地表覆盖对渭北旱塬冬小麦水肥利用及产量的影响
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摘要
干旱缺水是限制我国粮食产量增产的关键性因子,在黄土高原渭北旱塬区雨养农业区,水分供应不足和肥力低下已严重影响了当地农业生产发展。因而,如何找出有效地措施来有效提高有限的降水资源利用效率,并对土壤进行培肥,已成为提高当地农田生产力水平的关键。本试验研主要针对以上问题,设计出了不同的栽培模式,其主要目的在于最大限度聚集天然降水,降低土壤水分无效蒸发,提高作物水分利用效率;同时培肥地力,通过对旱地土壤的培肥,改善土壤结构,使土壤蓄水能力增加,并且通过对农作物培育壮苗,使之形成强大的根系,以提高作物对土壤深层次水分的利用。本试验于2007年9月至2009年6月在黄土高原渭北旱塬区长武县中国科学院王东沟生态试验站进行了大田试验,采用了7中不同的栽培模式,其中包括不施肥、农民习惯施肥、推荐施肥、推荐施肥+有机肥、推荐施肥+垄上覆膜、推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草、推荐施肥+覆草处理。通过对土壤水分、地温及养分的分析,主要得出了以下结论:
(1)推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草、推荐施肥+垄上覆膜和推荐施肥+麦秸覆盖处理均能增加土壤储水量,但以推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草和推荐施肥+垄上覆膜处理较好。
(2)三种覆盖栽培模式均提高了冬小麦越冬期间耕层地温,但推荐施肥+麦秸覆盖处理在冬小麦返青期耕层地温要低于对照,推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草和推荐施肥+麦秸覆盖处理在冬小麦返青期后期到收获期耕层地温也均低于对照。
(3)推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草处理较其它处理可增加冬小麦产量,并提高水分利用效率,其次是推荐施肥+垄上覆膜处理,而推荐施肥+麦秸覆盖处理增产效果不明显。
(4)两年大田试验中,无论是塬面还是梯田都以推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草和推荐施肥+垄上覆膜处理下的冬小麦籽粒对土壤N、P、K吸收量最高,其中在第一季冬小麦中推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草和推荐施肥+垄上覆膜处理(塬面和梯田平均)相对对照N、P、K吸收量分别要高48.0%、53.6%、53.2%和44.0%、39.6%、46.3%;第二季冬小麦推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草和推荐施肥+垄上覆膜处理相对对照N吸收量,塬面分别要高82.1%和75.6,梯田分别高78.5%和74.2%,塬面P吸收量分别高54.3%和40%,K高75.9%和51.0%;梯田较CK,P高62.4%和62.1%,K高62.3%和68.4%。
(5)冬小麦收获后0-2 m土层的硝态氮累积,从两季冬小麦的大田试验结果来看,基本上都以农民习惯施肥在土壤较深层次有累积,而推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草和推荐施肥+垄上覆膜基本上在土壤中没有累积,即使有少量累积也是在土壤表层(100 cm以上)。可见过量施肥会遭成作物吸收不完全而导致养分流失浪费,同时在土壤表层有较多的水分能促进作物对养分的吸收。
(6)两年的大田试验研究结果表明,土壤有机质虽然在个别处理有增加的趋势(推荐施肥+覆草和推荐施肥+有机肥处理),但与其它处理没有显著差异,可见,对土壤的培肥应从长期来看,需做进一步的深入研究。
(7)推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草和推荐施肥+垄上覆膜处理虽然亩穗数要明显低于其它处理,但其它产量构成因子特别是千粒重要明显高于其它处理,可见垄沟栽培模式虽然减少了亩穗数,但并未影响到冬小麦的增产。
(8)第二季冬小麦各处理中以推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草和推荐施肥+垄上覆膜的粗蛋白要高于其它处理,而推荐施肥+秸秆覆盖处理粗蛋白含量最低,可见良好的水温条件有利于提高冬小麦籽粒的品质。
Drought and water shortage has become a key factors which restriction increase China's grain output. In the Weibei rainfed agricultural areas of the Loess Plateau, water shortages and low soil fertility has limited the development of local agricultural production seriously. Therefore, how to find effective measures to improve limited precipitation resource use efficiency of crop, and to improvement of soil fertility, which is becoming the key of local agricultural production. Above these problems, we design the different treatments in our experiment. The experiment main purpose to maximize the gathering of natural precipitation, decline the soil water evaporation and increase water use efficiency of crop; moreover raise soil fertility, improving soil structure to increase soil water storage capacity, making the crop seeding more vigorously, and creating a better growth environment for crops. The field experiment was conducted from September 2007 to June 2009 in the Wang Donggou of Changwu Ecological Experimental Station of Chinese Academy Weibei Dry Highland of the Loess Plateau. The main objective of this research was to investigate the effects of different cultivation modes on the soil water from 0 to 200 cm depth of soil layer, plough soil temperature at 10 cm depth of soil layer, the yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat and soil nutrients. The experiment consisted of 7 treatments, namely, no fertilization (CK), conventional fertilization (N1P1), recommended fertilization (NP), recommended fertilization + manure (NPM), recommended fertilization + plastic mulch on soil ridges (NP+PF), recommended fertilization + plastic mulch on soil ridges and straw mulch in furrows (NP+PF+S) and recommended fertilization + straw mulch on entire plot (NP+S). The results showed:
(1) Mulching the soil surface improved the soil water storage during the dry season (spring). During the spring of 2009 (dry season), the NP+PF and NP+PF+S treatments improved the soil water storage within the depth of 2 m soil layer. The average soil water storage of Yuan surface and Terrace in these treatments was more 24.8 mm and 21.6 mm in comparison with the CK treatment.
(2) The mulching modes also increased the soil temperature during the over-winter stage (Dec. 2008 to early Feb. 2009). In comparison with the CK treatment, NP+S, NP+PF+S+F and NP+PF+F treatments increased the average soil temperature by 0.26℃, 0.26℃and 0.33℃, respectively. But after the returning green stage, the NP+S, NP+PF+S and NP+PF+F treatments decreased the soil temperature, and the total accumulated temperature decreased by 150℃, 44.5℃and 35.3℃in comparison with the CK treatment.
(3) The data also showed that the NP+PF+S and NP+PF treatments significantly increased the yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat. Meanwhile, the NP+S treatment had a little effect on the yield and water use efficiency.
(4) The data of two years showed that, wherever the Yuan surface or the terrace, the grain of winter wheat could absorb more N, P and K under NP+PF+S and NP+PF treatments. In the first quarter winter wheat, the average N, P, K of Yuan surface and Terrace in NP+PF+S and NP+PF treatments was more 48.0%、53.6%、53.2% and 44.0%、39.6%、46.3% in compared with CK treatment; In the second quarter of winter wheat, the NP+PF+S and NP+PF treatments had much higher N, P, K uptake than CK treatment too.
(5) The data of two years also showed that the N1P1 treatment had significant NO3-1-N accumulation in the deeper soil layer during 0 to 2 meter soil layer, in compared with other treatments. However, the NP+PF+S and NP+PF treatments had not significant NO3-1-N accumulation, if had a little NO3-1-N accumulation, it was focused on above 100 cm soil layer. We came conclusion that excess fertilization result the crops absorbing incompletely and nutrient wasted, and the more soil water can promote the crops absorption nutrient in the surface soil layer.
(6) Although soil organic matter had an increasing trend in some treatments, such as NP+PF+S and NP+M treatments, was not significant each other. Therefore, we should as an deeper research from improving soil fertilizer.
(7) Although the spikier numbers of NP+PF+S and NP+PF treatments were significantly lower than other treatments, the other yield components, 1000-grain weight particularly, were significantly higher than other treatments. In conclusion, though the cultivation mode of ridge and furrow declined the spike number, the yield increased was uninfluenced.
(8) In the second quarter, the crude protein content of NP+PF+S and NP+PF treatments higher than other treatments. However, the crude protein content of NP+S treatment the lowest than other treatments. We came to the conclusion that the better soil water and temperature was beneficial to improve the quality of winter wheat grain.
(1)推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草、推荐施肥+垄上覆膜和推荐施肥+麦秸覆盖处理均能增加土壤储水量,但以推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草和推荐施肥+垄上覆膜处理较好。
(2)三种覆盖栽培模式均提高了冬小麦越冬期间耕层地温,但推荐施肥+麦秸覆盖处理在冬小麦返青期耕层地温要低于对照,推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草和推荐施肥+麦秸覆盖处理在冬小麦返青期后期到收获期耕层地温也均低于对照。
(3)推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草处理较其它处理可增加冬小麦产量,并提高水分利用效率,其次是推荐施肥+垄上覆膜处理,而推荐施肥+麦秸覆盖处理增产效果不明显。
(4)两年大田试验中,无论是塬面还是梯田都以推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草和推荐施肥+垄上覆膜处理下的冬小麦籽粒对土壤N、P、K吸收量最高,其中在第一季冬小麦中推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草和推荐施肥+垄上覆膜处理(塬面和梯田平均)相对对照N、P、K吸收量分别要高48.0%、53.6%、53.2%和44.0%、39.6%、46.3%;第二季冬小麦推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草和推荐施肥+垄上覆膜处理相对对照N吸收量,塬面分别要高82.1%和75.6,梯田分别高78.5%和74.2%,塬面P吸收量分别高54.3%和40%,K高75.9%和51.0%;梯田较CK,P高62.4%和62.1%,K高62.3%和68.4%。
(5)冬小麦收获后0-2 m土层的硝态氮累积,从两季冬小麦的大田试验结果来看,基本上都以农民习惯施肥在土壤较深层次有累积,而推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草和推荐施肥+垄上覆膜基本上在土壤中没有累积,即使有少量累积也是在土壤表层(100 cm以上)。可见过量施肥会遭成作物吸收不完全而导致养分流失浪费,同时在土壤表层有较多的水分能促进作物对养分的吸收。
(6)两年的大田试验研究结果表明,土壤有机质虽然在个别处理有增加的趋势(推荐施肥+覆草和推荐施肥+有机肥处理),但与其它处理没有显著差异,可见,对土壤的培肥应从长期来看,需做进一步的深入研究。
(7)推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草和推荐施肥+垄上覆膜处理虽然亩穗数要明显低于其它处理,但其它产量构成因子特别是千粒重要明显高于其它处理,可见垄沟栽培模式虽然减少了亩穗数,但并未影响到冬小麦的增产。
(8)第二季冬小麦各处理中以推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草和推荐施肥+垄上覆膜的粗蛋白要高于其它处理,而推荐施肥+秸秆覆盖处理粗蛋白含量最低,可见良好的水温条件有利于提高冬小麦籽粒的品质。
Drought and water shortage has become a key factors which restriction increase China's grain output. In the Weibei rainfed agricultural areas of the Loess Plateau, water shortages and low soil fertility has limited the development of local agricultural production seriously. Therefore, how to find effective measures to improve limited precipitation resource use efficiency of crop, and to improvement of soil fertility, which is becoming the key of local agricultural production. Above these problems, we design the different treatments in our experiment. The experiment main purpose to maximize the gathering of natural precipitation, decline the soil water evaporation and increase water use efficiency of crop; moreover raise soil fertility, improving soil structure to increase soil water storage capacity, making the crop seeding more vigorously, and creating a better growth environment for crops. The field experiment was conducted from September 2007 to June 2009 in the Wang Donggou of Changwu Ecological Experimental Station of Chinese Academy Weibei Dry Highland of the Loess Plateau. The main objective of this research was to investigate the effects of different cultivation modes on the soil water from 0 to 200 cm depth of soil layer, plough soil temperature at 10 cm depth of soil layer, the yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat and soil nutrients. The experiment consisted of 7 treatments, namely, no fertilization (CK), conventional fertilization (N1P1), recommended fertilization (NP), recommended fertilization + manure (NPM), recommended fertilization + plastic mulch on soil ridges (NP+PF), recommended fertilization + plastic mulch on soil ridges and straw mulch in furrows (NP+PF+S) and recommended fertilization + straw mulch on entire plot (NP+S). The results showed:
(1) Mulching the soil surface improved the soil water storage during the dry season (spring). During the spring of 2009 (dry season), the NP+PF and NP+PF+S treatments improved the soil water storage within the depth of 2 m soil layer. The average soil water storage of Yuan surface and Terrace in these treatments was more 24.8 mm and 21.6 mm in comparison with the CK treatment.
(2) The mulching modes also increased the soil temperature during the over-winter stage (Dec. 2008 to early Feb. 2009). In comparison with the CK treatment, NP+S, NP+PF+S+F and NP+PF+F treatments increased the average soil temperature by 0.26℃, 0.26℃and 0.33℃, respectively. But after the returning green stage, the NP+S, NP+PF+S and NP+PF+F treatments decreased the soil temperature, and the total accumulated temperature decreased by 150℃, 44.5℃and 35.3℃in comparison with the CK treatment.
(3) The data also showed that the NP+PF+S and NP+PF treatments significantly increased the yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat. Meanwhile, the NP+S treatment had a little effect on the yield and water use efficiency.
(4) The data of two years showed that, wherever the Yuan surface or the terrace, the grain of winter wheat could absorb more N, P and K under NP+PF+S and NP+PF treatments. In the first quarter winter wheat, the average N, P, K of Yuan surface and Terrace in NP+PF+S and NP+PF treatments was more 48.0%、53.6%、53.2% and 44.0%、39.6%、46.3% in compared with CK treatment; In the second quarter of winter wheat, the NP+PF+S and NP+PF treatments had much higher N, P, K uptake than CK treatment too.
(5) The data of two years also showed that the N1P1 treatment had significant NO3-1-N accumulation in the deeper soil layer during 0 to 2 meter soil layer, in compared with other treatments. However, the NP+PF+S and NP+PF treatments had not significant NO3-1-N accumulation, if had a little NO3-1-N accumulation, it was focused on above 100 cm soil layer. We came conclusion that excess fertilization result the crops absorbing incompletely and nutrient wasted, and the more soil water can promote the crops absorption nutrient in the surface soil layer.
(6) Although soil organic matter had an increasing trend in some treatments, such as NP+PF+S and NP+M treatments, was not significant each other. Therefore, we should as an deeper research from improving soil fertilizer.
(7) Although the spikier numbers of NP+PF+S and NP+PF treatments were significantly lower than other treatments, the other yield components, 1000-grain weight particularly, were significantly higher than other treatments. In conclusion, though the cultivation mode of ridge and furrow declined the spike number, the yield increased was uninfluenced.
(8) In the second quarter, the crude protein content of NP+PF+S and NP+PF treatments higher than other treatments. However, the crude protein content of NP+S treatment the lowest than other treatments. We came to the conclusion that the better soil water and temperature was beneficial to improve the quality of winter wheat grain.
引文
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