异质性环境中克隆植物的适应对策
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摘要
植物的生境在时间和空间上都是异质性的，即使在很小的尺度上这种异质性也是存在的。在进化过程中，植物可能形成了各种有效利用环境异质性的适应对策，克隆生长使得克隆植物在理论上更适应利用异质性环境。克隆植物大多具有强的适应环境压力的能力，在高海拔、高纬度以及养分贫瘠的生境中出现频率较高。本文以青减高原与四川盆地过渡带四种匍匐茎草本克隆植物为对象，应用野外调查和实验生态学方法研究克隆植物对异质性环境的适应对策以及克隆整合、克隆内分工行为对克隆植物在不同海拔生境中生长的贡献。
克隆构型和分株种群特征是植物克隆生长及其生态适应对策研究的基本内容。本文通过两个野外调查实验，研究在不同光照条件下聚花过路黄的克隆构型以及分株种群特征和野草莓分株种群特征随海拔梯度的变化。结果表明：聚花过路黄的匍匐茎节间长、分枝强度、分枝角度三个构型特征和分株种群密度、分株种群生物量等分株种群特征在不同光照条件下存在差异。野草莓的分株种群密度、分株种群根冠比和分株种群分布格局在不同海拔梯度上存在差异。结合克隆植物对资源的利用对策，探讨了克隆构型和分株种群特征随环境条件变化的生态适应意义。
克隆整合对克隆植物在各种逆境中的生存(适应)能力一直是克降植物生态学研究的重要问题之一。通过两个野外盆栽实验，研究了不同海拔梯度上蛇莓在异质性光照条件下的克隆整合和来自不同海拔梯度野草莓在异质性光照条件下的克隆整合。结果显示：克隆整合显著增强蛇莓和野草莓胁迫分株的生长，耗-益分析表明对未受胁迫分株没有显著损耗，故整个克隆片段的生长得到显著提高，克隆整合对于克隆植物在高山环境中的种群扩展、笠境开拓可能是非常重要的。
通过两个野外盆栽实验，研究了过路黄和野草莓两种不同分枝型匍匐茎草本克隆植物和不同海拔梯度上过路黄对光照和养分资源斑块性环境的反应。结果显示，过路黄和野草莓发生了环境诱导的克隆内分工，这种克隆内分工有利于克隆植物对资源交互斑块性环境的利用，同时克隆内分工对不同海拔梯度上克隆植物生长的影响可能不同。
Spacial and temporal heterogeneity is a ubiquitous feature of plant habitats, even in a tiny scale. In the evolutionary process, plants may have various adaptive strategies to environmental heterogeneity. Theoretically, clonal growth contributes markedly to the ability of clonal plants to make use of environmental heterogeneity. Generally, clonal plants possess stronger adaptability to environmental stress. Clonal plants were more abundant in high latitude and/or high altitude habitats with cold and dry whether poor nitrogens in the soil. The purpose of this thesis was. by using field investigation and container experiments, to study on the adaptive strategies of clonal plants to heterogeneous environments and the contribution of clonal integration and intraclonal division of labour to growth of clonal plants in different altitudes in the transitional zone between Qinghai-Tibet plateau and Sichuan basin.
Two field investigations were conducted to study clonal architecture and ramet population characteristics of Lysimachia congestiflora growing in different light conditions and the variation of Fragaria vesca ramet population characteristics along the elevation gradient in the transitional zone between Qinghai-Tibet plateau and Sichuan basin. The results show that clonal architecture (stolon internode length, braching intensity, branching angle) and ramet population characteristics (density and biomass etc) of Lysimachia congestiflora were different in different light conditions. Ramet population density, ratio of root to shoot and ramet population spatial pattern of Fragaria vesca varied along the elevation gradient in the transitional zone between Qinghai-Tibet plateau and Sichuan basin. Based on resource acquisition strategy of clonal plants, these results are discussed in the context.
Two field container experiments were conducted to study clonal integration of Duchesnea indica experiencing light heterogeneity at both high and low altitude and Fragaria vesca from different altitudes. The results show that clonal integration greatly enhanced the growth of stressed ramets. Cost-benefits analysis shows that the connected un-stressed ramets did not incur any cost, consequently the growth of
whole clonal fragments was enormously enhanced. So. clonal integration may not only be adaptive for clonal plants to successfully inhabit its own habitats, but also ecologically important for clonal plants to grow in high -altitude habitats.
Another two field container experiments were conducted to study intraclonal spatial division of labour in Fragaria vesca and Lysimachia christinae with different branching types and Lysimachia christinae at different altitudes in response to reciprocal patchiness of light and nutrients. The results show that the two studied clonal herbs demonstrated division of labour induced by reciprocal patchiness of light and nutrients. The environmentally induced division of labour may be helpful to clonal plants to acquire heterogeneous resources. So. spatial division of labor may contribute more greatly to ability for the clonal plants to exploit environmental heterogeneity. Its effect on performance of clonal plants at different altitudes may be different.
克隆构型和分株种群特征是植物克隆生长及其生态适应对策研究的基本内容。本文通过两个野外调查实验，研究在不同光照条件下聚花过路黄的克隆构型以及分株种群特征和野草莓分株种群特征随海拔梯度的变化。结果表明：聚花过路黄的匍匐茎节间长、分枝强度、分枝角度三个构型特征和分株种群密度、分株种群生物量等分株种群特征在不同光照条件下存在差异。野草莓的分株种群密度、分株种群根冠比和分株种群分布格局在不同海拔梯度上存在差异。结合克隆植物对资源的利用对策，探讨了克隆构型和分株种群特征随环境条件变化的生态适应意义。
克隆整合对克隆植物在各种逆境中的生存(适应)能力一直是克降植物生态学研究的重要问题之一。通过两个野外盆栽实验，研究了不同海拔梯度上蛇莓在异质性光照条件下的克隆整合和来自不同海拔梯度野草莓在异质性光照条件下的克隆整合。结果显示：克隆整合显著增强蛇莓和野草莓胁迫分株的生长，耗-益分析表明对未受胁迫分株没有显著损耗，故整个克隆片段的生长得到显著提高，克隆整合对于克隆植物在高山环境中的种群扩展、笠境开拓可能是非常重要的。
通过两个野外盆栽实验，研究了过路黄和野草莓两种不同分枝型匍匐茎草本克隆植物和不同海拔梯度上过路黄对光照和养分资源斑块性环境的反应。结果显示，过路黄和野草莓发生了环境诱导的克隆内分工，这种克隆内分工有利于克隆植物对资源交互斑块性环境的利用，同时克隆内分工对不同海拔梯度上克隆植物生长的影响可能不同。
Spacial and temporal heterogeneity is a ubiquitous feature of plant habitats, even in a tiny scale. In the evolutionary process, plants may have various adaptive strategies to environmental heterogeneity. Theoretically, clonal growth contributes markedly to the ability of clonal plants to make use of environmental heterogeneity. Generally, clonal plants possess stronger adaptability to environmental stress. Clonal plants were more abundant in high latitude and/or high altitude habitats with cold and dry whether poor nitrogens in the soil. The purpose of this thesis was. by using field investigation and container experiments, to study on the adaptive strategies of clonal plants to heterogeneous environments and the contribution of clonal integration and intraclonal division of labour to growth of clonal plants in different altitudes in the transitional zone between Qinghai-Tibet plateau and Sichuan basin.
Two field investigations were conducted to study clonal architecture and ramet population characteristics of Lysimachia congestiflora growing in different light conditions and the variation of Fragaria vesca ramet population characteristics along the elevation gradient in the transitional zone between Qinghai-Tibet plateau and Sichuan basin. The results show that clonal architecture (stolon internode length, braching intensity, branching angle) and ramet population characteristics (density and biomass etc) of Lysimachia congestiflora were different in different light conditions. Ramet population density, ratio of root to shoot and ramet population spatial pattern of Fragaria vesca varied along the elevation gradient in the transitional zone between Qinghai-Tibet plateau and Sichuan basin. Based on resource acquisition strategy of clonal plants, these results are discussed in the context.
Two field container experiments were conducted to study clonal integration of Duchesnea indica experiencing light heterogeneity at both high and low altitude and Fragaria vesca from different altitudes. The results show that clonal integration greatly enhanced the growth of stressed ramets. Cost-benefits analysis shows that the connected un-stressed ramets did not incur any cost, consequently the growth of
whole clonal fragments was enormously enhanced. So. clonal integration may not only be adaptive for clonal plants to successfully inhabit its own habitats, but also ecologically important for clonal plants to grow in high -altitude habitats.
Another two field container experiments were conducted to study intraclonal spatial division of labour in Fragaria vesca and Lysimachia christinae with different branching types and Lysimachia christinae at different altitudes in response to reciprocal patchiness of light and nutrients. The results show that the two studied clonal herbs demonstrated division of labour induced by reciprocal patchiness of light and nutrients. The environmentally induced division of labour may be helpful to clonal plants to acquire heterogeneous resources. So. spatial division of labor may contribute more greatly to ability for the clonal plants to exploit environmental heterogeneity. Its effect on performance of clonal plants at different altitudes may be different.
引文
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