声震法提高煤层气抽采率的机理及技术原理研究
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摘要
煤层气主要以吸附态赋存煤体中,其产出是一个复杂的解吸-扩散-渗流过程,为了高效的开发煤层气资源,人们采用了造穴,水力压裂,注气、松动爆破等激励技术开发煤层气,使之提高煤层气的抽采率。由于我国煤田地质条件复杂,煤层的透气性低,造成煤层气的抽采率低,总抽采量少,至今还没有形成商业性开发和利用。鉴于我国煤储层低渗透的特点,本文提出采用物理激励中超声波技术来促进煤层气的解吸、扩散和渗流,期望找到一条既具有机械碎裂作用又具有升高煤质点温度的声震法新技术。但在声场作用促进煤层气解吸、流动的发生机理方面还需要大量的室内实验研究,本文拟在这方面开展研究工作。研究内容共五章。
第一章总论,论述了煤层气吸附和渗流特性的国内外研究现状,并拟定了研究的内容和研究方法。
第二章实验研究了不同变质程度煤的孔隙特征和比表面积,不加声场和加声场条件下甲烷气的吸附、解吸特性,以及超声波促进甲烷气解吸、减少煤层气吸附量的作用机理。
第三章从分析煤层气在煤层中单一孔隙扩散模型、双重扩散模型、等温吸附率模型入手,借助于双重扩散模型的建模思路,提出了描述煤层气解吸-扩散的简化双重扩散模型,并通过实验和模拟计算数据对比分析,得到实验煤样的大孔隙扩散系数和微孔隙扩散系数;并提出了描述煤层气脱附过程反映煤层气压力、煤层特性等因素的煤层气视扩散系数的概念。声场作用主要是将声场的声能转化为系统的热能,改善系统的热平衡和物质传递入手,推导出了声场作用下,煤层气在煤基质微孔中解吸-扩散的物质平衡方程和热平衡方程;建立了声场作用下,煤层气解吸-扩散的概念模型;并估算了声场作用下,煤层气在煤微孔中解吸-扩散引起的系统温度变化和视扩散系数、游离气动态百分数、吸附气动态百分数等参数的变化特征,以此解释声场促进煤层气在煤微孔中解吸-扩散的机理。
第四章实验研究了在不加声场和加声场条件下煤样的渗透特性,实验得出:煤的渗透性与应力场、温度场、声场有关,在相同应力场、温度场条件下超声波能增加煤的渗透率。提出了声场作用下,反映煤层气在煤层裂缝割理宏观孔隙系统中煤层气流动的渗流压力场、温度场和应力场,以及物性参数为一体的多场动态流固耦合数学模型。并实现了以煤层瓦斯开采为初始和边界条件的数值解,有效地预测了超声作用,提高煤-气系统的温度,促进煤层瓦斯的解吸和流动,提高煤层的孔隙度,增大煤层瓦斯流动的渗透率,降低煤层骨架的应力;分析了声场的机械振动、热效应及煤体损伤的作用机理。
第五章在第2～4章实验研究和理论分析基础上,鉴于声波能促进煤层气解吸和提高煤层渗透率,提出了在预抽煤层气中实施声震法技术来提高煤层渗透率的设想。
第六章总结了本文的主要结论和创新点,并对需要进一步研究的问题提出了建议。
Because coalbed gas is mainly deposited connected pores as adsorbed gas, the producing process is a complicated procedure of desorption/diffusion/permeation. To enhance the efficiency of gas exploitation, a lot of driving technologies are applied, such as holing, fracturing, gas injecting, loosing which are successful in increasing the extraction of methane. However, commercial exploitation and utilization hasn’t by far formed due to the geographically complicated structure of coal field, low permeability of coal bed and low gas extraction which lead to low outputting. In terms of the character of poor permeability in coal bed, a physically driving Ultrasonic technology is brought up in the dissertation to stimulate desorption/diffusion/ permeation of coalbed gas. It is expected to develop a new sound vibrating method to form mechanical disintegration and increase the system temperature in coal particles. Whereas, as to the operating mechanics about sound field’s in stimulating gas desorption/diffusion/ permeation quite a lot expmerimental researches in lab are required. So this dissertation tends to explore a keen research on this. The thorough dissertation consists of six chapters.
Chapter one presents literature review of the contemporary research at home and abroad on gas adsorption and permeability, and sets down researching contents and technological route.
Chapter Two studies a variety of problems including pore characters of different metamorphic coals, specific surface area, characters of gas adsorption and desorption with and without Sound field, and operating mechanics about Sound field’s in stimulating gas desorption/diffusion/ permeation.
Chapter three analyzes three diffusion models, such as unipore diffusion model, bidisperse diffusion model and isotherm and adsorption rate models. With the reference to the reasoning of bidisperse diffusion model, a simplifying bidisperse diffusion model is composed. What’s more, macropore and micropore diffusion coefficients are also got by comparing experimental data with simulating ones. And then, a new idea, apparent diffusion coefficient, was brought up in this dissertation. Using apparent diffusion coefficient represents the factors like gas pressure and characters of coal seam on adsorption/diffusion procedures. And then this chapter demonstrates how Ultrasonic energy is inverted into thermo power which changes heat balance of system and material transfer. Then material balance equation and heat equation of solid-gas system is deduced out under Ultrasonic sound effect. The deduction also sets up a conceptual model on gas desorption /diffusion as adsorbed gas in micropores of coal matrix under Sound field. It also estimates under Sound field operation the characteristic changes in temperature pattern and physical parameters caused during solid-gas desorption/diffusion as adsorbed gas in micropores of coal matrix under Sound field. (i.e. apparent diffusion coefficient, dynamic free gas fraction, and dynamic adsorbed gas fraction).
Chapter Four, firstly, experiments coal’s permeating characters with and without the operation of Sound field. It is shown in experiments that permeability of coal is closely related to stress, temperature and Sound field: with the same stress and temperature field, ultrasonic will enhance coal permeability. Secondly, a coupling mathematical model including stress, temperature, pressure fields and interrelated physical parameters, such as porosity, bulk modulus, Poisson’s ratio, was deduced with single methane mass, heat and stress balance equations between as free gas in connected cleats and fractures and as adsorbed gas in coal matrix under Sound field. Some obvious outputs with Matlab simulating are presented: enhanced coalbed’s temperature, promoted methane desorption and diffusion, improved methane’s permeability, reduced the value of coalbed’s stress. Thirdly, its operating mechanics lies in ultrasonically mechanical vibrating effect, heating effect and vibrating damage to coal rocks.
Based on the experimental research and analysis from Chapter Two to Four, referring to the fact that Ultrasonic wave can stimulate gas desorption and permeability, Chapter five tentatively brings about a plan to enhance gas permeability by applying sound vibrated within regionally pre-extracted coal gas.
Chapter Six sums up the important conclusion and innovation, and then suggests some questions for further research.
第一章总论,论述了煤层气吸附和渗流特性的国内外研究现状,并拟定了研究的内容和研究方法。
第二章实验研究了不同变质程度煤的孔隙特征和比表面积,不加声场和加声场条件下甲烷气的吸附、解吸特性,以及超声波促进甲烷气解吸、减少煤层气吸附量的作用机理。
第三章从分析煤层气在煤层中单一孔隙扩散模型、双重扩散模型、等温吸附率模型入手,借助于双重扩散模型的建模思路,提出了描述煤层气解吸-扩散的简化双重扩散模型,并通过实验和模拟计算数据对比分析,得到实验煤样的大孔隙扩散系数和微孔隙扩散系数;并提出了描述煤层气脱附过程反映煤层气压力、煤层特性等因素的煤层气视扩散系数的概念。声场作用主要是将声场的声能转化为系统的热能,改善系统的热平衡和物质传递入手,推导出了声场作用下,煤层气在煤基质微孔中解吸-扩散的物质平衡方程和热平衡方程;建立了声场作用下,煤层气解吸-扩散的概念模型;并估算了声场作用下,煤层气在煤微孔中解吸-扩散引起的系统温度变化和视扩散系数、游离气动态百分数、吸附气动态百分数等参数的变化特征,以此解释声场促进煤层气在煤微孔中解吸-扩散的机理。
第四章实验研究了在不加声场和加声场条件下煤样的渗透特性,实验得出:煤的渗透性与应力场、温度场、声场有关,在相同应力场、温度场条件下超声波能增加煤的渗透率。提出了声场作用下,反映煤层气在煤层裂缝割理宏观孔隙系统中煤层气流动的渗流压力场、温度场和应力场,以及物性参数为一体的多场动态流固耦合数学模型。并实现了以煤层瓦斯开采为初始和边界条件的数值解,有效地预测了超声作用,提高煤-气系统的温度,促进煤层瓦斯的解吸和流动,提高煤层的孔隙度,增大煤层瓦斯流动的渗透率,降低煤层骨架的应力;分析了声场的机械振动、热效应及煤体损伤的作用机理。
第五章在第2～4章实验研究和理论分析基础上,鉴于声波能促进煤层气解吸和提高煤层渗透率,提出了在预抽煤层气中实施声震法技术来提高煤层渗透率的设想。
第六章总结了本文的主要结论和创新点,并对需要进一步研究的问题提出了建议。
Because coalbed gas is mainly deposited connected pores as adsorbed gas, the producing process is a complicated procedure of desorption/diffusion/permeation. To enhance the efficiency of gas exploitation, a lot of driving technologies are applied, such as holing, fracturing, gas injecting, loosing which are successful in increasing the extraction of methane. However, commercial exploitation and utilization hasn’t by far formed due to the geographically complicated structure of coal field, low permeability of coal bed and low gas extraction which lead to low outputting. In terms of the character of poor permeability in coal bed, a physically driving Ultrasonic technology is brought up in the dissertation to stimulate desorption/diffusion/ permeation of coalbed gas. It is expected to develop a new sound vibrating method to form mechanical disintegration and increase the system temperature in coal particles. Whereas, as to the operating mechanics about sound field’s in stimulating gas desorption/diffusion/ permeation quite a lot expmerimental researches in lab are required. So this dissertation tends to explore a keen research on this. The thorough dissertation consists of six chapters.
Chapter one presents literature review of the contemporary research at home and abroad on gas adsorption and permeability, and sets down researching contents and technological route.
Chapter Two studies a variety of problems including pore characters of different metamorphic coals, specific surface area, characters of gas adsorption and desorption with and without Sound field, and operating mechanics about Sound field’s in stimulating gas desorption/diffusion/ permeation.
Chapter three analyzes three diffusion models, such as unipore diffusion model, bidisperse diffusion model and isotherm and adsorption rate models. With the reference to the reasoning of bidisperse diffusion model, a simplifying bidisperse diffusion model is composed. What’s more, macropore and micropore diffusion coefficients are also got by comparing experimental data with simulating ones. And then, a new idea, apparent diffusion coefficient, was brought up in this dissertation. Using apparent diffusion coefficient represents the factors like gas pressure and characters of coal seam on adsorption/diffusion procedures. And then this chapter demonstrates how Ultrasonic energy is inverted into thermo power which changes heat balance of system and material transfer. Then material balance equation and heat equation of solid-gas system is deduced out under Ultrasonic sound effect. The deduction also sets up a conceptual model on gas desorption /diffusion as adsorbed gas in micropores of coal matrix under Sound field. It also estimates under Sound field operation the characteristic changes in temperature pattern and physical parameters caused during solid-gas desorption/diffusion as adsorbed gas in micropores of coal matrix under Sound field. (i.e. apparent diffusion coefficient, dynamic free gas fraction, and dynamic adsorbed gas fraction).
Chapter Four, firstly, experiments coal’s permeating characters with and without the operation of Sound field. It is shown in experiments that permeability of coal is closely related to stress, temperature and Sound field: with the same stress and temperature field, ultrasonic will enhance coal permeability. Secondly, a coupling mathematical model including stress, temperature, pressure fields and interrelated physical parameters, such as porosity, bulk modulus, Poisson’s ratio, was deduced with single methane mass, heat and stress balance equations between as free gas in connected cleats and fractures and as adsorbed gas in coal matrix under Sound field. Some obvious outputs with Matlab simulating are presented: enhanced coalbed’s temperature, promoted methane desorption and diffusion, improved methane’s permeability, reduced the value of coalbed’s stress. Thirdly, its operating mechanics lies in ultrasonically mechanical vibrating effect, heating effect and vibrating damage to coal rocks.
Based on the experimental research and analysis from Chapter Two to Four, referring to the fact that Ultrasonic wave can stimulate gas desorption and permeability, Chapter five tentatively brings about a plan to enhance gas permeability by applying sound vibrated within regionally pre-extracted coal gas.
Chapter Six sums up the important conclusion and innovation, and then suggests some questions for further research.
引文
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