牛卵母细胞去核方法及体细胞核移植的研究
摘要
实验一:卵母细胞的成熟在核移植的过程中有很重要的作用。本实验比较了:①不同直径大小的牛卵泡液对牛卵母细胞体外成熟的影响。添加10% FBS成熟液作为对照组,实验组为直径>8 mm 10%牛卵泡液(BFF)、2～8 mm 10% BFF及5% >8 mm BFF+2～8 mm 5% BFF,成熟18h去掉卵母细胞的颗粒细胞,比较卵母细胞成熟率及激活处理后的囊胚发育率。结果表明:对照组与实验组之间成熟率无显著的差异(P>0.05),>8 mm 10% BFF囊胚率(43.40%)显著的高于对照组,添加卵泡液的混合组囊胚率也显著高于对照组,说明卵泡液的添加能有效提高牛卵母细胞孤雌囊胚发育率。②卵泡液对重组胚发育的影响。实验①研究发现,大卵泡中粘多糖的存在不利于卵母细胞进行重组胚的操作,因此减少了>8mm的BFF;以10% FBS为对照组,实验组为5% BFF(2～8 mm)+ 5% FBS、5% (>8 mm 2.5% +2～8 mm 2.5%,混合)+ 5%FBS及10% BFF(2～8 mm),成熟18h后选择成熟卵母细胞去核构建重组胚。5%(>8 mm 2.5% + 2～8 mm 2.5%,混合)+ 5% FBS囊胚率(26.56%)与其它组比差异显著。卵泡液较FBS能提高牛卵母细胞孤雌胚和核移植胚的发育。
实验二:第一次利用免疫组织化学的方法对牛卵母细胞成熟过程β-tubulin的变化过程进行了初步的研究。结果利用Nikon公司TE 300荧光显微镜发现,0、6h不能见到β-tubulin的分布, 12h有微弱的荧光,14hβ-tubulin围绕在凝集的染色质周围,荧光相对较弱,16h荧光较强,说明牛卵母细胞在14～16h生发泡破裂排出第一极体。作为阴性对照,卵母细胞未能见到荧光。
实验三:去核是核移植过程中关键重要的一步,实验利用蔗糖和脱羰秋水酰碱(Dmemcolcine,DM)进行了显示去核和诱导去核的研究。①在核移植的操作液中添加0、1%、3%、5%、7%、10%(v/v)蔗糖孵育1h,仅在3%组中发现74枚卵母细胞有3枚显示;②将牛成熟卵母细胞用离子霉素(Ion)激活5 min,于添加0、0.4、0.5、0.6μg.mL-1DM的SOFaa培养液中孵育1.5 h诱导去核,未发现诱导去核的卵母细胞。③牛卵母细胞激活5min后在0.5μg.mL-1 DM中孵育0.5、1、1.5、2h诱导去核同样未见到能完全诱导去核的现象;④将成熟牛卵母细胞置于0、0.4、0.5、0.6μg.mL-1 DM中孵育2h,加入DM之后发现牛成熟卵母细胞染色体以一种类似“芽孢”样的方式凸出于卵母细胞的胞膜上,0.5μg.mL-1 DM显著高于其它组(P <0.05),而在对照组中未出现显示核的现象;⑤将牛成熟卵母细胞在DM中孵育0.5h、1h、2h,以孵育2h的显示效率最高(76.54%),与0.5h、1h相比差异显著(P <0.05);⑥实验比较成熟不同时间卵母细胞对显示去核的影响,发现在添加0.5μg.mL-1DM孵育2h中,成熟18 h极显著的高于14h和16h组(P<0.01),与20h成熟组的相比没有显著的差异;⑦实验对成熟的过程中添加DM进行了研究,添加DM孵育2h后再去颗粒细胞,研究表明在成熟18h添加DM既能提高其显示去核的效率同时与其他组相比也对囊胚发育率有所提高,18h、16h组与14h组相比差异显著。结果表明:本实验利用蔗糖不能达到理想的显示核的效果,同时DM也未能起到诱导去核的目的;首次发现利用DM可以起到显示核的作用。
实验四:本实验研究了Ion+6-DMAP、乙醇+6-DMAP对重组胚的激活。结果表明:在Ion+6-DMAP组中,Ion激活5min卵裂率最高,与激活3min、7min和10min相比有显著的差异(p﹤0.05),且囊胚率也显著高于其它组(p﹤0.05);乙醇+6-DMAP组中,以激活5min效果比较明显,卵裂率与3min、7min和10min比有显著的差异(p﹤0.05),卵裂率达56.53%,囊胚率在8.51%,说明两组激活方式均能激活牛的重组胚,但是相比以Ion+6-DMAP组激活较好。
实验五:实验分析供体细胞对重组胚发育的影响。①0.5%血清饥饿0d、1～3d、4～6d、7～9d四组实验中,重组胚卵裂率没有显著的影响(P>O.05),囊胚以饥饿1～3d效果较好;②细胞传代1～3代用于核移植,桑椹胚达到32.06%的效果显著高于0、4～6代、7～9代组(p﹤0.05);③冷冻的细胞解冻之后培养24h,饥饿1～3d,发现解冻2、4、6代的细胞重组胚的桑椹胚率差异不显著,较8代解冻的细胞用于核供体效果好(p﹤0.05)。
实验六:本研究对重组胚进行了微卫星DNA多态性的分析。结果表明,体细胞克隆胚胎和核供体细胞的11个STR位点的PAGE基因型完全一致。
Experment 1.It is important the nuclear transfer process that oocyte mature.This experiment was desgined:①w e added different diameter size bovine liquor folliculi(BFF)to mature fluid in vitro.10% FBS mature fluid was for control group.Our test contained the diameter > 8 mm 10% cow liquor folliculi (BFF), 2～8 mm 10% BFF and 5% > 8 mm BFF + 2～8 mm 5% BFF.After mature 18h removes the ovocyte the granular cell and compared t mature rate and activated oocytes the rate of blastocyst rate.The result indicated that, Between the control group and the experimental group does not have the remarkable difference (P>0.05)in the maturing rate.Blastocyst rate(43.40%)with > 8 mm 10% BFF is remarkable higher than control group. Mix group blastocyst rate is also remarkably higher than control group.So BFF can effectively enhance the development rate of bovine parthenogentic blastocyst.②Effect of BFF on reconstructed embryos.Tests①research to discover.Because mucoitin with big BFF does not favor to carry on the reconstructed embryos operation.Therefore reduced > 8mm BFF. Take 10% FBS as control group, the experimental group is 5% BFF (2～8 mm) + 5% FBS, 5% (> 8 mm 2.5% +2～8 mm 2.5%,Mix) + 5%FBS and 10% BFF (2～8 mm) respectively.We used matured oocytes to reconstruct embryos after mature 18h. 5% (> 8 mm 2.5% + 2～8 mm 2.5%,The mix) + 5% FBS pouch embryo rate (26.56%) and other groups are more remarkable than the difference. The development rate of reconstructed embryos in 5% (>8 mm 2.5% + 2～8 mm 2.5%,mix) group and 5% FBS group is higher significantly than others group is treated (p<0.05).The BFF compares FBS to be able to enhance The development of bovine parthenogentic blastocyst and reconstructed embryos.
Experment 2.First time has conducted the preliminary research using the immunity histochemistry method to the bovine oocytes mature processβ-tubulin change process. The result discovered using Nikon Corporation TE 300,oocytes matured for0, 6h cannot see beta theβ-tubulin distribution, 12h has the weak fluorescence, 14hβ-tubulin revolves around the chromatin, fluorescence relative weak, the 16h fluorescence is strong, explained the bovine ovocyte bursts in 14～16h GVBD and discharges the first polarbody. As the negative comparison, the ovocyte has not been able to see the fluorescence.
Experment 3.Enucleation of the oocyte is one of the key steps in NT.We researched whether sucrose and demecolcine (DM) treatment is applicable.①Working concentrations of sucrose 0-10%s (v/v) the sucrose incubated 1h.Three oocytes was revealed in seventy-four only with 3% group.②Matured oocytes were activated 5 min with ionomycin (Ion). Adding 0, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6μg.mL-1DM in the media SOFaa in 1.5 h. The oocytes were induced enucleation by DM.③Activated with Ion for 5 min and incubated 0.5、1、1.5、2h respectively to induce enucleation .The same we didn't find induced enucleation by DM the phenomenon.④Matured oocytes were put in DM with 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 mg.mL-1 for 2h.we found that the majority of the treated bovine oocytes formed a small transparent bud into the perivitelline space.Media with 0.5μg.mL-1 is remarkably higher than other two groups (P <0.05), but has not revealed nucleus in control group.⑤Put matured oocytes in DM for incubated 0.5h, 1h, 2h respectively. It is the highest with 2h (76.54%)than 0.5h and 1h group(P <0.05).⑥The revealed enucleation by different matured time of bovine oocytes were investigated.Adding 0.5μg.mL-1DM in the media incubated 2h and 18h matured oocyted is remarkable higher than 14h and 16h group (P <0.01), compareed not the remarkable difference with the 20h mature group.⑦Adding DM in matured culture media during the mature process was investigated. Granular cell was removed 2h later. We found that increased DM in mature 18h was able to enhance it to revealed enucleation efficiency compared with other groups and enhance the development rate of bovine blastocyst.The development rate of bovine fibroblast reconstructed embryos in 18h group and 16h group is higher significantly than 14h group.The result indicated that using the sucrose cannot achieve the ideal revealed nucleus the effect. At the same time DMcan not induces enucleation the goal. The first time we found DM can be used to revealed enucleation.
Experment 4.The bovine reconstructed embryos activated by Ion + 6-DMAP and ethyl alcohol + 6-DMAP procedures were investigated. The result indicated that in Ion + 6-DMAP group, the cleavage rate of oocytes in ion activated for 5min was significantly higher than those in other treatments and the rate of blastocyst was significantly higher than others groups(p﹤0.05); In the ethyl alcohol + 6-DMAP group, reconstructed embryos by activated in the 5min is obvious, 5min group compared with 3min, 7min and 10min,the cleavage rate of 5min group is remarkable higher than others groups(p﹤0.05). the cleavage rate reaches 56.53%, the rate of blastocyst is 8.51%. These results indicate that bovine reconstructed embryos can be activated effectively by Ion + 6-DMAP and ethyl alcohol + 6-DMAP, but ion + the 6-DMAP group is better than ethyl alcohol + 6-DMAP.
Experment 5.Effect of the donor cell on development of reconstructed embryos.①Donor cell by serum starvation with 0.5% is hungry 0d, 1～3d, 4～6d, 7～9d respectively. the cleavage of ratereconstructed embryos is not differentnot (P>O. 05).The rate of blastocyst is better in 1～3d group.②Cells passaged for 1-3 generations were used for nucear transfer, morula rate is 32.06%,significantly higher than that of 0,4-6,7-9 generation groups(p﹤0.05).③a fter thawing,cells were incubated for 24h,starvated for 1-3d, morula rate of reconstructed embryo has no difference among 2,4 and 6 generation after thawing,but nucear transfer effect is better than 8 generation after thawing (p﹤0.05).
Experment 6.To identify the reconstructed embryos by miemsatellite DNA.By sequence amplification of microsatellite DNA,the reconstructed embryos is completely consistent donor cell 11 STR the position spot PAGE genotype.
实验二:第一次利用免疫组织化学的方法对牛卵母细胞成熟过程β-tubulin的变化过程进行了初步的研究。结果利用Nikon公司TE 300荧光显微镜发现,0、6h不能见到β-tubulin的分布, 12h有微弱的荧光,14hβ-tubulin围绕在凝集的染色质周围,荧光相对较弱,16h荧光较强,说明牛卵母细胞在14～16h生发泡破裂排出第一极体。作为阴性对照,卵母细胞未能见到荧光。
实验三:去核是核移植过程中关键重要的一步,实验利用蔗糖和脱羰秋水酰碱(Dmemcolcine,DM)进行了显示去核和诱导去核的研究。①在核移植的操作液中添加0、1%、3%、5%、7%、10%(v/v)蔗糖孵育1h,仅在3%组中发现74枚卵母细胞有3枚显示;②将牛成熟卵母细胞用离子霉素(Ion)激活5 min,于添加0、0.4、0.5、0.6μg.mL-1DM的SOFaa培养液中孵育1.5 h诱导去核,未发现诱导去核的卵母细胞。③牛卵母细胞激活5min后在0.5μg.mL-1 DM中孵育0.5、1、1.5、2h诱导去核同样未见到能完全诱导去核的现象;④将成熟牛卵母细胞置于0、0.4、0.5、0.6μg.mL-1 DM中孵育2h,加入DM之后发现牛成熟卵母细胞染色体以一种类似“芽孢”样的方式凸出于卵母细胞的胞膜上,0.5μg.mL-1 DM显著高于其它组(P <0.05),而在对照组中未出现显示核的现象;⑤将牛成熟卵母细胞在DM中孵育0.5h、1h、2h,以孵育2h的显示效率最高(76.54%),与0.5h、1h相比差异显著(P <0.05);⑥实验比较成熟不同时间卵母细胞对显示去核的影响,发现在添加0.5μg.mL-1DM孵育2h中,成熟18 h极显著的高于14h和16h组(P<0.01),与20h成熟组的相比没有显著的差异;⑦实验对成熟的过程中添加DM进行了研究,添加DM孵育2h后再去颗粒细胞,研究表明在成熟18h添加DM既能提高其显示去核的效率同时与其他组相比也对囊胚发育率有所提高,18h、16h组与14h组相比差异显著。结果表明:本实验利用蔗糖不能达到理想的显示核的效果,同时DM也未能起到诱导去核的目的;首次发现利用DM可以起到显示核的作用。
实验四:本实验研究了Ion+6-DMAP、乙醇+6-DMAP对重组胚的激活。结果表明:在Ion+6-DMAP组中,Ion激活5min卵裂率最高,与激活3min、7min和10min相比有显著的差异(p﹤0.05),且囊胚率也显著高于其它组(p﹤0.05);乙醇+6-DMAP组中,以激活5min效果比较明显,卵裂率与3min、7min和10min比有显著的差异(p﹤0.05),卵裂率达56.53%,囊胚率在8.51%,说明两组激活方式均能激活牛的重组胚,但是相比以Ion+6-DMAP组激活较好。
实验五:实验分析供体细胞对重组胚发育的影响。①0.5%血清饥饿0d、1～3d、4～6d、7～9d四组实验中,重组胚卵裂率没有显著的影响(P>O.05),囊胚以饥饿1～3d效果较好;②细胞传代1～3代用于核移植,桑椹胚达到32.06%的效果显著高于0、4～6代、7～9代组(p﹤0.05);③冷冻的细胞解冻之后培养24h,饥饿1～3d,发现解冻2、4、6代的细胞重组胚的桑椹胚率差异不显著,较8代解冻的细胞用于核供体效果好(p﹤0.05)。
实验六:本研究对重组胚进行了微卫星DNA多态性的分析。结果表明,体细胞克隆胚胎和核供体细胞的11个STR位点的PAGE基因型完全一致。
Experment 1.It is important the nuclear transfer process that oocyte mature.This experiment was desgined:①w e added different diameter size bovine liquor folliculi(BFF)to mature fluid in vitro.10% FBS mature fluid was for control group.Our test contained the diameter > 8 mm 10% cow liquor folliculi (BFF), 2～8 mm 10% BFF and 5% > 8 mm BFF + 2～8 mm 5% BFF.After mature 18h removes the ovocyte the granular cell and compared t mature rate and activated oocytes the rate of blastocyst rate.The result indicated that, Between the control group and the experimental group does not have the remarkable difference (P>0.05)in the maturing rate.Blastocyst rate(43.40%)with > 8 mm 10% BFF is remarkable higher than control group. Mix group blastocyst rate is also remarkably higher than control group.So BFF can effectively enhance the development rate of bovine parthenogentic blastocyst.②Effect of BFF on reconstructed embryos.Tests①research to discover.Because mucoitin with big BFF does not favor to carry on the reconstructed embryos operation.Therefore reduced > 8mm BFF. Take 10% FBS as control group, the experimental group is 5% BFF (2～8 mm) + 5% FBS, 5% (> 8 mm 2.5% +2～8 mm 2.5%,Mix) + 5%FBS and 10% BFF (2～8 mm) respectively.We used matured oocytes to reconstruct embryos after mature 18h. 5% (> 8 mm 2.5% + 2～8 mm 2.5%,The mix) + 5% FBS pouch embryo rate (26.56%) and other groups are more remarkable than the difference. The development rate of reconstructed embryos in 5% (>8 mm 2.5% + 2～8 mm 2.5%,mix) group and 5% FBS group is higher significantly than others group is treated (p<0.05).The BFF compares FBS to be able to enhance The development of bovine parthenogentic blastocyst and reconstructed embryos.
Experment 2.First time has conducted the preliminary research using the immunity histochemistry method to the bovine oocytes mature processβ-tubulin change process. The result discovered using Nikon Corporation TE 300,oocytes matured for0, 6h cannot see beta theβ-tubulin distribution, 12h has the weak fluorescence, 14hβ-tubulin revolves around the chromatin, fluorescence relative weak, the 16h fluorescence is strong, explained the bovine ovocyte bursts in 14～16h GVBD and discharges the first polarbody. As the negative comparison, the ovocyte has not been able to see the fluorescence.
Experment 3.Enucleation of the oocyte is one of the key steps in NT.We researched whether sucrose and demecolcine (DM) treatment is applicable.①Working concentrations of sucrose 0-10%s (v/v) the sucrose incubated 1h.Three oocytes was revealed in seventy-four only with 3% group.②Matured oocytes were activated 5 min with ionomycin (Ion). Adding 0, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6μg.mL-1DM in the media SOFaa in 1.5 h. The oocytes were induced enucleation by DM.③Activated with Ion for 5 min and incubated 0.5、1、1.5、2h respectively to induce enucleation .The same we didn't find induced enucleation by DM the phenomenon.④Matured oocytes were put in DM with 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 mg.mL-1 for 2h.we found that the majority of the treated bovine oocytes formed a small transparent bud into the perivitelline space.Media with 0.5μg.mL-1 is remarkably higher than other two groups (P <0.05), but has not revealed nucleus in control group.⑤Put matured oocytes in DM for incubated 0.5h, 1h, 2h respectively. It is the highest with 2h (76.54%)than 0.5h and 1h group(P <0.05).⑥The revealed enucleation by different matured time of bovine oocytes were investigated.Adding 0.5μg.mL-1DM in the media incubated 2h and 18h matured oocyted is remarkable higher than 14h and 16h group (P <0.01), compareed not the remarkable difference with the 20h mature group.⑦Adding DM in matured culture media during the mature process was investigated. Granular cell was removed 2h later. We found that increased DM in mature 18h was able to enhance it to revealed enucleation efficiency compared with other groups and enhance the development rate of bovine blastocyst.The development rate of bovine fibroblast reconstructed embryos in 18h group and 16h group is higher significantly than 14h group.The result indicated that using the sucrose cannot achieve the ideal revealed nucleus the effect. At the same time DMcan not induces enucleation the goal. The first time we found DM can be used to revealed enucleation.
Experment 4.The bovine reconstructed embryos activated by Ion + 6-DMAP and ethyl alcohol + 6-DMAP procedures were investigated. The result indicated that in Ion + 6-DMAP group, the cleavage rate of oocytes in ion activated for 5min was significantly higher than those in other treatments and the rate of blastocyst was significantly higher than others groups(p﹤0.05); In the ethyl alcohol + 6-DMAP group, reconstructed embryos by activated in the 5min is obvious, 5min group compared with 3min, 7min and 10min,the cleavage rate of 5min group is remarkable higher than others groups(p﹤0.05). the cleavage rate reaches 56.53%, the rate of blastocyst is 8.51%. These results indicate that bovine reconstructed embryos can be activated effectively by Ion + 6-DMAP and ethyl alcohol + 6-DMAP, but ion + the 6-DMAP group is better than ethyl alcohol + 6-DMAP.
Experment 5.Effect of the donor cell on development of reconstructed embryos.①Donor cell by serum starvation with 0.5% is hungry 0d, 1～3d, 4～6d, 7～9d respectively. the cleavage of ratereconstructed embryos is not differentnot (P>O. 05).The rate of blastocyst is better in 1～3d group.②Cells passaged for 1-3 generations were used for nucear transfer, morula rate is 32.06%,significantly higher than that of 0,4-6,7-9 generation groups(p﹤0.05).③a fter thawing,cells were incubated for 24h,starvated for 1-3d, morula rate of reconstructed embryo has no difference among 2,4 and 6 generation after thawing,but nucear transfer effect is better than 8 generation after thawing (p﹤0.05).
Experment 6.To identify the reconstructed embryos by miemsatellite DNA.By sequence amplification of microsatellite DNA,the reconstructed embryos is completely consistent donor cell 11 STR the position spot PAGE genotype.
引文
[1] Briggs R, King TJ.Transplantation of living nuclei from blastula cells into enucleated frog's eggs[J].Proc Natl Aced Sci USA,1952,38:455-463.
[2] Czolowska R, Modlinski J A ,Tarkowski AK. Behaviour of thymocyte nuclei in non-activated and activated mouse oocytes[J].J Cell Sci,1984,69:19-34.
[3] Illmensee K, Hoppe PC.Nuclear transplantation in Mus musculus: developmental potential of nuclei from preirnplantation embryos[J].Cell,1981,23:9-18.
[4] McGrath J,Solter D.Completion of mouse embryogenesis requires both the maternel and paternal genomes [J].Cell,1984,37:179-183.
[5] Willadsen SM. Nuclear transplantation in sheep embryos[J].Nature,1986,320:63-65.
[6] Robl JM, Prather R, Barnes F,et al.Nuclear transplantation in bovine embryos[J]. J Anim Sci,1987,64:642-647.
[7] Stice SL, Robl JM. Nuclear reprogramming in nuclear transplant rabbit embryos[J].Biol Reprod,1988,39:657-664.
[8] Kono T,Shida Y,Tsunoda Y.Nuclear transplantation of rat embryos[J].J Exp Zool,1988, 248:303-305.
[9] Machaty Z,Prather RS.Strategies for activating nuclear transfer oocytes[J].Reprod Fertil Dev,1998,10:599-613.
[10] 张涌,王建辰,钱菊汾,等.山羊卵核移植的研究[J].中国农业科学,1991,24(5):1-6.
[11] Meng L,Ely JJ, Stouffer RL, et al.Rhesus monkeys produced by nuclear transfer[J]. Biol Reprod,1997,57(2):454-459.
[12] Smith LC,Wilmut I.Factors affecting the viability of nuclear transplanted embryos [J]. Theriogenlogy,1990,33:153-164
[13] Cheong HT,Takahashi Y,Kanagawa H.Birth of mice after transplantation of early cell-cycle-stage embryonic nuclei into enucleated oocytes[J].Biol Reprod,1993,48(5): 958-963.
[14] Gurdon JB.Genetic reprogramming following nuclear transplantation in Amphibia [J]. Semin Cell Dev Biol,1999,10:239-243
[15] Czolowska R,Modlinski JA,Tarkowski A K. Behaviour of thymocyte nuclei in non-activated and activated mouse oocytes[J].J Cell Sci,1984,69:19-34.
[16]Cheong HT,Takahashi T,Kanagawa H.Relationship between nuclear remodeling and subsequent development of mouse embryonic nuclei transferred to enucleated oocytes [J]. Mol Reprod Dev,1994,37:138-145.
[17] Kono T, Kwon OY and Ogawa M, et al.Development of mouse oocytes reciving embryonic nuclei and thymocytes[J].Theriogenology,1991,35:227.
[18] Campbell KH, McWhir J,Ritchie WA, et al.Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line[J].Nature,1996b,380:64-66.
[19] Wilmut I, Schnieke AE, Mcwhir J,et al.Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells[J].Nature,1997,385:810-813.
[20] Wakayama T, Perry ACF,Zuccotti M,et al.Full-term development of mice from enucleated oocytesinjected with cumulus cell nucei[J].Nature,1998,394:369-374.
[21] Campell KHS ,Lolp,Otaegli PJ,et al. Cell cycle co-ordination in embryo cloning by nuclear transfer[J].Reviews of Reproduction,1996a,1(1):40-46.
[22] Kues WA,Carnwath JW,Niemann H, et al.Serum deprivation induced DNA fragmentation of porcine fetal fibroblasts[J].Theriogenology,2000,53:228 (abstr)
[23]Campell KHS.Nuclear equivalence nuclear transfer and the cell cycle[J].Cloning,1999, 1(1):3-15.
[24]Zhou Q,Jounesu A,Brochard V,et al.Developmental potential ofmouse embryos reconstructed from metaphase embryonic stem cell nuclei[J].Biol Reprod,2001,65: 412-419.
[25] Ono Y,Shimozawa N,Ito M, Kono T.Cloned mice from fetal fibroblast cells arrested at metaphase by a serial nuclear transfer[J].Biol Reprod,2001a:64:44-50.
[26] Ono Y, Shimozawa N, Muguruma K,et al.Production of cloned mice from embryonic stem cells arrested at metaphase[J].Reproduction,2001b,122:731-736.
[27]Liu L,Dai Y,Moor RM.Nuclear transfer in sheep embryos:the efect of cell-cycle coordination between nucleus and cytoplasm and the use of in vitro matured oocytes [J].Mol Reprod Dev,1997,47:255-264.
[28]Tsunoda Y, Kato Y, Shioda Y. Electrofusion for the pronuclear transplantation of mouse eggs[J].Gamete Res,1987a,17:15-20
[29]Tsunoda Y,Yasui T,Shioda Y, et al.Full-term development of mouse blastomere nuclei transplanted into enucleated two-cell embryos[J].J Exp Zool,1987b,242:147-151.
[30] Dominko T, Chan A, Simerly C,et al.Dynamic imaging of the metaphase 11 spindle and metemal chromosomes in bovine oocyte:implications for enulceation efficiency verification, avoidence of parthenogenesis, and successful embryogenesis. Biol Reprod, 2000,62:150-154.
[31] Wang MK, Liu JL, Li GP,et al.Sucrose pretreatment for enucleation: an eficient and non-damage method for removing the spindle of the mouse MII oocyte[J].Mol Reprod Dev,2001,58: 432-436.
[32] Liu JL, Sung LY, Barber M,et al.Hyptertonic medium treatment for localization of nuclear material in bovine metaphase II oocytes[J].Biol Reprod,2002,66:1342-1349.
[33] Fulka JJ, Moor RM.Noninvasive chemical enucleation of mouse oocytes[J]. Mol Reprod Dev,1993,34(4):427-430.
[34]Baguisi A, Overstrom EW.Induced encleation in nuclear transfer procedures to produce cloned animals[J]. Theriogenology,2000,53:209.
[35]Cheong HT,Takahashi Y,Kanagawa H.Relationship between nuclear remodeling and subsequent development of mouse embryonic nuclei transferred to enucleated oocytes[J]. Mot Reprod Dev,1994,37:138-145.
[36] Tsunoda Y,Shioda Y,OnodersM,et al.Diferential sensitivity of mouse pronuclei and zygote cytoplasm to Hoechest staining and ultraviolet irradiation[J].J Reprod Fertil, 1988, 82:173-178,
[37] Liu L, Odenbourg R,Trimarchi JR,et al.A reliable, noninvasive technique for spindle imaging and enucleation of mammalion oocytes[J].Nat Biotechnol,2000,18:223-224.
[38]Booth PJ,Tan SJ,Reipurth R,et al.Simplification of bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer by application of a zona-free manipulation technique[J].Cloning Stem Cells,2001,3(3): 139-150.
[39]Vajta G, Lewis IM, Hyttel P, et al.Somatic cell cloning without micromampulators[J]. Cloning,2001,3(2):89-95.
[40]VaJta G, Lewis 1M, Trounson AO,et al.Handmade somatic cell cloning in catle: analysis of factorscontributing to high eficiency in vitro[J].Biol Reprod,2003,68(2):571-578.
[41] McGreath J ,Solter D.Nuclear transplantation in the mouse embryos by microsurgery and cell fusion[J].Science,1983,220:1300-1302.
[42] 陈大元,孙青原,李光鹏.受精生物学-受精机制与生殖工程[M].科学出版社,2000.
[43]Sowers AE, Lieber ML.Electropores in individual erythrocyte ghoats: Diameters,lifetime, number and locations[J].FEBSL Let,1986,205:179-184.
[44]Vajta G, Bartels P, Joubert J, et al. Production of a healthy calf by somatic cell nuclear transfer without micromanipulators and carbon dioxide incubators using the Handmade Cloning (HMC) and the Submarine Incubation System (SIS)[J]. Theriogenology, 2004, 62(8):65-72.
[45]Vajta G, Kragh PM, Mtango NR, et al.Hand-made cloning approach:potentials and limitations[J].Reprod Fertil Dev,2005,17(2):97-112.
[46]Kragh PM, Vajtaq,Corydon TJ,et al.Production of transgemc porcine blastocysts by hand-made cloning[J]. Reprod Fertil Dev,2004,16(3):315一318.
[47]Tecirlioglu RT, French AJ, Lewis IM, et al.Birth of a cloned calf derived from a vitrified hand-made cloned embryo[J].Reprod Fertil Dev,2004,35(7):361.
[48]Sugimura T, Ushijima T.Genetic and epigenetic alterations in carcinogenesis[J] .Mutat Res,2000,462(2-3):235-246.
[49] Rickard L F,White K I.Electrofusion-induced Ca2+ flux and its effect on murine oocyte activation[J]. Mol Reprod Dev,1992,31:152-159.
[50] Smith LC,Wilmut I,Hunter R H F. Influence of cell cycle stage at nuclear transplantation on the development in vitro of mouse embryos[J]. J Reprod Fert,1988,84:619-624.
[51]Bodo S,Dinnyes A,Baranyai B,et al.Comparison of different treatments for parthenogenetic activation of bovine oocytes matured in vitro[J].Acta Vet Hung,1998,46: 493-500.
[52] Machaty Z,Prather R S.Strategies for activating nuclear transfer oocytes[J]. Reprod Fertil Dev,1998,10:599-613.
[53] Zakhartchenko V,Alberio R,Stojkovic,et al.Adult cloning in cattle:potential of nuclei from permanent cell line and from primary cultures[J]. Mol Reprod Dev,1999,54:264-272.
[54] Mitalipov SM, White KL, Farrar VR, et al.Development of nuclear transfer and parthenogenetic rabbit embryos activated with inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate[J].Bio Reprod, 1999,60(4):821-827.
[55] Loi P, Ledda S, Fulka J, et al.Development of parthenogenetic and cloned ovine embryos: effect of activation protocols[J].Biol Reprod,1998,58(5):1177-1187.
[56] Yoo JG,Lee HJ,Choe SY, et al.The use of cdc2 kinase inhibitor as a potent activator in reconstituted bovine embryos with primordial germ cells[J].Theriogenology, 2001,55:297.
[57] Wang WH,Machaty Z,Ruddock N,et al.Activation of porcine oocytes with calcium ionophore: effects of extracellular calcium[J].Mol Reprod Dev,1999,53:99-107.
[58] Knott JG,Kasinathan P,Wu H, et al.Effect of porcine sperm factor on intracellular calcium and activation of bovine oocytes and development of nuclear transfer embryos[J].Theriogenology,2001,55:455.
[59] Woffe AP,Matzke MA.Epigenetics: regulation through repression[J].Science,999,286: 481-486.
[60] Rideout III WM, Eggan K, Jaenisch R. Nuclear cloning and epigenetic reprogramming of the genome[J].Science,2001,293(10):1093-1098.
[61] Okano M,Bell DW, Haber DA, et al.DNA methyltransferases Drunt3a and Dnmt3b are essential for de novo methylation and mammalian development[J].Cell,1999,99(3):247.
[62] Reik W, Dean W, Walter J.Epigenetic reprogramming in mammalian development[J]. Science, 2001,293(10):1089-1093
[63] Mayer W,Niveleau A,Walter J,et al.Demethylation of the zygotic paternal genome[J]. Nature,2000,403(6769):501-502.
[64] Howell CY,Bestor TH, Ding F,et al.Genomic imprinting disrupted by a matemal efect mutation in the Dnmtl gene[J].Cell,2001,104(6):829-838.
[65] Kang YK,Koo DB, Park JS,et al.Aberrant methylation of donor genome in cloned bovine embryos[J].Nat Genet,2001,28(2):173-177.
[66] Davie JR. Covalent modifications of histories: expression from chromatin templates[J]. Curr Opin Genet Dev,1998,8:173-178
[67] Finnin MS, Donigian JR, Cohen A,et al.Structures of a histone deacetylase homologue bound to the TSA and SAHA inhibitors[J].Nature,1999,401:188-193.
[68] Richon V M, Emiliani S, Verdin E,et al.A class of hybrid polar inducers of transformed cell diferentiation inhibits histone deacetylases[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,1998, 95:3003-3007.
[69]Santos F,Zakhartchenko,Stojkovic M,et al.Epigenetic marking correlates with developmental potential in cloned bovine preimplantation embryos[J].Curr Biol,2003,13: 1116-1121.
[70] Enright BP,Jeong BS,Yang X, et al.Epigenetic characteristics of bovine donor cells for nuclear transfer: levels of histone acetylation[J].Biol Reprod,2003,69:1525-1530.
[71] Enright BP,Kubota C, Yang X,et al.Epigenetic characteristics and development of embryos cloned from donor cells treated by trichostatin A or 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine[J]. Biol Reprod,2003,69:896-901.
[72] Shi W,Hoeflich A,Flaswinkel H,et al.Induction of a senescent-like phenotype does not confer the ability of bovine immortal cells to support the development of nuclear transfer embryos[J].Biel Reprod,2003,69:301-309
[73] Epstein CJ,Smith S,Travis B,et al.Both X chromosomes function before visible X-chromosome inactivation in female mouse embryos[J].Nature,1978,274(5670):500-503.
[74] Marahrens Y,Panning B,Dausman J,et al.Xist-deficient mice are defective in dosage compensation but not spermatogenesis[J].Genes Dev,1997,11(2):156-166.
[75] Chao W,Huynh KD,Spencer RJ,et al.CTCF,a candidate trans-acting factor for X-inactivation choice[J].Science,2002,295(5553):345-347.
[76] Wrenzycki C,Herrmann D,Carnwath JW,et al.Alterations in the relative abundance of gene transcripts in preimplantation bovine embryos cultured in medium supplemented with either serum or PVA[J].Mol Reprod Dev,1999,53:8-18.
[77] Xue F, Tian XC, Du F, et al.Aberrant paterns of X chromosome inactivation in bovine clones[J].Nat Genet,2002,31(2):216-220.
[78] Lanza RP,Cibelli JB,Blackwell C, et al.Extension of cell life-span and telmere length in animals cloned from senescent somatic cells[J]. Science,2000a,288:665-669.
[79] Lanza RP, Cibelli JB, Diaz F, et al.Cloning of an endangered species (Bos gaurus) using interspecies nuclear transfer[J].Cloning,2000b,2:79-90.
[80] Betts D, Bordignon V, Hill J, et al.Reprogramming of telomerase activity and rebuilding of telomerelength in cloned cattle[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2001,98(3):1077-1082.
[81] Wakayama T,Shinkai Y,Tamashiro KL,et al.Cloning of mice to six generations [J]. Nature,2000,407(6802):318-319.
[82] Miyashita N, Shiga K, Fujita T,et al.Normal telomere lengths of spermatozoa in somatic cell-cloned bulls[J].Theriogenology,2003,59(7):1557-1565.
[83] Shiels PG, Kind AJ, Campbell KH. et al. Analysis of telomere lengths in cloned sheep[J]. Nature,1999,399:316-317.
[84] Miyashita N, Shiga K, Fujita T. et al. Normal telomere lengths of spermatozoa in somatic cell-cloned bulls[J].Theriogenology,2003,59(7):1557-1565.
[85] Miyashita N, Shiga K, Yonai M. et al. Remarkable differences in telomere lengths among cloned cattle derived from different cell types[J].Biol Reprod,2002,66(6):1649-1655.
[86] Campbell KHS,Ritchic WA,Wilmut I.Disappearance of maturation promoting factor and the vitro matured bovine oocyte[J].Theriogenology,1993,39:199-205.
[87] Smith SD,Soloy E,Avery B,et al.Nucleus remodeling in reconstructed cattle embryos[J]. Theriogenology,1994,41:298-304.
[88] 汪堃仁,薛绍白,柳惠图.细胞生物学[M]北京:北京师范大学出版社,1997.
[89] Smith LC,Wilmut I,Hunter RHF.Influence of cell cycle stage at nuclear transplantation on the development in vitro of mouse embryos[J].Reprod Fert,1988,84:619-624.
[90] Kublak JZ,Prather RS,Maul GG,et al.Cytoplasmic modification of the nuclear lamina during pronuclear-like transforation of mouse blastomere nuclei[J].Mechanisms of Development,1991,35:103-111.
[91] Collas P,Balise JJ,Robl JM.Effecr of donor cell cycle stage on chromatin and spindle morhphology in nuclear transplant rabbit embryos[J].Biol Reprod,1992,46:501-511.
[92] Kanka J. Nuclear transplantation: reprogramming of transplanted nuclei[J]. Reprod Nutr Dev,1999,39(5-6):645-654.
[93]Gurdon J B.Nuclear transplantation in eggs and oocytes[J].J Cell Sci Suppl,1986.4: 287-318
[94] Crozet N .Nucleolar structure and RNA synthesis in mammalian oocytes[J].J Reprod Fertil Suppl,1989,38:9-16
[95] Kopecny V, Flechon JE,Camous S,et al.Nuclcogencsis and the onset of transcription in the ight-cell bovinec mbnos:fine-structural autoradiographics tudy[J].Mol Reprod Dev, 1989a,1:79-90.
[96] Kopecm V,Fulka JJ,Pivko J, et al.Localization of replicated DNA-containing sites in preimplantation bovine embryos in relation to the onset of RNA synthesis[J].Biol Cell, 1989b, 65:321-238.
[97] De Sousa PA,Winger Q ,Hill JR,et al.Reprogramming of fibroblast nuclei after transfer into bovine oocytes[J].Cloning Sci Policy,1999,1(1):63–69.
[98] Winger QA,Hill JR,Shin T ,et al.Genetic reprogramming of lactate dehydrogenase,citrate synthase,and phosphofructokinase mRNA in bovine nuclear transfer embryos produced using bovine fibroblast cell nuclei[J].Mol Reprod Dev,2000,56(4):458-464.
[99]Lavoir MC, Kelk D, Rumph N, et al. Transcription and translation in bovine nuclear transfer embryos.Biol Reprod,1997,57:204-213.
[100]Hyttel P.Prochazka R ,Smith S,et al.RNA synthesis in porcine blastomere nuclei in troducedin to inv itrom aturedo oplasm[J].A ctaV etSc and,1993.34:159-167.
[101] Daniels R Hall V,Trounson A0.Analysis of gene transcription in bovine nuclear transfer embryos reconstructed with granulose cell nuclei[J].Biol Reprod,2000,63(4): 1034-1040.
[102] Wrenzycki C,Wells D,Herrmann D,et al.Nuclear transfer protocol affects messenger RNA expression paterns in cloned bovine blastocysts[J].Biol Reprod,2001,65(1):309-317.
[103] Kanka J,Fulka J,Petr J.Nuclear transplantation in bovinee mbryos:finest ructural and autoradiographic studies[J].MolR eprod Dev,1991.29:110-116
[104] Campbell KHS.Nuclear transfer in farm animal species[J].Semin Cell Dev Biol,1999, 10(3):245-252.
[105] Wolf E,Zakhartchenke V,Brem G.Nuclear transfer in mammals:Recent development and future perspectives[J].J Biotechnol,1998,65(2-3):99-110.
[106] Rideout WM ,Wakayama T, Wutz A, et al. Generation of mice from wild-type and targeted [80]ES cells by nuclear cloning[J].Nat Genet,2000,24(2):109-110.
[107]Mitalipov SM,Wolf DP.Mammalian cloning:possibilities and threats[J].Ann Med, 2000,32(7):462-468.
[108]Campbell KHS, Wilmut I.Unactivated oocytes as cytoplast recipients of quiescent and non-quiescent cell nuclei, while maintaining correct ploidy[J].US Patent: 6252133. 2001.
[109] 刘同明 , 俞小牧 , 叶玉珍 , 等 . 鱼类体细胞移核胚胎发育影响因素的探讨 [J]. 动物学研究,2002,23(2):107-112.
[110]Prather RS.Progress in cloning embryos from domesticated livestock[J].Proc Soc Exp Biol Med,1996,212:38-43.
[111] Kono T,Kwon OY,Watanabe T, et al.Development of mouse enucleated oocytes receiving a nucleus from different stages of the second cell cycle[J].Reprod Fert, 1992, 94:481-487.
[112] Cheong HT,Takahashi Y,Kanagawa H.Birth of mice after transplantation of early cell-stage embryonic nuclei into enucleated oocytes[J].Biol Reprod,1993,48:958-963.
[113] Protrowska K,Modlinski JA,Korwin-Kossakowski M,et al.Efects of preactivation of ooplasts or synchronization of blastomere nuclei in G, on preimplantation development of rabbit serial nuclear transfer embryos[J].Biol Reprod,2000,63:677-682.
[114] Korfiatis N,Trounson A.Lacham-Kaplan 0.Cell synchronization for the purposes of nuclear transfer in the bovine[J].Cloning Stem Cells,2001,3(3):125-138.
[115] Kasinathan P,Knot JG,Wang Z,et al.Production of calves from G1 fibroblasts[J].Nat Biotechol,2001,19(12):1176-1178.
[116] Zhang Y,Li YQ.Nuclear-Cytoplasmic interaction and development of goat embryos reconstructed by nuclear transplantion: production of goats by serially cloning embnos[J]. Biol Reprod,1998,58:266- 269.
[117] Zakhartchenko V,Durcova-Hills G,Stojkoved M,et al.Efects of serum starvation and recloning in the eficiency of nuclear transfer using bovine fetal fibroblasts[J].Reprod Fertil,1999,115:325-333
[118] Cibelli JB,Stice SL,Golueke P1,et al.Cloned transgenic calves produced from non-quiescent fetal fibroblasts[J].Science,1998,280:1256-1258.
[119] Verma PJ,Du ZT,Crocker L,et al.In vitro development of porcine nuclear transfer embryos constructed using fetal fibroblasts[J].Mol Reprod Dev,2001,57(3):262-269.
[120] Zhou Q,Jouneau A,Brochard V,et al.Development potential of mouse embryos reconstructed from metaphase ES nuclei[J].Biel Reprod,2001,66:284-296.
[121] Lanza RP,Cibelli JB,Faber D,et al.Cloned catle can be healthy and normal[J].Science, 2001,294:1893-1894.
[122]Mclaren A. Cloning: Pathways to a pluripotent future[J].Science,2000,288: 1775-1780.
[123] Liu L,Dai Y,Moor RM..Nuclear transfer in sheep embryos: the efect of cell-cycle coordination between nucleus and cytoplasm and the use of in vitro matured oocytes[J]. Mol Reprod Dev,1997,47:255-264.
[124] Modlinski JA, Grabarek J,Plusa B, et al.The possible role of cell cycle stage in mammalian cloning[J].Appl Genet,2001,42(1):153-176.
[125]Sirard MA,Coenen K,Bilodeau S.Effect of fresh or cultured follicular fraction on meiotic resumption in bovine oocytes[J].Theriogeneology,1992,37:39-57.
[126]Sirard MA,Richard F,Mayes M.Controlling meioric resumption in bovine oocytes a review[J].Theriogenology,1998,49:483-497.
[127] Saeki K,Nagao Y,Nagai M.Developmental capacity of bovine oocytes following inhibition of meiotic resumption by cycloheximide or 6 clinethy laminopurine[J]. Theriogenology, 1997, 48:1161-1172.
[128] Telford NA,Waston AJ,Schultz GA.Transition from maternal to embryonic control in early mammalian development:a comparision of several species[J].Mol Reprod Dev,1990, 26:90-100.
[129] Davor S.Lambing by nuclear transferv.Nature,1996,380:24-25.
[130] Fujiwara T,Nakada K,Shirakawa H, et al.Development of inositol triphosphate-induced calcium release mechanism during maturation of hamster oocytes[J].Dev Boil,1993, 156:69-79.
[131] Surani MAH,Barton SC,Norris ML.Development of reconstituted mouse eggs suggests imprinting of the genome during gametogenesis[J].Nature,1984,308:548-550.
[132] Krisher RL,Bavister BD.Responses of oocytes and embryos to the culture enviorment[J]. Theriogenology,1998,49:103-114.
[133] 孙振兴,王如才,姜明.细胞松弛素 B 对受精卵超微结构的影响[J].动物学杂志,2002,37(7):14-17.
[134] Machaty Z,Prather RS.Strategies for activating nuclear transfer oocytes[J].Reprod Fertil Dev,1998,10:599-613.
[135] Ben-Yosef D ,Shalgi R.Early ionic events in activation of the mammalian egg[J].Rev Reprod,1998,3:96-103.
[136] Alberio R,Brero A, Motlik J, et al. Remodeling of donor nuclei, DNA-synthesis, and ploidv of bovine cumulus cell nuclear transfer embrvos: Efect of activation protocol[J]. Mol Reprod Dev,2001,59(4):371-379.
[137] Booth PJ, Tan SJ,Reipurth R,et al.Simplification of bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer by application of a zona-Gee manipulation technique[J].Cloning Stem Cells, 2001,3(3):139-150.
[138] Lane M,Gardner DK.Differential regulation of mouse embryo development and viability by amino acid[J].Reprod Fertil,1997,109(1):153-164.
[139] Watson AJ,De Sousa P,Caveney A,et al.Impact of bovine oocyte maturation media on oocyte transcript levels,blastocyst development ,cell number ,and apoptosis[J].Biol Reprod, 2000,62:355-364.
[140]Niemann H,Wrenzycki C.Alterations of expression of developmentally important genes in preimplantation bovine embryos by in vitro culture conditions:implications for subsequent development[J].Theriogenology,2000,53:21-34.
[141] Stojanov T,O’Neill C.Ontogeny of expression of a receptor for platelet-activating factor in mousepreimplantation embryos and the effects of fertilization and culture in vitro on its expression[J].Biol Reprod,1999,60:674-682.
[142] Ho Y,Doherty A S,Schultz R M.Mouse preimplntation embryo development in vitro:effect of sodium concentration inculture media on RNA synthesis and accumulation and gene expression[J].Mol Reprod Dev,1994,38:131-141.
[143] Ho Y,Wigglesworth K,Eppig JJ,et al.Preimplantation development of mouse embryo in KSOM: augmentation by amino acids and analysis of gene expression[J].Mol Reprod Dev, 1995,41:232-238.
[144] Babaloa GO,Schultz RM.Modulation of gene expression in the preimplantation mouse embryo by TGF-αand TGF-β[J].Mol Reprod Dev, 1995,41:133-139.
[145] Eckert J,Niemann H.mRNA expression of leukaemia inhitory factor (LIF) and its recepor subunits glycoportein 130 and LIF-receptor-beta in bovine embryos derivedin vitro or in vivo[J].Mol Hum Reprod,1998,4(10):957-965.
[146] Wrenzycki C,Herrmann D,Carnwath JW,et al.Expressionof the gap junction gene connexin 43(Cx43) in preimplantation bovine embryos derived in vitro or in vivo[J]. Reprod Fertil,1996,108:17-24.
[147] Kruip Tham and den Daas JHG.In vitro produced and cloned embryos effects on pregnancy,parturition and ofspring[J].Theriogenology,1997,47:43-52.
[148] Garry FB, Adams R, McCann JP, et al.Postnatal characteristics of calves produced by nuclear transfer cloning[J].Theriogenology,1996,45:141-152.
[149] Hill JR,Roussel AJ,Cibelli JB,et al.Clinical and pathologic features of cloned transgenic calves and fetuses(13c ases tudies)[J].Theriogenology,1999,51:1451-1465.
[150] Han YM,Kang YK, Koo DB, Lee KK. Nuclear reprogramming of cloned embryos produced in vitro[J].Theriogenology,2003,59(1):33-44
[151] Moens A,Chastant S,Chesne P,et al.Differential ability of male and female rabbit fetal germ cell nuclei to be reprogrammed by nuclear transfer[J].Differentiation,1996, 60(5): 339-345.
[152] Pennisi E.The lamb that roared[J].Science,1997,278:2038-2039.
[153] Renard JP, Zhou Q, LeBourhis D, et al.Nuclear transfer technologies: between successes and doubts[J].Theriogenology,2002,57(1):203-222.
[154] Ryder QA,McLaren A,Brenner S et al.DNA banks for endangered species[J]. Science,2000, 288:275-277.
[155] Chen DY,Sun QY,Liu JL,et al.The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) somatic nucleus can dedifferentiate in rabbit ooplasm and support early development of the reconstructed egg[J].Science in China(Series C),1999,42:346-353.
[157]Cozzi E, Masroor S, Soin B, et al.Progress in xenotransplantation. Clin. Nephrol,2000, (53):13-18
[158]Dai YE,Vaught TD,Boone J.et al.Target disruption of the α-1,3-galactosyl transferase gene in cloned pigs[J].Nature Biotechnology,2002,20:251-255
[159]Lai L, Tao T, Machaty Z,et al.Feasibility of producing porcine nuclear transfer embryos by using G2/M- stage fetal fibroblasts as donors[J].Biol Reprod,2001,65(5): 1558-1564.
[160] Tearle RG, et al.The 1,3-galactosyltransferase Knock out mouse. Implications for xenotransplantation[J]. Transplantation.1996,61:13-19.
[161] Plant J.Knocking out xenograft rejection[J].Nature Biotechnology,2002,20:231-232.
[162]Tanemura M, Yin D, Chong AS, et al. Differential immune responses to alpha-gal epitopes on xenografts and allografts: implications for accommodation in xenotransplantation[J]. J Clin Invest,2000,105(3):301-310
[163] Doetschman T, Gregg RG, Maeda N.Targetted correction of a mutant HPRT gene in mouse embryonic stem cell[J].Nature,1987,330:576-578.
[164]Perlingeiro RC, Kyba M. Daley GQ.Clonal analysis of differentiating embryonic stem cells reveals a hematopoietic progenitor with peimitive erythroid and adult lymphoid-myeloid potential[J].Development,2001.128(22):4597-4604.
[165]Rideout III WM, Hochedlinger K, Kyba M, et al. Correction of a genetic defect by nuclear transplantation and combined cell and gene therepy[J]. Cell.2002,109:17-27.
[166] Mullis K. specific synthesis of DNA in vitro via a polymerase catalyzed chain reaction [J].Methods Enzgmol,1985,155:338-350.
[167] Jeffreys A.Hyper variable minisatellite region in human DNA[J]. Nature, 1985, 314: 67-73.
[168] Skinner DM.The sequence of a hermit crab satellite DNA is (TAGG) n- (ATCC)n[J]. Biochemistry,1984,13:3930-3937.
[169] Schafer M.Three random loci in human genome with base pair change polymorphisms [J]. Cytogenet cell genet,1982,32:314-315.
[170] Epplen TT. A simple repeated GATA/GACA sequence in animal genome [J]. Heredity,1988, 79409-416.
[171] Nakamura Y. Variable number of tandem repeat markers for human gene maping[J].Science, 1987,235:1616-1622.
[172] Vassar G.A sequence in 13 phages detects hypyer variable minisatellites I human and animal DNA [J].Science,1987,235:683-684.
[173] Guptu M, chyi Y S. Amplification of DNA markers from evolutionary diverse genome using single primers of simple-sequence repeats[J].Theor Appl Genet,1994,89:998-1006.
[174]晏兆莉.DNA 指纹技术在安哥拉山羊、山谷型藏山羊、建昌黑山羊及杂种羊遗传分析中的应用初探[D].西南民族学院硕士学位论文,1996.
[175] 王 杰, 沈富军, 欧阳熙,等.安哥拉山羊及其杂种羊父权认定的DNA指纹图分析[J].西南民族学院学报(自然科学版),2000,26(2):185-187.
[176] Nybom H, Esselink GD, Werlemark G,et al.Microsatellite DNA marker inheritance indicates preferential pairing between two hiGHly homologous genomes in polyploid and hemisexual dog-roses, Rosa L. Sect. Caninae DC[J].Heredity,2004,92(3):139-50.
[177]刘建,唐慧林,杨跃飞,等.克隆波尔山羊的微卫星DNA 鉴定[J].中国药科大学学报,2005, 36(1):69-72.
[178] 孙业良,谢庄,刘国庆,等.利用微卫星DNA技术进行绵羊亲子鉴定[J].安徽农业大学学报,2005,32(3):301-305.
[179]Usha AP,Simpson SP,Williams JL.Probability of random sire exclusion using microsatellite markers for parentage of vertificaiong[J].Animal Genetics,1995,26(3): 155-156.
[180] Marklund S, Ellegren H, Eriksson S. Parentage testing and linkage analysis in the horse using a set of highly polymorphic microsatellites[J].Animal Genetics , 1994,25:19-23.
[181]韩春梅,张嘉保,高庆华,陈庆波.微卫星DNA 在吉戎兔亲子鉴定中的应用研究[J].遗传,2005,27(6):903-907.
[182] 叶俊华,麻俊武,杨前勇,等.利用10个STR - DNA的多态性进行警犬亲子鉴定[J].江西农业大学学报,2005,27(1):110-113.
[183] 张志和,沈富军,孙珊,等.利用微卫星分型方法进行大熊猫父亲鉴定[J].遗传,2003,25 (5):504-510.
[184] 张于光,李迪强,饶力群,等.东北虎微卫星DNA遗传标记的筛选及在亲子鉴定中的应用[J].动物学报,2003,49(1):118-123.
[185] Van Zevern A , Peelman L ,Van De Weghe A. A enetic study of four Belgian pig populations by means of seven micrsatellites locs[J]. Animal Genetics,1999,30:431-438.
[186]何鑫,朱鼎良,韩战营,等.应用微卫星 DNA 基因分型技术进行双生子卵型鉴定[J].中华医学遗传学杂志,2001,18(6):421-425.
[187] Krisher RL,Bavister BD.Responses of oocytes and embryos to the culture environment[J]. Theriogenology,1998,49(1):103-114.
[188] Yang X,Kubota C,Suzuki H,et al.Control of oocyte maturation in cows-biologycal factors[J]. Theriogenology,1998,49:471-482
[189]Thibault C,Szollosi D,Gerard M.Mammalian.oocyte maturation[J].Reprod Nutr Dev,1987, 27:865-896.
[190] Barnes FL,Looney CR,Westhusin ME.Embryo cloning in cattle:The current state of technology Embryo Transfer[J].Newsletter,l991,6(1):l-6.
[191]Tan SJ,Lu KH.Effects of different oestrous cycle stages of ovaries and sizes of folliales on generation of IVF early embryos[J].Tberiogenology,1990,33:335.
[192] Sato E,Iritani A,Nishikawa Y.Factors involving in vitro maturation of pigand cattle follicular oocytes cultured in vitro [J].Japan J Anim Reprod,1977,23:12-181.
[193] Sirard MA,Lambert RD.In vitro inhibition of oocyte nuclear maturationin the bovine [J].Bio Reprod,1988,39:229-2341.
[194] Fukui Y,Imai K,Alfonso NF.Follicle culture enhances fertilization and cleavage of bovine oocytes matured in vitro [J].J Anim Sci,1987,64:935-9411.
[195] FukuiY,Ono H.Effects of sera,hormones and granulose cell sadded to culture medium for in vitro maturation,fertilization,cleavage and development of bovine oocytes[J].J Reprod Fert,1989,86:501-506.
[196] Fukuda Y, Ichikawa M,Naito K,et al.Birth of normal calves resulting from bovine oocytes matured fertilied and cultured with cumulus cells In vitro up to the blastocyst stage[J].Biol Reprod,1990,1(42):114-119.
[197]石德顺,卢克焕.牛卵泡液对牛卵母细胞体外成熟的影响[J].广西农业生物科学 1994,13(1):1-5.
[198]崔亚利,桑润滋.牛卵母细胞体外成熟及体外受精的研究[J].河北农业大学学报,1999.22(1):67-70.
[199] 周颂成,细井美彦,内海恭三,等.成熟培养基中添加卵泡液对牛体外受精卵发育的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报, 1993,24(6):512-517.
[200] 徐照学, 钱菊汾,兰亚莉,等.BFF、rbGH对牛卵泡卵母细胞体外受精后发育的影响[J].中国兽医学报,1996,16:622-628
[201]Crha I, Hruba D, Ventruba P,et al. Ascorbic acid and infertility treatment[J]. Cent Eur J Public Health,2003,11(2):63-67.
[202]Carbone MC,Tatone C,Delle Monache S,etal.Antioxidant enzymatic defences in human follicularfluid:characterization and age-dependent changes[J].Mol Hum Reprod, 2003, 9(11): 639-643.
[203]Torok A, Belagyi J,Torok B,et al.Scavenger capacity of follicular fluid, decidua and culture medium with regard to assisted reproduction:an in vitro study using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy[J].Gynecol Obstet 2003,55(3): 178-182.
[204]Lapointe J, Bilodeau JF.Antioxidant defenses are modulated in the cow oviduct during the estrous cycle[J].Bio Reprod,2003,68(4):1157-1164.
[205] Cetica PD, Pintos LN, Dalvit GC, et al.Antioxidant enzyme activity and oxidative stress in bovine oocyte in vitro maturation[J].IUBMB Life,2001,51(1):57-64.
[206]Tatemoto H, Muto N, Sunagawa I,et al.Protection of porcine oocytes against cell damage caused by oxidative stress during in vitro maturation:role of superoxide dismutase activity in porcine follicular fluid[J].Biol Reprod,2004,71(4):1150-1157.
[207] Brad AM, Bormann CL, Swain JE, et al.Glutathione and adenosine triphosphate content of in vivo and in vitro matured porcine oocytes[J].Mol Reprod Dev,2003, 64(4):492-498.
[208]Ali AA,Bilodeau JF,Sirard MA.Antioxidant requirements for bovine oocytes varies during in vitro maturation,fertilization and development[J]. Theriogenology, 2003,59 (3-4): 939-949.
[209]Rodriguez-Gonzalez E,Lopez-Bejar M, Izquierdo D,et al.Developmental competence of prepubertal goat oocytes selected with brilliant cresyl blue and matured with cysteamine supplementation[J].Reprod Nutr Dev,2003,43(2):179-187.
[210]Albertini DF.Cytoplasmic microtubular dynamics and chromatin organization during mammalian oogenesis and oocyte maturation[J].Mutat Res,1992 ,296(1-2):57-68.
[211]Alberts B,Bray D,Lewis J,et al.Molecular biology of the cell (3rd edition)[M]. New York: Garland Publishing,Inc,1994.
[212]汪堃仁，薛绍白,柳惠图.细胞生物学[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社1998,256-270.
[213]尹云厚,欧阳松应,欧阳红生,等.大鼠微管蛋白基因的合成与克隆[J].黑龙江八一农垦大学学报,2002,14:116-119.
[214]Kim NH, Chung HM, Cha KY, et al.Microtubule and microfilament organization in maturing human oocytes[J].Hum Reprod,1998,13(8):2217-2222.
[215]Vernos I,Karent E.The Mitotic Spindle:a Self-Made Machine[J].Science,2001,294: 543-547.
[216] Mayer TU,Haggarty SJ.Small molecule inhibitor of mitotic spindle bipolarity identified in a phenotype-based screen[J].Science,1999,286:791-794.
[217]Kim NH,Chung HM,Cha KY,et al.Microtubule and microfilament organizationin maturing human oocytes[J].Hum Reprod,1998,13(8):2217-2222.
[218]Tremoleda JL, Schoevers EJ, Stout TA,et al.Organisation of the cytoskeleton during in vitro maturation of horse oocytes[J].Mol Reprod Dev,2001,60(2):260-269.
[219]Kim NH,Moon SJ,Prather RS,et al.Cytoskeletal alteration in aged porcine oocytes and parthenogenesis[J].Mol Reprod Dev,1996,43(4):513-518.
[220]Goudet G, Bezard J, Duchamp G, et al.Equine oocyte competence for nuclear and cytoplasmic in vitro maturation:effect of follicle size and hormonal environment[J].Biol Reprod,1997,57(2):232-245.
[221]Tremoleda JL,Stout TA,Lagutina I,et al.Effects of in vitro production on horse embryo morphology, cytoskeletal characteristics, and blastocyst capsule formation[J].Biol Reprod, 2003,69(6):1895-1906.
[222]Eichenlaub-Ritter U,Chandley AC,Gosden RG..Alterations to the microtubular cytoskeleton andincreased disorder of chromosome alignment in spontaneously ovulated mouse oocytes aged in vivo:an immunofluorescence study[J]. Chromosoma, 1986, 94(5): 337-345.
[223]杨建一.医学细胞生物学[M].北京,科技出版社,2000.
[224]Wakayama T, Perry ACF, Zuccotti M,et al.Full-term development of mice from enucleated oocytes injected with cumulus cell nuclei[J]. Nature,1998,394:369-374.
[225] Westhusin ME, Levanduski MJ, Scarborough R, et al.Viable embryos and normal calves after nuclear transfer into Hoechst stained enucleated demi-oocytes of cows[J].J Reprod Fertil,1992,95(2):475-480.
[226] Takano H, Koyama K, Kozai C,et al.Effect of aging of recipient oocytes on the development of bovine nuclear transfer embryos in vitro[J].Theriogenology,1993,39: 909-917.
[227] Critser ES,First NL.Use of a fluorescent stain for visualization of nuclear material in living oocytes and early embryos[J].Stain Technology,1986,61:1-5.
[228]王敏康,刘冀珑,李光鹏,等.小鼠卵母细胞 MII 期核(纺锤体)移植后经体外受精正常产仔[J].生殖医学杂志,2001,10(3):141-147.
[229]Collas P,Barnes FL.Nuclear transplantation by microinjection of inner cell mass and granulosa cellnuclei[J].Mol Reprod Dev,1994,38:264-267.
[230]Liu JL, Sung LY,Cindy Tian,et al.Hypertonicity-Induced Projections Reflect Cell Polarity in Mouse MetaphaseII Oocytes:Involvement of Microtubules, Microfilaments,and Chromosomes[J].Biol Reprod,2002,67:1853-1863.
[231]Liu JL,Sung LY, Michele B, et al.Hypertonic Medium Treatment for Localization of Nuclear Material in Bovine Metaphase II Oocytes[J].Biol Reprod,2002,66: 1342-1349.
[232]Gasparrini B,Gao S,Ainslie A,et al.Cloned Mice Derived from Embryonic Stem Cell Karyoplasts and Activated Cytoplasts Prepared by Induced Enucleation[J].Biol Reprod,2003, 68:1259–1266.
[233]Campbell KHS.Nuclear equivalence,nuclear tansfer and the cell cycle[J]. cloning, 1999, 1(1):3～15.
[234] Li R ,Robert J,Norman,David T,et al.Oocyte-Secreted Factor(s) Determine Functional Differences Between Bovine Mural Granulosa Cells and Cumulus Cells[J].Biol Reprod,2000, 63:839-845
[235] Wolf DP,Meng L,Ouhibi N.Nuclear transfer in the Phesus monkey practical and basic implication[J].Biol Reprod,1999,60:199-204.
[236]Cuthbertson KS, Whittingham DG, Cobbold PH. Free Ca2+ increases in exponential phases during mouse oocyte activation[J].Nature,1981,24;294(5843):754-757.
[237] Aoyagi K,Kameyama and T,Takeda.Artificial activation of bovine oocytes matured in vitro by electric shock or exposure to ionophore A23187[J].Theriogenology,1992,3 7:188.
[238]NagaiT.Parthenogenetic activation of cattle follicular oocytes in vitro with ethanol [J].GameteRes,1987,16:243-249.
[239] Liu L,Yang X.Interplay of maturation-promoting factor and mitogen-activated protein kinase inactivation during metaphase-to-interphase transition of activated bovine oocytes [J].Biol Reprod,1999,61(1):1-7.
[240]Bodo S,Dinnyes A,BaranyaiB,et al.Comparison of different treatments for parthenogenetic activation of bovine oocytes matured in vitro [J].Acta Vet Hung, 1998, 46(4):493-500.
[241] De La Fuente R,King WA.Developmental consequences of karyokinesis without cytokinesis during the first mitotic cell cycle of bovine parthenotes[J].Biol Reprod,1998,58(4): 952-962.
[242]Shiinay,Kanedam,Matsuyamank,et al.Role of the extracellular Ca2+ on the intracellular Ca2+ changesinfertilized and activated mouse oocytes [J].J Reprod Fert, 1993, 97:143-150.
[243]Rafael A,Fissore,James M.Intracellular Ca2+ response of rabbit oocytes to electrical stimulation[J].Mol Reprod Dev,1992,32:9-16.
[244]Loi P,Ledda S,FulkaJ,et al.Development of parthenogenetic and cloned ovine embryos: effect of activation protocols[J].Biol Reprod,1998,58:1177-1187.
[245] Godon K, Lec E, Vitale J, etc. Production of human tissue plasminogen activator in transgenic mouse milk[J]. Biotech,1987,5:11831-11852.
[246] Dinneyes A,Dal Y,Jiang S,et al.High development rates of vitrified bovine oocytes following parthenogenetic activation,in vitro fertilization, and somatic cell nuclear transfer[J].Bio Reprod,2000,63: 513-518.
[247]Szollosi D, Czolowska R, Szollosi MS, et al. Remodelling of mouse thymocyte nuclei depends on the time of their transfer into activated, homologous ocytes[J].J cell Sci,1988,91:603-613.
[248] Loi P, Ledda S, Fulka J, et al.Development of parthenogenetic and cloned ovine embryos: effect of activation protocols[J].Bio Reprod,1998,58:1177-1187.
[249]Wakyama T,Perry AC,Zuccott IM ,et al.Full-term development of mice from nucleared oocyte injected with cumulus cell nuclei[J].Nature,1998,394:369-374.
[250]Zakhartchenko V,Alberio R,Stojkovic M,et al.Adult cloning in cattle: potential of nuclei from permanent cell line and from primary cultures[J].Mol Reprod Dev,1999,54: 264-272.
[251] Kubota C,Yamakuchi H,Todoroki J,et al.Six cloned calves produced from adult fibroblast cells after long-term culture [J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2000,97:990-995.
[252]Shiga K,Fujita T,Hirose K,et al.Production of calves by transfer of nuclei from cultured somatic cells obtained from Japanese black bulls[J].Theriogenology, 1999, 52: 527-535.
[253]Polejaeva IA,Chen SH,Vaught TD,et al.Cloned pigs produced by nuclear transfer adult somatic cells[J].Nature,2000,407:86-90.
[254]Onishi A,Iwamoto M,Akita T,et al.Pig cloning by microinjection of fetal fibroblast nuclei[J].Science,2000,289:1188-1190.
[255] Baguisi A,Behboodi E,Melican DT,et al.Production of goats by somtic cell nuclear transfer[J].Nat Biotechnol,1999,17:456-461.
[256] Zakhartchenko V,Durcova-Hills G,Stojkovic M,et al.Effects of serum starvation and recloning on the efficiency of nuclear transfer using bovine fetal fibroblasts[J].J Reprod Fertil,1999,115(2):325-331.
[257]Dinnys A,Dai Y,Jiang S,et al.High developmental rates of vitrified bovine oocytes following parthenogenetic activation,invitrofertilization,and somatic cell nuclear transfer[J].Biol Reprod,2000,63(2):513-518.
[258] Beyhan Z,Mitalipova M,Chang TC,et al.Donor cell passage,starvation period and fusion activation interval affect preimplantation development of bovine nuclear transfer embryos [J].Theriogenology,2002,57:396.
[259] Polejaeval IA,Chen SH,Vaught TD,et al.Cloned pigs produced by nuclear transfer from adult somatic cells[J].Nature,2000,407:86-90.
[260] Miyoshi K,Rzucidlo SJ,Gibbons JR ,et al.Development of porcine embryos reconstituted with somatic cells and enucleated metaphaseⅠ and II oocytes matured in a protein free medium [J].BMC Development Biology,2001,1:12.
[261]Campbell KH, McWhir J,Ritchie WA,et al. Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line[J].Nature,1996,380:64-66.
[262]Wilmut I, Schnieke AE, McWbir J, et al.Viable ofspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells[J].Nature,1997,853:810-813.
[263]Wakayama T,Perry AC, Zuccotti M,et al.Full-term development of mice from enucleated oocytes injected with cumulus cellnuclei[J]. Nature,1998,394(6691):369-370.
[264]Peng X,Maruo T, Matsuo H, et al.Serum deprivation-induced apoptosis in cultured porcine granulose cells is characterized by increased expression of p53 protein,Fas antigin and Fas ligand and by decreased expression of PCNA[J]. Endocr J, 1998, 45: 247-253.
[265]Hu C,Cowan RC, Harman RM,et al.Apoptosis of bovine granulose cells after serum withdrawal is mediated by Fas antigen (CD95) and Fas ligand.Biol Reprod, 2001, 64: 518-526.
[266]Chang KE,Jorge AP.Inhibition of apoptosis in serum starved porcine embryonic fibroblasts[J]. Mol Reprod Dev,2002,62:106-111.
[267]Lai L,Park KW,Cheong HT, et al.Transgenic pig expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein produced by nuclear transfer using colchicine-treated fibroblasts as donor cells[J]. Mol Reprod Dev, 2002,62(3):300-306.
[268] Zhou Q, Renard JP, Le FriecqBrochard V, et al.Generation of fertile cloned rats by regulating oocyte activation[J].Science,2003,302: 1179
[269]Lanza RP,Cibelli JB,Diaz C,et a1.Cloning of endangered species(Bos Gaurus) using interspecies nuclear transfer[J].Cloning,2000,(2):79-90.
[270]安晓荣,苟克勉,陈永福.体细胞克隆法生产绵羊专基因囊胚[J].科学通报,2001,46:820-824.
[271]Kubota M,Yama kuchi H,Todoroehi J,et a1.Six cloned calves produced from adult fibroblast cells after long-term culture[J].Proc Nat1 Acad Sci USA,200097:990-995.
[272]Arat S,Rauciklo J,Gibbons J ,et al.Production oftransgenic bovine embryos by transfer of transfected granulosa cells into enucleated oocytes[J].Mol Reprod Dev,2001,60:20-26.
[273]Enright BP,Jeong BS,Yan GX,et al.Epigenetic characteristics of bovine donor cells for nuclear t ransfer : levels of histone acetylation[J].Biol Reprod,2003 in press.
[274]Ogura A,Inoue K,Ogonuki N,et al.Production of male cloned mice from fresh,cultured, and cryopreserved immature Sertoli cells[J].Biol Reprod,2000,62 (6): 1579-1584.
[275]Campbell KH,McWhir J,Ritchie WA ,et al.Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line[J].Nature,1996,380:64-66.
[276]Bowcock AM,Rulz2Linares A,Tomfohrde J,et al.High resolution of human evolutionary trees with polymorphic microsatellites[J].Nature,1994,368:455-457.
[277]Arranz JJ,Bayon Y, Primivo F.Comparison of protein markers and microsatellites in differentiation of cattle population[J].Anim Gene,1996,27:415-419.
[278]Barker JS,Moore SS,Hetzel DJ,et al.Genetic diversity of Asian water buffalo: microsatellite variation and a compartison with protein coding locai[J].Anim Genet, 1997,28(2):103-115.
[279] Forbes SH,Hogg JT,Buchanan FC,et al.Microsatellite evolution in congeneric mammals :domestic and bighorn sheep[J].Mol Biol Evu,1995,12:1106-1113.
[280] Ashworth D,Bishop M,Campbell K,et al.DNA microsatellite analysis of Dolly[J]. Nature,1998,394:329.
[281]Shiga K,Fujita T,Hirose K,et al.Production of calves by transfer of nuclei from cultured somatic cells obtained fromJapanese black bulls [J].Therigenlogy, 1999,52: 527-535.
[282] Wells DN ,Misica PM,Tervit HR.Production of cloned calves following nuclear transfer with cultured adult mural granulose cells[J].Biol Reprod,1999,60: 996-1005.
[283] Zakhartchenko V,Durcova2Hills G,Stojkovic M,et al.Effect of serum starvation and recloning on the efficiency of nuclear transfer using bovine fetal fibroblasts [J].J Reprod Fertil,1999,115:325-331.
[284]Chen H,Leibenguth F.Studies on multilocus fingerprintings,RAPD markers and mitochondrial DNA of four gynogenetic fisf[J].Biochem Genetics,1995,33:297-306.
[285]萨姆布鲁克.分子克隆实验指南(第三版)[M]. 科学出版社,2002.
[286]孙维斌.秦川牛肉用性状及八个黄牛品种遗传关系的 DNA 分子标记研究[D]. 西北农林科技大学,2004.
[2] Czolowska R, Modlinski J A ,Tarkowski AK. Behaviour of thymocyte nuclei in non-activated and activated mouse oocytes[J].J Cell Sci,1984,69:19-34.
[3] Illmensee K, Hoppe PC.Nuclear transplantation in Mus musculus: developmental potential of nuclei from preirnplantation embryos[J].Cell,1981,23:9-18.
[4] McGrath J,Solter D.Completion of mouse embryogenesis requires both the maternel and paternal genomes [J].Cell,1984,37:179-183.
[5] Willadsen SM. Nuclear transplantation in sheep embryos[J].Nature,1986,320:63-65.
[6] Robl JM, Prather R, Barnes F,et al.Nuclear transplantation in bovine embryos[J]. J Anim Sci,1987,64:642-647.
[7] Stice SL, Robl JM. Nuclear reprogramming in nuclear transplant rabbit embryos[J].Biol Reprod,1988,39:657-664.
[8] Kono T,Shida Y,Tsunoda Y.Nuclear transplantation of rat embryos[J].J Exp Zool,1988, 248:303-305.
[9] Machaty Z,Prather RS.Strategies for activating nuclear transfer oocytes[J].Reprod Fertil Dev,1998,10:599-613.
[10] 张涌,王建辰,钱菊汾,等.山羊卵核移植的研究[J].中国农业科学,1991,24(5):1-6.
[11] Meng L,Ely JJ, Stouffer RL, et al.Rhesus monkeys produced by nuclear transfer[J]. Biol Reprod,1997,57(2):454-459.
[12] Smith LC,Wilmut I.Factors affecting the viability of nuclear transplanted embryos [J]. Theriogenlogy,1990,33:153-164
[13] Cheong HT,Takahashi Y,Kanagawa H.Birth of mice after transplantation of early cell-cycle-stage embryonic nuclei into enucleated oocytes[J].Biol Reprod,1993,48(5): 958-963.
[14] Gurdon JB.Genetic reprogramming following nuclear transplantation in Amphibia [J]. Semin Cell Dev Biol,1999,10:239-243
[15] Czolowska R,Modlinski JA,Tarkowski A K. Behaviour of thymocyte nuclei in non-activated and activated mouse oocytes[J].J Cell Sci,1984,69:19-34.
[16]Cheong HT,Takahashi T,Kanagawa H.Relationship between nuclear remodeling and subsequent development of mouse embryonic nuclei transferred to enucleated oocytes [J]. Mol Reprod Dev,1994,37:138-145.
[17] Kono T, Kwon OY and Ogawa M, et al.Development of mouse oocytes reciving embryonic nuclei and thymocytes[J].Theriogenology,1991,35:227.
[18] Campbell KH, McWhir J,Ritchie WA, et al.Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line[J].Nature,1996b,380:64-66.
[19] Wilmut I, Schnieke AE, Mcwhir J,et al.Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells[J].Nature,1997,385:810-813.
[20] Wakayama T, Perry ACF,Zuccotti M,et al.Full-term development of mice from enucleated oocytesinjected with cumulus cell nucei[J].Nature,1998,394:369-374.
[21] Campell KHS ,Lolp,Otaegli PJ,et al. Cell cycle co-ordination in embryo cloning by nuclear transfer[J].Reviews of Reproduction,1996a,1(1):40-46.
[22] Kues WA,Carnwath JW,Niemann H, et al.Serum deprivation induced DNA fragmentation of porcine fetal fibroblasts[J].Theriogenology,2000,53:228 (abstr)
[23]Campell KHS.Nuclear equivalence nuclear transfer and the cell cycle[J].Cloning,1999, 1(1):3-15.
[24]Zhou Q,Jounesu A,Brochard V,et al.Developmental potential ofmouse embryos reconstructed from metaphase embryonic stem cell nuclei[J].Biol Reprod,2001,65: 412-419.
[25] Ono Y,Shimozawa N,Ito M, Kono T.Cloned mice from fetal fibroblast cells arrested at metaphase by a serial nuclear transfer[J].Biol Reprod,2001a:64:44-50.
[26] Ono Y, Shimozawa N, Muguruma K,et al.Production of cloned mice from embryonic stem cells arrested at metaphase[J].Reproduction,2001b,122:731-736.
[27]Liu L,Dai Y,Moor RM.Nuclear transfer in sheep embryos:the efect of cell-cycle coordination between nucleus and cytoplasm and the use of in vitro matured oocytes [J].Mol Reprod Dev,1997,47:255-264.
[28]Tsunoda Y, Kato Y, Shioda Y. Electrofusion for the pronuclear transplantation of mouse eggs[J].Gamete Res,1987a,17:15-20
[29]Tsunoda Y,Yasui T,Shioda Y, et al.Full-term development of mouse blastomere nuclei transplanted into enucleated two-cell embryos[J].J Exp Zool,1987b,242:147-151.
[30] Dominko T, Chan A, Simerly C,et al.Dynamic imaging of the metaphase 11 spindle and metemal chromosomes in bovine oocyte:implications for enulceation efficiency verification, avoidence of parthenogenesis, and successful embryogenesis. Biol Reprod, 2000,62:150-154.
[31] Wang MK, Liu JL, Li GP,et al.Sucrose pretreatment for enucleation: an eficient and non-damage method for removing the spindle of the mouse MII oocyte[J].Mol Reprod Dev,2001,58: 432-436.
[32] Liu JL, Sung LY, Barber M,et al.Hyptertonic medium treatment for localization of nuclear material in bovine metaphase II oocytes[J].Biol Reprod,2002,66:1342-1349.
[33] Fulka JJ, Moor RM.Noninvasive chemical enucleation of mouse oocytes[J]. Mol Reprod Dev,1993,34(4):427-430.
[34]Baguisi A, Overstrom EW.Induced encleation in nuclear transfer procedures to produce cloned animals[J]. Theriogenology,2000,53:209.
[35]Cheong HT,Takahashi Y,Kanagawa H.Relationship between nuclear remodeling and subsequent development of mouse embryonic nuclei transferred to enucleated oocytes[J]. Mot Reprod Dev,1994,37:138-145.
[36] Tsunoda Y,Shioda Y,OnodersM,et al.Diferential sensitivity of mouse pronuclei and zygote cytoplasm to Hoechest staining and ultraviolet irradiation[J].J Reprod Fertil, 1988, 82:173-178,
[37] Liu L, Odenbourg R,Trimarchi JR,et al.A reliable, noninvasive technique for spindle imaging and enucleation of mammalion oocytes[J].Nat Biotechnol,2000,18:223-224.
[38]Booth PJ,Tan SJ,Reipurth R,et al.Simplification of bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer by application of a zona-free manipulation technique[J].Cloning Stem Cells,2001,3(3): 139-150.
[39]Vajta G, Lewis IM, Hyttel P, et al.Somatic cell cloning without micromampulators[J]. Cloning,2001,3(2):89-95.
[40]VaJta G, Lewis 1M, Trounson AO,et al.Handmade somatic cell cloning in catle: analysis of factorscontributing to high eficiency in vitro[J].Biol Reprod,2003,68(2):571-578.
[41] McGreath J ,Solter D.Nuclear transplantation in the mouse embryos by microsurgery and cell fusion[J].Science,1983,220:1300-1302.
[42] 陈大元,孙青原,李光鹏.受精生物学-受精机制与生殖工程[M].科学出版社,2000.
[43]Sowers AE, Lieber ML.Electropores in individual erythrocyte ghoats: Diameters,lifetime, number and locations[J].FEBSL Let,1986,205:179-184.
[44]Vajta G, Bartels P, Joubert J, et al. Production of a healthy calf by somatic cell nuclear transfer without micromanipulators and carbon dioxide incubators using the Handmade Cloning (HMC) and the Submarine Incubation System (SIS)[J]. Theriogenology, 2004, 62(8):65-72.
[45]Vajta G, Kragh PM, Mtango NR, et al.Hand-made cloning approach:potentials and limitations[J].Reprod Fertil Dev,2005,17(2):97-112.
[46]Kragh PM, Vajtaq,Corydon TJ,et al.Production of transgemc porcine blastocysts by hand-made cloning[J]. Reprod Fertil Dev,2004,16(3):315一318.
[47]Tecirlioglu RT, French AJ, Lewis IM, et al.Birth of a cloned calf derived from a vitrified hand-made cloned embryo[J].Reprod Fertil Dev,2004,35(7):361.
[48]Sugimura T, Ushijima T.Genetic and epigenetic alterations in carcinogenesis[J] .Mutat Res,2000,462(2-3):235-246.
[49] Rickard L F,White K I.Electrofusion-induced Ca2+ flux and its effect on murine oocyte activation[J]. Mol Reprod Dev,1992,31:152-159.
[50] Smith LC,Wilmut I,Hunter R H F. Influence of cell cycle stage at nuclear transplantation on the development in vitro of mouse embryos[J]. J Reprod Fert,1988,84:619-624.
[51]Bodo S,Dinnyes A,Baranyai B,et al.Comparison of different treatments for parthenogenetic activation of bovine oocytes matured in vitro[J].Acta Vet Hung,1998,46: 493-500.
[52] Machaty Z,Prather R S.Strategies for activating nuclear transfer oocytes[J]. Reprod Fertil Dev,1998,10:599-613.
[53] Zakhartchenko V,Alberio R,Stojkovic,et al.Adult cloning in cattle:potential of nuclei from permanent cell line and from primary cultures[J]. Mol Reprod Dev,1999,54:264-272.
[54] Mitalipov SM, White KL, Farrar VR, et al.Development of nuclear transfer and parthenogenetic rabbit embryos activated with inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate[J].Bio Reprod, 1999,60(4):821-827.
[55] Loi P, Ledda S, Fulka J, et al.Development of parthenogenetic and cloned ovine embryos: effect of activation protocols[J].Biol Reprod,1998,58(5):1177-1187.
[56] Yoo JG,Lee HJ,Choe SY, et al.The use of cdc2 kinase inhibitor as a potent activator in reconstituted bovine embryos with primordial germ cells[J].Theriogenology, 2001,55:297.
[57] Wang WH,Machaty Z,Ruddock N,et al.Activation of porcine oocytes with calcium ionophore: effects of extracellular calcium[J].Mol Reprod Dev,1999,53:99-107.
[58] Knott JG,Kasinathan P,Wu H, et al.Effect of porcine sperm factor on intracellular calcium and activation of bovine oocytes and development of nuclear transfer embryos[J].Theriogenology,2001,55:455.
[59] Woffe AP,Matzke MA.Epigenetics: regulation through repression[J].Science,999,286: 481-486.
[60] Rideout III WM, Eggan K, Jaenisch R. Nuclear cloning and epigenetic reprogramming of the genome[J].Science,2001,293(10):1093-1098.
[61] Okano M,Bell DW, Haber DA, et al.DNA methyltransferases Drunt3a and Dnmt3b are essential for de novo methylation and mammalian development[J].Cell,1999,99(3):247.
[62] Reik W, Dean W, Walter J.Epigenetic reprogramming in mammalian development[J]. Science, 2001,293(10):1089-1093
[63] Mayer W,Niveleau A,Walter J,et al.Demethylation of the zygotic paternal genome[J]. Nature,2000,403(6769):501-502.
[64] Howell CY,Bestor TH, Ding F,et al.Genomic imprinting disrupted by a matemal efect mutation in the Dnmtl gene[J].Cell,2001,104(6):829-838.
[65] Kang YK,Koo DB, Park JS,et al.Aberrant methylation of donor genome in cloned bovine embryos[J].Nat Genet,2001,28(2):173-177.
[66] Davie JR. Covalent modifications of histories: expression from chromatin templates[J]. Curr Opin Genet Dev,1998,8:173-178
[67] Finnin MS, Donigian JR, Cohen A,et al.Structures of a histone deacetylase homologue bound to the TSA and SAHA inhibitors[J].Nature,1999,401:188-193.
[68] Richon V M, Emiliani S, Verdin E,et al.A class of hybrid polar inducers of transformed cell diferentiation inhibits histone deacetylases[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,1998, 95:3003-3007.
[69]Santos F,Zakhartchenko,Stojkovic M,et al.Epigenetic marking correlates with developmental potential in cloned bovine preimplantation embryos[J].Curr Biol,2003,13: 1116-1121.
[70] Enright BP,Jeong BS,Yang X, et al.Epigenetic characteristics of bovine donor cells for nuclear transfer: levels of histone acetylation[J].Biol Reprod,2003,69:1525-1530.
[71] Enright BP,Kubota C, Yang X,et al.Epigenetic characteristics and development of embryos cloned from donor cells treated by trichostatin A or 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine[J]. Biol Reprod,2003,69:896-901.
[72] Shi W,Hoeflich A,Flaswinkel H,et al.Induction of a senescent-like phenotype does not confer the ability of bovine immortal cells to support the development of nuclear transfer embryos[J].Biel Reprod,2003,69:301-309
[73] Epstein CJ,Smith S,Travis B,et al.Both X chromosomes function before visible X-chromosome inactivation in female mouse embryos[J].Nature,1978,274(5670):500-503.
[74] Marahrens Y,Panning B,Dausman J,et al.Xist-deficient mice are defective in dosage compensation but not spermatogenesis[J].Genes Dev,1997,11(2):156-166.
[75] Chao W,Huynh KD,Spencer RJ,et al.CTCF,a candidate trans-acting factor for X-inactivation choice[J].Science,2002,295(5553):345-347.
[76] Wrenzycki C,Herrmann D,Carnwath JW,et al.Alterations in the relative abundance of gene transcripts in preimplantation bovine embryos cultured in medium supplemented with either serum or PVA[J].Mol Reprod Dev,1999,53:8-18.
[77] Xue F, Tian XC, Du F, et al.Aberrant paterns of X chromosome inactivation in bovine clones[J].Nat Genet,2002,31(2):216-220.
[78] Lanza RP,Cibelli JB,Blackwell C, et al.Extension of cell life-span and telmere length in animals cloned from senescent somatic cells[J]. Science,2000a,288:665-669.
[79] Lanza RP, Cibelli JB, Diaz F, et al.Cloning of an endangered species (Bos gaurus) using interspecies nuclear transfer[J].Cloning,2000b,2:79-90.
[80] Betts D, Bordignon V, Hill J, et al.Reprogramming of telomerase activity and rebuilding of telomerelength in cloned cattle[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2001,98(3):1077-1082.
[81] Wakayama T,Shinkai Y,Tamashiro KL,et al.Cloning of mice to six generations [J]. Nature,2000,407(6802):318-319.
[82] Miyashita N, Shiga K, Fujita T,et al.Normal telomere lengths of spermatozoa in somatic cell-cloned bulls[J].Theriogenology,2003,59(7):1557-1565.
[83] Shiels PG, Kind AJ, Campbell KH. et al. Analysis of telomere lengths in cloned sheep[J]. Nature,1999,399:316-317.
[84] Miyashita N, Shiga K, Fujita T. et al. Normal telomere lengths of spermatozoa in somatic cell-cloned bulls[J].Theriogenology,2003,59(7):1557-1565.
[85] Miyashita N, Shiga K, Yonai M. et al. Remarkable differences in telomere lengths among cloned cattle derived from different cell types[J].Biol Reprod,2002,66(6):1649-1655.
[86] Campbell KHS,Ritchic WA,Wilmut I.Disappearance of maturation promoting factor and the vitro matured bovine oocyte[J].Theriogenology,1993,39:199-205.
[87] Smith SD,Soloy E,Avery B,et al.Nucleus remodeling in reconstructed cattle embryos[J]. Theriogenology,1994,41:298-304.
[88] 汪堃仁,薛绍白,柳惠图.细胞生物学[M]北京:北京师范大学出版社,1997.
[89] Smith LC,Wilmut I,Hunter RHF.Influence of cell cycle stage at nuclear transplantation on the development in vitro of mouse embryos[J].Reprod Fert,1988,84:619-624.
[90] Kublak JZ,Prather RS,Maul GG,et al.Cytoplasmic modification of the nuclear lamina during pronuclear-like transforation of mouse blastomere nuclei[J].Mechanisms of Development,1991,35:103-111.
[91] Collas P,Balise JJ,Robl JM.Effecr of donor cell cycle stage on chromatin and spindle morhphology in nuclear transplant rabbit embryos[J].Biol Reprod,1992,46:501-511.
[92] Kanka J. Nuclear transplantation: reprogramming of transplanted nuclei[J]. Reprod Nutr Dev,1999,39(5-6):645-654.
[93]Gurdon J B.Nuclear transplantation in eggs and oocytes[J].J Cell Sci Suppl,1986.4: 287-318
[94] Crozet N .Nucleolar structure and RNA synthesis in mammalian oocytes[J].J Reprod Fertil Suppl,1989,38:9-16
[95] Kopecny V, Flechon JE,Camous S,et al.Nuclcogencsis and the onset of transcription in the ight-cell bovinec mbnos:fine-structural autoradiographics tudy[J].Mol Reprod Dev, 1989a,1:79-90.
[96] Kopecm V,Fulka JJ,Pivko J, et al.Localization of replicated DNA-containing sites in preimplantation bovine embryos in relation to the onset of RNA synthesis[J].Biol Cell, 1989b, 65:321-238.
[97] De Sousa PA,Winger Q ,Hill JR,et al.Reprogramming of fibroblast nuclei after transfer into bovine oocytes[J].Cloning Sci Policy,1999,1(1):63–69.
[98] Winger QA,Hill JR,Shin T ,et al.Genetic reprogramming of lactate dehydrogenase,citrate synthase,and phosphofructokinase mRNA in bovine nuclear transfer embryos produced using bovine fibroblast cell nuclei[J].Mol Reprod Dev,2000,56(4):458-464.
[99]Lavoir MC, Kelk D, Rumph N, et al. Transcription and translation in bovine nuclear transfer embryos.Biol Reprod,1997,57:204-213.
[100]Hyttel P.Prochazka R ,Smith S,et al.RNA synthesis in porcine blastomere nuclei in troducedin to inv itrom aturedo oplasm[J].A ctaV etSc and,1993.34:159-167.
[101] Daniels R Hall V,Trounson A0.Analysis of gene transcription in bovine nuclear transfer embryos reconstructed with granulose cell nuclei[J].Biol Reprod,2000,63(4): 1034-1040.
[102] Wrenzycki C,Wells D,Herrmann D,et al.Nuclear transfer protocol affects messenger RNA expression paterns in cloned bovine blastocysts[J].Biol Reprod,2001,65(1):309-317.
[103] Kanka J,Fulka J,Petr J.Nuclear transplantation in bovinee mbryos:finest ructural and autoradiographic studies[J].MolR eprod Dev,1991.29:110-116
[104] Campbell KHS.Nuclear transfer in farm animal species[J].Semin Cell Dev Biol,1999, 10(3):245-252.
[105] Wolf E,Zakhartchenke V,Brem G.Nuclear transfer in mammals:Recent development and future perspectives[J].J Biotechnol,1998,65(2-3):99-110.
[106] Rideout WM ,Wakayama T, Wutz A, et al. Generation of mice from wild-type and targeted [80]ES cells by nuclear cloning[J].Nat Genet,2000,24(2):109-110.
[107]Mitalipov SM,Wolf DP.Mammalian cloning:possibilities and threats[J].Ann Med, 2000,32(7):462-468.
[108]Campbell KHS, Wilmut I.Unactivated oocytes as cytoplast recipients of quiescent and non-quiescent cell nuclei, while maintaining correct ploidy[J].US Patent: 6252133. 2001.
[109] 刘同明 , 俞小牧 , 叶玉珍 , 等 . 鱼类体细胞移核胚胎发育影响因素的探讨 [J]. 动物学研究,2002,23(2):107-112.
[110]Prather RS.Progress in cloning embryos from domesticated livestock[J].Proc Soc Exp Biol Med,1996,212:38-43.
[111] Kono T,Kwon OY,Watanabe T, et al.Development of mouse enucleated oocytes receiving a nucleus from different stages of the second cell cycle[J].Reprod Fert, 1992, 94:481-487.
[112] Cheong HT,Takahashi Y,Kanagawa H.Birth of mice after transplantation of early cell-stage embryonic nuclei into enucleated oocytes[J].Biol Reprod,1993,48:958-963.
[113] Protrowska K,Modlinski JA,Korwin-Kossakowski M,et al.Efects of preactivation of ooplasts or synchronization of blastomere nuclei in G, on preimplantation development of rabbit serial nuclear transfer embryos[J].Biol Reprod,2000,63:677-682.
[114] Korfiatis N,Trounson A.Lacham-Kaplan 0.Cell synchronization for the purposes of nuclear transfer in the bovine[J].Cloning Stem Cells,2001,3(3):125-138.
[115] Kasinathan P,Knot JG,Wang Z,et al.Production of calves from G1 fibroblasts[J].Nat Biotechol,2001,19(12):1176-1178.
[116] Zhang Y,Li YQ.Nuclear-Cytoplasmic interaction and development of goat embryos reconstructed by nuclear transplantion: production of goats by serially cloning embnos[J]. Biol Reprod,1998,58:266- 269.
[117] Zakhartchenko V,Durcova-Hills G,Stojkoved M,et al.Efects of serum starvation and recloning in the eficiency of nuclear transfer using bovine fetal fibroblasts[J].Reprod Fertil,1999,115:325-333
[118] Cibelli JB,Stice SL,Golueke P1,et al.Cloned transgenic calves produced from non-quiescent fetal fibroblasts[J].Science,1998,280:1256-1258.
[119] Verma PJ,Du ZT,Crocker L,et al.In vitro development of porcine nuclear transfer embryos constructed using fetal fibroblasts[J].Mol Reprod Dev,2001,57(3):262-269.
[120] Zhou Q,Jouneau A,Brochard V,et al.Development potential of mouse embryos reconstructed from metaphase ES nuclei[J].Biel Reprod,2001,66:284-296.
[121] Lanza RP,Cibelli JB,Faber D,et al.Cloned catle can be healthy and normal[J].Science, 2001,294:1893-1894.
[122]Mclaren A. Cloning: Pathways to a pluripotent future[J].Science,2000,288: 1775-1780.
[123] Liu L,Dai Y,Moor RM..Nuclear transfer in sheep embryos: the efect of cell-cycle coordination between nucleus and cytoplasm and the use of in vitro matured oocytes[J]. Mol Reprod Dev,1997,47:255-264.
[124] Modlinski JA, Grabarek J,Plusa B, et al.The possible role of cell cycle stage in mammalian cloning[J].Appl Genet,2001,42(1):153-176.
[125]Sirard MA,Coenen K,Bilodeau S.Effect of fresh or cultured follicular fraction on meiotic resumption in bovine oocytes[J].Theriogeneology,1992,37:39-57.
[126]Sirard MA,Richard F,Mayes M.Controlling meioric resumption in bovine oocytes a review[J].Theriogenology,1998,49:483-497.
[127] Saeki K,Nagao Y,Nagai M.Developmental capacity of bovine oocytes following inhibition of meiotic resumption by cycloheximide or 6 clinethy laminopurine[J]. Theriogenology, 1997, 48:1161-1172.
[128] Telford NA,Waston AJ,Schultz GA.Transition from maternal to embryonic control in early mammalian development:a comparision of several species[J].Mol Reprod Dev,1990, 26:90-100.
[129] Davor S.Lambing by nuclear transferv.Nature,1996,380:24-25.
[130] Fujiwara T,Nakada K,Shirakawa H, et al.Development of inositol triphosphate-induced calcium release mechanism during maturation of hamster oocytes[J].Dev Boil,1993, 156:69-79.
[131] Surani MAH,Barton SC,Norris ML.Development of reconstituted mouse eggs suggests imprinting of the genome during gametogenesis[J].Nature,1984,308:548-550.
[132] Krisher RL,Bavister BD.Responses of oocytes and embryos to the culture enviorment[J]. Theriogenology,1998,49:103-114.
[133] 孙振兴,王如才,姜明.细胞松弛素 B 对受精卵超微结构的影响[J].动物学杂志,2002,37(7):14-17.
[134] Machaty Z,Prather RS.Strategies for activating nuclear transfer oocytes[J].Reprod Fertil Dev,1998,10:599-613.
[135] Ben-Yosef D ,Shalgi R.Early ionic events in activation of the mammalian egg[J].Rev Reprod,1998,3:96-103.
[136] Alberio R,Brero A, Motlik J, et al. Remodeling of donor nuclei, DNA-synthesis, and ploidv of bovine cumulus cell nuclear transfer embrvos: Efect of activation protocol[J]. Mol Reprod Dev,2001,59(4):371-379.
[137] Booth PJ, Tan SJ,Reipurth R,et al.Simplification of bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer by application of a zona-Gee manipulation technique[J].Cloning Stem Cells, 2001,3(3):139-150.
[138] Lane M,Gardner DK.Differential regulation of mouse embryo development and viability by amino acid[J].Reprod Fertil,1997,109(1):153-164.
[139] Watson AJ,De Sousa P,Caveney A,et al.Impact of bovine oocyte maturation media on oocyte transcript levels,blastocyst development ,cell number ,and apoptosis[J].Biol Reprod, 2000,62:355-364.
[140]Niemann H,Wrenzycki C.Alterations of expression of developmentally important genes in preimplantation bovine embryos by in vitro culture conditions:implications for subsequent development[J].Theriogenology,2000,53:21-34.
[141] Stojanov T,O’Neill C.Ontogeny of expression of a receptor for platelet-activating factor in mousepreimplantation embryos and the effects of fertilization and culture in vitro on its expression[J].Biol Reprod,1999,60:674-682.
[142] Ho Y,Doherty A S,Schultz R M.Mouse preimplntation embryo development in vitro:effect of sodium concentration inculture media on RNA synthesis and accumulation and gene expression[J].Mol Reprod Dev,1994,38:131-141.
[143] Ho Y,Wigglesworth K,Eppig JJ,et al.Preimplantation development of mouse embryo in KSOM: augmentation by amino acids and analysis of gene expression[J].Mol Reprod Dev, 1995,41:232-238.
[144] Babaloa GO,Schultz RM.Modulation of gene expression in the preimplantation mouse embryo by TGF-αand TGF-β[J].Mol Reprod Dev, 1995,41:133-139.
[145] Eckert J,Niemann H.mRNA expression of leukaemia inhitory factor (LIF) and its recepor subunits glycoportein 130 and LIF-receptor-beta in bovine embryos derivedin vitro or in vivo[J].Mol Hum Reprod,1998,4(10):957-965.
[146] Wrenzycki C,Herrmann D,Carnwath JW,et al.Expressionof the gap junction gene connexin 43(Cx43) in preimplantation bovine embryos derived in vitro or in vivo[J]. Reprod Fertil,1996,108:17-24.
[147] Kruip Tham and den Daas JHG.In vitro produced and cloned embryos effects on pregnancy,parturition and ofspring[J].Theriogenology,1997,47:43-52.
[148] Garry FB, Adams R, McCann JP, et al.Postnatal characteristics of calves produced by nuclear transfer cloning[J].Theriogenology,1996,45:141-152.
[149] Hill JR,Roussel AJ,Cibelli JB,et al.Clinical and pathologic features of cloned transgenic calves and fetuses(13c ases tudies)[J].Theriogenology,1999,51:1451-1465.
[150] Han YM,Kang YK, Koo DB, Lee KK. Nuclear reprogramming of cloned embryos produced in vitro[J].Theriogenology,2003,59(1):33-44
[151] Moens A,Chastant S,Chesne P,et al.Differential ability of male and female rabbit fetal germ cell nuclei to be reprogrammed by nuclear transfer[J].Differentiation,1996, 60(5): 339-345.
[152] Pennisi E.The lamb that roared[J].Science,1997,278:2038-2039.
[153] Renard JP, Zhou Q, LeBourhis D, et al.Nuclear transfer technologies: between successes and doubts[J].Theriogenology,2002,57(1):203-222.
[154] Ryder QA,McLaren A,Brenner S et al.DNA banks for endangered species[J]. Science,2000, 288:275-277.
[155] Chen DY,Sun QY,Liu JL,et al.The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) somatic nucleus can dedifferentiate in rabbit ooplasm and support early development of the reconstructed egg[J].Science in China(Series C),1999,42:346-353.
[157]Cozzi E, Masroor S, Soin B, et al.Progress in xenotransplantation. Clin. Nephrol,2000, (53):13-18
[158]Dai YE,Vaught TD,Boone J.et al.Target disruption of the α-1,3-galactosyl transferase gene in cloned pigs[J].Nature Biotechnology,2002,20:251-255
[159]Lai L, Tao T, Machaty Z,et al.Feasibility of producing porcine nuclear transfer embryos by using G2/M- stage fetal fibroblasts as donors[J].Biol Reprod,2001,65(5): 1558-1564.
[160] Tearle RG, et al.The 1,3-galactosyltransferase Knock out mouse. Implications for xenotransplantation[J]. Transplantation.1996,61:13-19.
[161] Plant J.Knocking out xenograft rejection[J].Nature Biotechnology,2002,20:231-232.
[162]Tanemura M, Yin D, Chong AS, et al. Differential immune responses to alpha-gal epitopes on xenografts and allografts: implications for accommodation in xenotransplantation[J]. J Clin Invest,2000,105(3):301-310
[163] Doetschman T, Gregg RG, Maeda N.Targetted correction of a mutant HPRT gene in mouse embryonic stem cell[J].Nature,1987,330:576-578.
[164]Perlingeiro RC, Kyba M. Daley GQ.Clonal analysis of differentiating embryonic stem cells reveals a hematopoietic progenitor with peimitive erythroid and adult lymphoid-myeloid potential[J].Development,2001.128(22):4597-4604.
[165]Rideout III WM, Hochedlinger K, Kyba M, et al. Correction of a genetic defect by nuclear transplantation and combined cell and gene therepy[J]. Cell.2002,109:17-27.
[166] Mullis K. specific synthesis of DNA in vitro via a polymerase catalyzed chain reaction [J].Methods Enzgmol,1985,155:338-350.
[167] Jeffreys A.Hyper variable minisatellite region in human DNA[J]. Nature, 1985, 314: 67-73.
[168] Skinner DM.The sequence of a hermit crab satellite DNA is (TAGG) n- (ATCC)n[J]. Biochemistry,1984,13:3930-3937.
[169] Schafer M.Three random loci in human genome with base pair change polymorphisms [J]. Cytogenet cell genet,1982,32:314-315.
[170] Epplen TT. A simple repeated GATA/GACA sequence in animal genome [J]. Heredity,1988, 79409-416.
[171] Nakamura Y. Variable number of tandem repeat markers for human gene maping[J].Science, 1987,235:1616-1622.
[172] Vassar G.A sequence in 13 phages detects hypyer variable minisatellites I human and animal DNA [J].Science,1987,235:683-684.
[173] Guptu M, chyi Y S. Amplification of DNA markers from evolutionary diverse genome using single primers of simple-sequence repeats[J].Theor Appl Genet,1994,89:998-1006.
[174]晏兆莉.DNA 指纹技术在安哥拉山羊、山谷型藏山羊、建昌黑山羊及杂种羊遗传分析中的应用初探[D].西南民族学院硕士学位论文,1996.
[175] 王 杰, 沈富军, 欧阳熙,等.安哥拉山羊及其杂种羊父权认定的DNA指纹图分析[J].西南民族学院学报(自然科学版),2000,26(2):185-187.
[176] Nybom H, Esselink GD, Werlemark G,et al.Microsatellite DNA marker inheritance indicates preferential pairing between two hiGHly homologous genomes in polyploid and hemisexual dog-roses, Rosa L. Sect. Caninae DC[J].Heredity,2004,92(3):139-50.
[177]刘建,唐慧林,杨跃飞,等.克隆波尔山羊的微卫星DNA 鉴定[J].中国药科大学学报,2005, 36(1):69-72.
[178] 孙业良,谢庄,刘国庆,等.利用微卫星DNA技术进行绵羊亲子鉴定[J].安徽农业大学学报,2005,32(3):301-305.
[179]Usha AP,Simpson SP,Williams JL.Probability of random sire exclusion using microsatellite markers for parentage of vertificaiong[J].Animal Genetics,1995,26(3): 155-156.
[180] Marklund S, Ellegren H, Eriksson S. Parentage testing and linkage analysis in the horse using a set of highly polymorphic microsatellites[J].Animal Genetics , 1994,25:19-23.
[181]韩春梅,张嘉保,高庆华,陈庆波.微卫星DNA 在吉戎兔亲子鉴定中的应用研究[J].遗传,2005,27(6):903-907.
[182] 叶俊华,麻俊武,杨前勇,等.利用10个STR - DNA的多态性进行警犬亲子鉴定[J].江西农业大学学报,2005,27(1):110-113.
[183] 张志和,沈富军,孙珊,等.利用微卫星分型方法进行大熊猫父亲鉴定[J].遗传,2003,25 (5):504-510.
[184] 张于光,李迪强,饶力群,等.东北虎微卫星DNA遗传标记的筛选及在亲子鉴定中的应用[J].动物学报,2003,49(1):118-123.
[185] Van Zevern A , Peelman L ,Van De Weghe A. A enetic study of four Belgian pig populations by means of seven micrsatellites locs[J]. Animal Genetics,1999,30:431-438.
[186]何鑫,朱鼎良,韩战营,等.应用微卫星 DNA 基因分型技术进行双生子卵型鉴定[J].中华医学遗传学杂志,2001,18(6):421-425.
[187] Krisher RL,Bavister BD.Responses of oocytes and embryos to the culture environment[J]. Theriogenology,1998,49(1):103-114.
[188] Yang X,Kubota C,Suzuki H,et al.Control of oocyte maturation in cows-biologycal factors[J]. Theriogenology,1998,49:471-482
[189]Thibault C,Szollosi D,Gerard M.Mammalian.oocyte maturation[J].Reprod Nutr Dev,1987, 27:865-896.
[190] Barnes FL,Looney CR,Westhusin ME.Embryo cloning in cattle:The current state of technology Embryo Transfer[J].Newsletter,l991,6(1):l-6.
[191]Tan SJ,Lu KH.Effects of different oestrous cycle stages of ovaries and sizes of folliales on generation of IVF early embryos[J].Tberiogenology,1990,33:335.
[192] Sato E,Iritani A,Nishikawa Y.Factors involving in vitro maturation of pigand cattle follicular oocytes cultured in vitro [J].Japan J Anim Reprod,1977,23:12-181.
[193] Sirard MA,Lambert RD.In vitro inhibition of oocyte nuclear maturationin the bovine [J].Bio Reprod,1988,39:229-2341.
[194] Fukui Y,Imai K,Alfonso NF.Follicle culture enhances fertilization and cleavage of bovine oocytes matured in vitro [J].J Anim Sci,1987,64:935-9411.
[195] FukuiY,Ono H.Effects of sera,hormones and granulose cell sadded to culture medium for in vitro maturation,fertilization,cleavage and development of bovine oocytes[J].J Reprod Fert,1989,86:501-506.
[196] Fukuda Y, Ichikawa M,Naito K,et al.Birth of normal calves resulting from bovine oocytes matured fertilied and cultured with cumulus cells In vitro up to the blastocyst stage[J].Biol Reprod,1990,1(42):114-119.
[197]石德顺,卢克焕.牛卵泡液对牛卵母细胞体外成熟的影响[J].广西农业生物科学 1994,13(1):1-5.
[198]崔亚利,桑润滋.牛卵母细胞体外成熟及体外受精的研究[J].河北农业大学学报,1999.22(1):67-70.
[199] 周颂成,细井美彦,内海恭三,等.成熟培养基中添加卵泡液对牛体外受精卵发育的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报, 1993,24(6):512-517.
[200] 徐照学, 钱菊汾,兰亚莉,等.BFF、rbGH对牛卵泡卵母细胞体外受精后发育的影响[J].中国兽医学报,1996,16:622-628
[201]Crha I, Hruba D, Ventruba P,et al. Ascorbic acid and infertility treatment[J]. Cent Eur J Public Health,2003,11(2):63-67.
[202]Carbone MC,Tatone C,Delle Monache S,etal.Antioxidant enzymatic defences in human follicularfluid:characterization and age-dependent changes[J].Mol Hum Reprod, 2003, 9(11): 639-643.
[203]Torok A, Belagyi J,Torok B,et al.Scavenger capacity of follicular fluid, decidua and culture medium with regard to assisted reproduction:an in vitro study using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy[J].Gynecol Obstet 2003,55(3): 178-182.
[204]Lapointe J, Bilodeau JF.Antioxidant defenses are modulated in the cow oviduct during the estrous cycle[J].Bio Reprod,2003,68(4):1157-1164.
[205] Cetica PD, Pintos LN, Dalvit GC, et al.Antioxidant enzyme activity and oxidative stress in bovine oocyte in vitro maturation[J].IUBMB Life,2001,51(1):57-64.
[206]Tatemoto H, Muto N, Sunagawa I,et al.Protection of porcine oocytes against cell damage caused by oxidative stress during in vitro maturation:role of superoxide dismutase activity in porcine follicular fluid[J].Biol Reprod,2004,71(4):1150-1157.
[207] Brad AM, Bormann CL, Swain JE, et al.Glutathione and adenosine triphosphate content of in vivo and in vitro matured porcine oocytes[J].Mol Reprod Dev,2003, 64(4):492-498.
[208]Ali AA,Bilodeau JF,Sirard MA.Antioxidant requirements for bovine oocytes varies during in vitro maturation,fertilization and development[J]. Theriogenology, 2003,59 (3-4): 939-949.
[209]Rodriguez-Gonzalez E,Lopez-Bejar M, Izquierdo D,et al.Developmental competence of prepubertal goat oocytes selected with brilliant cresyl blue and matured with cysteamine supplementation[J].Reprod Nutr Dev,2003,43(2):179-187.
[210]Albertini DF.Cytoplasmic microtubular dynamics and chromatin organization during mammalian oogenesis and oocyte maturation[J].Mutat Res,1992 ,296(1-2):57-68.
[211]Alberts B,Bray D,Lewis J,et al.Molecular biology of the cell (3rd edition)[M]. New York: Garland Publishing,Inc,1994.
[212]汪堃仁，薛绍白,柳惠图.细胞生物学[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社1998,256-270.
[213]尹云厚,欧阳松应,欧阳红生,等.大鼠微管蛋白基因的合成与克隆[J].黑龙江八一农垦大学学报,2002,14:116-119.
[214]Kim NH, Chung HM, Cha KY, et al.Microtubule and microfilament organization in maturing human oocytes[J].Hum Reprod,1998,13(8):2217-2222.
[215]Vernos I,Karent E.The Mitotic Spindle:a Self-Made Machine[J].Science,2001,294: 543-547.
[216] Mayer TU,Haggarty SJ.Small molecule inhibitor of mitotic spindle bipolarity identified in a phenotype-based screen[J].Science,1999,286:791-794.
[217]Kim NH,Chung HM,Cha KY,et al.Microtubule and microfilament organizationin maturing human oocytes[J].Hum Reprod,1998,13(8):2217-2222.
[218]Tremoleda JL, Schoevers EJ, Stout TA,et al.Organisation of the cytoskeleton during in vitro maturation of horse oocytes[J].Mol Reprod Dev,2001,60(2):260-269.
[219]Kim NH,Moon SJ,Prather RS,et al.Cytoskeletal alteration in aged porcine oocytes and parthenogenesis[J].Mol Reprod Dev,1996,43(4):513-518.
[220]Goudet G, Bezard J, Duchamp G, et al.Equine oocyte competence for nuclear and cytoplasmic in vitro maturation:effect of follicle size and hormonal environment[J].Biol Reprod,1997,57(2):232-245.
[221]Tremoleda JL,Stout TA,Lagutina I,et al.Effects of in vitro production on horse embryo morphology, cytoskeletal characteristics, and blastocyst capsule formation[J].Biol Reprod, 2003,69(6):1895-1906.
[222]Eichenlaub-Ritter U,Chandley AC,Gosden RG..Alterations to the microtubular cytoskeleton andincreased disorder of chromosome alignment in spontaneously ovulated mouse oocytes aged in vivo:an immunofluorescence study[J]. Chromosoma, 1986, 94(5): 337-345.
[223]杨建一.医学细胞生物学[M].北京,科技出版社,2000.
[224]Wakayama T, Perry ACF, Zuccotti M,et al.Full-term development of mice from enucleated oocytes injected with cumulus cell nuclei[J]. Nature,1998,394:369-374.
[225] Westhusin ME, Levanduski MJ, Scarborough R, et al.Viable embryos and normal calves after nuclear transfer into Hoechst stained enucleated demi-oocytes of cows[J].J Reprod Fertil,1992,95(2):475-480.
[226] Takano H, Koyama K, Kozai C,et al.Effect of aging of recipient oocytes on the development of bovine nuclear transfer embryos in vitro[J].Theriogenology,1993,39: 909-917.
[227] Critser ES,First NL.Use of a fluorescent stain for visualization of nuclear material in living oocytes and early embryos[J].Stain Technology,1986,61:1-5.
[228]王敏康,刘冀珑,李光鹏,等.小鼠卵母细胞 MII 期核(纺锤体)移植后经体外受精正常产仔[J].生殖医学杂志,2001,10(3):141-147.
[229]Collas P,Barnes FL.Nuclear transplantation by microinjection of inner cell mass and granulosa cellnuclei[J].Mol Reprod Dev,1994,38:264-267.
[230]Liu JL, Sung LY,Cindy Tian,et al.Hypertonicity-Induced Projections Reflect Cell Polarity in Mouse MetaphaseII Oocytes:Involvement of Microtubules, Microfilaments,and Chromosomes[J].Biol Reprod,2002,67:1853-1863.
[231]Liu JL,Sung LY, Michele B, et al.Hypertonic Medium Treatment for Localization of Nuclear Material in Bovine Metaphase II Oocytes[J].Biol Reprod,2002,66: 1342-1349.
[232]Gasparrini B,Gao S,Ainslie A,et al.Cloned Mice Derived from Embryonic Stem Cell Karyoplasts and Activated Cytoplasts Prepared by Induced Enucleation[J].Biol Reprod,2003, 68:1259–1266.
[233]Campbell KHS.Nuclear equivalence,nuclear tansfer and the cell cycle[J]. cloning, 1999, 1(1):3～15.
[234] Li R ,Robert J,Norman,David T,et al.Oocyte-Secreted Factor(s) Determine Functional Differences Between Bovine Mural Granulosa Cells and Cumulus Cells[J].Biol Reprod,2000, 63:839-845
[235] Wolf DP,Meng L,Ouhibi N.Nuclear transfer in the Phesus monkey practical and basic implication[J].Biol Reprod,1999,60:199-204.
[236]Cuthbertson KS, Whittingham DG, Cobbold PH. Free Ca2+ increases in exponential phases during mouse oocyte activation[J].Nature,1981,24;294(5843):754-757.
[237] Aoyagi K,Kameyama and T,Takeda.Artificial activation of bovine oocytes matured in vitro by electric shock or exposure to ionophore A23187[J].Theriogenology,1992,3 7:188.
[238]NagaiT.Parthenogenetic activation of cattle follicular oocytes in vitro with ethanol [J].GameteRes,1987,16:243-249.
[239] Liu L,Yang X.Interplay of maturation-promoting factor and mitogen-activated protein kinase inactivation during metaphase-to-interphase transition of activated bovine oocytes [J].Biol Reprod,1999,61(1):1-7.
[240]Bodo S,Dinnyes A,BaranyaiB,et al.Comparison of different treatments for parthenogenetic activation of bovine oocytes matured in vitro [J].Acta Vet Hung, 1998, 46(4):493-500.
[241] De La Fuente R,King WA.Developmental consequences of karyokinesis without cytokinesis during the first mitotic cell cycle of bovine parthenotes[J].Biol Reprod,1998,58(4): 952-962.
[242]Shiinay,Kanedam,Matsuyamank,et al.Role of the extracellular Ca2+ on the intracellular Ca2+ changesinfertilized and activated mouse oocytes [J].J Reprod Fert, 1993, 97:143-150.
[243]Rafael A,Fissore,James M.Intracellular Ca2+ response of rabbit oocytes to electrical stimulation[J].Mol Reprod Dev,1992,32:9-16.
[244]Loi P,Ledda S,FulkaJ,et al.Development of parthenogenetic and cloned ovine embryos: effect of activation protocols[J].Biol Reprod,1998,58:1177-1187.
[245] Godon K, Lec E, Vitale J, etc. Production of human tissue plasminogen activator in transgenic mouse milk[J]. Biotech,1987,5:11831-11852.
[246] Dinneyes A,Dal Y,Jiang S,et al.High development rates of vitrified bovine oocytes following parthenogenetic activation,in vitro fertilization, and somatic cell nuclear transfer[J].Bio Reprod,2000,63: 513-518.
[247]Szollosi D, Czolowska R, Szollosi MS, et al. Remodelling of mouse thymocyte nuclei depends on the time of their transfer into activated, homologous ocytes[J].J cell Sci,1988,91:603-613.
[248] Loi P, Ledda S, Fulka J, et al.Development of parthenogenetic and cloned ovine embryos: effect of activation protocols[J].Bio Reprod,1998,58:1177-1187.
[249]Wakyama T,Perry AC,Zuccott IM ,et al.Full-term development of mice from nucleared oocyte injected with cumulus cell nuclei[J].Nature,1998,394:369-374.
[250]Zakhartchenko V,Alberio R,Stojkovic M,et al.Adult cloning in cattle: potential of nuclei from permanent cell line and from primary cultures[J].Mol Reprod Dev,1999,54: 264-272.
[251] Kubota C,Yamakuchi H,Todoroki J,et al.Six cloned calves produced from adult fibroblast cells after long-term culture [J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2000,97:990-995.
[252]Shiga K,Fujita T,Hirose K,et al.Production of calves by transfer of nuclei from cultured somatic cells obtained from Japanese black bulls[J].Theriogenology, 1999, 52: 527-535.
[253]Polejaeva IA,Chen SH,Vaught TD,et al.Cloned pigs produced by nuclear transfer adult somatic cells[J].Nature,2000,407:86-90.
[254]Onishi A,Iwamoto M,Akita T,et al.Pig cloning by microinjection of fetal fibroblast nuclei[J].Science,2000,289:1188-1190.
[255] Baguisi A,Behboodi E,Melican DT,et al.Production of goats by somtic cell nuclear transfer[J].Nat Biotechnol,1999,17:456-461.
[256] Zakhartchenko V,Durcova-Hills G,Stojkovic M,et al.Effects of serum starvation and recloning on the efficiency of nuclear transfer using bovine fetal fibroblasts[J].J Reprod Fertil,1999,115(2):325-331.
[257]Dinnys A,Dai Y,Jiang S,et al.High developmental rates of vitrified bovine oocytes following parthenogenetic activation,invitrofertilization,and somatic cell nuclear transfer[J].Biol Reprod,2000,63(2):513-518.
[258] Beyhan Z,Mitalipova M,Chang TC,et al.Donor cell passage,starvation period and fusion activation interval affect preimplantation development of bovine nuclear transfer embryos [J].Theriogenology,2002,57:396.
[259] Polejaeval IA,Chen SH,Vaught TD,et al.Cloned pigs produced by nuclear transfer from adult somatic cells[J].Nature,2000,407:86-90.
[260] Miyoshi K,Rzucidlo SJ,Gibbons JR ,et al.Development of porcine embryos reconstituted with somatic cells and enucleated metaphaseⅠ and II oocytes matured in a protein free medium [J].BMC Development Biology,2001,1:12.
[261]Campbell KH, McWhir J,Ritchie WA,et al. Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line[J].Nature,1996,380:64-66.
[262]Wilmut I, Schnieke AE, McWbir J, et al.Viable ofspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells[J].Nature,1997,853:810-813.
[263]Wakayama T,Perry AC, Zuccotti M,et al.Full-term development of mice from enucleated oocytes injected with cumulus cellnuclei[J]. Nature,1998,394(6691):369-370.
[264]Peng X,Maruo T, Matsuo H, et al.Serum deprivation-induced apoptosis in cultured porcine granulose cells is characterized by increased expression of p53 protein,Fas antigin and Fas ligand and by decreased expression of PCNA[J]. Endocr J, 1998, 45: 247-253.
[265]Hu C,Cowan RC, Harman RM,et al.Apoptosis of bovine granulose cells after serum withdrawal is mediated by Fas antigen (CD95) and Fas ligand.Biol Reprod, 2001, 64: 518-526.
[266]Chang KE,Jorge AP.Inhibition of apoptosis in serum starved porcine embryonic fibroblasts[J]. Mol Reprod Dev,2002,62:106-111.
[267]Lai L,Park KW,Cheong HT, et al.Transgenic pig expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein produced by nuclear transfer using colchicine-treated fibroblasts as donor cells[J]. Mol Reprod Dev, 2002,62(3):300-306.
[268] Zhou Q, Renard JP, Le FriecqBrochard V, et al.Generation of fertile cloned rats by regulating oocyte activation[J].Science,2003,302: 1179
[269]Lanza RP,Cibelli JB,Diaz C,et a1.Cloning of endangered species(Bos Gaurus) using interspecies nuclear transfer[J].Cloning,2000,(2):79-90.
[270]安晓荣,苟克勉,陈永福.体细胞克隆法生产绵羊专基因囊胚[J].科学通报,2001,46:820-824.
[271]Kubota M,Yama kuchi H,Todoroehi J,et a1.Six cloned calves produced from adult fibroblast cells after long-term culture[J].Proc Nat1 Acad Sci USA,200097:990-995.
[272]Arat S,Rauciklo J,Gibbons J ,et al.Production oftransgenic bovine embryos by transfer of transfected granulosa cells into enucleated oocytes[J].Mol Reprod Dev,2001,60:20-26.
[273]Enright BP,Jeong BS,Yan GX,et al.Epigenetic characteristics of bovine donor cells for nuclear t ransfer : levels of histone acetylation[J].Biol Reprod,2003 in press.
[274]Ogura A,Inoue K,Ogonuki N,et al.Production of male cloned mice from fresh,cultured, and cryopreserved immature Sertoli cells[J].Biol Reprod,2000,62 (6): 1579-1584.
[275]Campbell KH,McWhir J,Ritchie WA ,et al.Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line[J].Nature,1996,380:64-66.
[276]Bowcock AM,Rulz2Linares A,Tomfohrde J,et al.High resolution of human evolutionary trees with polymorphic microsatellites[J].Nature,1994,368:455-457.
[277]Arranz JJ,Bayon Y, Primivo F.Comparison of protein markers and microsatellites in differentiation of cattle population[J].Anim Gene,1996,27:415-419.
[278]Barker JS,Moore SS,Hetzel DJ,et al.Genetic diversity of Asian water buffalo: microsatellite variation and a compartison with protein coding locai[J].Anim Genet, 1997,28(2):103-115.
[279] Forbes SH,Hogg JT,Buchanan FC,et al.Microsatellite evolution in congeneric mammals :domestic and bighorn sheep[J].Mol Biol Evu,1995,12:1106-1113.
[280] Ashworth D,Bishop M,Campbell K,et al.DNA microsatellite analysis of Dolly[J]. Nature,1998,394:329.
[281]Shiga K,Fujita T,Hirose K,et al.Production of calves by transfer of nuclei from cultured somatic cells obtained fromJapanese black bulls [J].Therigenlogy, 1999,52: 527-535.
[282] Wells DN ,Misica PM,Tervit HR.Production of cloned calves following nuclear transfer with cultured adult mural granulose cells[J].Biol Reprod,1999,60: 996-1005.
[283] Zakhartchenko V,Durcova2Hills G,Stojkovic M,et al.Effect of serum starvation and recloning on the efficiency of nuclear transfer using bovine fetal fibroblasts [J].J Reprod Fertil,1999,115:325-331.
[284]Chen H,Leibenguth F.Studies on multilocus fingerprintings,RAPD markers and mitochondrial DNA of four gynogenetic fisf[J].Biochem Genetics,1995,33:297-306.
[285]萨姆布鲁克.分子克隆实验指南(第三版)[M]. 科学出版社,2002.
[286]孙维斌.秦川牛肉用性状及八个黄牛品种遗传关系的 DNA 分子标记研究[D]. 西北农林科技大学,2004.