客体视觉工作记忆中特征识别的颜色优势效应及信息提取方式
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摘要
视觉工作记忆是目前心理学界研究的热点问题,此方面的研究主要集中在客体视觉工作记忆中的信息存储上,但对客体视觉工作记忆中的特征信息识别的研究甚少。探讨客体视觉工作记忆中的特征识别具有一定的实践及理论意义。
首先,客体是由各种不同的特征(如颜色、形状、图案)组成的,这些不同的特征为人类识别与区分不同的客体提供了直接的线索。然而,它们之间的识别时间是否具有差异呢?探讨各特征的识别特点对工业产品的标识和外观设计具有一定的现实意义。
其次,关于记忆中的信息提取理论基本上仍是沿用短时记忆中信息提取的观点,而其所采用的材料也以数字、字词等言语材料为主,且这些研究存在识记项目呈现上的缺陷,这在一定程度误导了研究结论。探讨客体视觉工作记忆中特征信息的提取方式将会促进记忆中的信息提取理论的发展。
本研究通过行为实验的方法,从客体特征信息识别的反应时角度对颜色、形状和图案三特征各自在识别中的特点及其信息提取方式进行探讨,并试图探索二者间的关系。
结果发现：在客体视觉工作记忆的特征识别中,颜色、形状和图案三种特征的识别时间存在差异,表现为颜色的识别时间最快,形状的识别时间次之,图案的识别时间最慢(形状与图案的识别时间不存在显著差异),并且这种识别时间上的差异与客体特征数目及认知活动的参与无关；当检测项目与视觉工作记忆中的客体一致时,视觉工作记忆中的客体识别的时间随着客体特征数目的增加而增加,而当检测项目与视觉工作记忆中的客体不一致时,其实识别时间与客体的特征数及特征所处的位置无关。
由本研究可得出如下结论：客体视觉工作记忆的特征识别中存在着稳定的颜色优势效应,表现为颜色特征的识别时间最短,形状的识别时间次之,而图案的识别时间最慢；客体视觉工作记忆特征识别过程中的特征信息是以平行加工和直通两种方式被提取的,表现为当检测项目与视觉工作记忆中的客体信息一致时,各特征是按平行加工的方式被提取的,而当检测项目与视觉工作记忆中的客体信息不一致时,客体的特征信息则是以直通的方式被提取的。
The research of Visual Working Memory (VWM) is a hotspot of psychology, these research are mainly focus on the object information storage, however, research focus on recognition of object feature information is insufficient. To explore object feature recognition will contribute to our daily practice, and, it can offer us something enlightenment theoretically.
First, object is consisted of different features (such as colour, form and pattern), these features offer direct clue to object recognition. Therefore, is there any difference in the recognition time during these features? To explore the recognition characteristic of each feature is necessary and helpful to sign and appearance design of industry production.
Second, the theory of information retrieval in memory is mainly based on short-term memory study. The material in these research experiments is mostly about verbal, such as number and word, and, there is something defect in the display of memory items, which would have misled the research conclusion. To explore the mode of information retrieval in object VWM will promote the development of visual information retrieval theory.
In this study, there are three features:colour, form and pattern, the aim is to explore the time difference of recognition of each feature in object VWM. The information retrieval mode during the recognition of object feature is also what we hope to find out. Besides, the relationship between characteristic of feature recognition time and the mode of information retrieval will be under discussion. To attain the anticipation, behavior experiment method of VWM study is adopted.
The study show that:In the feature recognition of object VWM, the time of feature recognition is significant different, of the three features, the recognition time of colour is significant shorter than the other two features and the recognition time of form is a little shorter than pattern's (not significant), meanwhile, this difference is not affected by the number of object feature and the participation of cognition activity. When detect items is constant with the object information of VWM, the recognition time becomes longer with the number of object feaure increasing. When not, the time has nothing to do with the number of object feature and the location of each feature.
The conclusion is as follow:Colour superiority effect is steadily exist in the process of object VWM feature recognition, it is conf cd by the time difference of feature recognition, which was already mentioned in the result. And also, there are two modes during the feature recognition process of object VWM, they are Parallel Processing Mode and Direct Access Model. when the detect item is constant with information in object VWM, features is recognized by Parallel Processing Mode, when not, features is recognized by Direct Access Mode
首先,客体是由各种不同的特征(如颜色、形状、图案)组成的,这些不同的特征为人类识别与区分不同的客体提供了直接的线索。然而,它们之间的识别时间是否具有差异呢?探讨各特征的识别特点对工业产品的标识和外观设计具有一定的现实意义。
其次,关于记忆中的信息提取理论基本上仍是沿用短时记忆中信息提取的观点,而其所采用的材料也以数字、字词等言语材料为主,且这些研究存在识记项目呈现上的缺陷,这在一定程度误导了研究结论。探讨客体视觉工作记忆中特征信息的提取方式将会促进记忆中的信息提取理论的发展。
本研究通过行为实验的方法,从客体特征信息识别的反应时角度对颜色、形状和图案三特征各自在识别中的特点及其信息提取方式进行探讨,并试图探索二者间的关系。
结果发现：在客体视觉工作记忆的特征识别中,颜色、形状和图案三种特征的识别时间存在差异,表现为颜色的识别时间最快,形状的识别时间次之,图案的识别时间最慢(形状与图案的识别时间不存在显著差异),并且这种识别时间上的差异与客体特征数目及认知活动的参与无关；当检测项目与视觉工作记忆中的客体一致时,视觉工作记忆中的客体识别的时间随着客体特征数目的增加而增加,而当检测项目与视觉工作记忆中的客体不一致时,其实识别时间与客体的特征数及特征所处的位置无关。
由本研究可得出如下结论：客体视觉工作记忆的特征识别中存在着稳定的颜色优势效应,表现为颜色特征的识别时间最短,形状的识别时间次之,而图案的识别时间最慢；客体视觉工作记忆特征识别过程中的特征信息是以平行加工和直通两种方式被提取的,表现为当检测项目与视觉工作记忆中的客体信息一致时,各特征是按平行加工的方式被提取的,而当检测项目与视觉工作记忆中的客体信息不一致时,客体的特征信息则是以直通的方式被提取的。
The research of Visual Working Memory (VWM) is a hotspot of psychology, these research are mainly focus on the object information storage, however, research focus on recognition of object feature information is insufficient. To explore object feature recognition will contribute to our daily practice, and, it can offer us something enlightenment theoretically.
First, object is consisted of different features (such as colour, form and pattern), these features offer direct clue to object recognition. Therefore, is there any difference in the recognition time during these features? To explore the recognition characteristic of each feature is necessary and helpful to sign and appearance design of industry production.
Second, the theory of information retrieval in memory is mainly based on short-term memory study. The material in these research experiments is mostly about verbal, such as number and word, and, there is something defect in the display of memory items, which would have misled the research conclusion. To explore the mode of information retrieval in object VWM will promote the development of visual information retrieval theory.
In this study, there are three features:colour, form and pattern, the aim is to explore the time difference of recognition of each feature in object VWM. The information retrieval mode during the recognition of object feature is also what we hope to find out. Besides, the relationship between characteristic of feature recognition time and the mode of information retrieval will be under discussion. To attain the anticipation, behavior experiment method of VWM study is adopted.
The study show that:In the feature recognition of object VWM, the time of feature recognition is significant different, of the three features, the recognition time of colour is significant shorter than the other two features and the recognition time of form is a little shorter than pattern's (not significant), meanwhile, this difference is not affected by the number of object feature and the participation of cognition activity. When detect items is constant with the object information of VWM, the recognition time becomes longer with the number of object feaure increasing. When not, the time has nothing to do with the number of object feature and the location of each feature.
The conclusion is as follow:Colour superiority effect is steadily exist in the process of object VWM feature recognition, it is conf cd by the time difference of feature recognition, which was already mentioned in the result. And also, there are two modes during the feature recognition process of object VWM, they are Parallel Processing Mode and Direct Access Model. when the detect item is constant with information in object VWM, features is recognized by Parallel Processing Mode, when not, features is recognized by Direct Access Mode
引文
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[2]Baddeley A. Recent developments in working memory [J]. Current Opinion in Neurobiology,1998,8(2):234～238.
[3]Baddeley A. Working memory:looking back and looking forward [J]. Nat Rev Neurosoci,2003,4(10):829～839.
[4]宋耀武,郝红杰.视觉工作记忆中的加工与存储机制：回顾与思考[J].心理科学,2008,31(6)：1431～1434.
[5]鲁忠义,杜建政,刘学华.工作记忆模型的第四个组成部分——情景缓冲器[J].心理科学,2008,31(1)：239～241.
[6]王恩国,沈德立,吕勇.语文学习困难儿童的短时记忆、工作记忆和加工速度[J].心理科学,2008,31(1)：5～10.
[7]郭春彦.工作记忆：一个备受关注的研究领域[J].心理科学进展,2007,15(1)：1～7.
[8]Smith E E, Jonides J W. Working memory:A view from neuroimaging[J]. Cognitive Psychology,1997,33(1):5～42.
[9]Cowan N. An embedded-processes model of working memory[M]. New York: Cambridge University Press,1999:66～101.
[10]Oberauer K. Access to information in working memory:exploring the focus of attention[J]. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning Memory, and Cognition,2002,28(3):411～21.
[11]Baddeley AD, Andrade J. Working memory and the vividness of imagery[J]. Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,2000,129(1):126～145.
[12]Logie R H. Essays in cognitive psychology:Visuo-spatial working memory[M]. England:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Press,1995:161.
[13]Luck S J, Vogel E K. The capacity of visual working memory for features and conjunctions[J]. Nature,1997,390:279～281.
[14]李鹏,沈模卫,郎学明,陈硕.客体的视觉工作记忆研究进展[J].应用心理 学,2007,13(1)：3～10.
[15]Wheeler M E, Treisman A M. Binding in short-term visual memory[J]. Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,2002,131(1):48～64.
[16]Vogel E K, Woodman G F, Luck S J. Storage of features, conjunctions and objects in visual working memory[J]. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception & Performance,2001,27(1):92～114.
[17]吴文春,金志成.工作记忆及其理论模型[J].中国临床康复,2005,9(40)：74～76.
[18]Hubel D H, Wiesel T N. Receptive fields, binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat's visual cortex[J]. Journal of Physiology,1962,160: 106～154.
[19]Livingstone M, Hubel D. Segregation of form color, movement and depth: anatomy, physiology, and perception[J]. Science,1988,240:740～749
[20]Baron Cohen S, John H, Laura HG. Coloured Speech Perception:Is Synaesthesia What Happens When Modularity Breaks Down? [J]. Perception, 1993,22:419～426.
[21]Courtney SM, Ungerleider LG, Keil K, et al. Object and spatial visual working memory activate separate neural systems in human cortex[J]. Cereb Cortex,1996,6(1):39～49.
[22]Lynn C. Binding, spatial attention and perceptual awareness[J]. Nature Reviews Neuroscience,2003,4:93～102.
[23]Goldman Rakic, P. S. Regional and cellular fractionation of working memory[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,1996,93:13473～13480.
[24]Jonides, J., Sylvester, C. Y, C., Lacey, S. C., Wager, T. D., Nichols, T. E.,& Awh, E. Modules of working memory. In R.H. Kluwe, G. Luer,& F.Rosler(Eds.), Principles of learning and memory. Cambridge, MA: Birkhauser,2003:113～114.
[25]刘晓平,王兆新,陈湘川,张达人.视觉工作记忆中的子系统[J].心理学报,2003,35(5)：598～603.
[26]Svein M. Low-level memory processes in vision[J]. Trends in Neuroscience, 2000,23:247～251.
[27]Phillips W A. On the distinction between sensory storage and short-term visual memory[J]. Perception & Psychophysics,1974,16(2):283～290.
[28]Philips W A, Christie D F. Components of visual memory[J]. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,1977,29(1):117～133.
[29]Philips W A, Routh D A. Short-term visual memory[J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, Biological Sciences, 1983,302(1110):295～309.
[30]Irwin D E. Information integration across saccadic eye movements[J]. Cognitive Psychology,1991,23(3):420～456.
[31]Irwin D E. Memory for position and identity across eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology[J]. Learning Memory, and Cognition,1992,18(2): 307～317.
[32]Cowan N. The magical number 4 in short-term memory:A reconsideration of mental storage capacity[J]. Behavioral and Brain Sciences,2000,24(1):87～ 114.
[33]Davis G. There is no for-object limit on attention[J]. Behavioral and brain sciences,2001,24(1):119～20.
[34]Davis G, Holmes A. The capacity of visual short-term memory is not a fixed number of objects[J]. Memory & Cognition,2005,33(2):185～195.
[35]沈模卫,徐青,高在峰,余喻,尹军,孙忠强,水仁德.客体复杂度影响工作记忆可存储的客体数目[J].应用心理学,2009,15(1)：3～9.
[36]Wesenick M-B. Limitations of human visual working memory[D]. Munchen: Ludwig-Maximilians-University at 2003.
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