不同覆盖施肥措施对黄土塬区冬小麦生长及土壤肥力的影响
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摘要
干旱缺水已成为影响我国粮食安全的一个重大问题。在黄土高原旱作农业区,水分供应不足和肥力低下严重影响了当地农业生产的发展。如何找出各种有效途径和措施来有效利用有限的降水资源,提高作物水分利用效率,并对土壤进行培肥,已成为提高当地农田生产力水平的关键。本研究针对以上两个问题设计出不同处理,目的在于最大限度地聚集天然降水,并尽可能降低无效蒸发,使有限降水用在作物的生产上;同时培肥地力,通过培肥旱地土壤,改善土壤结构,增加土壤蓄水能力,对农作物培育壮苗,使之形成强大根系,扩大吸水深度而达到调水之目的,最终提高土壤的保水保肥性为作物生长创造良好的生长条件。于2007年9月至2008年7月在位于黄土高原渭北旱塬的王东沟试验区进行了田间试验,对冬小麦采取了7种不同覆盖施肥措施,包括不施肥、农民习惯施肥、推荐施肥、推荐施肥+有机肥、推荐施肥+垄上覆膜、推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草、推荐施肥+全区覆草7个处理,并采用水分中子仪定期观测土壤含水量,研究了黄土高原旱塬区不同栽培措施下土壤水分的变化特征,以及研究区土壤的供钾状况和不同钾素形态在土壤剖面中的空间变异性,为下一步的土壤培肥提供参考依据。研究得到了以下结论:
(1)在干旱季节(春季),推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草措施有利于贮存更多的土壤水分,约比最低值(推荐施肥+有机肥)高48.2 mm,并可将土壤水分保持到冬小麦需水的关键期,而且推荐施肥+垄上覆膜措施仅次于推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草,表明这两种措施能够在田间蓄积较多天然降水,有利于黄土高原旱区雨养农业的发展。
(2)拔节期各个处理间叶面积无显著性差异,孕穗期、灌浆期推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草处理叶面积最大,成熟期推荐施肥+垄上覆膜处理叶面积最大;拔节期推荐施肥+有机肥处理生物量最高,其余时期的生物量是推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草处理最大;推荐施肥+垄上覆膜处理下穗长、穗重、穗粒数均最大;穗粒数和每穗粒重呈显著相关关系,其余因子之间相互关系不显著。
(3)冬小麦播种之前(未进行任何覆盖施肥措施),土壤剖面100 cm处出现了较高氮素累积;经过一个生长季之后,不同覆盖施肥措施间相比较,推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草处理下土壤硝态氮在0-60 cm各土层含量最低,其原因可能是该措施能够蓄集较多天然降水从而使氮肥利用率更高;推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草处理下小麦籽粒产量、氮肥利用率、氮肥农学效率均为最高。
(4)在冬小麦播种前采集了试验地土壤样品,测定了不同形态钾素,以期在田块尺度上揭示当地土壤钾素的空间变异规律及土壤供钾状况。结果表明,可供作物吸收利用的钾源较丰富;全钾、矿物钾的垂直变异较小,速效钾、缓效钾、有效钾垂直变异较大;缓效钾和有效钾相关性极显著;土壤表层0-20 cm供钾强度最大。
综上所述,“推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草”及“推荐施肥+垄上覆膜”两种栽培措施有利于蓄积较多天然降水,通过提高水分和养分利用率实现作物增产之目的;其中“推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草”是一种集集雨保墒、培肥地力、增产增质为一体的栽培措施,对黄土旱塬区小麦生产具有极高推广价值。
Drought and water shortage has become an important issue which influences the food security in China. In dryland farming region of the Loess Plateau, the drought and low soil fertility has limited the development of local agricultural production seriously. How to utilize limited water resource effectively, to improve water use efficiency of crop, and to improvement of soil fertility, which is becoming the key of improving the productivity level of drought farmland. In this paper, aiming at these problems, 7 treatments had been designed, aimed at gathering farthest natural rainwater, decreasing ineffective evaporation. Limited precipitation could be used to production of crop. The purposes lied in raising soil fertility, improving the soil structure, increasing soil water storage, making the crop seedlings more vigorously, and creating a better growth environment for crops. A field experiment was conducted from September 2007 to July 2008 to investigate the effect of mulching and fertilization on soil moisture in winter wheat field of Wangdonggou Experimental area in Weibei Dryland region of the Loess Plateau. There were seven mulch and fertilizer treatments: 1) no fertilizer, 2) conventional farmer fertilization, 3) recommended fertilization, 4) recommended fertilization + manure, 5) recommended fertilization + plastic mulch on soil ridges, 6) recommended fertilization + plastic mulch on soil ridges and straw mulch in furrows, and 7) recommended fertilization + straw mulch applied to the entire plot. Soil moisture content was determined regularly with a neutron probe. The variation characteristics of soil moisture under different cultivation measures, potassium supplying status in soil, spatial variability of different forms potassium in soil profile, which was studied on dryland on Loess Plateau region.
(1) recommended fertilization + plastic mulch on the soil ridges and straw mulch in the furrows resulted in the greatest increase in soil water storage in dry season (spring), which was 48.2 mm higher than the lowest in the treatment of recommended fertilization + manure, and maintained the soil water to the critical stage crops needed. It was suggested that these two mulch treatments could store more natural rainfall in field and would benefit the development of rainfed agriculture in dryland region of the Loess Plateau.
(2) Leaf area of winter wheat in all treatments was no significant differences at jointing stage, it was the largest under the measure of plastic mulching on the soil ridge and straw mulching in furrow in booting stage and filling stage, but the measure of plastic mulching on the soil ridge was the largest in mature period. The wheat biomass was the highest under chemical fertilizers combined with manure in jointing stage, it was the highest under the measure of plastic mulching on the soil ridge and straw mulching in furrow in other growth period. Spike length、grain weight per spike and grains per spike were greater under the measure of plastic mulching on the soil ridge, and the measure of plastic mulching on the soil ridge and straw mulching in furrow was only next to it. There were significant correlation between grains per spike and grain weight per spike, and the correlation was not significant among other factors.
(3) Before sowing, there was higher nitrogen accumulation in 100 cm soil profiles. After the growing season, comparison of different mulching and fertilization measures, the lowest soil nitrate-N content appeared in soil profiles at depth of 0-60 cm under the measure of recommended fertilization + plastic mulching on the soil ridge and straw mulching in furrow, that because the measure were beneficial to accumulate more natural rainfall, which can increase nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency. Grain yield, nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency and nitrogen fertilizer agronomy efficiency of the measure of recommended fertilization + plastic mulching on the soil ridge and straw mulching in furrow were the highest .
(4) Soil sample was collected from dry farmland at experimental area before sowing, and various forms of K were determined. Studied on present situation of soil potassium, and revealed its spatial variation law and soil potassium supplying status in field scale. The results showed that potassium resource of absorbed and used crop was better abundant. The spatial variability of total potassium and mineral K were relative small, Readily available K、slowly available K and available K showed a contrary tendency. Significant correlation was found between slowly available K and available K. K supply intensity of soil surface (0-20 cm) was highest.
In a word, the measure of recommended fertilization + plastic mulching on the soil ridge and straw mulching in furrow and recommended fertilization and plastic mulching on the soil ridge were beneficial to accumulate more natural rainfall, which can increasing crop yield by increasing water and nutrient use efficiency. the measure of recommended fertilization + plastic mulching on the soil ridge and straw mulching in furrow was a cultivation measure that can collect rainfall and moisture conservation, culture fertility, increase yield and quality, which has prodigious popularization value for wheat production in loess yuan region.
(1)在干旱季节(春季),推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草措施有利于贮存更多的土壤水分,约比最低值(推荐施肥+有机肥)高48.2 mm,并可将土壤水分保持到冬小麦需水的关键期,而且推荐施肥+垄上覆膜措施仅次于推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草,表明这两种措施能够在田间蓄积较多天然降水,有利于黄土高原旱区雨养农业的发展。
(2)拔节期各个处理间叶面积无显著性差异,孕穗期、灌浆期推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草处理叶面积最大,成熟期推荐施肥+垄上覆膜处理叶面积最大;拔节期推荐施肥+有机肥处理生物量最高,其余时期的生物量是推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草处理最大;推荐施肥+垄上覆膜处理下穗长、穗重、穗粒数均最大;穗粒数和每穗粒重呈显著相关关系,其余因子之间相互关系不显著。
(3)冬小麦播种之前(未进行任何覆盖施肥措施),土壤剖面100 cm处出现了较高氮素累积;经过一个生长季之后,不同覆盖施肥措施间相比较,推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草处理下土壤硝态氮在0-60 cm各土层含量最低,其原因可能是该措施能够蓄集较多天然降水从而使氮肥利用率更高;推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草处理下小麦籽粒产量、氮肥利用率、氮肥农学效率均为最高。
(4)在冬小麦播种前采集了试验地土壤样品,测定了不同形态钾素,以期在田块尺度上揭示当地土壤钾素的空间变异规律及土壤供钾状况。结果表明,可供作物吸收利用的钾源较丰富;全钾、矿物钾的垂直变异较小,速效钾、缓效钾、有效钾垂直变异较大;缓效钾和有效钾相关性极显著;土壤表层0-20 cm供钾强度最大。
综上所述,“推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草”及“推荐施肥+垄上覆膜”两种栽培措施有利于蓄积较多天然降水,通过提高水分和养分利用率实现作物增产之目的;其中“推荐施肥+垄上覆膜+沟内覆草”是一种集集雨保墒、培肥地力、增产增质为一体的栽培措施,对黄土旱塬区小麦生产具有极高推广价值。
Drought and water shortage has become an important issue which influences the food security in China. In dryland farming region of the Loess Plateau, the drought and low soil fertility has limited the development of local agricultural production seriously. How to utilize limited water resource effectively, to improve water use efficiency of crop, and to improvement of soil fertility, which is becoming the key of improving the productivity level of drought farmland. In this paper, aiming at these problems, 7 treatments had been designed, aimed at gathering farthest natural rainwater, decreasing ineffective evaporation. Limited precipitation could be used to production of crop. The purposes lied in raising soil fertility, improving the soil structure, increasing soil water storage, making the crop seedlings more vigorously, and creating a better growth environment for crops. A field experiment was conducted from September 2007 to July 2008 to investigate the effect of mulching and fertilization on soil moisture in winter wheat field of Wangdonggou Experimental area in Weibei Dryland region of the Loess Plateau. There were seven mulch and fertilizer treatments: 1) no fertilizer, 2) conventional farmer fertilization, 3) recommended fertilization, 4) recommended fertilization + manure, 5) recommended fertilization + plastic mulch on soil ridges, 6) recommended fertilization + plastic mulch on soil ridges and straw mulch in furrows, and 7) recommended fertilization + straw mulch applied to the entire plot. Soil moisture content was determined regularly with a neutron probe. The variation characteristics of soil moisture under different cultivation measures, potassium supplying status in soil, spatial variability of different forms potassium in soil profile, which was studied on dryland on Loess Plateau region.
(1) recommended fertilization + plastic mulch on the soil ridges and straw mulch in the furrows resulted in the greatest increase in soil water storage in dry season (spring), which was 48.2 mm higher than the lowest in the treatment of recommended fertilization + manure, and maintained the soil water to the critical stage crops needed. It was suggested that these two mulch treatments could store more natural rainfall in field and would benefit the development of rainfed agriculture in dryland region of the Loess Plateau.
(2) Leaf area of winter wheat in all treatments was no significant differences at jointing stage, it was the largest under the measure of plastic mulching on the soil ridge and straw mulching in furrow in booting stage and filling stage, but the measure of plastic mulching on the soil ridge was the largest in mature period. The wheat biomass was the highest under chemical fertilizers combined with manure in jointing stage, it was the highest under the measure of plastic mulching on the soil ridge and straw mulching in furrow in other growth period. Spike length、grain weight per spike and grains per spike were greater under the measure of plastic mulching on the soil ridge, and the measure of plastic mulching on the soil ridge and straw mulching in furrow was only next to it. There were significant correlation between grains per spike and grain weight per spike, and the correlation was not significant among other factors.
(3) Before sowing, there was higher nitrogen accumulation in 100 cm soil profiles. After the growing season, comparison of different mulching and fertilization measures, the lowest soil nitrate-N content appeared in soil profiles at depth of 0-60 cm under the measure of recommended fertilization + plastic mulching on the soil ridge and straw mulching in furrow, that because the measure were beneficial to accumulate more natural rainfall, which can increase nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency. Grain yield, nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency and nitrogen fertilizer agronomy efficiency of the measure of recommended fertilization + plastic mulching on the soil ridge and straw mulching in furrow were the highest .
(4) Soil sample was collected from dry farmland at experimental area before sowing, and various forms of K were determined. Studied on present situation of soil potassium, and revealed its spatial variation law and soil potassium supplying status in field scale. The results showed that potassium resource of absorbed and used crop was better abundant. The spatial variability of total potassium and mineral K were relative small, Readily available K、slowly available K and available K showed a contrary tendency. Significant correlation was found between slowly available K and available K. K supply intensity of soil surface (0-20 cm) was highest.
In a word, the measure of recommended fertilization + plastic mulching on the soil ridge and straw mulching in furrow and recommended fertilization and plastic mulching on the soil ridge were beneficial to accumulate more natural rainfall, which can increasing crop yield by increasing water and nutrient use efficiency. the measure of recommended fertilization + plastic mulching on the soil ridge and straw mulching in furrow was a cultivation measure that can collect rainfall and moisture conservation, culture fertility, increase yield and quality, which has prodigious popularization value for wheat production in loess yuan region.
引文
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