西南湿热地区山地生态住宅设计研究
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摘要
人类社会在经历了一系列改革后,技术、文明都得到了空前的繁荣,然而却不得不面对经济、技术高速发展所带来的环境恶化问题。在建筑方面,人类对住宅舒适性要求的提高和环境不断恶化之间的矛盾日益严重,使得人们不得不开始审视自己的行为,提出了双方和谐发展的“生态住宅”概念。
本文是以西南湿热山地地区为背景,利用适宜技术,即：中、低技术,结合当地的气候、地理环境对住宅这一量多面广的建筑类型进行讨论,对于促进建筑与生态的有序平衡起到了促进作用。从以下方面进行阐述：
第一,在绪论部分阐述了选题的背景和意义。通过生态住宅的设计可以解决目前市场上的很多不良现状,在提高住宅的舒适性的同时,避免对环境造成破坏,对资源形成负担。接着,回顾了有关生态建筑的理论和实践的发展过程,并根据西南地区目前的经济技术水平,提出了行之有效的设计方法,即是利用被动式技术为主要手段,利用中、低技术加以合理利用,能够使生态住宅在该地区被广泛的采用。
第二,西南湿热山地地区住宅环境介绍。介绍了西南湿热地区的地理、气候环境；同时,通过对传统民居的优点进行总结,从而提出了根据当地环境趋利避害,因地制宜,吸收当地优秀民居设计要点的设计方法。
第三,对生态住宅进行了定义,并对山地环境和湿热气候背景下的生态住宅的设计流程和设计原则进行了阐述。
第四,从设计遵循自然的原则,去探讨适应西南湿热地区山地环境的生态住宅的设计策略。从住宅建筑的整体布局、单体设计、户型优化等方面来优化住宅的热舒适性,从建筑防灾来保证山地住宅环境的安全性,从绿化景观的设计来有序创造优良的小环境。
第五,从技术层面出发着重应对当地湿热的气候环境。即是从：隔热、通风、除湿方面去讨论该地区比较适应的方法。
第六,资源利用。从合理利用资源出发,积极开发当地可利用的材料资源,提倡水资源的循环利用和垃圾资源的回收利用。
The superb prosperity of civilization came from humanity's innovative activity, but human beings have to face the environmental deterioration as the high speed economy development. The convenient request and the environmental continually deterioration becomes the main conflict in architecture. All of above has people have to reflect their activity, and put forward a conception of "Ecological House" which should assure convenient house and perfect environment can be got the balance, and compatible with each other.
This thesis based on the dwelling buildings which are located on the southwest of China, Mega thermal, Humidity consist of features in that region. Use the "Adaptability Technology" Medial, Low technology, combine with the local climate, geographical condition, we will discuss the dwelling houses that a specific classification of architecture and with the huge amount and wide facet in this field, it can promote the harmonious balance between Housing and Ecological environment. This thesis contains the six aspects as below.
In the part of the introduction will represent the theme of this thesis, there are lots of harmful situation in resent market can be solved by the "Ecological House", it will not destruction the environment and becomes a burden of nature resources, meanwhile it can be a promotion for the comfortable of our dwelling buildings. After that this part reviews the progress of the principle and practice of the conception "Ecological House". And puts forward a feasible and effective plan for this region which in southwest China that with limited level of economic and technological, finally based on the passive technology and have the mid, low technology under the good usage, make the "Ecological House" becomes wildly accepted and suitable classification of the dwelling buildings in this region.
The Second part will introduce the environment of that region, special features of physical geography situation and climate over there. And summed up the existed advantages of the local traditional dwelling house, takes-up a proposal for new house consisted in the advantages that gather the advantages exclude the unfavorable aspects, carry out a new buildings with local conditions, convenient environment and good inherited those advantages.
The third part, the thesis will give a definition of the "ecological House", and introduce how to design this kind of house and which principles should be followed in this area that is with mountainous region, mega thermal and humidity.
This part focus on the designing strategy of the ecological house which can match the specific mountain region and mega thermal, Humidity area conditions. Optimize the dwelling that on comfortable for temperature from the layout of the structure, designing of the single room and optimizing for model of room. Assure the safety of the house to prevent natural and human calamities. Created excellent region environment by landscape and making green orderly and harmonious.
Find out the right methods from the technology level to emphasis how to prevent out the high temperature, good ventilate, kick out the humidity in this region.
Considering the resources usage, make ample develop plan for the local material which can be served, advocate recycle the water resource and reuse of the rubbish for increasing the using rate of the resources.
本文是以西南湿热山地地区为背景,利用适宜技术,即：中、低技术,结合当地的气候、地理环境对住宅这一量多面广的建筑类型进行讨论,对于促进建筑与生态的有序平衡起到了促进作用。从以下方面进行阐述：
第一,在绪论部分阐述了选题的背景和意义。通过生态住宅的设计可以解决目前市场上的很多不良现状,在提高住宅的舒适性的同时,避免对环境造成破坏,对资源形成负担。接着,回顾了有关生态建筑的理论和实践的发展过程,并根据西南地区目前的经济技术水平,提出了行之有效的设计方法,即是利用被动式技术为主要手段,利用中、低技术加以合理利用,能够使生态住宅在该地区被广泛的采用。
第二,西南湿热山地地区住宅环境介绍。介绍了西南湿热地区的地理、气候环境；同时,通过对传统民居的优点进行总结,从而提出了根据当地环境趋利避害,因地制宜,吸收当地优秀民居设计要点的设计方法。
第三,对生态住宅进行了定义,并对山地环境和湿热气候背景下的生态住宅的设计流程和设计原则进行了阐述。
第四,从设计遵循自然的原则,去探讨适应西南湿热地区山地环境的生态住宅的设计策略。从住宅建筑的整体布局、单体设计、户型优化等方面来优化住宅的热舒适性,从建筑防灾来保证山地住宅环境的安全性,从绿化景观的设计来有序创造优良的小环境。
第五,从技术层面出发着重应对当地湿热的气候环境。即是从：隔热、通风、除湿方面去讨论该地区比较适应的方法。
第六,资源利用。从合理利用资源出发,积极开发当地可利用的材料资源,提倡水资源的循环利用和垃圾资源的回收利用。
The superb prosperity of civilization came from humanity's innovative activity, but human beings have to face the environmental deterioration as the high speed economy development. The convenient request and the environmental continually deterioration becomes the main conflict in architecture. All of above has people have to reflect their activity, and put forward a conception of "Ecological House" which should assure convenient house and perfect environment can be got the balance, and compatible with each other.
This thesis based on the dwelling buildings which are located on the southwest of China, Mega thermal, Humidity consist of features in that region. Use the "Adaptability Technology" Medial, Low technology, combine with the local climate, geographical condition, we will discuss the dwelling houses that a specific classification of architecture and with the huge amount and wide facet in this field, it can promote the harmonious balance between Housing and Ecological environment. This thesis contains the six aspects as below.
In the part of the introduction will represent the theme of this thesis, there are lots of harmful situation in resent market can be solved by the "Ecological House", it will not destruction the environment and becomes a burden of nature resources, meanwhile it can be a promotion for the comfortable of our dwelling buildings. After that this part reviews the progress of the principle and practice of the conception "Ecological House". And puts forward a feasible and effective plan for this region which in southwest China that with limited level of economic and technological, finally based on the passive technology and have the mid, low technology under the good usage, make the "Ecological House" becomes wildly accepted and suitable classification of the dwelling buildings in this region.
The Second part will introduce the environment of that region, special features of physical geography situation and climate over there. And summed up the existed advantages of the local traditional dwelling house, takes-up a proposal for new house consisted in the advantages that gather the advantages exclude the unfavorable aspects, carry out a new buildings with local conditions, convenient environment and good inherited those advantages.
The third part, the thesis will give a definition of the "ecological House", and introduce how to design this kind of house and which principles should be followed in this area that is with mountainous region, mega thermal and humidity.
This part focus on the designing strategy of the ecological house which can match the specific mountain region and mega thermal, Humidity area conditions. Optimize the dwelling that on comfortable for temperature from the layout of the structure, designing of the single room and optimizing for model of room. Assure the safety of the house to prevent natural and human calamities. Created excellent region environment by landscape and making green orderly and harmonious.
Find out the right methods from the technology level to emphasis how to prevent out the high temperature, good ventilate, kick out the humidity in this region.
Considering the resources usage, make ample develop plan for the local material which can be served, advocate recycle the water resource and reuse of the rubbish for increasing the using rate of the resources.
引文
[1]林宪德.绿色建筑——生态·节能·减废·健康.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2007，13-187
[2]张国兴,尚守义,徐峰.可持续建筑技术.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2009,138-394
[3]Olgyay V. Design with Climate:Bioclimate Approach to Architectural Regionalism. Princeton:Princeon University Press,1963,6-87
[4]Polo Solerei. Arcology:The City in image of Man. Cambridge:MIT Press, 1969,12-37
[5]郑洁,黄炜,赵声萍等.绿色建筑湿热环境及保障技术.北京：化学工业出版社,2007,9-18
[6]Sim Van der Ryn, Stuart Cowan. Ecological Design. Washington D.C:Island Press,1996,5-15
[7]宋晔皓,栗德祥.整体生态建筑观、生态系统结构框架和生物气候缓冲层.建筑学报,1999,(3)：4-9
[8]宋海林,胡绍学.关于生态建筑的几点认识和思考(一).建筑学报,1999,(3)：10
[9]金棵,王晓娟,郭春霞等.生态住宅的内涵和发展理念.生态经济,2006,(1)：121-123
[10]绍福双,庄宁.居住建筑节能设计策略探讨.住区,2005,(4)：7
[11]Dean Heerwagen. Passive and Active Environmental Controls. New York:The McGrawhill Companies,2004,11-46
[12]童恩正.中国西南民族考古论文集.北京：文物出版社,1990,.6-78
[13]卢济威,王海松.山地建筑设计.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2007,2-195
[14]朱馥香,刘先觉.生态原点——气候建筑.新建筑,2000,(3)：69
[15]许东风.结合气候的重庆地区住宅设计研究：[硕士学位论文].重庆：重庆大学,2002,11-14
[16]邓少琴.巴蜀史稿.重庆：重庆出版社,1986,4-59
[17]杨宇振.中国西南地域建筑文化研究：[博士学位论文].重庆：重庆大学,2002-27
[18]唐璞.山地住宅设计.北京：科学出版社,1994,13-100
[19]刘先觉等著.生态建筑学.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2008,315-534
[20]吴良镛.广义建筑学.北京：清华大学出版社,1989,77
[21]宋智,吴若彬,.王华淳.炎热气候下山地住宅自然通风模式探索.见：第五届中国城市住宅研讨会论文集.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2005,305-309
[22]徐小东,王建国.基于生物气候条件的城市设计生态策略研究.建筑学报,2007,(3)：64-66
[23][美]阿尔温·德克里尚,尼克·贝尔,西莫斯·扬纳斯等编.建筑节能设计手册——气候与建筑.刘加平,张继良,谭良斌译.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2004,23-162
[24]R.Thompson. Air Quality Maintenance in Underground Buildings. Underground space,1997, (4):64-355
[25]吕爱民.应变建筑——大陆性气候的生态策略.上海：同济大学出社,2003,129-134
[26]李东明.建筑规划设计节地措施的开展研究.科技资讯,2008,(17)：61
[27]刘少瑜,陈汉云.21世纪迈入有益健康的建筑环境——绿色建筑在香港的发展.北京：沪港绿色建筑研究与设计案例,2005,140
[28]李孝美,杨淑蓉译.高亦兰,孙凤歧校.C.M.科里亚.建筑形式遵循气候——份来自印度的报告.北京：世界建筑,1982,(1)：54
[29]朱昌廉主编.住宅建筑设计原理.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1999,8-187
[30]董卫,王建国编.可持续发展的城市与建筑设计.南京：东南大学出版社,1999，83
[31]Kuniaki Sato. Underground Space Use and Environment Protection Technology in Japan. Urban Underground Utilization.1991:11-24
[32]聂晓晴,李泽新,周亮.山地住区设计中的生态思维——以重庆住区设计为例.新建筑,2008,(5)：126-129
[33]章建刚,李敏,魏宏杨等.山城高层建筑防火实践探析.消防科学与技术,2002,(3)：22-25
[34]Donald Watston, Alan Plattus, Robert G. Shibley. Time-SaverStandards for Urban Design. New York:McGraw-Hill,2001,4-11
[35]胡李峰.重庆地区节能型住区设计的理论与实践探索：[硕士学位论文].重庆：重庆大学,2006,70
[36]谢绍东,周定,岳奇贤等.模拟酸雨对混凝土影响的研究.环境科学,1995,16(5)：22-26
[37]杜强.基于热舒适性的室内环境控制分析.河北能源职业技术学院学报,2008,(1)：59-60
[38]胡绍学,宋海林,胡真.生态建筑研究绿色办公建筑.建筑学报,2000,(5)： 15
[39]周铁军,王雪松.节能住宅建筑构造设计研究——以国家节能示范工程：夏热冬冷地区重庆“天奇花园”为例.华中建筑,2000,(4)：77-78
[40]柳孝图.建筑物理.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1991,81
[41]Sophia and Stefan Behling. Sol Power. New York:A publication for the READ Group,1996:233
[42]Hiroshi Yoshino, Muneshige Nakatomo,Shinichi Matsumoto and etc.. Five-Year Measurement for Themal Performance of a Semi-Underground Test House. Urban Underground Utilization,1991:28-521
[43]唐鸣放,王丹妮.节能建筑架空通风地板传热系数研究.见：第十届全国建筑物理学术会议论文集.广州：华南理工出版社,2008,299-302
[44]谢浩,杨楚屏.优化防潮设计改善建筑环境.哈尔滨工业大学学报,2003,(10)：1264-1266
[45]卢军,陈启高.含盐多孔材料传热传质研究.重庆建筑大学学报,1999,21(6)：77-80
[46]李刚.除湿蒸发冷却空调系统的优化设计.制冷与空调,2008,(10)：82-85
[47]Debra Lynn Dadd. The All-Natural House, An Interview With Paul Bierman-Lytle. Everything Natural,1986, (10):16
[48]住房和城乡建设部住宅产业化促进中心编.省地节能环保型住宅成套技术指南.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2009,146-155
[49]李百战主编.绿色建筑概论.北京：化学工业出版社,2007,143-152
[2]张国兴,尚守义,徐峰.可持续建筑技术.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2009,138-394
[3]Olgyay V. Design with Climate:Bioclimate Approach to Architectural Regionalism. Princeton:Princeon University Press,1963,6-87
[4]Polo Solerei. Arcology:The City in image of Man. Cambridge:MIT Press, 1969,12-37
[5]郑洁,黄炜,赵声萍等.绿色建筑湿热环境及保障技术.北京：化学工业出版社,2007,9-18
[6]Sim Van der Ryn, Stuart Cowan. Ecological Design. Washington D.C:Island Press,1996,5-15
[7]宋晔皓,栗德祥.整体生态建筑观、生态系统结构框架和生物气候缓冲层.建筑学报,1999,(3)：4-9
[8]宋海林,胡绍学.关于生态建筑的几点认识和思考(一).建筑学报,1999,(3)：10
[9]金棵,王晓娟,郭春霞等.生态住宅的内涵和发展理念.生态经济,2006,(1)：121-123
[10]绍福双,庄宁.居住建筑节能设计策略探讨.住区,2005,(4)：7
[11]Dean Heerwagen. Passive and Active Environmental Controls. New York:The McGrawhill Companies,2004,11-46
[12]童恩正.中国西南民族考古论文集.北京：文物出版社,1990,.6-78
[13]卢济威,王海松.山地建筑设计.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2007,2-195
[14]朱馥香,刘先觉.生态原点——气候建筑.新建筑,2000,(3)：69
[15]许东风.结合气候的重庆地区住宅设计研究：[硕士学位论文].重庆：重庆大学,2002,11-14
[16]邓少琴.巴蜀史稿.重庆：重庆出版社,1986,4-59
[17]杨宇振.中国西南地域建筑文化研究：[博士学位论文].重庆：重庆大学,2002-27
[18]唐璞.山地住宅设计.北京：科学出版社,1994,13-100
[19]刘先觉等著.生态建筑学.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2008,315-534
[20]吴良镛.广义建筑学.北京：清华大学出版社,1989,77
[21]宋智,吴若彬,.王华淳.炎热气候下山地住宅自然通风模式探索.见：第五届中国城市住宅研讨会论文集.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2005,305-309
[22]徐小东,王建国.基于生物气候条件的城市设计生态策略研究.建筑学报,2007,(3)：64-66
[23][美]阿尔温·德克里尚,尼克·贝尔,西莫斯·扬纳斯等编.建筑节能设计手册——气候与建筑.刘加平,张继良,谭良斌译.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2004,23-162
[24]R.Thompson. Air Quality Maintenance in Underground Buildings. Underground space,1997, (4):64-355
[25]吕爱民.应变建筑——大陆性气候的生态策略.上海：同济大学出社,2003,129-134
[26]李东明.建筑规划设计节地措施的开展研究.科技资讯,2008,(17)：61
[27]刘少瑜,陈汉云.21世纪迈入有益健康的建筑环境——绿色建筑在香港的发展.北京：沪港绿色建筑研究与设计案例,2005,140
[28]李孝美,杨淑蓉译.高亦兰,孙凤歧校.C.M.科里亚.建筑形式遵循气候——份来自印度的报告.北京：世界建筑,1982,(1)：54
[29]朱昌廉主编.住宅建筑设计原理.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1999,8-187
[30]董卫,王建国编.可持续发展的城市与建筑设计.南京：东南大学出版社,1999，83
[31]Kuniaki Sato. Underground Space Use and Environment Protection Technology in Japan. Urban Underground Utilization.1991:11-24
[32]聂晓晴,李泽新,周亮.山地住区设计中的生态思维——以重庆住区设计为例.新建筑,2008,(5)：126-129
[33]章建刚,李敏,魏宏杨等.山城高层建筑防火实践探析.消防科学与技术,2002,(3)：22-25
[34]Donald Watston, Alan Plattus, Robert G. Shibley. Time-SaverStandards for Urban Design. New York:McGraw-Hill,2001,4-11
[35]胡李峰.重庆地区节能型住区设计的理论与实践探索：[硕士学位论文].重庆：重庆大学,2006,70
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