乔伊斯与《尤利西斯》中的莎士比亚
摘要
詹姆士·乔伊斯(1882-1941)被誉为爱尔兰文学史上乃至世界文学史上的创作名家。1922年出版的《尤利西斯》颠覆了传统小说的形式,架构及语言,更为乔伊斯赢得了世界的赞誉。
在小说中,读者很容易发现莎士比亚的影子。前人对于《尤利西斯》中莎士比亚的部分的研究多数只是摘录了莎翁的名言,或认可了莎翁巨大的影响力。而对于莎士比亚与书中主人公的关系,大多数的研究只停留于莎翁与布鲁姆相似,斯蒂芬是乔伊斯的替身。威廉·舒特在《乔伊斯与莎士比亚》中开创性地将《尤利西斯》中有关莎士比亚的部分都列举出来,但他的研究并不能解答为何乔伊斯要在书中多次提起莎翁的问题。
因此本文将乔伊斯与莎士比亚联系起来,希望挖掘出乔伊斯在自己作品中多次提起莎翁的原因。为解答此问题本文将小说中有关莎士比亚的内容划分为三部分：对“哈姆雷特”的引用,对莎士比亚的家庭婚姻生活的讨论以及小说中提到的莎士比亚的其他艺术作品。
本文第一章着重分析了乔伊斯与莎士比亚之间的关系。在《尤利西斯》中,斯蒂芬和布鲁姆分别与哈姆雷特和国王的鬼魂相连。通过巧妙的设计,两位主人公布鲁姆和斯蒂芬之间,乔伊斯与莎士比亚之间建立了一种精神层面上的父子关系。哈罗德认为年轻作家与文学前辈间存在着一种自然本能,即年轻作家像儿子们一样会去反抗父亲(前辈)的影响力。这也正是乔伊斯想要在作品中表达的思想。在《尤利西斯》中乔伊斯将自己塑造成莎士比亚的后辈,从而表达了自己超越前人的渴望。“撒克逊的莎士比亚”对于决心要成为“爱尔兰的莎士比亚”的乔伊斯来说是痛苦的遗产。
本文的第二章将重点转移到流亡主题并尝试去分析乔伊斯流亡经历的重要意义。书中的莎士比亚和主人公布鲁姆和斯蒂芬都扮演着流亡者的角色。小说中三人游荡与流亡经历的起因都与女性角色的背叛息息相关。许多学者解释都表明西方文学评论有将女性角色：母亲／处女／妻子与社会,国家等象征意义相连的习惯,因此,在更广的层面上,布鲁姆和斯蒂芬,甚至乔伊斯都遭到了爱尔兰的背叛。乔伊斯借着莎士比亚不幸的家庭婚姻生活暗指无序烦乱的爱尔兰现状,从而说明了自己远离故乡选择流亡的原因。选择流亡似乎是乔伊斯不关心国家的证据,但事实上,乔伊斯对祖国爱尔兰的情感是十分复杂的,爱恨交织。远走他乡,乔伊斯才能保住自己的艺术渴望与抱负。
本文的第三章则关注了莎士比亚与乔伊斯对犹太民族的不同态度。莎士比亚在《威尼斯商人》刻画了一位典型的犹太商人,《尤利西斯》中,布鲁姆的身份也是犹太人。虽然莎士比亚在某种意义上也描绘了犹太商人受压迫的生活,但他还是把夏洛克塑造成邪恶的化身。与冷酷无情的夏洛克不同,布鲁姆在小说中是一个善良的人。小说把布鲁姆看作“爱尔兰的新救世主。”先前大多数的研究认为布鲁姆在家庭及社会中的处境是爱尔兰国内犹太人生活状况的真实反映,事实上,都柏林本身就是一座被占领的城市,作为殖民地,爱尔兰的身份也是不确定的。在国外势力的统治下,布鲁姆的处境在一定意义上也是都柏林人生活状态的缩影。乔伊斯担心的不仅是犹太民族的命运,更是受英国殖民统治影响的都柏林人的家庭与社会状况。
通过在小说中大量地提及莎士比亚,乔伊斯不仅展现了自己超越前人的渴望和雄心,也表达了自己对爱尔兰民族既爱又恨的复杂情感,以及对爱尔兰文化和都柏林人们的担忧。
James Joyce (1882-1941) is a great master in literary creation not only in the Irish history but in the whole history of world literature. The publication of Ulysses in 1922, which revolutionizes the form, structure and language of the novel, brings Joyce worldwide recognition.
In Ulysses, readers can easily find Shakespeare's trace, such as Shakespeare's words, dramas, and his family life. Previous studies on Shakespeare in Ulysses have concentrated solely on the presence of Shakespeare's words and his great influence on the text. Much research has noted the presence of Shakespeare in Bloom's nature and the similarities between Stephen and Joyce. William Schutte's pioneering volume, Joyce and Shakespeare, largely mentions the numerous quotations of and references to Shakespeare in the text of Ulysses. However, Schutte's research does not answer the question why so many quotations and references involving Shakespeare are there. In order to answer this question, I divide all Shakespeare's presence into three parts:the quotations from Shakespeare's Hamlet, the discussion about Shakespeare's family life and the references to Shakespeare's other works.
In Chapter one, this thesis intends to analyze the relationship between James Joyce and William Shakespeare. In Ulysses, Stephen is overlapped with Danish prince Hamlet, and Bloom with the ghostly king. Through delicate designs, the theme of spiritual father/son exists between Bloom (Shakespeare) and Stephen (Joyce). Harold Bloom suggests that the natural instinct of the young writer (son) is to rebel against the influences of his precursors (father). This certainly seems to be what Joyce attempts with his works. In Ulysses, Joyce portrays himself as the son of William Shakespeare and he desires to surpass the Bard of Britain. The "Saxon Shakespeare" is a painful legacy left to Joyce who is determined to be the Irish bard.
In Chapter two I move to the exile motif and try to analyze the significance of Joyce's exile. Shakespeare, Leopold Bloom and Stephen Dedalus are exilic figures throughout the novel. The common point in the family lives of Shakespeare and two protagonists in Ulysses is their sense of being betrayed by a woman. Many scholars'interpretations show a western critical tradition that links mother/virgin/wife with motherland. Therefore, both Stephen and Bloom, even Joyce, are betrayed by Ireland itself in a broader sense. With the discussion of Shakespeare's family life, Joyce shows the chaotic and disordered situation of Ireland and his preference to leave it behind and to seek refuge in exile. Exile has always been an evidence of Joyce's indifference towards his homeland. But Joyce's attitude towards Irish nation is a complex one, with love and hatred mixed up. Exile is what Joyce chooses in order to save his artistic desires and ambitions.
In Chapter three, I focus on Shakespeare and Joyce's different understandings of the Jewish people. Shakespeare describes a typical Jewish merchant in The Merchant of Venice. In Ulysses, Leopold Bloom is given the Jewish identity as well. In the play, though Shakespeare represents the oppressed life of the Jewish merchant in some sense, he still designs Shylock as a symbol of evil. Unlike Shylock, a greedy and merciless merchant. Bloom in Ulysses is designed as a really kind man. The novel confirms Bloom as "the new Messiah for Ireland". In most previous studies, Bloom's domestic and social situation is considered as a real reflection of the Jewish people in Ireland. Actually, Dublin itself is an occupied city, a colony whose identity is indeterminate. In this sense, Bloom's domestic and social situation is also an epitome of the Dubliners'life under foreigners'power and domination. Joyce concerns over not only the Jewish people's life but also the Dubliners" domestic and social situation.
Through Shakespeare's presence in the novel, Joyce expresses his desire to surpass the Bard of Avon, and exposes his sweet-bitter love for his motherland as well as his concern over Irish culture and the Dubliners.
在小说中,读者很容易发现莎士比亚的影子。前人对于《尤利西斯》中莎士比亚的部分的研究多数只是摘录了莎翁的名言,或认可了莎翁巨大的影响力。而对于莎士比亚与书中主人公的关系,大多数的研究只停留于莎翁与布鲁姆相似,斯蒂芬是乔伊斯的替身。威廉·舒特在《乔伊斯与莎士比亚》中开创性地将《尤利西斯》中有关莎士比亚的部分都列举出来,但他的研究并不能解答为何乔伊斯要在书中多次提起莎翁的问题。
因此本文将乔伊斯与莎士比亚联系起来,希望挖掘出乔伊斯在自己作品中多次提起莎翁的原因。为解答此问题本文将小说中有关莎士比亚的内容划分为三部分：对“哈姆雷特”的引用,对莎士比亚的家庭婚姻生活的讨论以及小说中提到的莎士比亚的其他艺术作品。
本文第一章着重分析了乔伊斯与莎士比亚之间的关系。在《尤利西斯》中,斯蒂芬和布鲁姆分别与哈姆雷特和国王的鬼魂相连。通过巧妙的设计,两位主人公布鲁姆和斯蒂芬之间,乔伊斯与莎士比亚之间建立了一种精神层面上的父子关系。哈罗德认为年轻作家与文学前辈间存在着一种自然本能,即年轻作家像儿子们一样会去反抗父亲(前辈)的影响力。这也正是乔伊斯想要在作品中表达的思想。在《尤利西斯》中乔伊斯将自己塑造成莎士比亚的后辈,从而表达了自己超越前人的渴望。“撒克逊的莎士比亚”对于决心要成为“爱尔兰的莎士比亚”的乔伊斯来说是痛苦的遗产。
本文的第二章将重点转移到流亡主题并尝试去分析乔伊斯流亡经历的重要意义。书中的莎士比亚和主人公布鲁姆和斯蒂芬都扮演着流亡者的角色。小说中三人游荡与流亡经历的起因都与女性角色的背叛息息相关。许多学者解释都表明西方文学评论有将女性角色：母亲／处女／妻子与社会,国家等象征意义相连的习惯,因此,在更广的层面上,布鲁姆和斯蒂芬,甚至乔伊斯都遭到了爱尔兰的背叛。乔伊斯借着莎士比亚不幸的家庭婚姻生活暗指无序烦乱的爱尔兰现状,从而说明了自己远离故乡选择流亡的原因。选择流亡似乎是乔伊斯不关心国家的证据,但事实上,乔伊斯对祖国爱尔兰的情感是十分复杂的,爱恨交织。远走他乡,乔伊斯才能保住自己的艺术渴望与抱负。
本文的第三章则关注了莎士比亚与乔伊斯对犹太民族的不同态度。莎士比亚在《威尼斯商人》刻画了一位典型的犹太商人,《尤利西斯》中,布鲁姆的身份也是犹太人。虽然莎士比亚在某种意义上也描绘了犹太商人受压迫的生活,但他还是把夏洛克塑造成邪恶的化身。与冷酷无情的夏洛克不同,布鲁姆在小说中是一个善良的人。小说把布鲁姆看作“爱尔兰的新救世主。”先前大多数的研究认为布鲁姆在家庭及社会中的处境是爱尔兰国内犹太人生活状况的真实反映,事实上,都柏林本身就是一座被占领的城市,作为殖民地,爱尔兰的身份也是不确定的。在国外势力的统治下,布鲁姆的处境在一定意义上也是都柏林人生活状态的缩影。乔伊斯担心的不仅是犹太民族的命运,更是受英国殖民统治影响的都柏林人的家庭与社会状况。
通过在小说中大量地提及莎士比亚,乔伊斯不仅展现了自己超越前人的渴望和雄心,也表达了自己对爱尔兰民族既爱又恨的复杂情感,以及对爱尔兰文化和都柏林人们的担忧。
James Joyce (1882-1941) is a great master in literary creation not only in the Irish history but in the whole history of world literature. The publication of Ulysses in 1922, which revolutionizes the form, structure and language of the novel, brings Joyce worldwide recognition.
In Ulysses, readers can easily find Shakespeare's trace, such as Shakespeare's words, dramas, and his family life. Previous studies on Shakespeare in Ulysses have concentrated solely on the presence of Shakespeare's words and his great influence on the text. Much research has noted the presence of Shakespeare in Bloom's nature and the similarities between Stephen and Joyce. William Schutte's pioneering volume, Joyce and Shakespeare, largely mentions the numerous quotations of and references to Shakespeare in the text of Ulysses. However, Schutte's research does not answer the question why so many quotations and references involving Shakespeare are there. In order to answer this question, I divide all Shakespeare's presence into three parts:the quotations from Shakespeare's Hamlet, the discussion about Shakespeare's family life and the references to Shakespeare's other works.
In Chapter one, this thesis intends to analyze the relationship between James Joyce and William Shakespeare. In Ulysses, Stephen is overlapped with Danish prince Hamlet, and Bloom with the ghostly king. Through delicate designs, the theme of spiritual father/son exists between Bloom (Shakespeare) and Stephen (Joyce). Harold Bloom suggests that the natural instinct of the young writer (son) is to rebel against the influences of his precursors (father). This certainly seems to be what Joyce attempts with his works. In Ulysses, Joyce portrays himself as the son of William Shakespeare and he desires to surpass the Bard of Britain. The "Saxon Shakespeare" is a painful legacy left to Joyce who is determined to be the Irish bard.
In Chapter two I move to the exile motif and try to analyze the significance of Joyce's exile. Shakespeare, Leopold Bloom and Stephen Dedalus are exilic figures throughout the novel. The common point in the family lives of Shakespeare and two protagonists in Ulysses is their sense of being betrayed by a woman. Many scholars'interpretations show a western critical tradition that links mother/virgin/wife with motherland. Therefore, both Stephen and Bloom, even Joyce, are betrayed by Ireland itself in a broader sense. With the discussion of Shakespeare's family life, Joyce shows the chaotic and disordered situation of Ireland and his preference to leave it behind and to seek refuge in exile. Exile has always been an evidence of Joyce's indifference towards his homeland. But Joyce's attitude towards Irish nation is a complex one, with love and hatred mixed up. Exile is what Joyce chooses in order to save his artistic desires and ambitions.
In Chapter three, I focus on Shakespeare and Joyce's different understandings of the Jewish people. Shakespeare describes a typical Jewish merchant in The Merchant of Venice. In Ulysses, Leopold Bloom is given the Jewish identity as well. In the play, though Shakespeare represents the oppressed life of the Jewish merchant in some sense, he still designs Shylock as a symbol of evil. Unlike Shylock, a greedy and merciless merchant. Bloom in Ulysses is designed as a really kind man. The novel confirms Bloom as "the new Messiah for Ireland". In most previous studies, Bloom's domestic and social situation is considered as a real reflection of the Jewish people in Ireland. Actually, Dublin itself is an occupied city, a colony whose identity is indeterminate. In this sense, Bloom's domestic and social situation is also an epitome of the Dubliners'life under foreigners'power and domination. Joyce concerns over not only the Jewish people's life but also the Dubliners" domestic and social situation.
Through Shakespeare's presence in the novel, Joyce expresses his desire to surpass the Bard of Avon, and exposes his sweet-bitter love for his motherland as well as his concern over Irish culture and the Dubliners.
引文
Alexander, Mrguerite. A Reader's Guide to Shakespeare and His Contemporaries. London: Heinemann,1979.
Attridge, Derek and Daniel Ferrer, eds. Post-structuralist Joyce:Essays from the French. Cambridge [Cambridgeshier] and New York:Cambridge University Press,1984.
Attridge, Derek and Marjorie Howes, eds. Semicolonial Joyce. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2000.
Attridge, Derek, ed. Cambridge Companion to James Joyce. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1990.
Appel, Alfred. James Joyce:An Appreciation. Stanford, California:Stanford University Libraries,1964.
Bayley, John. Shakespeare and Tragedy. London:Routledge & Kegan Paul,1981.
Bergeron, David M&Geraldo U. De Sousa. Shakespeare:A Study and Research Guide. Kansas:UP of Kansas,1995.
Benstock, Shari, "Ulysses as Ghoststory." James Joyce Quarterly 12(Summer 1975): 396-413.
Bevington, David, ed. Shakespeare:Four Tragedies. New York:Bantam Books,1980.
Bloom, Harold. The Anxiety of Influence:A Theory of Poetry.2nd ed. New York:Oxford UP,1997.
Bowen, Zack R. Musical Allusions in the Works of James Joyce:Early Poetry trough Ulysses. Dublin:Gill and Macmillan,1975.
Brown,Richard. James Joyce and Sexuality. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1985.
Budgen, Frank Spencer Curtis. James Joyce and the Making of Ulysses, and Other Writings (with an introduction by Clive Hart).London:Oxford University Press,1972
Campbell, Joseph. Mythic Worlds, Modern Words:Joseph Campbell on the Art of James Joyce. California:New World Library,2003.
Card, James van Dyck. An Anatomy of "Penelope". Rutherford:Fairleigh Dickinson
University Press and London:Associated University Press,1984.
Cawelti, John. "Eliot, Joyce, and Exile." ANQ 14,4 (2001):38-45.
Cheng, Vincent John. Shakespeare and Joyce:A Study of Finnegans Wake. Pennsylvania: Penn State UP,1984.
Cheng, Vincent John and Timothy Martin, eds. Joyce in Context. Cambridge and New York:Cambridge University Press,1992.
Curran, Constantine P. James Joyce Remembered. London and New York:Oxford University Press,1968.
Deming, Robert H. James Joyce:The Critical Heritage. London:Routledge and K. Paul, 1970.
Eco, Umberto. The Middle Ages of James Joyce:The Aesthetics of Chaosmos. London: Hutchinson Radius,1989.
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Attridge, Derek and Daniel Ferrer, eds. Post-structuralist Joyce:Essays from the French. Cambridge [Cambridgeshier] and New York:Cambridge University Press,1984.
Attridge, Derek and Marjorie Howes, eds. Semicolonial Joyce. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2000.
Attridge, Derek, ed. Cambridge Companion to James Joyce. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1990.
Appel, Alfred. James Joyce:An Appreciation. Stanford, California:Stanford University Libraries,1964.
Bayley, John. Shakespeare and Tragedy. London:Routledge & Kegan Paul,1981.
Bergeron, David M&Geraldo U. De Sousa. Shakespeare:A Study and Research Guide. Kansas:UP of Kansas,1995.
Benstock, Shari, "Ulysses as Ghoststory." James Joyce Quarterly 12(Summer 1975): 396-413.
Bevington, David, ed. Shakespeare:Four Tragedies. New York:Bantam Books,1980.
Bloom, Harold. The Anxiety of Influence:A Theory of Poetry.2nd ed. New York:Oxford UP,1997.
Bowen, Zack R. Musical Allusions in the Works of James Joyce:Early Poetry trough Ulysses. Dublin:Gill and Macmillan,1975.
Brown,Richard. James Joyce and Sexuality. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1985.
Budgen, Frank Spencer Curtis. James Joyce and the Making of Ulysses, and Other Writings (with an introduction by Clive Hart).London:Oxford University Press,1972
Campbell, Joseph. Mythic Worlds, Modern Words:Joseph Campbell on the Art of James Joyce. California:New World Library,2003.
Card, James van Dyck. An Anatomy of "Penelope". Rutherford:Fairleigh Dickinson
University Press and London:Associated University Press,1984.
Cawelti, John. "Eliot, Joyce, and Exile." ANQ 14,4 (2001):38-45.
Cheng, Vincent John. Shakespeare and Joyce:A Study of Finnegans Wake. Pennsylvania: Penn State UP,1984.
Cheng, Vincent John and Timothy Martin, eds. Joyce in Context. Cambridge and New York:Cambridge University Press,1992.
Curran, Constantine P. James Joyce Remembered. London and New York:Oxford University Press,1968.
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