北极治理模式研究
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摘要
随着全球变暖的加剧,北极成为了国际社会的焦点所在,北极治理也成为了国际社会关注的重要议事日程。北极事务能否得到妥善解决,不仅关系到北极地区的稳定,而且与世界的稳定和发展也具有密切联系。因此,北极治理的研究具有重要的学理价值和现实意义。本文从北极治理的现状出发,试图厘清北极事务的本质,把握北极治理的脉络,揭示北极治理的主要特点,并借此提出了国际公共事务的“自主治理”模式。
     本文对以往的研究成果进行了简要的梳理,发现现有的北极治理研究大都着眼于北极问题的解决,是基于北极治理缺陷提出的某种设想,并未就北极治理体系进行多层次的分析,且很少对北极治理的实际特点进行归纳。本文对北极治理全球、多边、双边层次的互动实践进行较为全面、客观的梳理,结合北极治理中最重要的行为体——北极国家在本国北极战略、共同宣言、相关文件以及实践中表现出的最新态度与动向,力争将北极治理结构的“实然”特点完整地展现出来。
     本文通过研究发现,在国际层面上,北极治理存在着某种程度上的制度缺失,并不存在《北极条约》之类的专门针对北极的顶层制度设计,《联合国海洋法公约》也只是为北极治理提供了一个原则性的框架。就多边与双边层面而言,北极国家以北极理事会为平台,就北极治理展开了积极的实践。北极五国通过北冰洋外长会议就北极政策进行协调。北极国家力图通过规则的制定将区域外行为体排除在北极治理的进程之外。在多边的框架下,北极国家内部就相关问题的解决进行了积极的尝试。北极国家间的互动取得了一系列重要的成果。基于以上分析,本文对北极治理的特点进行了归纳,并得出北极治理呈现出“外部排他,内部协商”特征的论断。
     针对北极治理的特点,本文进一步从规模、利益、权力和规范四个变量角度出发对北极治理模式进行了分析,并发现现有的国际关系区域治理理论无法对其进行很好的解释。在进行可行性分析之后,本文借鉴了政治经济学的相关理论,引入了“自主治理”这一概念,并加入了社会学的内涵,使之能更加符合北极治理的具体特征,对国际公共事务治理提出了新的设想。“自主治理”是指国际事务的相关行为体(主权国家)在没有外部力量介入(或外部作用为零)的情况下对事务的自我治理,是通过自主协商等互动进而实现集体选择的社会实践过程。“自主治理”具有社会性、实践性和过程性三个重要特征。
     就理论方面而言,本文对北极事务的治理进行了较为深入的探讨与分析,对北极治理体系从全球、多边、双边三个层面进行了梳理,对其特点进行了总结,在一定意义上拓宽了现有北极治理研究的范围,丰富了研究的相关内容。在总结北极治理体系特点的基础上,本文借鉴了经济学的相关理论,提出了国际事务治理的一种新模式——“自主治理”模式。虽然这一模式目前仅是一种设想,其科学性还有待于进一步的验证,但在一定程度上丰富了国际治理的相关理论,并为其他国际事务的处理提供可借鉴的范例。
     就现实意义而言,本文通过对北极治理的全面梳理与系统分析,对北极治理的特点做出了较为科学的总结,有利于北极事务的良性推动,对中国北极战略的制定具有一定的参考意义,并为类似国际事务的处理提供了一定的借鉴。
With the aggravation of global warming, Arctic has become the focus of theinternational society. There is also a growing international appreciation of theimportance of Arctic governance, which is related to the peace and development notonly of the region but also of the world. Starting from the political realities present,this dissertation attempts to examine the essence of Arctic governance, evaluateexisting arrangements, reveal its characteristics and put forward an alternative modelfor international governance “self-governance”.
     In its literature review, this dissertation finds that general discussions of Arcticgovernance typically center on the solution of the problems and the proposals forArctic governance. However, there is a lack of study that encompasses the multilevelanalysis of existing structure. Focused on the practices of Arctic governance in threedifferent perspectives (global, regional, and bilateral), this dissertation examines thepresent governance system of the Arctic in order to outline its core characteristics.
     This dissertation makes an analysis in three perspectives, that is, global, regionaland bilateral. In global perspective, there is no comprehensive Arctic regimecomparable in scope and content to the Antarctic Treaty. The United NationsConvention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) only provides a framework and guidelinefor Arctic. In regional perspective, although the Arctic Council has no regulatoryauthority, it has achieved considerable success in generating policy-relevantknowledge about the Arctic and coordinating the behaviors of the Arctic countries. Inbilateral perspective, the interplay of the Arctic countries has a history of successfulefforts to revolve the disputes. Building on the preceding analysis, it is clear that theArctic governance system is under the concert of the Arctic countries and exclusivefor the out-Arctic states and international organizations.
     Furthermore, this dissertation examines Arctic governance system from theviewpoints of size, interest, power, and norm. The author finds that none of theexisting theories are effective enough in explaining the Arctic governance. As an application of Public choice theory, the author put forward an alternative model forinternational governance, which is “self-governance”.“Self-governance” refers to thatthe relevant actors exercise common governance over the relevant issue withoutintervention from any authority outside. It is a practice process that actors achievecommon selection through self-organization and equal consultation. The concept ischaracterized by sociality, practicality, and process.
     This dissertation identifies one possible way to understand the Arctic governancesystem, which, at least for the present author, seems a viable one. The dissertation alsoputs forward an alternative model for international governance and gives the basis forthe future argument.
引文
①“Senior Arctic Officials (SAO) Report to Ministers”,(Nuuk, Greenland, May2011), p.50http://www.arctic-council.org/index.php/en/about/documents/category/20-main-documents-from-nuuk?download=76:sao-report-to-the-ministers.
    ②《政府间气候变化专门委员会第四次评估报告》,http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg2/ar4-wg2-spm-cn.pdf.
    ①“Arctic Climate Feedbacks: Global Implications”,http://assets.panda.org/downloads/wwf_arctic_feedbacks_report.pdf.
    ②“Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress”, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41153.pdf.
    ①“The European Union and the Arctic Region”,http://eeas.europa.eu/arctic_region/docs/com_08_763_en.pdf.
    ②《开发北冰洋,中国不可“缺位”》,人民网,http://military.people.com.cn/GB/1076/52984/11083433.html.
    ③Willy streng, Politics in High Latitudes: The Svalbard Archipelago (Montreal: McGill-Queen's UniversityPress,1978).
    ①南极条约的研究材料,可见Olav Schram Stokke&Davor Vidas, eds., Governing the Antarctic: Theeffectiveness and legitimacy of the Antarctic Treaty System (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1996);Arthur Watts, International law and the Antarctic treaty system(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1992);Jeffrey D. Myhre, The Antarctic Treaty system: politics, law, and diplomacy,(Boulder: Westview Press,1986)等。国外学者提倡建立北极条约体系的论述,可见Donald R. Rothwell, The Arctic in International Law: Time for aNew Regime?(December10,2008, ANU College of Law Research Paper No.08-37); Verhaag, Melissa A.,“It IsNot Too Late: The Need for a Comprehensive International Treaty to Protect the Arctic Environment”, GeorgetownInternational Environmental Law Review, Vol.15(3),2003, pp555–579.; O. Stokke, O. Schram,“The Law of theSea Convention and the Idea f a Binding Regime for the Arctic Marine Environment”(paper prepared for theSeventh Conference of Parliamentarians of the Arctic Region, Kiruna, Sweden,2–4August2006),http://www.arcticparl.org/files/images/Underlagsrapport%20eng-rysk3.pdf等。
    ②, Donald R Rothwell,“The Arctic in International Law: Time for a New Regime?”(December10,2008. ANUCollege of Law Research Paper No.08-37), http://ssrn.com/abstract=1314546.
    ①Timo Koivurova,“Alternatives for an Arctic Treaty–Evaluation and a New Proposal,” Review of EuropeanCommunity&International Environmental Law, Volume17, Issue1, April2008, pp.12-26.
    ②Oran R. Young,“If an Arctic Ocean treaty is not the solution, what is the alternative?”, Polar Record, Vol.47,October2011, pp.327-334.
    ①Timo Koivurova&Erik J. Molenaar,“International Governance and Regulation of the Marine Arctic: Overviewand Gap Analysis”,http://www.wwf.se/source.php/1223579/International%20Governance%20and%20Regulation%20of%20the%20Marine%20Arctic.pdf.
    ②Timo Koivurova,“Limits and possibilities of the Arctic Council in a rapidly changing scene of Arcticgovernance”, Polar Record, Volu.46,2010, pp.146-156.
    ③至今为止,虽然国内关于中国制定北极战略的呼声不断,但中国尚未制定北极战略。中国甚至有学者表示“中国在北极并无特殊利益。参见《中国北极活动无关战略控制》,新华网,http://news.xinhuanet.com/2012-01/31/c_111474321.htm
    ④有关成果参见北极问题研究编写组:《北极问题研究》,北京·海洋出版社,2011年版;陆俊元:《北极地缘政治与中国应对》(北京:时事出版社,2010年12月);陆俊元:《北极国家新北极政策的共同取向及对策思考》(载《国际关系学院学报》,2011年第3期,第63-69页);张胜军,李形:《中国能源安全与中国北极战略定位》(载《国际观察》,2010年第4期);陈玉刚、陶平国、陈倩:《北极理事会与北极合作研究》(载《国际观察》,2010年第4期)等。相关学位论文参见吴琼:《北极海域的国际法律问题研究》(华东政法大学,2010年);韩逸畴:《论北极地区之国际法治理》(华东政法大学,2011年);陶平国:《北极主权权利争端研究》(复旦大学,2009年)等。
    ①参见埃莉诺奥斯特罗姆:《公共事物的治理之道——集体行动的演进》(余迅达、陈旭东译),上海三联书店,2000年版。
    ①斯蒂芬·范埃弗拉:《政治学研究方法指南》(陈琪译),北京·北京大学出版社,2006年版,第21页。
    ①陆俊元:《北极地缘政治与中国应对》,北京·时事出版社,2010年版,第2页。
    ①“Arctic Human Development Report”, http://hdr.undp.org/es/informes/regional/otra/arctic_2004_en.pdf.
    ①《政府间气候变化专门委员会第四次评估报告》,http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg2/ar4-wg2-spm-cn.pdf.
    ②“Arctic Climate Feedbacks: Global Implications”,http://assets.panda.org/downloads/wwf_arctic_feedbacks_report.pdf.
    ①1987年9月13日,挪威的P-3B型反潜巡逻机正在巴伦支海上空苏联沿岸执行侦察任务,与苏联新式Su-27战机遭遇。随后,挪威飞机被Su-27战机用垂直尾翼在外侧发动机上划开了一个大口子,险些坠海,直至最后一刻才侥幸逃生,苏联战机因为垂尾损坏很快返航。这就是冷战时期著名的“巴伦支海上空手术刀”事件,
    ①张侠、屠景芳:《北冰洋油气资源潜力的全球战略意义》,载《中国海洋大学学报》(社会科学版),2010年第5期,第8页。
    ②同上
    ③《俄罗斯欲加紧开发北极以应对其他国家争夺》,新华网,http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2011-11/13/c_122271237.htm.
    ④“Estimates of Undiscovered Oil and Gas North of the Arctic Circle”,http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3049/fs2008-3049.pdf.
    ①《俄专家称北极油气储量约为1千亿吨石油当量》,中新网,http://www.chinanews.com/ny/2011/08-25/3281881.shtml
    ②“Climate Change and International Security”,http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/reports/99387.pdf
    ①陆俊元:《北极地缘政治与中国应对》,第39~42页。
    ①《北极航道:或成我国第九条远洋运输航线》,2010年3月18日《经济参考报》,http://www.jjckb.cn/cjxw/2010-03/18/content_212529.htm.
    ②《俄罗斯欲巨资拓展北极航道》,http://tech.ifeng.com/discovery/detail_2011_08/12/8356617_0.shtml.
    ③同上。
    ④《俄罗斯安全会议秘书建议大力发展北极航道》,俄罗斯新闻网,http://rusnews.cn/xinwentoushi/20110808/43120828.html.
    ⑤《加拿大欲独霸北极要求进入北冰洋船泊向其申报》,人民网,http://world.people.com.cn/GB/1029/42355/7741167.html.
    ①《俄罗斯恢复远程战略轰炸机例行战斗值班飞行》,新华网,http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2007-08/17/content_6555162.htm.
    ①何其松:《气候变化与北极地缘政治博弈》,载《外交评论》,2010年第5期,第114页。
    ①《加拿大在北极举行年度军事演习旨在宣示主权》,http://www.dzwww.com/xinwen/guojixinwen/201108/t20110825_6609161.htm.
    ①格陵兰在历史上先后归属挪威和丹麦管辖。1931年,挪威占领了格陵兰岛东部地区,声称对其拥有主权。1933年,丹麦、挪威将争端提交给海牙国际法庭仲裁,根据仲裁结果,丹麦获得了格陵兰岛的全部主权。参观判决参见“Legal Status of Eastern Greenland: Denmark v. Norway Judgment”,http://www.worldcourts.com/pcij/eng/decisions/1933.04.05_greenland.htm.
    ②协议具体内容参见“Agreement between the Government of the Kingdom of Denmark and the Government ofCanada relating to the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Greenland and Canada”,http://www.un.org/depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/TREATIES/DNK-CAN1973CS.PDF
    ③丹麦关于汉斯岛的主权主张可参见Kenn Harper,“Hans Island rightfully belongs to Greenland, Denmark”,http://www.nunatsiaqonline.ca/archives/40514/opinionEditorial/opinions.html
    ④相关内容参见Kenn Harper:“Hans’History”, http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/hansIsland/background.asp
    ①两国之间的举动被戏称为“瓶子的战争”,具体内容参见Kenn Harper: Hans’History。2005年,两国民众为了表示两国对汉斯岛的主权,在网络上大打出手分别在Google上刊登广告,此举被戏称为“google之战”,参见《加丹争夺北冰洋荒岛汉斯岛,两国政府民众齐上阵》,新华网,http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2005-08/11/content_3338136.htm
    ②Matt Gurney:“After eight years, Canada and Denmark are ready to talk peace”,http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2012/04/11/matt-gurney-move-over-syria-canada-and-denmark-are-ready-to-talk-peace/
    ①《地理发现时期的北极活动》,http://www.kepu.net.cn/gb/earth/arctic/study/std101.html
    ①《冷战时期的科学活动》,http://www.kepu.net.cn/gb/earth/arctic/study/std102.html
    ②“Svalbard Treaty”(Treaty between Norway, The United States of America, Denmark, France, Italy, Japan, theNetherlands, Great Britain and Ireland and the British overseas Dominions and Sweden concerning Spitsbergensigned in Paris9thFebruary1920),http://dianawallismep.org.uk/en/document/spitsbergen-treaty-booklet.pdf
    ①伊恩·布朗利:《国际公法原理》(曾令良等译),北京·法律出版社,2004年版,第151页
    ①《“自然”报告称北极上空首次出现臭氧空洞》,http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2011/10/253421.shtm
    ②张侠、刘玉新等:《北极地区人口、组成与分布》,载《世界地理研究》,第17卷第4期,2008年12月,第139页。
    ①苏长和:《国际制度分析的发展与反思》,载《全球公共问题与国际合作:一种制度的分析》,上海·上海人民出版社,2000年版,第3页。
    ①《南极丰富的矿产资源》,新华网,http://news.xinhuanet.com/tech/2009-10/14/content_12230442.htm.
    ②《人类南极洲探险史:“未知大陆”假想》,新华网,http://news.xinhuanet.com/tech/2009-10/15/content_12238716.htm.
    ①高威:《南北极法律状况研究》,载《海洋环境科学》,2007年第4期,第384页。
    ②高威:《南北极法律状况研究》,第385页。
    ③“Antarctic Treaty”, http://www.ats.aq/documents/ats/treaty_original.pdf
    ①“Antarctic Treaty,” http://www.ats.aq/documents/ats/treaty_original.pdf
    ②颜其德、朱建刚:《南极条约与领土主权要求》,载《海洋管理与开发》,2008年第4期,第81页
    ①“Antarctic Treaty”, http://www.ats.aq/documents/ats/treaty_original.pdf
    ①严双伍、李默:《北极争端的症结及其解决路径》,载《武汉大学学报》,2009年第6期,第834页。
    ①程保志:《北极治理机制的构建与完善:法律与政策层面的思考》,载《国际观察》,2011年第4期,第6页。
    ②Oran R. Young, If an Arctic Ocean treaty is not the solution, what is the alternative?, Polar Record,47,2011, pp
    327-334
    ①高威:《南北极法律状况研究》,第386页。
    ②Anthony Bergin&Marcus Howard,“Frozen assets: Securing Australia's Antarctic Future”(Strategic Insights,Australian Strategic Policy Institute), p.20.http://www.aspi.org.au/publications/publication_details.aspx?ContentID=120&%3bpubtype=6.
    ①《极地争夺战日趋“白热化”,俄将批准私企开采北极油气》,中国科技网,http://www.stdaily.com/stdaily/content/2012-03/20/content_444809.htm
    ②“Antarctic Treaty”, http://www.ats.aq/documents/ats/treaty_original.pdf.
    ①郭培清、石伟华:《“南极条约”50周年:挑战与未来走向》,载《中国海洋大学学报(社会科学版)》,2010年第1期,第11页。
    ②相关论述参见基欧汉《霸权之后:国际政治经济中的合作与纷争》一书。罗伯特·基欧汉:《霸权之后:国际政治经济中的合作与纷争》(苏长河等译),上海人民出版社,2006年版。
    ③Timo Koivurova,“Alternatives For An Arctic Treaty: Evolution And A New Proposal”, p.22
    ①“The report of the Seventh Conference of the Parliamentarians of the Arctic Region”,(Kirkuna, Sweden, No.28,
    4August2006), http://www.arcticparl.org/resource/images/Arktiska_rapport_070125.pdf
    ②“Report on Recommendations from the Adrenal Seminar on Multilateral Environmental Agreements and theirRelevance to the Arctic”,(Adrenal,22September2006),http://polar.grida.no/_documents/mea_recommendations.pdf.
    ③美国现在仍未加入《联合国海洋公约》,但这并不妨碍美国引用《公约》的相关条款。从国际法的角度来说,条约并不约束第三国,但国际法也允许某些条约为第三国创设权利和义务;关于条约赋予第三国权利问题,一条约为第三国设立权利,必须得到第三国同意,但第三国若无相反表示,应推断其接受该权利。美国虽未签署《联合国海洋公约》,但却参与了《公约》第十一部分的修改工作。《关于执行“联合国海洋法公约”第十一部分的协定和决议》在1994年第48届联大续会上得以通过,参加条约修订工作非正式或磋商的国家既有公约的缔约国,也有公约的非缔约国,甚至还特意包括那些极力反对公约的国家。公约的第三国参与公约的修改无疑赋予了第三国修改公约的权利。况且,《联合国海洋公约》中的某些条款本身就是国际习惯法,如公海航行自由,而自《公约》签订以来,某些条款也已经具有了国际习惯法的效力,作为国际习惯法的特定条款无疑对所有国家都适用。相关问题请参考曹蕾:《“联合国海洋法公约”对第三国的效力——从习惯法的角度分析》,载《法制与社会》,2010年第2期。关于《联合国海洋公约》事宜,2009年
    ①《联合国海洋法公约》,http://www.un.org/zh/law/sea/los/
    ③Barbara Ellen Heim, Exploring the Last Frontiers for Mineral Resources: A Comparison of International LawRegarding the Deep Seabed, Outer Space, And Antarctica,23V and J Tranat’1L.(1990). pp.819and827转引自金永明:《人类共同继承财产法律性质研究》,载《社会科学》,2005年第3期,第61页。
    ①金永明:《人类共同继承财产法律性质研究》,第61-62页。
    ②程保志:《北极治理机制的构建与完善—法律与政策层面的思考》,第4页。
    ③《联合国海洋法公约》,http://www.un.org/zh/law/sea/los/。
    ①Harry S. Truman,“Proclamation2667-Policy of the United States With Respect to the Natural Resources of theSubsoil and Sea Bed of the Continental Shelf”,http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=12332#ixzz1s4zDPT3C
    ②“Convention on the Continental Shelf”,http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/8_1_1958_continental_shelf.pdf
    ①“Convention on the Continental Shelf”,http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/8_1_1958_continental_shelf.pdf
    ①《联合国海洋法公约》,http://www.un.org/zh/law/sea/los/
    ①《联合国海洋法公约》,http://www.un.org/zh/law/sea/los/
    ②同上。
    ③同上。
    ④屈广清主编:《海洋法》,北京·中国人民大学出版社,2005年版,第148页。
    ⑤R. R. Churchill&A. V. Lowe, The Law of the Sea (Manchester: Manchester University Press,1999),pp.148-149.
    ①“Receipt of the submission made by the Russian Federation to the Commission on the Limits of the ContinentalShelf”, http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/rus01/RUS_CLCS_01_2001_LOS_English.pdf.
    ②《俄北极“插旗”引燃“冰地热战”》,新华网,http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2007-08/30/content_6628521.htm.
    ③《俄罗斯将拨巨款勘探北极大陆架边界寻找领土依据》,中国网http://big5.china.com.cn/international/txt/2010-02/05/content_19376649.htm.
    ①《俄罗斯明年欲向联合国申请延伸北极大陆架边界》,中新网,http://www.chinanews.com/gj/2011/07-06/3162166.shtml.
    ②《挪威大陆架划界案(北冰洋、巴伦支海和挪威海地区)执行摘要》,http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/nor06/nor_2006_c.pdf.
    ③根据挪威所提交的申请,Banana Hole指从挪威本土、法罗群岛、冰岛、扬马延岛、格陵兰岛和斯瓦尔巴群岛基线量起200海里意外的海域。
    ④“Summary of the Recommendations of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in regard to theSubmission made by Norway in respect of Areas in the Arctic Ocean, The BarentsSea and The Norwegian Sea on
    27November2006”,(March,27,2009), p.80., http://www. un. org/Depts/los/.
    ⑤“Partial Submission of the Government of the Kingdom of Denmark together with the Government of theFaroes to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf”,http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/dnk28_09/dnk2009executivesummary.pdf
    ①“Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic2011-2020”,http://canada.um.dk/en/~/media/Canada/Documents/Other/Arktis_Rapport_EN.ashx
    ②《加拿大拟设立北极研究基础设施基金来提升研究能力》,中国极地研究中心,http://www.pric.gov.cn/newinfo.asp?sortid=10&subid=49&id=828.
    ③“Statement on Canada’s Arctic Foreign Policy: Exercising Sovereignty and Promoting Canada’s NorthernStrategy Abroad”,http://www.international.gc.ca/polar-polaire/assets/pdfs/CAFP_booklet-PECA_livret-eng.pdf.
    ④参见联合国大陆架界限委员会的网站http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/commission_submissions.htm
    ⑤R. R. Churchill&A. V. Lowe, p.149.
    ①“Ilulissat Declaration”,http://www.oceanlaw.org/downloads/arctic/Ilulissat_Declaration.pdf.
    ②国家安全总统令(NSPD-66)和本土安全的总统令(HSPD-26),http://softscience.chinare.org.cn/softscience/litLawfileDetail.jsp?id=4.
    ①“Statement on Canada’s Arctic Foreign Policy: Exercising Sovereignty and Promoting Canada”s NorthernStrategy Abroad”,http://www.international.gc.ca/polar-polaire/assets/pdfs/CAFP_booklet-PECA_livret-eng.pdf
    ②“The High North: Visions And Strategies”,http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/UD/Vedlegg/Nordomr dene/UD_nordomrodene_EN_web.pdf
    ①刘中民:《“联合国海洋法公约”生效的负面效应分析》,载《外交评论》,2008年第2期,第82页。
    ②Jonathan Charney,“Central East Asian Maritime and the Law of the Sea”, American Journal of InternationalLaw, Vol.89, No.4,1989, p.489.转引自刘中民:《“联合国海洋法公约”生效的负面效应分析》,第83页。
    ③刘中民:《“联合国海洋法公约”生效的负面效应分析》,第83页。
    ①作者引用这一论述并不代表对其的认同,就参与国家缔结的国家行为体数量而言,北极事务与南极事务的行为体数量大体相当,单就行为体数量这一变量,很难解释为何《南极条约》可以成功缔结,而《北极条约》却胎死腹中,同样的逻辑也很难解释《联合国海洋法公约》的成功缔结与国际气候谈判的停滞不前,对于国际事务中行为体数量是否会影响国际事务的治理,本文中最后一部分将会详细进行论述。文中所提及的观点引用自肯尼思·奥耶:《解释无政府状态下的合作:假说与战略》,载《无政府状态下的合作》(肯尼思·奥耶主编,田野、辛平译),上海人民出版社,2010年版,第18页。
    ①“Svalbard Treaty”, http://dianawallismep.org.uk/en/document/spitsbergen-treaty-booklet.pdf.
    ②“Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears”, http://pbsg.npolar.no/en/agreements/agreement1973.html
    ③Rob Huebert,“Multilateral versus Unilateral Actions: Balancing the needs for International Governance in theNew Arctic”(Position paper for the5th NRF open Assembly, September24th–27th2008),p.2http://www.nrf.is/Open%20Meetings/Anchorage/Position%20Papers/Huebert_5thNRF_position_paper_session1%20(2).pdf.
    ①《美国国务院关于“北极搜寻与救援协定”的简报》,2011年5月12日,http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/chinese/texttrans/2011/05/20110513154143x0.1715771.html#axzz1qYkDHhh4
    ①“Sivalbad Treaty”, http://dianawallismep.org.uk/en/document/spitsbergen-treaty-booklet.pdf.
    ①何苗、李黎:《“斯瓦尔巴德条约”及南沙问题对其的借鉴》,载《苏州大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,2011年第4期,第180页。
    ①蔡鹏鸿:《争议海域共同开发的管理模式:比较研究》,上海社会科学院出版社,1998年版,第96-104页。
    ②1990年9月16日,美国国会全票批准了这一条约,但当时的苏联最高苏维埃和现在的俄罗斯国家杜马一直没有批准此条约,因此条约尚未生效。
    ①国家安全总统令(NSPD-66)和本土安全的总统令(HSPD-26),http://softscience.chinare.org.cn/softscience/litLawfileDetail.jsp?id=4
    ②“Statement on Canada’s Arctic Foreign Policy: Exercising Sovereignty and Promoting Canada’s NorthernStrategy Abroad”,http://www.international.gc.ca/polar-polaire/assets/pdfs/CAFP_booklet-PECA_livret-eng.pdf.
    ③“The High North: Visions And Strategies”,http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/UD/Vedlegg/Nordomr dene/UD_nordomrodene_EN_web.pdf
    ①“Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic2011-2020”,http://canada.um.dk/en/~/media/Canada/Documents/Other/Arktis_Rapport_EN.ashx.
    ②《2020年前俄罗斯联邦北极地区国家政策原则及远景规划》,http://www.pric.gov.cn/newinfo.asp?sortid=10&id=841.
    ①《2020年前俄罗斯联邦北极地区国家政策原则及远景规划》,http://www.pric.gov.cn/newinfo.asp?sortid=10&id=841.
    ②《俄拟在2015年组建首支北极地区作战旅》,新华网http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2012-02/21/c_122734994.htm.
    ①郭培清、田栋:《摩尔曼斯克讲话与北极合作——北极进入合作时代》,载《海洋世界》,2008年第4期,第72页。
    ②Mikhail Gorbachev,“Murmansk Speech”, http://www.barentsinfo.fi/docs/Gorbachev_speech.pdf.
    ①Mikhail Gorbachev,“Murmansk Speech”, http://www.barentsinfo.fi/docs/Gorbachev_speech.pdf.
    ②Ibid.
    ③“Declaration On The Protection Of Arctic Environment”,http://www.arctic-council.org/index.php/en/about/documents/category/4-founding-documents?download=53:aeps.
    ①董跃、陈奕彤、李升成:《北极环境治理中的软法因素:以北极环境保护战略为例》,载《中国海洋大学学报(社会科学版本)》,2010年第1期,第19页。
    ①《北极理事会成立宣言》,http://www.arctic-council.org/index.php/en/about/documents/category/4-founding-documents?download=118:the-ottawa-declaration.
    ①《北极理事会成立宣言》,http://www.arctic-council.org/index.php/en/about/documents/category/4-founding-documents?download=118:the-ottawa-declaration.
    ①相关内容参见北极理事会的网站,http://www.arctic-council.org/index.php/en/
    ②陈玉刚、陶平国、秦倩:《北极理事会与北极合作研究》,第19-20页。
    ①“Arctic Climate Change Impact Assessment”, http://www.acia.uaf.edu/pages/scientific.html.
    ①“Nuuk Declaration”,http://arctic-council.npolar.no/accms/export/sites/default/en/meetings/2011-nuuk-ministerial/docs/Nuuk_Declaration_FINAL.pdf
    ②“Senior Arctic Officials (SAO) Report to Ministers”(Nuuk, Greenland, May2011), p.50http://www.arctic-council.org/index.php/en/about/documents/category/20-main-documents-from-nuuk?download=
    76:sao-report-to-the-ministers
    ①“Senior Arctic Officials (SAO) Report to Ministers”(Nuuk, Greenland, May2011), p.51,http://www.arctic-council.org/index.php/en/about/documents/category/20-main-documents-from-nuuk?download=
    76:sao-report-to-the-ministers
    ②Ibid.
    ①管辖权是主权国家的基本权利之一,是基于主权产生的权利。目前北极国家对北极外大陆架的权利主张尚未得到联合国大陆架界限委员会的认可,因此,从国际法的角度来说,除北极国家的领海和专属经济区外的北冰洋海域应是公海,公海不属于任何国家的管辖和支配。根据《联合国海洋法公约》的相关规定:“除国际公约或本条约明文规定的例外情形外,船舶在公海上应受船旗国的专属管辖”,因此,国家在公海的管辖基础主要是属人管辖,除特殊情况外,船旗国对悬挂本国旗帜的船只具有管辖权。有关国家一旦认承认北极国家的管辖权,实际上就是承认了北极海域并非公海,因而放弃了对本国船只在该海域的管辖权,因而,是对本国主权的放弃或让渡。对于公海管辖权的有关规定参见《联合国海洋法公约》,有关国家管辖权的论述请参见宋云霞著《国家海上管辖权理论与实践》一书,宋云霞:《国家海上管辖权理论与实践》,北京·海洋出版社,2009年版。
    ②郭培清:《应对北极门罗主义的挑战》,http://news.sina.com.cn/w/2011-10-16/151023311701.shtml
    ③同上。
    ①“Nuuk Declaration”,http://arctic-council.npolar.no/accms/export/sites/default/en/meetings/2011-nuuk-ministerial/docs/Nuuk_Declaration_FINAL.pdf
    ②《美国国务院关于“北极搜寻与救援协定”的简报》,2011年5月12日,http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/chinese/texttrans/2011/05/20110513154143x0.1715771.html#axzz1qYkDHhh4
    ③“Agreement On Cooperation On Aeronautical And Maritime Search And Rescue”,http://library.arcticportal.org/1474/1/Arctic_SAR_Agreement_EN_FINAL_for_signature_21-Apr-2011.pdf.
    ①该图下载自http://arcticportal.org/features/features-of-2011/arctic-search-and-rescue-agreement
    ②“Formalizing the Artic G5”, Barents Observer,http://www.barentsobserver.com/formalizing-the-arctic-g5.4766438.html
    ③《北极理事会成立宣言》,
    ①“Chair’s Summary of Arctic Ocean Foreign Minister’s Meeting”,http://www.international.gc.ca/polar-polaire/arctic-meeting_reunion-arctique-2010_summary_sommaire.aspx?lang=en&view=d
    ①“Address by Minister Cannon at the News Conference for the Arctic Ocean Foreign Ministers’ Meeting”(No.2010/15-Chelsea, Quebec-March29,2010),http://www.international.gc.ca/media/aff/speeches-discours/2010/2010-15.aspx?lang=eng&view=d
    ②Ibid.
    ③Mary Beth Sheridan,“Clinton rebukes Canada at Arctic meeting”, The Washington Post,http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/29/AR2010032903577.html
    ④Hillary Clinton,“Interview on CTV's Power Play with Tom Clark”,http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/03/139207.htm.
    ①“Statement on Canada’s Arctic Foreign Policy: Exercising Sovereignty and Promoting Canada”s NorthernStrategy Abroad”,http://www.international.gc.ca/polar-polaire/assets/pdfs/CAFP_booklet-PECA_livret-eng.pdf.
    ②Ibid.
    ③“Kingdom of Denmark Strategy for the Arctic2011-2020”,http://canada.um.dk/en/~/media/Canada/Documents/Other/Arktis_Rapport_EN.ashx
    ④Ibid
    ①陈玉刚、陶平国、秦倩:《北极理事会与北极国际合作研究》,第22页。
    ①该条约于2010年9月15日在挪威首都奥斯陆签订,挪威议会和俄罗斯国家杜马分别于2011年2月8日和3月25日批准该条约,条约在两国互换批准文书后的第30日正式生效。
    ②“Assessment of Undiscovered Petroleum Resources of the Barents Sea Shelf”, The US Geological Survey,http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2009/3037/pdf/FS09-3037.pdf
    ①Leonid Timtchenko,“The Russian Arctic Sectroal Concept: Past And Present”, Arctic, Vol.50, No.1,(March1997) pp29-35.
    ①“Agreement between the Royal Norwegian Government and the Government of the Union of Soviet SocialistRepublics concerning the sea frontier between Norway and the USSR in the Varangerfjord”,http://www.un.org/depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/TREATIES/NOR-RUS1957SF.PDF
    ②“Royal Decree of31May1963Relating to the Sovereignty of Norway over the Sea-Bed and Subsoil outside theNorwegian Coast”,http://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/NOR_1963_Decree.pdf
    ③“Decree of the Presidium of6February1968on the Continental Shelf”,http://www.un.org/depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/RUS_1968_Decree.pdf
    ④“Decree of the Presidium of6February1968on the Continental Shelf”,http://www.un.org/depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/RUS_1968_Decree.pdf
    ①1972年6月9日,15个加勒比国家共同发表了《圣多明各宣言》,宣布沿岸不超过200海里的海域为“承袭海”,受各沿海国的管辖。同年,在喀麦隆首都雅温得举行的非洲国家关于海洋法的讨论会上,提出的“经济区”概念。随后,肯尼亚向联合国海底委员会正式提出经济区条款草案,并规定200海里为专属经济区的最大宽度。
    ②“Act No.91of17December1976relating to the Economic Zone of Norway”,http://www.un.org/depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/NOR_1976_Act.pdf
    ③“Act of27June2003No.57relating to Norway’s territorial waters and contiguous zone”,http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/nor38370.pdf
    ④“Extension of Norway’s territorial sea and establishment of a contiguous zone”,http://www.regjeringen.no/en/archive/Bondeviks-2nd-Government/ministry-of-foreign-affairs/Nyheter-og-pressemeldinger/2003/extension_of_norways_territorial.html?id=249266
    ①“Cooperation Between Russia and Norway on the Management and Control of Fish Resources in the Barentsand Norwegian Seas”,http://www.environmental-auditing.org/Home/GreenlinesNewsletter/tabid/100/GreenlineId/12/Default.aspx
    ②Ibid.
    ③Kristoffer Stabrun,“The Grey Zone Agreement of1978”,http://www.fni.no/doc&pdf/FNI-R1309.pdf
    ①Alex G. Oude Elferink: The Law of Maritime Boundary Delimitation: A Case Study of The Russian Federation
    (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,1994), p.244.
    ①匡增军:《2010年俄挪北极海洋划界条约评析》,载《东北亚论坛》,2011年第5期,第79页。
    ②“Agreement signed between Norway and Russia on maritime delimitation in the Varangerfjord area”,http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/ud/press/news/2007/Agreement-signed-between-Norway-and-Russ.html?id=476347
    ①匡增军:《2010年俄挪北极海洋划界条约评析》,第746页。
    ②匡增军:《2010年俄挪北极海洋划界条约评析》,第50页。
    ①“Treaty between the Kingdom of Norway and the Russian Federation concerning Maritime Delimitation andCooperation in the Barents Sea and the Arctic Ocean”,http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/SMK/Vedlegg/2010/avtale_engelsk.pdf.
    ②匡增军:《2010年俄挪北极海洋划界条约评析》,第50页。
    ③“Treaty between the Kingdom of Norway and the Russian Federation concerning Maritime Delimitation andCooperation in the Barents Sea and the Arctic Ocean”,http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/SMK/Vedlegg/2010/avtale_engelsk.pdf
    ①“Treaty between the Kingdom of Norway and the Russian Federation concerning Maritime Delimitation andCooperation in the Barents Sea and the Arctic Ocean”,http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/SMK/Vedlegg/2010/avtale_engelsk.pdf
    ①“Treaty on maritime delimitation and cooperation in the Barents Sea and the Arctic Ocean signed today”,http://www.eu-norway.org/news1/Treaty-on-maritime-delimitation-and-cooperation-in-the-Barents-Sea-and-the-Arctic-Ocean-signed-today/
    ②“Russia and Norway have signed a treaty on the sea borders and on cooperation in the northern seas”,http://natomission.ru/en/cooperation/current/show/110/
    ③“Russia and Norway sign maritime border agreement”, BBC News,http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-11316430
    ①“Russia and Norway Reach Accord on Barents Sea”, The New York Times,http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/28/world/europe/28norway.html
    ②“Agreement between Norway and Russia on maritime delimitation”,http://www.eu-norway.org/news1/Agreement-between-Norway-and-Russia-on-maritime-delimitation/
    ③“Russia and Norway Reach Accord on Barents Sea”, The New York Times,http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/28/world/europe/28norway.html
    ①“Russia and Norway Reach Accord on Barents Sea”, The New York Times,http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/28/world/europe/28norway.html
    ②陆俊元:《北极地缘政治与中国的应对》,第135页。
    ③“The High North: Visions And Strategies”,http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/UD/Vedlegg/Nordomr dene/UD_nordomrodene_EN_web.pdf
    ①“Summary of the Recommendations of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in regard to theSubmission made by Norway in respect of Areas in the Arctic Ocean,The BarentsSea and The Norwegian Sea on
    27November2006”(March,27,2009), p.80., http://www. un. org/Depts/los/,
    ①“Russia and Norway have signed a treaty on the sea borders and on cooperation in the northern seas”,http://natomission.ru/en/cooperation/current/show/110/
    ①“Treaty on maritime delimitation and cooperation in the Barents Sea and the Arctic Ocean signed today”,http://www.eu-norway.org/news1/Treaty-on-maritime-delimitation-and-cooperation-in-the-Barents-Sea-and-the-Arctic-Ocean-signed-today/
    ②“Russia and Norway resolve Arctic border dispute”, The Guardian,http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/sep/15/russia-norway-arctic-border-dispute
    ③Ibid.
    ①纽曼(Neumann)认为传统的西方国际关系理论中,“自我”(self)认同原则上需要“他者”(other)的存在来建构,俄罗斯在历史上一直被欧洲国家视为“他者”,这也是欧洲集体身体得以形成并保持的重要原因。参见Iverson B. Neumann,“Self and Other in International Relations”, European Journal of InternationalRelationships, Vo.l2(2),1996, pp.134-174.
    ②“Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress”, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41153.pdf.
    ①1929年Norman Scott Brien Gras在Foreign affairs上发表的“Regionalism and nationalism”文中首先提出了“地区主义”(regionalism)一词,参见Norman Scott Brien Gras,“Regionalism and Nationalism”, Foreignaffairs,Vol.7, No.3(April1929), pp.454-467.
    ②Simon Hix,“The study of the European Union II: the ‘new governance’ agenda and its rival”, Journal ofEuropean Public Policy, Volume5, Issue1,1998, p.39.
    ①曼瑟尔奥尔森:《集体行动的逻辑》(陈郁、郭宇峰、李崇新译),上海:世纪出版集团,2010年版,第
    42页。
    ①肯尼思·奥耶:《解释无政府状态下的合作:假说与战略》,第16-18页。
    ②Albero Alesina&Enrico Spolaore,“On the Number and size of Nations”, The quarterly Journal of economics,Vol.112, No.4.(Nov.,1997), pp.1027-1056
    ③Dirk Leuffen&Frank Schimmelfennig,“Does Group Size matter? European Governance after Enlargement”,http://www.eup.ethz.ch/research/group_size.
    ④Shuhe Li,“Relation-based versus Rule-based Governance: an Explanation of the East Asian Miracle and Crisis”,Review of International Economics,11(4),2003, pp.651-673.
    ⑤奥尔森《集体行动的逻辑》一文中的相关论述实际上也是齐美尔形式社会学理论的阐述与发展。
    ⑥齐美尔:《社会学——关于社会化形式的研究》(林荣远译),北京:华夏出版社,2002年,第46页。
    ①齐美尔:《社会学——关于社会化形式的研究》,第47页。
    ②齐美尔:《社会学——关于社会化形式的研究》,第34-91页。
    ①高宣扬:《布迪厄的社会理论》,上海:同济大学出版社,2006年版,第137页。
    ②高宣扬:《布迪厄的社会理论》,第138-139页。
    ③关于国家利益的界定,国际关系学界存在理性主义(经济学)和建构主义(社会学)两种视角。理性主义认为国家利益是先天给定的,建构主义则认为国家利益是由身份的作用而形成的。作者对国家身份的改变可以影响国家利益这一论断表示认同,但是就北极事务而言,北极国家的国家利益是基于其特殊的地理位置形成的。
    ①参见肯尼思·沃尔兹:《国际政治理论》(信强译,苏长河校),上海人民出版社,2008年版。
    ②相关论述参见吉尔平:《国际关系政治经济学》(杨宇光等译),上海人民出版社,2006年版。
    ①Emaneul Adler and Michael Barnett,“Security Communities in Theoretical Perspective”, in SecurityCommunities (Cambridge: Cambridge Press,1998), p.30.
    ②Emaneul Adler and Michael Barnett, p.31
    ③Emaneul Adler and Michael Barnett, pp.37-48
    ④国际关系的不同流派对与规范有不同的理解,新制度主义对规范的理解基于理性的理解,认为规范是外生的,对行为体的行为具有约束性。建构主义对规范的认定则从社会性的角度出发,认为规范是建构而成的,但即使是建构主义内部对规范的定义也不尽相同,本文采取的是卡赞斯坦的定义,参见Peter J.Katzenstein, The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York: ColumbiaUniversity Press,1996).
    ①Emaneul Adler,“The Spreading of Security Community: Communites of Practice, Self Restraint and NATO’sPost Cold War Transformation”, European Journal of International Relations (June2008, vol.14, no.2),pp195-230.
    ①斯蒂芬·范埃弗拉:《政治学研究方法指南》,第25页。
    ②国际关系理论在方法论上的突破就是借鉴了自然科学的研究方法。新现实主义和新制度主义的建立的都借鉴了微观社会学的理论,社会学的相关理论是建构主义发展的源泉。相关论述可参见秦亚青:《现代国际关系理论的沿革》,载《权利、制度、文化》,北京大学出版社,2005年版,第227-239页。
    ③Garrett Hardin,“The Tragedy of the Commons,” Science, Dec.,1968, Vol.168, pp.1243-1248.
    ④曼瑟尔·奥尔森:《集体行动的逻辑》,第2页。
    ①埃莉诺奥斯特罗姆著:《公共事物的治理之道——集体行动的演进》,第51页。
    ②此处的排他性是指内部排他,即内部的任何消费者可以限制或占有他人的消费,并非如本文其他部分所指的排除外部的行为体,且奥斯特罗姆所研究的对象为小规模的公共池塘资源,本身已经对外部行为体做出限定。
    ①埃莉诺奥斯特罗姆:《公共事物的治理之道——集体行动的演进》,第144页。
    ②埃莉诺奥斯特罗姆:《公共事物的治理之道——集体行动的演进》,第82页。
    ①赫德利·布尔:《无政府社会——世界政治秩序研究》(张小明译),北京:世界知识出版社,2003年版,第10-11页。
    ②当前,国际组织、NGO、跨国公司、个人等非国家行为体对国际政治的影响越来越大,其作用与地位愈发重要,国际社会也日益呈现出“世界社会”的特征。但就整体而言,国际政治仍处于国际社会阶段,国家仍是国际社会中最主要和最重要的行为体,国家在国际社会中的主导性地位是不容质疑的。为了理论的科学性和简约性,本文只对国家这一最重要的行为体进行研究。就国际社会和世界社会的区别,具体参见赫德利·布尔:《无政府社会——世界政治秩序研究》。
    ③Hedley Bull,“The Gratian Conception of International Society”, Diplomatic Investigations (eds. by HerbertButterfield&Martin Wight, Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1966), pp.63-71.
    ①“Our Global Neighborhood”, http://www.gdrc.org/u-gov/global-neighbourhood/chap1.htm.
    ①布迪厄:《实践感》(蒋梓骅译),南京:译林出版社,2003年版,第126页。
    ①秦亚青:《关系本位与过程建构:将中国理念植入国际关系理论》,载《中国社会科学》,2009年第3期,第72页。
    ②朱立群:《中国参加国际体系的实践解释模式》,载《外交评论》,2011年第1期,第24页。
    ③非正式制度,又称国际软法(soft law),Andrew T. Guzman将其定义为“对约束性规则进行解释、确认或对未来行为预期的前提进行表述的非约束性规则及法律文件”,参见Andrew T. Guzman&Timothy Meyer,“International Soft Law”, The Journal of Legal Analysis, Vol.2, No.1, Spring2011, p.173。非正式制度同正式制度之间的根本区别在于其本身是否拥有法律约束力,非正式制度也会产生法律后果,但一旦出现违约现象,非正式制度只能通过与其相关的正式制度或国际法、国际惯例寻求惩治办法,目前,对非正式制度是否存在理论界存有很大疑义,参见魏武译:《冗余的软法》,载《行政法学研究》,2008年第2期。
    ④秦亚青:《关系本位与过程建构:将中国理念植入国际关系理论》,第71页。
    ⑤维持关系即关系治理,是指行为体通过关系(guanxi),或以关系为基础,“交感而化”从而实现对事务治理的一种治理方式,其核心是关系建构主义,并非是西方国际关系理论界中常见的“关系契约”(relationcontracts),关于关系治理的相关论述请参见秦亚青《:关系本位与过程建构:将中国理念植入国际关系理论》,第69-86页。
    ①埃莉诺奥斯特罗姆:《公共事物的治理之道——集体行动的演进》,第284页。
    ②在国际关系研究中,很难完全将权力这一干扰变量完全排除。就宽泛的定义而言,权力具有硬性和软性
    ①《北极理事会成立宣言》,http://www.arctic-council.org/index.php/en/about/documents/category/4-founding-documents?download=118:the-ottawa-declaration.
    ①“Troms Declaration”,http://eppr.arctic-council.org/content/reports/FINAL_DECLARATION_TROMSO_29APR_09.pdf.
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    [1]曹蕾:《“联合国海洋法公约”对第三国的效力——从习惯法的角度分析》,载《法制与社会》,2010年第2期,第22-23页。
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