物(CBH)对凡纳滨对虾生长、代谢及蛋白质节约效果的影响。饲料CBH水平分别设计为13.82%(45.86%蛋白质)、19.41%(42.01%蛋白质)、25.72(37.82%蛋白质)、31.80(33.31%蛋白质)及38.20%(29.01%蛋白质)五个梯度。实验结果显示,最低CBH饲料组成活率最低,其余各组间差异不显著。生长率随饲料CBH的升高有降低的趋势,但饲料蛋白从45.86%降低到37.82%,CBH从13.82%升高到25.72%时,对虾生长差异不显著。随饲料CBH升高(蛋白降低),肠道蛋白酶活力有随之降低的趋势,而淀粉酶活力有先升高后降低的趋势,当饲料CBH含量为25.72%时,淀粉酶活力最高,糖苷酶以饲料CBH为13.82%时活力最低。不同CBH水平饲料显著影响了对虾血糖、血清蛋白及肠道可溶性蛋白含量(P<0.05),其含量均为最低CBH饲料组最低,其中血糖含量在饲料CBH为25.72%时达饱和,其含量并不随饲料CBH的进一步升高而升高。不同CBH水平饲料显著影响了虾体粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量(P<0.05),其粗蛋白含量随饲料CBH含量的增加有降低的趋势,而粗脂肪和能量有相反的趋势。以上结果表明:凡纳滨对虾对CBH的需要量不能低于19.41%,且饲料CBH对蛋白有适量的节约作用。
3.以鱼粉,豆粕为蛋白源,商业饲料配方中脂肪(油)的添加量设定为3%。配置8种不同比例的鱼油、豆油和磷脂油饲料,其比例关系设置为(3:0:0、0:3:0、0:0:3、1:1:1、0:1:2、1:0:2、0:2:1、2:0:1)。凡纳滨对虾平均初始体重为0.08±0.00g,每个处理设3个重复,每个玻璃钢桶(260L)放养凡纳滨对虾30尾,养殖实验持续10周。实验研究结果显示,凡纳滨对虾摄食不同脂肪源饲料特定生长率(SGR)没有显著性差异。其成活率各组间差异显著(P<0.05),没有添加磷脂油的饲料组成活率最低,添加了磷脂油的各组差异不显著。其肝脏和肌肉脂肪酸组成在一定程度上反映了饲料的脂肪酸的组成。与饲料及肝脏相比,肌肉中C18:2n-6和C18:3n-3含量降低,而C18:00、C20:4n-6、EPA、DHA及n-3/n-6脂肪酸比值升高。饲料中添加磷脂油有提高血清蛋白浓度的趋势。3%磷脂油的饲料显著提高了血清甘油三酯的含量(P<0.05)。饲料中添加磷脂油有增加血清胆固醇含量的趋势,3%的鱼油组血清胆固醇含量显著低于其他添加磷脂的饲料组(P<0.05),添加1%豆油和2%磷脂油的饲料组血清胆固醇含量显著高于其它含磷脂油的饲料组(P<0.05),含磷脂油的其余饲料组的血清胆固醇含量差异不显著。3%鱼油组的血清甘油三酯和胆固醇含量最低。血清游离脂肪酸含量以3%磷脂油组含量最高,但各组没有统计上的差异。本实验研究结果表明:在饲料中添加34%鱼粉的条件下,可以在饲料中用磷脂油替代鱼油来降低饲料成本。
4.以初始体重为0.08±0.00g的凡纳滨对虾为研究对象,进行10周饲喂试验,探讨饲料中添加糖蜜对凡纳滨对虾生长、中肠腺消化酶活力及体成分的影响。以基础饲料为对照组,配制糖蜜含量分别为2.2%、4.4%、6.6%的3种实验饲料。实验结果表明,饲料中添加4.4%糖蜜的实验组特定生长率及饲料效率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。各饲料组中肠腺蛋白酶活力和淀粉酶活力差异不显著,而糖苷酶活力差异显著(P<0.05),其中添加4.4%糖蜜的糖苷酶活力显著高于对照组(P<0.05),随饲料中糖蜜水平的增加,淀粉酶活力和糖苷酶活力均有先升高后降低的趋势。不同饲料组对虾粗蛋白及粗脂肪含量无显著差异,但饲料中添加糖蜜提高了虾体灰分含量。本实验研究结果表明:饲料中添加4.4%糖蜜有很好的促生长效果。
5.以初始体重为(0.11±0.00)g的凡纳滨对虾为研究对象,在室外水泥池进行10周饲喂实验,探讨饲料中单一或复合益生菌对凡纳滨对虾生长、消化酶活力、肠道和粪便菌群及免疫力的影响。以基础饲料为对照组,在基础饲料中分别添加五种益生菌:地衣芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、复合益生菌虾乐333、地衣+枯草(1:1)、虾乐333+地衣+枯草(1:1:1),配制5种实验饲料(添加量为1g/kg饲料)。实验结果显示,复合益生菌组生长显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而单一益生菌组与对照组差异不显著。饲料中添加益生菌能使对虾肠道蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力升高,其中复合益生菌组淀粉酶活力显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。与对照组比,饲料中添加益生菌显著降低了肠道及粪便弧菌数(P<0.05),提高了对虾血清蛋白浓度、酚氧化酶活力、溶菌酶和总抗氧化力,其中添加复合益生菌能使血清蛋白浓度及溶菌酶活力显著提高(P<0.05)。上述结果表明,与单一益生菌相比,复合益生菌对凡纳滨对虾的生长、免疫力具有更好的促进作用。
6.以基础饲料(参考商业饲料配方)为对照组,在基础饲料(40%粗蛋白,7%粗脂肪)中分别添加0.01%和0.05%的盐酸半胱胺,其中0.01%的盐酸半胱胺为连续投喂,0.05%的盐酸半胱胺以每五天投喂一天,同时以添加抗生素(5mg/kg黄霉素)作为生长对比。实验结果显示,饲料中添加盐酸半胱胺和黄霉素均能显著提高对虾成活率和特定生长率(P<0.05),添加盐酸半胱胺有比抗生素更高的生长效果,其中0.01%的盐酸半胱胺组与抗生素组差异显著(P<0.05)。各饲料组中肠腺蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力差异不显著。饲料中两种添加方式的盐酸半胱胺均显著提高了凡纳滨对虾血糖含量和血清生长激素,显著降低了血清尿素氮及胆固醇含量(P<0.05),与对照相比,0.05%的盐酸半胱胺组显著提高了对虾血清的蛋白含量(P<0.05)。各饲料组抗氧化力差异不显著。上述结果表明,两种添加方式的盐酸半胱胺均能显著提高对虾生长,其添加效果好于抗生素。
7.以基础饲料(参考商业饲料配方)为对照组,在基础饲料配方(40%粗蛋白,7%粗脂肪)中分别添加0.02%和0.04%的低聚木糖,同时以添加抗生素(5mg/kg黄霉素)作为生长对比。实验结果显示,与对照组相比,饲料中添加低聚木糖和抗生素显著提高对虾成活率(P<0.05),其中0.02%低聚木糖显著提高了对虾的生长(P<0.05),其生长效果与添加抗生素效果相当。饲料中添加低聚木糖能显著降低肠道好氧菌总数和弧菌总数(P<0.05),其中添加0.02%低聚木糖显著提高肠道双歧杆菌数(P<0.05)。与对照组比,添加0.02%的低聚木糖能显著提高肠道蛋白酶及中肠腺蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力(P<0.05),但添加0.04%低聚木糖组与对照组差异不显著。饲料中添加低聚木糖能显著降低血清胆固醇和尿素氮含量(P<0.05)。与对照组比,饲料中添加0.02%低聚木糖显著降低了虾体粗脂肪含量(P<0.05)。饲料中添加低聚木糖对对虾免疫力有一定提高,饲料中添加0.02%低聚木糖显著提高了对虾血细胞数,血清酚氧化酶活力及总抗氧化酶活力(P<0.05),0.04%低聚木糖显著提高了对虾血细胞数及对虾超氧化歧化酶活力(P<0.05)。饲料中添加低聚木糖能一定程度减少感染弧菌后的死亡率,但与对照组没有显著性差异。上述结果表明,饲料中添加0.02%低聚木糖能促进对虾生长,其添加效果与抗生素相当。
8.以基础饲料(参考商业饲料配方)为对照组,在基础饲料配方(40%粗蛋白,7%粗脂肪)中分别添加0.1%甘露寡糖,0.4%果寡糖、0.1%复合益生菌、0.2%果寡糖+0.05%甘露寡糖、0.1%甘露寡糖+ 0.1%复合益生菌、0.4%果寡糖+ 0.1%复合益生菌、0.05%甘露寡糖+0.2%果寡糖+0.1%复合益生菌,配制7种实验饲料。探讨饲料中寡糖、益生菌单独或合用对凡纳滨对虾生长、免疫及肠道细菌的影响。实验结果显示,饲料中添加寡糖、益生菌及不同形式的配伍能显著提高对虾养殖前期特定生长率(0d-28d)(除0.1%的甘露寡糖组外),但各实验组间差异不显著(除0.1%的甘露寡糖组外),益生菌与寡糖合用的生长效果好于单一的生长效果,但差异不显著。饲料中添加寡糖、益生菌及不同形式的配伍均不能提高对虾后期(28d-56d)的特定生长率。饲料中添加寡糖、益生菌及不同形式的配伍均能显著提高对虾粪便好氧菌总数(P<0.05),显著降低粪便弧菌总数(P<0.05),但各实验组差异不显著。实验组有比对照组更低的肠道好氧菌总数、弧菌总数及更高的双歧杆菌总数,其中肠道好氧菌总数和弧菌总数与对照组比差异显著(除0.1%甘露寡糖组外)(P<0.05)。益生菌、寡糖两种或三种合用肠道弧菌总数低于单一的添加组。饲料中添加寡糖、益生菌及不同形式的配伍均能显著降低对虾血清胆固醇含量(除添加单一的益生菌组外)(P<0.05)。实验组有比对照组更高的血糖含量,与对照组比,益生菌及益生菌与寡糖的复合组血糖含量显著提高(P<0.05)。上述结果表明,益生菌、寡糖单独或合并使用均能改善对虾肠道微生物菌群,促进对虾前期的生长。
Eight feeding trials were conducted indoor culture system and outdoor cement tanks to investigate the optimal dietary protein to energy (P/E) ratio, the effects of different dietary carbohydrate levels on growth and metabolism, the nutritional value of menhaden oil, soybean oil and soybean lecithin at different ratios in practical diets and some environmental friendly feed additive application on juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei. Results of the present study are presented as follows:
1. A 10-week feeding experiment was conducted to estimate the optimal dietary protein to energy (P/E) ratio for juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (initial average weight 0.09±0.002 g). Twelve practical test diets were formulated to contain four protein levels (30%, 34%, 38% and 42%) at three lipid levels (5%, 7.5% and 10%) with P/E ratios ranging from 21.0 to 33.1 mg protein kJ-1. Each diet was randomly fed to triplicate groups of 30 shrimps per tank (260 l). The water temperature was 28.5±2°C and the salinity was 28±1, pH from 8.0-8.1 during the experimental period. The results showed that the growth was significantly affected by dietary P/E ratio (P<0.05). Shrimps fed the diets containing 30% protein and 42% protein (10% lipid) showed the poorest growth. When dietary protein levels increased from 34% to 42%, growth was slightly but not significantly higher in shrimp fed the diets with 7.5% lipid than in shrimp fed the diets with 5% and 10% lipid except for 42% protein (10% lipid). Shrimp fed the diet with 42% protein and 7.5% lipid had the highest SGR. Meanwhile shrimp fed the diet with 34% protein and 7.5% lipid showed comparable growth with that of group fed 42% protein and 7.5% lipid. However, the fish fed the diet with 34% protein and 7.5% lipid had higher protein efficiency ratio (PER), energy retention (ER) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) (P<0.05) than that of group fed 42% protein and 7.5% lipid. No significant differences on protease and amylase activity of midgut gland were found among dietary treatments. At the same protein level, serum glutamate–oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate–pyruviate transaminase (GPT) activities showed decreasing trends with increasing dietary lipid levels from 7.5% to 10%. The urea nitrogen, however, showed converse trend. Triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) in the serum of shrimp increased with increasing dietary lipid level at each dietary protein level. Body lipid and energy increased with increasing dietary lipid level irrespective of dietary protein levels. Results of the present study showed that the diet containing 34% protein and 7.5% lipid with P/E of 25.1 mg protein kJ-1 is optimum for L. vannamei, and increase of dietary lipid level has not efficient protein-sparing effect.
2. The effects of different dietary carbohydrate levels on growth and metabolism of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (initial average weight 0.17±0.00g) were evaluated using practical diets. The fishmeal and defatted soybean meal was used as main protein source, fish oil and lecithin was used as main lipid source and wheat meal as the carbohydrate. Five iso-lipidic (7% crude lipid) practical test diets were formulated to contain five carbohydrate levels (13.82, 19.41, 25.72, 31.80 and 38.20%), respective protein levels were 45.90, 42.41, 39.02, 34.41, 29.10%, respectively. Each diet was randomly fed to triplicate groups of 40 shrimps per tank (260 l) for 8 weeks. The water temperature was 28.5±2°C and the salinity was 28±1 during the experimental period. The results showed that the survival and growth was significantly affected by dietary carbohydrate levels (P<0.05). Shrimps fed the diets containing the lowest carbohydrate level (45.9% protein) showed the lowest survival, but no significant differences in survival were found among other treatments. When dietary carbohydrate level increased from 13.82 to 25.72 and protein level decreased from 45.90 to 39.02, no significant differences in growth were found. No significant differences on protease, amylase and a-glucosidase activity of intestine and muscle glycogen were found among dietary treatments. Glucose in hemolymph, protein in hemolymph and protein in intestine was significantly affected by dietary carbohydrate levels (P<0.05), and they are all the lowest concentrations in the lowest dietary carbohydrate levels (13.82%). Body protein content decreased with increasing dietary carbohydrate levels, and body lipid and body energy showed converse trend. The present results suggested that the diet containing 13.82% carbohydrate may not be enough to cover the carbohydrate requirement, and increase of dietary carbohydrate level has a little efficient protein-sparing effect.
3. A 10-week feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of menhaden oil (MO), soybean oil (SO) and soybean lecithin oil (SL) at different ratios (MO/SO/SL) in practical diets for juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei by determining their effects on survival, growth, blood chemistry and fatty acid composition of hepatopancreas and muscle tissue. Eight experimental isonitrogenous (crude protein content: 40.4%) and isolipidic (crude lipid content: 6.7%) diets were formulated using 3% MO(3/0/0), 3% SO(0/3/0), 3% SL(0/0/3), 1% MO + 1% SO + 1% SL (1/1/1), 1% SO + 2% SL (0/1/2), 1% MO + 2% SL (1/0/2), 2% SO + 1% SL (0/2/1) and 2% MO + 1% SL (2/0/1), respectively. Each diet was randomly fed to triplicate groups of 30 shrimps (initial weight 0.08±0.00 g) per tank (260 l). Water temperature was 28.5±2oC and salinity was 28.0±1, pH from 8.0-8.1 during the experimental period. At the end of growth trial, survivals of shrimp fed the 3% MO and 3% SO diets were lowest among dietary treatments. However, no significant differences in survival were observed among the dietary treatments containing SL. No significant difference in growth among dietary treatments was observed. The fatty acid (FA) composition of hepatopancreas and muscle tissue reflected, to a certain extent, FA composition of the test diets. Shrimp fed the 3% SL diets showed significantly higher triglyceride (TG) concentration in serum than those fed the other experiment diets (P<0.05). Total protein, total cholesterol (TC) and phospholipid (PL) concentration in serum showed increased trends when shrimp fed the diets supplemented of PL. The free fatty acids (FFA) in serum of shrimp fed the 3%SL diets showed relatively higher concentration than other treatments, but no significant differences were found among the dietary treatment. The results of the present study showed fish oil may be replaced by SL in the practical diets.
4. A 10-week feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary molasses on the growth, digestive enzyme and body composition of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (initial average weight 0.08±0.00g). The basal diet was used as control, the trial diets were designed with 3 added levels of molasses which were mixed with the basal diet. The added levels of molasses were 0.22%, 0.44%, 0.66%, respectively.Each diet was randomly fed to triplicate groups of 30 shrimps (initial weight 0.08±0.00g) per tank (260 l). Water temperature was 28.5±2oC and salinity was 28.0±1, pH from 8.0-8.1 during the experimental period. The results showed that shrimps fed the diets containing molasses showed higher growth than those fed the control diet, and significantly higher growth was observed in shrimp fed dietary 4.4% molasses than in shrimp fed control diet (P<0.05). No significant differences on protease and amylase activities of midgut gland were found among dietary treatments, and significant differences on a-glucosidase activity of midgut gland wereobserved among the dietary treatment, the shrimp fed the diet with supplementation 4.4% molasses showed significant a-glucosidase activity of midgut gland than that of the control group. The present results suggested that the diet added 4.4% molasses can improve growth of shrimp.
5. A 10-week feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of single and compound probiotic in outdoor cement tank (2.0×2.0×1.5 m) on growth, digestive enzyme of intestinal, bacteria of intestinal and fecal, immunity of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (initial average weight 0.11±0.00g). Using fish meal and defatted soybean meal as main protein sources, menhaden fish oil and soybean lecithin oil as the lipid source, wheat meal as the carbohydrate source. Shrimp were fed six different diets: control (nonsupplemented); or diet supplemented with 107 cfu g-1 Bacillus licheniformis; or with 107 cfu g-1 Bacillus subtilis; or with 107 cfu g-1 compound probiotic xiale 333; or with 0.5×107 cfu g-1 Bacillus licheniformis and 0.5×107 cfu g-1 Bacillus subtilis; or with 0.33×107 cfu g-1 xiale 333 and 0.33×107 cfu g-1 Bacillus licheniformis and 0.33×107 cfu g-1 Bacillus subtilis, respectively. Each diet was randomly fed to triplicate groups of 300 shrimps per cement tank. The water temperature was 29±3°C and the salinity was 26±3 during the experimental period. The results showed that shrimp fed compound probiotic showed relatively higher growth compared with the control diet (P<0.05), however, no significant differences in growth were observed between the single probiotic groups and the control group. The survival ranged from 76.83% to 85.67% and was not significantly different among the dietary treatments (P>0.05). Shrimp fed the diet with supplementation of probiotic could improve the activities of protease and amylase in intestine, and the activities of amylase was significantly higher in shrimp fed the compound probitic (P<0.05) than that of the control group. The probiotic could significantly (P<0.05) decrease the number of Vibrio in intestine and fecal and improve immunity of shrimp, such as: Total hemocyte counts, serum protein concentration, serum lysozyme activity, serum phenoloxidase activity (PO), serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), antioxidative capacity (T-AOC). And the compound probiotic could significantly increase (P<0.05) serum protein concentration and lysozyme activity compared with the control, however, no significant differences were observed between the single probiotic groups and the control group. The present results suggested that the diet added probiotic can improve growth and immunity of shrimp, and compound probiotic showed better effect than single one.
6. A 8-week feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of two different Cysteamine addition way on growth, digestive enzyme and immune of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (initial average weight 0.27±0.00g). The basal diet was used as control, the trial diets were designed with 2 added levels of Cysteamine which were mixed with the basal diet, one added level is 0.01%, the other added level is interval addition Cysteamine (fed 0.05% Cysteamine one day every five days), and 5mg/kg flavomycin addition as the other control on growth. The water temperature was 29±3°C and the salinity was 28±1 during the experimental period. The results showed that shrimps fed the diets containing cystermine and flavomycin showed higher growth than those fed the control diet (P<0.05), Compared with the flavomycin addition group, interval addition cysteamine group showed the higher growth (P<0.05). No significant differences on protease and amylase activities of midgut gland were found among dietary treatments. Glucose content and GH activities in the serum of shrimp fed Cysteamine was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of the control group, and total cholesterol (TC) and urea nitrogen in the serum of shrimp fed Cysteamine was significantly lower (P<0.05) than that of the control group. Compared with the contrast group, interval addition Cysteamine group improved significantly (P<0.05) serum protein concentration. No significant differences on antioxidant activities of serum were found among dietary treatments. The present results suggested that the diet added cysteamine can improve growth, interval addition cysteamine showed better growth effect than flavomycin.
7. A 10-week feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of xylooligo saccharides (XOS) on growth, digestive enzyme, bacteria of intestinal and immune of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (initial average weight 0.27±0.00g). The basal diet was used as control, the trial diets were designed with 2 added levels of XOS which were mixed with the basal diet. The added levels of XOS were 0.02%, 0.04%, respectively, and 5mg/kg flavomycin addition as the other control on growth. The water temperature was 29±3°C and the salinity was 28±1 during the experimental period. The results showed that shrimps fed the diets containing 0.02% XOS and flavomycin showed higher growth than those fed the control diet (P<0.05). Higher activities of protease and amylase of midgut gland and protease of intestinal were observed when shrimp fed the diets with 0.02% XOS than that of the control group (P<0.05). The XOS additive could significantly (P<0.05) decrease the number of total bacteria counts and Vibrio counts of intestinal compared with control, and 0.02% XOS additive could significantly (P<0.05) increase the number of bifidobacteria bacteria counts of intestinal compared with control. Total cholesterol (TC) in the serum of shrimp fed XOS was significantly lower (P<0.05) than that of the control group. The XOS additive could significantly (P<0.05) decrease the body lipid. Shrimp fed the diets with 0.02% XOS shower higher hemocytes, phenoloxidase (PO) and total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC) activities than those fed control diets. The present results suggested that the diet added 0.02% XOS can improve growth and immune of shrimp.
8. A 8-week feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects and the interactions of compound probiotics and oligosaccharides on growth, microbial population and serum biochemical index in juvenile litopenaeus vannamei (initial average weight 0.56±0.00g). Using fish meal and defatted soybean meal as main protein sources, menhaden fish oil and soybean lecithin oil as the lipid source, wheat meal as the carbohydrate source. Shrimp were fed eight different diets: control (nonsupplemented); or diet supplemented with 0.1%MOS; or with 0.4% FOS; or with 107 cfu g-1 compound probiotic; or with 0.05% MOS and 0.2% FOS; or with 107 cfu g-1 compound probiotic and 0.05% MOS; or with 107 cfu g-1 compound probiotic and 0.2% FOS; or with 107 cfu g-1 compound probiotic and 0.2% FOS and 0.05% FOS, respectively. Each diet was randomly fed to triplicate groups of 35 shrimps per tank (260 l). The water temperature was 29±3°C and the salinity was 28±1 during the experimental period. The results showed that shrimp fed the trial diets showed relatively higher growth compared with the shrimp fed control diet except for 0.1% MOS group at first 28 day (P<0.05), and the combinations of probiotics with oligosaccharides groups showed higher growth than single probiotics and oligosaccharides groups. However, no significant differences in growth were observed between the trial groups and the control group from 28 day to 56 day. The probiotics and oligosaccharides significantly (P<0.05) decrease the number of Vibrio in intestine and fecal and significantly (P<0.05) increase total bacteria counts fecal. The combinations of probiotics with oligosaccharides groups had fewer the number of Vibrio in intestine than single probiotics and oligosaccharides groups. The oligosaccharides and the combinations of probiotics with oligosaccharides could significantly (P<0.05) decrease serum total cholesterol (TC) content, and the probiotics and the combinations of probiotics and oligosaccharides significantly increase (P<0.05) content of serum glucose of shrimp. In conclusion, the addition of probiotics and oligosaccharides alone or combined in the diet improved microbial population status and growth of shrimp at only first 4 week feeding.
1.以初始体重为0.09±0.002g的凡纳滨对虾为研究对象,研究不同蛋白能量比饲料对凡纳滨对虾生长、体组成及代谢的影响。分别设置4个蛋白质水平(30%、34%、38%和42%),每个蛋白质水平设置3个脂肪水平(5%、7.5%和10%),配制出12种实验饲料(其蛋白能量比变动范围为21.0-33.1mg蛋白/kJ)。每个处理设3个重复,每个玻璃钢桶(260L)放养凡纳滨对虾苗30尾,养殖实验持续10周。实验结果表明,不同蛋白能量比饲料显著影响对虾的生长。其中,投喂30%蛋白质饲料及42%蛋白质(10%脂肪)饲料组对虾特定生长率最低。当饲料蛋白质水平为34%-42%时,除42%蛋白质(10%脂肪)饲料外,各饲料组生长均无显著差异。与投喂低脂肪组(5%)饲料相比,投喂较高脂肪水平组(7.5%)能一定程度提高对虾的生长,但继续提高饲料脂肪含量(10%)反而有使对虾生长呈下降的趋势。对虾在投喂42%蛋白质(7.5%脂肪)时有最高的特定生长率。然而,投喂34%蛋白质(7.5%脂肪)饲料组的特定生长率与42%蛋白(7.5%脂肪)组之间没有显著差异,而具有更高的蛋白质效率、能量保留率及饲料效率。不同蛋白能量比饲料对对虾中肠腺蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力没有显著影响,而高脂肪含量(10%)的饲料有使对虾血清谷草转氨酶(GOT)与谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活力降低的趋势,而血清尿素氮含量表现为相反的趋势。在不同蛋白水平下,血清甘油三酯、总胆固醇、虾体脂肪含量及虾体能量都有随饲料脂肪含量的升高而升高的趋势。在本实验条件下,凡纳滨对虾最适蛋白及脂肪需求分别为34%和7.5%,最适蛋白能量比为25.1mg蛋白质/kJ。饲料中脂肪含量增加对饲料蛋白质没有明显的节约作用。
2.以凡纳滨对虾幼虾(初始体重0.17±0.00g)为研究对象,进行8周饲喂试验,探讨饲料不同水平碳水化合物(CBH)对凡纳滨对虾生长、代谢及蛋白质节约效果的影响。饲料CBH水平分别设计为13.82%(45.86%蛋白质)、19.41%(42.01%蛋白质)、25.72(37.82%蛋白质)、31.80(33.31%蛋白质)及38.20%(29.01%蛋白质)五个梯度。实验结果显示,最低CBH饲料组成活率最低,其余各组间差异不显著。生长率随饲料CBH的升高有降低的趋势,但饲料蛋白从45.86%降低到37.82%,CBH从13.82%升高到25.72%时,对虾生长差异不显著。随饲料CBH升高(蛋白降低),肠道蛋白酶活力有随之降低的趋势,而淀粉酶活力有先升高后降低的趋势,当饲料CBH含量为25.72%时,淀粉酶活力最高,糖苷酶以饲料CBH为13.82%时活力最低。不同CBH水平饲料显著影响了对虾血糖、血清蛋白及肠道可溶性蛋白含量(P<0.05),其含量均为最低CBH饲料组最低,其中血糖含量在饲料CBH为25.72%时达饱和,其含量并不随饲料CBH的进一步升高而升高。不同CBH水平饲料显著影响了虾体粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量(P<0.05),其粗蛋白含量随饲料CBH含量的增加有降低的趋势,而粗脂肪和能量有相反的趋势。以上结果表明:凡纳滨对虾对CBH的需要量不能低于19.41%,且饲料CBH对蛋白有适量的节约作用。
3.以鱼粉,豆粕为蛋白源,商业饲料配方中脂肪(油)的添加量设定为3%。配置8种不同比例的鱼油、豆油和磷脂油饲料,其比例关系设置为(3:0:0、0:3:0、0:0:3、1:1:1、0:1:2、1:0:2、0:2:1、2:0:1)。凡纳滨对虾平均初始体重为0.08±0.00g,每个处理设3个重复,每个玻璃钢桶(260L)放养凡纳滨对虾30尾,养殖实验持续10周。实验研究结果显示,凡纳滨对虾摄食不同脂肪源饲料特定生长率(SGR)没有显著性差异。其成活率各组间差异显著(P<0.05),没有添加磷脂油的饲料组成活率最低,添加了磷脂油的各组差异不显著。其肝脏和肌肉脂肪酸组成在一定程度上反映了饲料的脂肪酸的组成。与饲料及肝脏相比,肌肉中C18:2n-6和C18:3n-3含量降低,而C18:00、C20:4n-6、EPA、DHA及n-3/n-6脂肪酸比值升高。饲料中添加磷脂油有提高血清蛋白浓度的趋势。3%磷脂油的饲料显著提高了血清甘油三酯的含量(P<0.05)。饲料中添加磷脂油有增加血清胆固醇含量的趋势,3%的鱼油组血清胆固醇含量显著低于其他添加磷脂的饲料组(P<0.05),添加1%豆油和2%磷脂油的饲料组血清胆固醇含量显著高于其它含磷脂油的饲料组(P<0.05),含磷脂油的其余饲料组的血清胆固醇含量差异不显著。3%鱼油组的血清甘油三酯和胆固醇含量最低。血清游离脂肪酸含量以3%磷脂油组含量最高,但各组没有统计上的差异。本实验研究结果表明:在饲料中添加34%鱼粉的条件下,可以在饲料中用磷脂油替代鱼油来降低饲料成本。
4.以初始体重为0.08±0.00g的凡纳滨对虾为研究对象,进行10周饲喂试验,探讨饲料中添加糖蜜对凡纳滨对虾生长、中肠腺消化酶活力及体成分的影响。以基础饲料为对照组,配制糖蜜含量分别为2.2%、4.4%、6.6%的3种实验饲料。实验结果表明,饲料中添加4.4%糖蜜的实验组特定生长率及饲料效率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。各饲料组中肠腺蛋白酶活力和淀粉酶活力差异不显著,而糖苷酶活力差异显著(P<0.05),其中添加4.4%糖蜜的糖苷酶活力显著高于对照组(P<0.05),随饲料中糖蜜水平的增加,淀粉酶活力和糖苷酶活力均有先升高后降低的趋势。不同饲料组对虾粗蛋白及粗脂肪含量无显著差异,但饲料中添加糖蜜提高了虾体灰分含量。本实验研究结果表明:饲料中添加4.4%糖蜜有很好的促生长效果。
5.以初始体重为(0.11±0.00)g的凡纳滨对虾为研究对象,在室外水泥池进行10周饲喂实验,探讨饲料中单一或复合益生菌对凡纳滨对虾生长、消化酶活力、肠道和粪便菌群及免疫力的影响。以基础饲料为对照组,在基础饲料中分别添加五种益生菌:地衣芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、复合益生菌虾乐333、地衣+枯草(1:1)、虾乐333+地衣+枯草(1:1:1),配制5种实验饲料(添加量为1g/kg饲料)。实验结果显示,复合益生菌组生长显著高于对照组(P<0.05),而单一益生菌组与对照组差异不显著。饲料中添加益生菌能使对虾肠道蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力升高,其中复合益生菌组淀粉酶活力显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。与对照组比,饲料中添加益生菌显著降低了肠道及粪便弧菌数(P<0.05),提高了对虾血清蛋白浓度、酚氧化酶活力、溶菌酶和总抗氧化力,其中添加复合益生菌能使血清蛋白浓度及溶菌酶活力显著提高(P<0.05)。上述结果表明,与单一益生菌相比,复合益生菌对凡纳滨对虾的生长、免疫力具有更好的促进作用。
6.以基础饲料(参考商业饲料配方)为对照组,在基础饲料(40%粗蛋白,7%粗脂肪)中分别添加0.01%和0.05%的盐酸半胱胺,其中0.01%的盐酸半胱胺为连续投喂,0.05%的盐酸半胱胺以每五天投喂一天,同时以添加抗生素(5mg/kg黄霉素)作为生长对比。实验结果显示,饲料中添加盐酸半胱胺和黄霉素均能显著提高对虾成活率和特定生长率(P<0.05),添加盐酸半胱胺有比抗生素更高的生长效果,其中0.01%的盐酸半胱胺组与抗生素组差异显著(P<0.05)。各饲料组中肠腺蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力差异不显著。饲料中两种添加方式的盐酸半胱胺均显著提高了凡纳滨对虾血糖含量和血清生长激素,显著降低了血清尿素氮及胆固醇含量(P<0.05),与对照相比,0.05%的盐酸半胱胺组显著提高了对虾血清的蛋白含量(P<0.05)。各饲料组抗氧化力差异不显著。上述结果表明,两种添加方式的盐酸半胱胺均能显著提高对虾生长,其添加效果好于抗生素。
7.以基础饲料(参考商业饲料配方)为对照组,在基础饲料配方(40%粗蛋白,7%粗脂肪)中分别添加0.02%和0.04%的低聚木糖,同时以添加抗生素(5mg/kg黄霉素)作为生长对比。实验结果显示,与对照组相比,饲料中添加低聚木糖和抗生素显著提高对虾成活率(P<0.05),其中0.02%低聚木糖显著提高了对虾的生长(P<0.05),其生长效果与添加抗生素效果相当。饲料中添加低聚木糖能显著降低肠道好氧菌总数和弧菌总数(P<0.05),其中添加0.02%低聚木糖显著提高肠道双歧杆菌数(P<0.05)。与对照组比,添加0.02%的低聚木糖能显著提高肠道蛋白酶及中肠腺蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力(P<0.05),但添加0.04%低聚木糖组与对照组差异不显著。饲料中添加低聚木糖能显著降低血清胆固醇和尿素氮含量(P<0.05)。与对照组比,饲料中添加0.02%低聚木糖显著降低了虾体粗脂肪含量(P<0.05)。饲料中添加低聚木糖对对虾免疫力有一定提高,饲料中添加0.02%低聚木糖显著提高了对虾血细胞数,血清酚氧化酶活力及总抗氧化酶活力(P<0.05),0.04%低聚木糖显著提高了对虾血细胞数及对虾超氧化歧化酶活力(P<0.05)。饲料中添加低聚木糖能一定程度减少感染弧菌后的死亡率,但与对照组没有显著性差异。上述结果表明,饲料中添加0.02%低聚木糖能促进对虾生长,其添加效果与抗生素相当。
8.以基础饲料(参考商业饲料配方)为对照组,在基础饲料配方(40%粗蛋白,7%粗脂肪)中分别添加0.1%甘露寡糖,0.4%果寡糖、0.1%复合益生菌、0.2%果寡糖+0.05%甘露寡糖、0.1%甘露寡糖+ 0.1%复合益生菌、0.4%果寡糖+ 0.1%复合益生菌、0.05%甘露寡糖+0.2%果寡糖+0.1%复合益生菌,配制7种实验饲料。探讨饲料中寡糖、益生菌单独或合用对凡纳滨对虾生长、免疫及肠道细菌的影响。实验结果显示,饲料中添加寡糖、益生菌及不同形式的配伍能显著提高对虾养殖前期特定生长率(0d-28d)(除0.1%的甘露寡糖组外),但各实验组间差异不显著(除0.1%的甘露寡糖组外),益生菌与寡糖合用的生长效果好于单一的生长效果,但差异不显著。饲料中添加寡糖、益生菌及不同形式的配伍均不能提高对虾后期(28d-56d)的特定生长率。饲料中添加寡糖、益生菌及不同形式的配伍均能显著提高对虾粪便好氧菌总数(P<0.05),显著降低粪便弧菌总数(P<0.05),但各实验组差异不显著。实验组有比对照组更低的肠道好氧菌总数、弧菌总数及更高的双歧杆菌总数,其中肠道好氧菌总数和弧菌总数与对照组比差异显著(除0.1%甘露寡糖组外)(P<0.05)。益生菌、寡糖两种或三种合用肠道弧菌总数低于单一的添加组。饲料中添加寡糖、益生菌及不同形式的配伍均能显著降低对虾血清胆固醇含量(除添加单一的益生菌组外)(P<0.05)。实验组有比对照组更高的血糖含量,与对照组比,益生菌及益生菌与寡糖的复合组血糖含量显著提高(P<0.05)。上述结果表明,益生菌、寡糖单独或合并使用均能改善对虾肠道微生物菌群,促进对虾前期的生长。
Eight feeding trials were conducted indoor culture system and outdoor cement tanks to investigate the optimal dietary protein to energy (P/E) ratio, the effects of different dietary carbohydrate levels on growth and metabolism, the nutritional value of menhaden oil, soybean oil and soybean lecithin at different ratios in practical diets and some environmental friendly feed additive application on juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei. Results of the present study are presented as follows:
1. A 10-week feeding experiment was conducted to estimate the optimal dietary protein to energy (P/E) ratio for juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (initial average weight 0.09±0.002 g). Twelve practical test diets were formulated to contain four protein levels (30%, 34%, 38% and 42%) at three lipid levels (5%, 7.5% and 10%) with P/E ratios ranging from 21.0 to 33.1 mg protein kJ-1. Each diet was randomly fed to triplicate groups of 30 shrimps per tank (260 l). The water temperature was 28.5±2°C and the salinity was 28±1, pH from 8.0-8.1 during the experimental period. The results showed that the growth was significantly affected by dietary P/E ratio (P<0.05). Shrimps fed the diets containing 30% protein and 42% protein (10% lipid) showed the poorest growth. When dietary protein levels increased from 34% to 42%, growth was slightly but not significantly higher in shrimp fed the diets with 7.5% lipid than in shrimp fed the diets with 5% and 10% lipid except for 42% protein (10% lipid). Shrimp fed the diet with 42% protein and 7.5% lipid had the highest SGR. Meanwhile shrimp fed the diet with 34% protein and 7.5% lipid showed comparable growth with that of group fed 42% protein and 7.5% lipid. However, the fish fed the diet with 34% protein and 7.5% lipid had higher protein efficiency ratio (PER), energy retention (ER) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) (P<0.05) than that of group fed 42% protein and 7.5% lipid. No significant differences on protease and amylase activity of midgut gland were found among dietary treatments. At the same protein level, serum glutamate–oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate–pyruviate transaminase (GPT) activities showed decreasing trends with increasing dietary lipid levels from 7.5% to 10%. The urea nitrogen, however, showed converse trend. Triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) in the serum of shrimp increased with increasing dietary lipid level at each dietary protein level. Body lipid and energy increased with increasing dietary lipid level irrespective of dietary protein levels. Results of the present study showed that the diet containing 34% protein and 7.5% lipid with P/E of 25.1 mg protein kJ-1 is optimum for L. vannamei, and increase of dietary lipid level has not efficient protein-sparing effect.
2. The effects of different dietary carbohydrate levels on growth and metabolism of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (initial average weight 0.17±0.00g) were evaluated using practical diets. The fishmeal and defatted soybean meal was used as main protein source, fish oil and lecithin was used as main lipid source and wheat meal as the carbohydrate. Five iso-lipidic (7% crude lipid) practical test diets were formulated to contain five carbohydrate levels (13.82, 19.41, 25.72, 31.80 and 38.20%), respective protein levels were 45.90, 42.41, 39.02, 34.41, 29.10%, respectively. Each diet was randomly fed to triplicate groups of 40 shrimps per tank (260 l) for 8 weeks. The water temperature was 28.5±2°C and the salinity was 28±1 during the experimental period. The results showed that the survival and growth was significantly affected by dietary carbohydrate levels (P<0.05). Shrimps fed the diets containing the lowest carbohydrate level (45.9% protein) showed the lowest survival, but no significant differences in survival were found among other treatments. When dietary carbohydrate level increased from 13.82 to 25.72 and protein level decreased from 45.90 to 39.02, no significant differences in growth were found. No significant differences on protease, amylase and a-glucosidase activity of intestine and muscle glycogen were found among dietary treatments. Glucose in hemolymph, protein in hemolymph and protein in intestine was significantly affected by dietary carbohydrate levels (P<0.05), and they are all the lowest concentrations in the lowest dietary carbohydrate levels (13.82%). Body protein content decreased with increasing dietary carbohydrate levels, and body lipid and body energy showed converse trend. The present results suggested that the diet containing 13.82% carbohydrate may not be enough to cover the carbohydrate requirement, and increase of dietary carbohydrate level has a little efficient protein-sparing effect.
3. A 10-week feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of menhaden oil (MO), soybean oil (SO) and soybean lecithin oil (SL) at different ratios (MO/SO/SL) in practical diets for juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei by determining their effects on survival, growth, blood chemistry and fatty acid composition of hepatopancreas and muscle tissue. Eight experimental isonitrogenous (crude protein content: 40.4%) and isolipidic (crude lipid content: 6.7%) diets were formulated using 3% MO(3/0/0), 3% SO(0/3/0), 3% SL(0/0/3), 1% MO + 1% SO + 1% SL (1/1/1), 1% SO + 2% SL (0/1/2), 1% MO + 2% SL (1/0/2), 2% SO + 1% SL (0/2/1) and 2% MO + 1% SL (2/0/1), respectively. Each diet was randomly fed to triplicate groups of 30 shrimps (initial weight 0.08±0.00 g) per tank (260 l). Water temperature was 28.5±2oC and salinity was 28.0±1, pH from 8.0-8.1 during the experimental period. At the end of growth trial, survivals of shrimp fed the 3% MO and 3% SO diets were lowest among dietary treatments. However, no significant differences in survival were observed among the dietary treatments containing SL. No significant difference in growth among dietary treatments was observed. The fatty acid (FA) composition of hepatopancreas and muscle tissue reflected, to a certain extent, FA composition of the test diets. Shrimp fed the 3% SL diets showed significantly higher triglyceride (TG) concentration in serum than those fed the other experiment diets (P<0.05). Total protein, total cholesterol (TC) and phospholipid (PL) concentration in serum showed increased trends when shrimp fed the diets supplemented of PL. The free fatty acids (FFA) in serum of shrimp fed the 3%SL diets showed relatively higher concentration than other treatments, but no significant differences were found among the dietary treatment. The results of the present study showed fish oil may be replaced by SL in the practical diets.
4. A 10-week feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary molasses on the growth, digestive enzyme and body composition of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (initial average weight 0.08±0.00g). The basal diet was used as control, the trial diets were designed with 3 added levels of molasses which were mixed with the basal diet. The added levels of molasses were 0.22%, 0.44%, 0.66%, respectively.Each diet was randomly fed to triplicate groups of 30 shrimps (initial weight 0.08±0.00g) per tank (260 l). Water temperature was 28.5±2oC and salinity was 28.0±1, pH from 8.0-8.1 during the experimental period. The results showed that shrimps fed the diets containing molasses showed higher growth than those fed the control diet, and significantly higher growth was observed in shrimp fed dietary 4.4% molasses than in shrimp fed control diet (P<0.05). No significant differences on protease and amylase activities of midgut gland were found among dietary treatments, and significant differences on a-glucosidase activity of midgut gland wereobserved among the dietary treatment, the shrimp fed the diet with supplementation 4.4% molasses showed significant a-glucosidase activity of midgut gland than that of the control group. The present results suggested that the diet added 4.4% molasses can improve growth of shrimp.
5. A 10-week feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of single and compound probiotic in outdoor cement tank (2.0×2.0×1.5 m) on growth, digestive enzyme of intestinal, bacteria of intestinal and fecal, immunity of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (initial average weight 0.11±0.00g). Using fish meal and defatted soybean meal as main protein sources, menhaden fish oil and soybean lecithin oil as the lipid source, wheat meal as the carbohydrate source. Shrimp were fed six different diets: control (nonsupplemented); or diet supplemented with 107 cfu g-1 Bacillus licheniformis; or with 107 cfu g-1 Bacillus subtilis; or with 107 cfu g-1 compound probiotic xiale 333; or with 0.5×107 cfu g-1 Bacillus licheniformis and 0.5×107 cfu g-1 Bacillus subtilis; or with 0.33×107 cfu g-1 xiale 333 and 0.33×107 cfu g-1 Bacillus licheniformis and 0.33×107 cfu g-1 Bacillus subtilis, respectively. Each diet was randomly fed to triplicate groups of 300 shrimps per cement tank. The water temperature was 29±3°C and the salinity was 26±3 during the experimental period. The results showed that shrimp fed compound probiotic showed relatively higher growth compared with the control diet (P<0.05), however, no significant differences in growth were observed between the single probiotic groups and the control group. The survival ranged from 76.83% to 85.67% and was not significantly different among the dietary treatments (P>0.05). Shrimp fed the diet with supplementation of probiotic could improve the activities of protease and amylase in intestine, and the activities of amylase was significantly higher in shrimp fed the compound probitic (P<0.05) than that of the control group. The probiotic could significantly (P<0.05) decrease the number of Vibrio in intestine and fecal and improve immunity of shrimp, such as: Total hemocyte counts, serum protein concentration, serum lysozyme activity, serum phenoloxidase activity (PO), serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), antioxidative capacity (T-AOC). And the compound probiotic could significantly increase (P<0.05) serum protein concentration and lysozyme activity compared with the control, however, no significant differences were observed between the single probiotic groups and the control group. The present results suggested that the diet added probiotic can improve growth and immunity of shrimp, and compound probiotic showed better effect than single one.
6. A 8-week feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of two different Cysteamine addition way on growth, digestive enzyme and immune of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (initial average weight 0.27±0.00g). The basal diet was used as control, the trial diets were designed with 2 added levels of Cysteamine which were mixed with the basal diet, one added level is 0.01%, the other added level is interval addition Cysteamine (fed 0.05% Cysteamine one day every five days), and 5mg/kg flavomycin addition as the other control on growth. The water temperature was 29±3°C and the salinity was 28±1 during the experimental period. The results showed that shrimps fed the diets containing cystermine and flavomycin showed higher growth than those fed the control diet (P<0.05), Compared with the flavomycin addition group, interval addition cysteamine group showed the higher growth (P<0.05). No significant differences on protease and amylase activities of midgut gland were found among dietary treatments. Glucose content and GH activities in the serum of shrimp fed Cysteamine was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of the control group, and total cholesterol (TC) and urea nitrogen in the serum of shrimp fed Cysteamine was significantly lower (P<0.05) than that of the control group. Compared with the contrast group, interval addition Cysteamine group improved significantly (P<0.05) serum protein concentration. No significant differences on antioxidant activities of serum were found among dietary treatments. The present results suggested that the diet added cysteamine can improve growth, interval addition cysteamine showed better growth effect than flavomycin.
7. A 10-week feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of xylooligo saccharides (XOS) on growth, digestive enzyme, bacteria of intestinal and immune of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (initial average weight 0.27±0.00g). The basal diet was used as control, the trial diets were designed with 2 added levels of XOS which were mixed with the basal diet. The added levels of XOS were 0.02%, 0.04%, respectively, and 5mg/kg flavomycin addition as the other control on growth. The water temperature was 29±3°C and the salinity was 28±1 during the experimental period. The results showed that shrimps fed the diets containing 0.02% XOS and flavomycin showed higher growth than those fed the control diet (P<0.05). Higher activities of protease and amylase of midgut gland and protease of intestinal were observed when shrimp fed the diets with 0.02% XOS than that of the control group (P<0.05). The XOS additive could significantly (P<0.05) decrease the number of total bacteria counts and Vibrio counts of intestinal compared with control, and 0.02% XOS additive could significantly (P<0.05) increase the number of bifidobacteria bacteria counts of intestinal compared with control. Total cholesterol (TC) in the serum of shrimp fed XOS was significantly lower (P<0.05) than that of the control group. The XOS additive could significantly (P<0.05) decrease the body lipid. Shrimp fed the diets with 0.02% XOS shower higher hemocytes, phenoloxidase (PO) and total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC) activities than those fed control diets. The present results suggested that the diet added 0.02% XOS can improve growth and immune of shrimp.
8. A 8-week feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects and the interactions of compound probiotics and oligosaccharides on growth, microbial population and serum biochemical index in juvenile litopenaeus vannamei (initial average weight 0.56±0.00g). Using fish meal and defatted soybean meal as main protein sources, menhaden fish oil and soybean lecithin oil as the lipid source, wheat meal as the carbohydrate source. Shrimp were fed eight different diets: control (nonsupplemented); or diet supplemented with 0.1%MOS; or with 0.4% FOS; or with 107 cfu g-1 compound probiotic; or with 0.05% MOS and 0.2% FOS; or with 107 cfu g-1 compound probiotic and 0.05% MOS; or with 107 cfu g-1 compound probiotic and 0.2% FOS; or with 107 cfu g-1 compound probiotic and 0.2% FOS and 0.05% FOS, respectively. Each diet was randomly fed to triplicate groups of 35 shrimps per tank (260 l). The water temperature was 29±3°C and the salinity was 28±1 during the experimental period. The results showed that shrimp fed the trial diets showed relatively higher growth compared with the shrimp fed control diet except for 0.1% MOS group at first 28 day (P<0.05), and the combinations of probiotics with oligosaccharides groups showed higher growth than single probiotics and oligosaccharides groups. However, no significant differences in growth were observed between the trial groups and the control group from 28 day to 56 day. The probiotics and oligosaccharides significantly (P<0.05) decrease the number of Vibrio in intestine and fecal and significantly (P<0.05) increase total bacteria counts fecal. The combinations of probiotics with oligosaccharides groups had fewer the number of Vibrio in intestine than single probiotics and oligosaccharides groups. The oligosaccharides and the combinations of probiotics with oligosaccharides could significantly (P<0.05) decrease serum total cholesterol (TC) content, and the probiotics and the combinations of probiotics and oligosaccharides significantly increase (P<0.05) content of serum glucose of shrimp. In conclusion, the addition of probiotics and oligosaccharides alone or combined in the diet improved microbial population status and growth of shrimp at only first 4 week feeding.
引文
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