猕猴桃属植物自然居群的遗传结构与种间基因渐渗研究
|
摘要
猕猴桃隶属于猕猴桃科(Actinidiaceae)猕猴桃属(Actinidia Lindl.)，为多年生木质藤本植物，雌雄异株，是一种重要的果树资源。在我国野生资源丰富，是半特有属。随着生态环境的破坏和猕猴桃产业化的发展，为了解决全世界猕猴桃产业支柱建立在单一的雌性品种上的遗传风险，需了解其自然资源现状，提出有效的保护和利用措施，通过育种手段，获得高产、优质的品种是实现猕猴桃产业健康发展的必经之路。另一方面，猕猴桃种间杂交和种内多倍化现象的普遍存在，使物种间界限不明显，了解种间的遗传结构和基因渐渗现象，可以为猕猴桃属植物的系统进化和分类关系提供重要的理论依据。
本文结合以上几个方面，以中华猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis)和美味猕猴桃(A．deliciosa)为主，同时涉及阔叶猕猴桃(A．latifolia)、毛花猕猴桃(A．eriantha)、绵毛猕猴桃(A．fulvicoma var．lanata)、金花猕猴桃(A．chrysantha)和京梨猕猴桃(A．callosa var．henryi)等7个分类群，利用SSR标记从DNA水平上对10个同域分布的不同物种自然居群进行了遗传多样性、居群遗传结构的分析以及种间杂交渐渗的探讨。主要结果如下：
(1)利用9对SSR引物，在猕猴桃属7个物种共747个样本上共检测到253个等位基因，平均每位点等位基因数为28.11个，扩增等位基因数最多的位点为UDK96-009(48个)。在同域分布物种间的共有等位基因上，中华猕猴桃和美味猕猴桃的共有等位基因的比率最高，达60％以上；而湖北莽山(HM)毛花猕猴桃和金花猕猴桃物种间共有等位基因比率最低为18.5％。共享等位基因表型频率在物种间存在着差异，而且与各同域分布物种样本的交错程度或间距存在关联。
(2)居群内遗传多样性分析表明：各物种居群内等位基因平均数A为4.45～14.44；多态位点百分率P=100，PIC值为0.644～0.870，表明猕猴桃属植物自然居群具有极高的遗传多样性。各物种居群间的分化系数依次为：美味猕猴桃(0.080)＜中华猕猴桃(0.086)＜毛花猕猴桃(0.116)＜金花猕猴桃(0.118)＜阔叶猕猴桃(0.119)。两两物种间的遗传分化系数平均范围在0.008～0.108，同域分布物种间的遗传分化低于物种内异域居群间的遗传分化，其中同域分布的中华猕猴桃和美味猕猴桃两物种间的基因流均为最高，其余物种间的基因流也都大于1。利用AMOVA分析结果同样表明：大部分遗传变异来源于居群内(79.45％)，居群间遗传分化系数为0.1698。
(3)居群UPGMA聚类揭示中华猕猴桃和美味猕猴桃以地理区域优先聚类，其它物种多以物种分类群优先聚类，个体聚类结果显示多数个体聚在各自居群组内，但各地理居群并不按地理距离的远近聚类，这与Mantel相关性检测所揭示的居群间遗传距离与地理距离没有显著性相关的结果一致。中华／美味猕猴桃复合体近缘种间存在明显的共祖多态性和杂交渐渗现象，近缘种植株分布的交错程度或是否存在亚居群结构是影响杂交渐渗的因素之一。阔叶猕猴桃和毛花猕猴桃也存在着非对称性基因渐渗，表明亲缘关系较远的物种间杂交渐渗事件稀少，但存在个别同塑事件。
(4)采用空间自相关分析方法对河南西峡和陕西商南同域分布的中华猕猴桃和美味猕猴桃自然居群SSR遗传变异的空间结构进行了分析，选用的9对SSR引物分别从两居群中共扩增出104个等位基因，选择其表型频率在20％～80％的SSR等位基因，运用等样本频率方法分别对中华猕猴桃和美味猕猴桃及其中华／美味猕猴桃复合体居群进行了空间自相关系数Moran's I值计算。结果表明：中华猕猴桃和美味猕猴桃的遗传变异在两居群内均存在着一定程度的空间结构，尽管近半数或半数以上的等位基因在居群内表现为随机分布的空间模式，但也有相当比例的等位基因在居群内(29.6％～48.0％)和复合体居群内(51.0％，44.7％)呈现渐变、衰退、双向衰退或侵扰模式。而且其居群内遗传变异的空间分布规律都基本一致：相距在100 m以内，特别是30 m范围内的个体间的等位基因表现出显著性的正相关，随着地理距离的增大逐渐显示出负相关。
本文通过SSR分子标记，运用不同的统计软件对结果进行分析，从不同的方面揭示了猕猴桃属植物中存在较高的遗传多样性和物种间的基因渐渗，进一步分析表明猕猴桃的遗传多样性和居群遗传结构不仅受其广域分布、远交、晚期分化等生活史特性的影响，同时还与猕猴桃的染色体基数高(x=29)、倍性复杂和种间杂交等因素密切相关。本研究结果有助于进一步探讨猕猴桃属植物的遗传变异、种群扩散及其地理系统发育进化等方面的规律，并为制定相应的保育策略和措施提供了基础数据和科学依据。
Kiwifruit, belonging to the Actinidia Lindl. of family Actinidiaceae, is an important wild fruit resource in the world. It is a woody and dioecious liane, and most species of this genus are native to China. Although the wild resource of kiwifruit is very abundant, only few cultivars are under commercial cultivation, which pose great risk to the current global kiwifruit industry. Understanding genetic variation and population structue of natural populations of Actinidia is crucial importance for both genetic resourece conservation and breeding strategy deployment, especially for Actinidia chinesis, A. deliciosa, A. latifolia, and including A. eriantha, A. chrysantha, A. fulvicoma var. lanata, A. callosa var. henryi. On the other hand, due to the easy interspecies hybridization and highly polyploidization in Actinidia, it is difficult to delimitate species boundaries for this genus. Knowledge of genetic structure and introgression among populations may shed lights on the evolution and specialization of Actinidia. In this study, we used a set of microsatellite (also named SSR) data to investigate genetic diversity, population structure and interspecies introgression for 10 sympatric natural populations within seven Actinidia species. These results were as follows:
(1) A total of 253 alleles were detected with the nine screened primer pairs for a total of 747 individuals. The loci UDK-96-009 has the most number of alleles with A=48, and the mean number of alleles across all loci is A=28.11. As for each sympatric population, a large number of common alleles (more than 60.0%) were found in both A. chinesis and A. deliciosa, whereas the lowest number of common alleles (18.5%) was detected in A. eriantha and A. chrysantha in HM-population. The phenotypic frequencies of shared alleles were different among populations-species comparison, which was correlated with the degree of mixture and the distances of individuals from different species in each sympatric complex;
(2) High levels of genetic diversity were observed within Actinidia populations, with the mean alleles A=4.45～14.44, percentage of polymorphic loci P=100, and polymorphism information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.644 to 0.870. The genetic differentiation between populations within species demonstrated A. deliciosa (0.080)＜A. chinesis (0.086)＜A. eriantha (0.116)＜A. chrysantha (0.118)＜A. latifolia (0.119). The mean values of genetic differentiation between species range from 0.008 to 0.108. All sympatric populations of A. deliciosa and A. chinesis have higher gene flow (Nm) than that of other species. The analysis of AMOVA showed that the genetic variation majorly distributed within populations (79.45), and 16.98% of the genetic variation was partitioned between populations.
(3). The UPGMA dendrogram showed that A. deliciosa was closely related to A. chinesis according to geographic distances while other species clusted according to taxonomic units, suggesting a very close relationship of these two species. Mantel test revealed no significant correlation between the genetic distance and geographic distance. The individual cluster with Bayesian and Newhybrid methods showed that A. chinensis/ A. deliciosa complex was probably highly influneced by both shared ancestral gene pool and hybridization introgression. However, hybridization introgression is rarely occurred between less related species, for example asymmetrical interspecific introgressive hybridization was detected between A. eriantha and A. latifolia, although they are highly genetic differentiated. A stable hybrid zone has been characterized by important members of backcross genotypes in A. eriantha and A. latifolia. As for other species, cluster analysis also showed genetic crossing with different foreign species although only a small number of individuals has been included, suggesting a confirmed single species complex plus potential ecological plastic cline.
(4) The spatial patterns of genetic variation in two populations (Henna-xixia population and Shannxi-shangnan population) with species A. chinensis and A. deliciosa were investigated using SSR markers. A total of 104 alleles were generated by nine pairs of SSR primers from two populations, and the alleles with phenotype frequency from 20% to 80% were chosen following equal gene frequency correlograms to calculate Moran'sⅠspatial autocorrelation coefficient for the two species and their complex (A. chinensis/A. deliciosa). Over half of alleles with random distribution pattern were found within populations, while large amount of alleles (29.6 %～48.0 % within populations, 51.0%, 44.7% for HX and SS complex, respectively) as cline, depression, and double depression or intrusion patterns, which suggesting that there were moderate spatial structures of genetic variation within populations of two species. The distribution patterns of genetic variation were similar either within the two populations or the complex. These demonstrated that allelic variation for individuals within 100 m (especially 30 m) distance had significantly positive correlation, but negative correlation appeared with the increasing of distance.
In summary, the microsatellite analysis revealed a high intraspecies genetic diversity and interspecies introgression in the Actinidia, which could be attributed the combined impacts of wide-range and sympatric distribution, outcrossing, late differentiation and other life history characteristics, as well as genome size of the genus, complex ploidy level and interspecies hybridization. These results have implications for the study of mechanism of maintaining genetic variation, population expansion and phylogeography of Actinidia species, and also provide baseline data for the conservation and management of genetic resource of Actinida, especially for the sampling strategies for ex situ conservation.
本文结合以上几个方面，以中华猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis)和美味猕猴桃(A．deliciosa)为主，同时涉及阔叶猕猴桃(A．latifolia)、毛花猕猴桃(A．eriantha)、绵毛猕猴桃(A．fulvicoma var．lanata)、金花猕猴桃(A．chrysantha)和京梨猕猴桃(A．callosa var．henryi)等7个分类群，利用SSR标记从DNA水平上对10个同域分布的不同物种自然居群进行了遗传多样性、居群遗传结构的分析以及种间杂交渐渗的探讨。主要结果如下：
(1)利用9对SSR引物，在猕猴桃属7个物种共747个样本上共检测到253个等位基因，平均每位点等位基因数为28.11个，扩增等位基因数最多的位点为UDK96-009(48个)。在同域分布物种间的共有等位基因上，中华猕猴桃和美味猕猴桃的共有等位基因的比率最高，达60％以上；而湖北莽山(HM)毛花猕猴桃和金花猕猴桃物种间共有等位基因比率最低为18.5％。共享等位基因表型频率在物种间存在着差异，而且与各同域分布物种样本的交错程度或间距存在关联。
(2)居群内遗传多样性分析表明：各物种居群内等位基因平均数A为4.45～14.44；多态位点百分率P=100，PIC值为0.644～0.870，表明猕猴桃属植物自然居群具有极高的遗传多样性。各物种居群间的分化系数依次为：美味猕猴桃(0.080)＜中华猕猴桃(0.086)＜毛花猕猴桃(0.116)＜金花猕猴桃(0.118)＜阔叶猕猴桃(0.119)。两两物种间的遗传分化系数平均范围在0.008～0.108，同域分布物种间的遗传分化低于物种内异域居群间的遗传分化，其中同域分布的中华猕猴桃和美味猕猴桃两物种间的基因流均为最高，其余物种间的基因流也都大于1。利用AMOVA分析结果同样表明：大部分遗传变异来源于居群内(79.45％)，居群间遗传分化系数为0.1698。
(3)居群UPGMA聚类揭示中华猕猴桃和美味猕猴桃以地理区域优先聚类，其它物种多以物种分类群优先聚类，个体聚类结果显示多数个体聚在各自居群组内，但各地理居群并不按地理距离的远近聚类，这与Mantel相关性检测所揭示的居群间遗传距离与地理距离没有显著性相关的结果一致。中华／美味猕猴桃复合体近缘种间存在明显的共祖多态性和杂交渐渗现象，近缘种植株分布的交错程度或是否存在亚居群结构是影响杂交渐渗的因素之一。阔叶猕猴桃和毛花猕猴桃也存在着非对称性基因渐渗，表明亲缘关系较远的物种间杂交渐渗事件稀少，但存在个别同塑事件。
(4)采用空间自相关分析方法对河南西峡和陕西商南同域分布的中华猕猴桃和美味猕猴桃自然居群SSR遗传变异的空间结构进行了分析，选用的9对SSR引物分别从两居群中共扩增出104个等位基因，选择其表型频率在20％～80％的SSR等位基因，运用等样本频率方法分别对中华猕猴桃和美味猕猴桃及其中华／美味猕猴桃复合体居群进行了空间自相关系数Moran's I值计算。结果表明：中华猕猴桃和美味猕猴桃的遗传变异在两居群内均存在着一定程度的空间结构，尽管近半数或半数以上的等位基因在居群内表现为随机分布的空间模式，但也有相当比例的等位基因在居群内(29.6％～48.0％)和复合体居群内(51.0％，44.7％)呈现渐变、衰退、双向衰退或侵扰模式。而且其居群内遗传变异的空间分布规律都基本一致：相距在100 m以内，特别是30 m范围内的个体间的等位基因表现出显著性的正相关，随着地理距离的增大逐渐显示出负相关。
本文通过SSR分子标记，运用不同的统计软件对结果进行分析，从不同的方面揭示了猕猴桃属植物中存在较高的遗传多样性和物种间的基因渐渗，进一步分析表明猕猴桃的遗传多样性和居群遗传结构不仅受其广域分布、远交、晚期分化等生活史特性的影响，同时还与猕猴桃的染色体基数高(x=29)、倍性复杂和种间杂交等因素密切相关。本研究结果有助于进一步探讨猕猴桃属植物的遗传变异、种群扩散及其地理系统发育进化等方面的规律，并为制定相应的保育策略和措施提供了基础数据和科学依据。
Kiwifruit, belonging to the Actinidia Lindl. of family Actinidiaceae, is an important wild fruit resource in the world. It is a woody and dioecious liane, and most species of this genus are native to China. Although the wild resource of kiwifruit is very abundant, only few cultivars are under commercial cultivation, which pose great risk to the current global kiwifruit industry. Understanding genetic variation and population structue of natural populations of Actinidia is crucial importance for both genetic resourece conservation and breeding strategy deployment, especially for Actinidia chinesis, A. deliciosa, A. latifolia, and including A. eriantha, A. chrysantha, A. fulvicoma var. lanata, A. callosa var. henryi. On the other hand, due to the easy interspecies hybridization and highly polyploidization in Actinidia, it is difficult to delimitate species boundaries for this genus. Knowledge of genetic structure and introgression among populations may shed lights on the evolution and specialization of Actinidia. In this study, we used a set of microsatellite (also named SSR) data to investigate genetic diversity, population structure and interspecies introgression for 10 sympatric natural populations within seven Actinidia species. These results were as follows:
(1) A total of 253 alleles were detected with the nine screened primer pairs for a total of 747 individuals. The loci UDK-96-009 has the most number of alleles with A=48, and the mean number of alleles across all loci is A=28.11. As for each sympatric population, a large number of common alleles (more than 60.0%) were found in both A. chinesis and A. deliciosa, whereas the lowest number of common alleles (18.5%) was detected in A. eriantha and A. chrysantha in HM-population. The phenotypic frequencies of shared alleles were different among populations-species comparison, which was correlated with the degree of mixture and the distances of individuals from different species in each sympatric complex;
(2) High levels of genetic diversity were observed within Actinidia populations, with the mean alleles A=4.45～14.44, percentage of polymorphic loci P=100, and polymorphism information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.644 to 0.870. The genetic differentiation between populations within species demonstrated A. deliciosa (0.080)＜A. chinesis (0.086)＜A. eriantha (0.116)＜A. chrysantha (0.118)＜A. latifolia (0.119). The mean values of genetic differentiation between species range from 0.008 to 0.108. All sympatric populations of A. deliciosa and A. chinesis have higher gene flow (Nm) than that of other species. The analysis of AMOVA showed that the genetic variation majorly distributed within populations (79.45), and 16.98% of the genetic variation was partitioned between populations.
(3). The UPGMA dendrogram showed that A. deliciosa was closely related to A. chinesis according to geographic distances while other species clusted according to taxonomic units, suggesting a very close relationship of these two species. Mantel test revealed no significant correlation between the genetic distance and geographic distance. The individual cluster with Bayesian and Newhybrid methods showed that A. chinensis/ A. deliciosa complex was probably highly influneced by both shared ancestral gene pool and hybridization introgression. However, hybridization introgression is rarely occurred between less related species, for example asymmetrical interspecific introgressive hybridization was detected between A. eriantha and A. latifolia, although they are highly genetic differentiated. A stable hybrid zone has been characterized by important members of backcross genotypes in A. eriantha and A. latifolia. As for other species, cluster analysis also showed genetic crossing with different foreign species although only a small number of individuals has been included, suggesting a confirmed single species complex plus potential ecological plastic cline.
(4) The spatial patterns of genetic variation in two populations (Henna-xixia population and Shannxi-shangnan population) with species A. chinensis and A. deliciosa were investigated using SSR markers. A total of 104 alleles were generated by nine pairs of SSR primers from two populations, and the alleles with phenotype frequency from 20% to 80% were chosen following equal gene frequency correlograms to calculate Moran'sⅠspatial autocorrelation coefficient for the two species and their complex (A. chinensis/A. deliciosa). Over half of alleles with random distribution pattern were found within populations, while large amount of alleles (29.6 %～48.0 % within populations, 51.0%, 44.7% for HX and SS complex, respectively) as cline, depression, and double depression or intrusion patterns, which suggesting that there were moderate spatial structures of genetic variation within populations of two species. The distribution patterns of genetic variation were similar either within the two populations or the complex. These demonstrated that allelic variation for individuals within 100 m (especially 30 m) distance had significantly positive correlation, but negative correlation appeared with the increasing of distance.
In summary, the microsatellite analysis revealed a high intraspecies genetic diversity and interspecies introgression in the Actinidia, which could be attributed the combined impacts of wide-range and sympatric distribution, outcrossing, late differentiation and other life history characteristics, as well as genome size of the genus, complex ploidy level and interspecies hybridization. These results have implications for the study of mechanism of maintaining genetic variation, population expansion and phylogeography of Actinidia species, and also provide baseline data for the conservation and management of genetic resource of Actinida, especially for the sampling strategies for ex situ conservation.
引文
安光义，王桂霞．中国野生猕猴桃的分布与花岗岩的关系．经济林研究，1996，14：24-26
藏润国，刘世荣，蒋有绪．森林生物多样性保护原理概述．林业科学，1999，35：71-79
陈昆松，张上隆，Ross G S．猕猴桃成熟果实中脂氧合酶基因的克隆．园艺学报，1998，25：230-235
陈万秋，叶新太，李思光，薛喜文．猕猴桃酯酶同工酶和过氧化物同工酶分析及遗传多样性研究．南吕大学学报(理科版)，2001，25：269-271
陈晓玲，梁红，朱东华．猕猴桃不同性别过氧化物酶及酯酶同工酶分析．农业与技术，2004，24：40-43
崔致学．中国猕猴桃．济南：山东科学技术出版社，1993
葛颂，洪德元．遗传多样性及其检测方法．见钱迎倩，马克平(主编)，生物多样性研究的原理与方法．北京：中国科学技术出版社，1994，123-140．
国伟，沈佐锐．微卫星DNA的多态性及其应用，生物技术，2004，15：158-159
吴谩琦，张进兴，洪旭光，孙修勤．分子标记技术的进展及其应用．高技术通讯，2001，4：99-103
韩柱强，高国庆，韦鹏霄，唐荣华，钟瑞春．利用SSR标记分析栽培种花生多态性及亲缘关系．作物学报，2004，30，1097-1101
何敬胜，李作洲，黄宏文．濒危物种——巴东木莲等位酶遗传变异的空间自相关分析．云南植物研究，2005，27：171-180
何田华，杨继，饶广远．植物群体遗传变异的空间自相关分析．植物学通报，1999，16：636-641
何子灿，王圣梅，黄宏文，黄汉全．6种1变种猕猴桃植物染色体数目的研究．武汉植物学研究，1998，16：299-301
何子灿，钟扬，刘洪涛，唐先华，叶力，黄德世，徐立铭．中国猕猴桃属植物叶表皮毛微形态特征及数量分类分析．植物分类学报，2000，38：121-136
黄宏文，龚俊杰，王圣梅，何子灿，张忠慧，李建强．猕猴桃属(Actinidia)植物的遗传多样性．生物多样性，2000，8：1-12
黄宏文，王圣梅，姜正旺，张忠惠，黄仁煌，程中平，龚俊杰，陈绪中．黄肉猕猴桃新品种‘金桃’．园艺学报，2005a，32：561
黄宏文，张忠惠，姜正旺，程中平，龚俊杰，陈绪中，王圣梅．早熟中华猕猴桃新品种‘金早’．园艺学报，2005b，32：963
黄宏文．猕猴桃100年的启示与中国21世纪猕猴桃品种及产业发展的思考．见：黄宏文主编，猕猴桃研究进展(Ⅲ)．北京：科学出版社，2005c，1-3．
黄仁煌，王圣梅．繁花猕猴桃——猕猴桃属一新种．武汉植物学研究，1995，13：113-115
贾兵，朱立武，余兴，陆丽娟，王艳芳．猕猴桃种质资源RAPD分析．安徽农业大学学报，2005，32：381-384
姜正旺，王圣梅，张忠慧，黄宏文．猕猴桃属花粉形态及其系统学意义．植物分类学报，2004，42：245-260
蒋细旺，包满珠，李智崎，张倩．菊花DNA提纯方法的优化．江汉大学学报(自然科学版)，2002，19：42-44
康宁，王圣梅，黄仁煌．猕猴桃属9种植物的花粉形态研究．武汉植物学研究，1993，11：111-116
雷一东，黄宏文，张忠慧．一个猕猴桃种质资源管理信息系统的初步建立．武汉植物学研究，2000，18：217-223
李昂，罗毅波，葛颂．采用空间自相关分析研究两种兰课植物的群体遗传结构．生物多样性，2002，10：249-257
李浩杰，李平，高方远，陆贤军，任光俊．SSR标记辅助选择改良冈46B直链淀粉含量的研究．作物学报，2004，30：1159-1163
李建强，蔡清，黄宏文．论猕猴桃属的系统发育．见：黄宏文主编，猕猴桃研究进展．北京：科学出版社，2000：80-86
李洁维，毛世忠，梁木源，李瑞高．猕猴桃属植物果实营养成份的研究．广西植物，1995，15：377-382
李林林，黄宏文．猕猴桃属植物线粒体DNA片段PCR-RFLP研究初报．武汉植物学研究，2002，20：153-156
李瑞高，梁木源，李洁维．猕猴桃种质收集保护．见：黄宏文主编．猕猴桃研究进展．北京：科学出版社，2000，87-89
李瑞高，梁木源，李洁维，毛世忠．猕猴桃属植物生物学特征特性观察．广西植物，1996，16：265-272
李文军，王恩明．生物多样性的意义及其价值．见陈灵芝主编，中国的生物多样性现状及其保护对策．北京：科学出版社，1993，1-9
李作洲，龚俊杰，王瑛，黄宏文．水杉孑遗居群AFLP遗传变异的空间分布．生物多样性，2003，11：265-275
李作洲，龚俊杰，王瑛，姜正旺，黄宏文．猕猴桃属植物的AFLP遗传多样性及其系统发育关系．见：黄宏文主编．猕猴桃研究进展(Ⅲ)．北京：科学出版社，2005，172-196
李作洲，郎萍，黄宏文．中国板栗居群间等位酶基因频率的空间分布．武汉植物学研究，2002，20：165-170
李作洲，李林林，黄宏文，姜正旺，李建强．基于RAPD及mtDNA PCR-RFLP标记的猕猴桃属的核质遗传多样性与系统学研究．见：黄宏文(主编)．猕猴桃研究进展(Ⅱ)．北京：科学出版社，2003，245-261
李作洲．猕猴桃属植物的分子系统学研究．[博士学位论文]．中科院武汉植物园图书馆，2006
栗琪，李作洲，黄宏文．猕猴桃野生居群的SSR分析初报．武汉植物学研究，2004，22：175-178
栗琪．猕猴桃两主要经济栽培种野生居群的遗传多样性．[硕士学位论文]．武汉：中科院武汉植物园图书5馆，2003
梁畴芬，Ferguson A R．中华猕猴桃种下分类群订正．广西植物，1984，4：181-182
梁畴芬．论猕猴桃属植物的分布．广西植物，1983，3：229-248
梁畴芬．猕猴桃的分类．植物分类学报，1975，13：32-35
梁畴芬．猕猴桃科．中国植物志，1984，49：195-301
刘章雄，王守才，戴景瑞，黄烈健，曹海河．玉米P25自交系抗锈病基因的遗传分析及SSR分子标记定位．遗传学报，2003，30：706-710
刘志勇，王晓玲，倪中福．小麦抗叶锈基因Lr9、Lr24的分子标记辅助选择研究．农业生物技术学报，2000，8：13-16．
柳李旺，龚义勤，黄浩，朱献文．新型分子标记—SRAP与TRAP及其应用．遗传，2004，5，777-781
马克平．试论生物多样性的概念．生物多样性，1993，1：20-22
任小林，金志强，李嘉瑞，彭世清，郑学勤，贺将超．猕猴桃钙调蛋白cDNA的克隆及测序．西北农业大学学报，1997a，25：1-5
任小林，金志强，彭世清，李嘉瑞，郑学勤．猕猴桃ACC氧化酶cDNA克隆及全序列测定．园艺学报，1997b，24：333-337
孙华美，黄仁煌．猕猴桃属一新种——湖北猕猴桃．武汉植物学研究，1994，12：321-323
田兴军，主编．生物多样性及其保护生物学．北京：化工工业出版社．2005，1-13
王荷生，张镱锂．中国种子植物特有属的生物多样性和特征．云南植物研究，1994，16：209-220
王圣梅，黄宏文，张忠慧，姜正旺．猕猴桃属植物种质资源保存及其利用．见：黄宏文主篇，猕猴桃研究进展(Ⅱ)．北京：科学出版社，2003，270-274
王圣梅，黄仁煌，吴显维，康宁．猕猴桃远缘杂交育种研究．果树科学，1994，11，23-26
武显维，康宁，黄仁煌，王圣梅．猕猴桃种质资源保存及育种研究．武汉植物学研究，1995，13：263-268
辛树帜．中国果树史研究．北京：农业出版社，1983，1-173
徐吕杰，陈昆松，张上隆．猕猴桃ACC合成酶基因家族四个成员的克隆．农业生物技术学报，2001，9：55-57
徐小彪，张秋明．中国猕猴桃种质资源的研究与利用．植物学通报，2003a，20：648-655
徐小彪，张秋明．基因工程与猕猴桃种质改良．果树学报，2003b，20：300-304
许文平，徐吕杰，陈昆松，张上隆．猕猴桃基因组DNA文库的构建．果树学报，2004，21：204-207
闫伯前，秦岭，李作洲，黄宏文．中国栗疫病菌群体遗传结构的空间自相关性分析．武汉植物学研究，2003，21：238-244
杨君，王茜，刘美华，安利佳．一种简便的海藻DNA提取方法．生物技术，1999，9：39-42
袁玲．水稻抗褐飞虱基因的分子标记定位研究．农业与技术，2005，25：92-93
张凤芬，钟振国，张雯艳，陆希慧，黄初升．山梨猕猴桃根提取物的体外抗肿瘤活性研究．中医药学刊，2005，23：261-263．
张洁．21世纪猕猴桃物种多样性保护对策．见：黄宏文主编，猕猴桃研究进展．北京：科学出版社，2000，90-94
张芝玉．中华猕猴桃两变种染色体数目的观察．1983，21：161-163
张芝玉．猕猴桃科的花粉形态及其系统位置的探讨．植物分类学报，1987，25：9-23
张忠慧，王圣梅，黄宏文．中国猕猴桃濒危种质现状及迁地保护对策．中国果树，1999，8：49-50
赵运林，刘享平．湖南猕猴桃属植物地理分布及其区系特点研究．广西植物，1996，16：9-16
Akagi H, Yokozeki Y, lnagaki A, Fugimura T. Microsatellite DNA markers for rice chromosomes. Theor Appl Genet, 1996, 93, 1071-1077
Allah R S, Takagi M, Dong S. Isolation and inheritance of microsatellite markers in the common carp Cyprinus carpio. Fish Sci, 1999, 652: 235-239
Allendorf F W, Leafy R.F, Spruell P, Wenburg J.K. The problems with hybrids: setting conservation guidelines. Trends Ecol Evol, 2001, 16: 613-622
Anderson E C, Thompson E A. A model-based method for identifying species hybrids using multilocus genetic data. Genetics, 2002, 160: 1217-1229.
Arnold M L, Emms S K. Molecular markers, gene flow, and natural selection. In: Soltis D E, Soltis P S Doyle J J(eds) Molecular systematics of plants IT. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1998, 442-457
Arnold M L, Hodges S A. Are natural hybrids fit or unfit relative to their parents? Trends Ecol Evol, 1995, 10: 67-71
Arnold M L. Natural Hybridization and Introgression. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. Vol: 4, 1996
Aagaard S M D, Sastad S M, Greilhuber J, Moen A. A secondary hybrid zone between diploid Dactylorhiza incarnate ssp. cruenta and allotetraploid D. lapponica (Orchidaceae). Heredity, 2005, 94, 488-496
Ashkenazi V, Chani E, Lavi U, Levy D, Hillel J, Veilleux R E. Developmente of microsatellite markers in potato and their use in phylogenetic and fingerprinting analyses. Genome, 2001, 44:50-62
Atkinson R G, Cipriani G, Whittaker D J, Gardner R C. The allopolyploid origin of kiwifruit, Actinidia deliciosa (Actinidiaceae). Plant Sys Evol, 1997, 205: 111-124
Barluenga M, Stolting K N, Salzburger W, Muschick M, Meyer A. Sympatric speciation in Nicaraguan crater lake cichlid fish. Nature, 2006, 439, 719-723
Barrier M, Friar E, Robichaux R, Purugganan M. Interspecific evolution in plant microsatellite structure. Gene, 2000, 241: 101-105
Barton N H. The role of hybridization in evolution. Mol Ecol, 2001, 10: 551-568
Becher S A, Steinmetz K, Weising K, Boury S, Peltier D, Renou J P, Kahl G, Wollff K. Microsatellites for cultivar identification in Pelargonium. Theor Apple Genet, 2000, 101: 643-651
Becker U, Reinhold T, Matthies D. Effects of pollination distance on reproduction and offspring performance in Hypochoeris radicata: experiments with plants from three European regions. Biol Conserv, 2006, 132, 109-118
Beckman J S, Weber J L. Survey of human and rat microsatellites. Genomics, 1992,12: 627-631
Bell C J, Ecker J R. Assignment of 30 microsatellite loci to the linkage map of Arabidopsis. Genomics, 1994, 19: 137-144
Bleeker W, Matthies A. Hybrid zones between invasive Rorippa austriaca and native R. syivestris (Brassicaceae) in Germany: ploidy levels and patterns of fitness in the field. Heredity, 2005, 94, 664-670
Benson L L, Lamboy W F, Zimmerman R H. Molecular identification of Malus hupehensis (tea carpapple) accessions using simple sequence repeats. HortScience, 2001, 36: 961-966
Bernatchez L, Glemet H, Wilson C, Danzmann R G. Fixation of introgressed mitochondrial genome of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.) in an allopatric population of brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchill). Can J Fish Aquat Sci, 1995, 52: 179-185
Bertin P, Gregoire D, Massart S, Froidmont D, Genetic diversity among European cultivated spelt revealed by microsatellites, Theor Appl Genet, 2001,102: 148-156
Bjornstad O N, Falck W. Stenseth N C. A geographic gradient in small rodent density fluctuations: a statistical modeling approach. Proc R Soc LondB, 1995, 262: 127-133
Boase M R, Hopping M E. DNA dodecaploid plants detected among somaclones of Actinidia deliciosa var. deliciosa cv. Hayward. Plant Cell Rep, 1995, 14: 319-323
Broun P, Tanksley S D. Characterization and genetic mapping of simple repeat sequence in the tomato genome. Mol Gen Genet, 1996, 250: 39-49
Buteler M I, Jarret R L, Labonte D R. Sequence characterization of microsatellite in diploid and polyploidy Ipomoea. Theor Appl Genet, 1999,99: 123-132
Callen D F, Thompson A D, Shen Y, Phillips H A, Richards R I, Mulley J C, Sutherland G R. Incidence and origin of'null' alleles in the (AC)_n microsatellite markers, Am J Hum Genet, 1993,52:922-927
Cantini C, Iezzoni A F, Lamboy W F, Boritzki M, Struss D. DNA fingerprinting of tetraploid cherry germplasm using simple sequence repeats. J Amer Soc Hort Sci, 2001,126: 205-209
Chat J, Chalak L, Petit R J. Strict paternal inheritance of chloroplast DNA and maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA in intraspecific crosses of kiwifruit. Theor Appl Genet, 1999, 99: 314-322
Chat J, Dumoulin P Y, Bastard Y, Monet R. Cytometric and morphometric identification of diploid, tetraploid and pentaploid plants derived from Actinidia arguta (2n= 4x) crossed with A. deliciosa (2m = 6x). Plant Breed, 1996, 115: 378-384
Chat J, Jauregui B, Petit R J, Nadot S. Reticulate evolution in kiwifruit (Actinidia, Actinidiaceae) identified by comparing their maternal and paternal phylogenies. Amer J Bot, 2004,91: 736-747
Cheng C H, Seal A G, Boldingh H L, Marsh K B, MacRae E A, Murphy S J, Ferguson A R. Inheritance of taste characters and fruit size and number in a diploid Actinidia chinensis (kiwifruit) population. Euphytica, 2004, 138: 185-195
Cheng H H, Crittenden L B. Microsatellite markers for genetic mapping in the chicken. Poul Sci, 1994, 73: 539-546
Cho Y G, Ishii T, Temnykh S, Chen X, Lipovich L, McCouch S R, Park W D, Ayres N, Cartinhour S. Diversity of microsatellites derived from genomic libraries and GenBank sequences in rice (Oryza sativa L). Theor Appl Genet, 2000, 100: 713-722
Chung M G, Chung J M, Chung M Y, Epperson B K. Spatial genetic distribution of allozyme polymorphisms following clonal and sexual reproduction in populations of Rhus javanica (Anacardiaceae). Heredity, 2000, 84: 178-185
Chung M G Spatial genetic structure among Korean populations of Hosta minor and H.capitata (Liliaceae). But Bull Acad Sin, 1996, 37: 25-30
Chung M Y, Nason J D, Chung M G. Spstial genetic structure in populations of the terrestrial orchid Cephalanthera longibracteata (Orchidaceae). Amer J Bot, 2004, 91:52-57
Cipriani G, Bella R D, Testolin R. Typing kiwifruit cultivars by means of RAPD markers. Acta Hort, 1997,444: 103-108
Cipriani G, Marrazzo M T, Marconi R, Cimato A, Testolin R. Microsatellite markers isolated in olive (Olea europaea L.) are suitable for individual fingerprinting and reveal polymorphism within ancient cultivars. Theor Apple Genet, 2002, 104: 223-228
Cipriani G, Testolin R, Gardner R. Restriction-site variation of PCR-amplified chloroplast DNA regions and its implication for the evolution and taxonomy of Actinidia. Theor Appl Genet, 1998,96:389-396
Cipriani G, Testolin R, Morgante M. Paternal inheritance of plastids in interspecific hybrids of the genus Actinidia revealed by PCR amplification of chloroplast DNA fragments. Mol Gen Genet, 1995,247:693-697
Cliff A D, Ord J K. Spatial Autocorrelation. (London: Poin). 1973
Cliff A D, Ord J K Spatial Processes: Methods and Applications. (London: Poin). 1981
Collins G G, Symons R H. Extraction of nuclear DNA from grape vine leaves by a modified procedure. Plant Mol Biol Rept, 1992, 10:233-235
Cordeiro G M, Pan Y B, Henry R J. Sugarcane microsatellites for the assessment of genetic diversity in sugarcane germplasm. Plant Sci, 2003, 165: 181-189
Costello A B, Down T E, Pollard S M, Pacas C J, Taylor E B. The influence of history and contemporary stream hydrology on the evolution of genetic diversity within species: An examination of microsatellite DNAvariation in bull trout, Salvelinus confouentus (Pisece: Salmonidae). Evoluton, 2003, 57: 328-344
Cottrell J C, Munro R C, Tabbener H E, Milner A D, Forrest G 1, Lowe A J. Comparison of fine-scale genetic structure using nuclear microsatellites within two British oakwoods differing in population history. Forest Ecol Manag, 2003, 176: 287-303
Crowhurst R N, Gardner R C A genome specific repeat sequence from kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa var. deliciosa). Theor Appl Genet, 1991, 81, 71-78.
Cruzan M B. Patterns of introgression across an expanding hybrid zone: analyzing historical patterns of gene flow using nonequilibrium approaches. New Phyto, 2005, 167, 267-278
Cui Z X, Huang H W, Xiao X G Actinidia in China. Beijing: China Agricultural Science and Technology Press. 2002
Dewey S E, Heywood J S. Spatial genetic structure in a population of Psychotria nervaosa. I. Distribution of genotypes. Evolution, 1988,42: 838-838
Diwan N, Bouton J H, Kochert G, Cregan P B. Mapping of simple sequence repeat (SSR) DNA makers in diploid and tetraploid alfalfa. Theor Apple Genet, 2000, 101:165-172
Dow B D, Ashley M V, Howe H F. Characterization of highly variable (GA/CT_n) microsatellites in the bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa). Theor Appl Genet, 1995, 91:137-141
Dunn S T. A revision of the genus Actinidia Lindl. J Linn Soc Bot, 1911, 39:394-410
Ecke F, Lofgren O, Sorlin D. Population dynamics of small mammals in relation to forest age and structural habitat factors in northern Sweden. J Appl Ecol. 2002, 39: 781-792
Ellstrand N C, Elam D R. Population genetic consequences of small population size: Implications for plant conservation. Annu Rev Ecol Syst, 1993,24: 217-242
Epifanio J, Philipp D. Simulating the extinction of parental lineages from introgressive hybridization: the effects of fitness, initial proportions of parental taxa, and mate choice. Rev Fish Biol Fish, 2000, 10: 339-354
Epperson B K. Spatial patterns of genetic variation within plant populations. In: A H DBrown, MT Clegg, A L Kahler and B S Weir (eds.) . Plant Population Genetics, Breeding and Genetic Resources. Sinauer Associates, MA. 1990a, 229-253
Epperson B K. Spatial autocorrelation of genotypes under directional selection. Genetics, 1990b, 124:757-771
Epperson B K. Geographical Genetics. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 2003, 2-11
Epperson B K, Allard R W. Spatial autocorrelation analysis of the distribution of genotypes within populations of lodgepole pine. Genetics, 1989, 121:369-377
Epperson B K, Chung M G. Spatial genetic structure of allozyme polymorphisms within populations of Pinus strobes (Pinaceae). Amer J Bot, 2001, 88: 1006-1010
Epperson B K. Recent advances in correlation studies of spatial patterns of genetic variation. Evol Biol. 1993,27:95-155
Eriksson G, Namkoong G, Robert J. Dynamic conservation of forest tree gene resource. Forest Gene Res, 1995, 23: 2-5
Escudero A, Iriondo J M, Torres M E. Spatial analysis of genetic diversity as a tool for plant conservation. Biol conserv, 2003, 113: 351-365
Estoup A, Pressa P, Krieg F, Vaiman D, Guyom ard R. (CT)_n and (GT)_n microsatellite: A new class of genetic markers for Salmotrutta L. (brown trout). Heredity, 1993, 71: 488-496
Fahima T, Roder M S, Wendehake K, Kirzhner V M, Nevo E. Microsatellite polymorphism in natural populations of wild emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccoides, in Israel. Theor Appl Genet, 2002,104: 17-19
Falk D A, Holsinger K E. Genetics and Conservation of Rare Plants, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1991
Ferguson A R, Ferguson L R. Are kiwifruit really good for you? Acta Hort, 2003,610:131-138
Ferguson A R, McNeilage M A. Actinidia germplasm for kiwifruit breeding. Acta Hort, 1999,498:37-42
Ferguson A R, OBrien I E W, Yan G J. Ploidy in Actinidia. Acta Hort, 1997,444: 67-71
Ferguson A R. The genus Actinidia. In-. Warrington 1 J, Weston G C eds. Kiwifruit Science and Management. Auckland: New Zealand Soc Hort Sci, 1990. 15-35
Ferriol M, Pico M B, Nuez F. Genetic diversity of some accessions of Oucurbita maxima from Spain using RAPE and SBAP markers. Genet Resour and Crop Evol, 2003, 50: 227-238
Fraser L G, McNeilage M A, Tsang G K, Harvey C F, De Silva H N. Cross-species amplification of microsatellite loci within the diocious, polyploid gen Actinidia (Actinidiaceae). Theor Appl Genet, 2005, 112:149-157
Frankham R, Ballou J D, Briscoe A. Introduction to conservation genetics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
Ge X J, Liu M H, Wang W K. Schaal B A, Chiang T Y. Population structure of wild bananas, Musa balbisiana, in China determined by SSR fingerprinting and cpDNA PCR-RFLP. Mol Ecol. 2005, 14:933-944
Geburek T. Are genes randomly distributed over space in mature populations of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.)? Ann Bot, 1993, 71: 217-222
Gilg E, Dilleniaceae. In: Engler A. Prantl K (Eds.), Die naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien. 2nd ed. Leipzig: Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann. 1893,6: 100-128
Gill G P, Harvey C F, Gardner R C, Fraser L G. Development of sex-linked PCR markers for gender identification in Actinidia. Theor Appl.Genet. 1998,97:439-445
Goldstein D B, Pollock D D. Launching microsatellites: A review of mutation processes and methods of phylogenetic inference, J.Hered, 1997, 88:335-342
Goldstein D B, Roemer G W, Smith D A, Reich D E. Bergman A, Wayne R K, The use of microsatellite variation to infer population structure and demographic history in a natural model system. Genetics, 1999, 151:797-801
Gram W K, Sork V L. Association between environmental and genetic heterogeneity in forest tree populations. Ecology. 2001, 82: 2012-2021
Gross R, Gum B, Retter R, Kuhn R. Genetic introgression between Arcti charr (Salvelinus alpinus) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in Bavarian hatchery stocks inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA markers. Aquacul Inter, 2004, 12: 19-32
Guilford P Prakash S, Zhu J M, Rikkerink E, Gardiner S, Bassett H, Forster R. Microsatellite in Malus ×domestica (apple): abundance, polymorphism and cultivar identification. Theor Apple Genet, 1997,94:249-254
Gupta P K, Varshney R K. The development and use of microsatellite markers for genetic analysis and plant breeding with emphasis on bread wheat. Euphytica, 2000,113: 163-185
Gupta P.K, Rustgi S, Sharma S, Singh R, Kumar N, Balyan H S. Transferable EST-SSR markers for the study of polymorphism and genetic diversity in bread wheat. Mol Genet Genomics, 2003, 270: 315-323
Hale M L, Lurz P W W, Shirley M D E, Rushton S, Fuller R M, Wolff K. Impact of landscape management on the genetic structure of red squirrel populations. Science, 2001,293: 2246-2248
Hallett I C, Sutherland P W. Structure and development of kiwifruit skins. Int J Plant Sci, 2005, 166: 693-704
Hamada H, Petrino M G, Kakunaga T. A novel repeated element with Z-DNA-forming potential is widely found in evolutionarily diverse eukaryotic genomes. PNAS, 1982,79: 6465-6499
Hamrick J K, Godt M J W. Alozyme Diversity in Plant Species. Sunderland: Sinanuer, 1990,43-63
Hamrick J L, Godt MJW. Effects of life history traits on genetic diversity in plant species. Phil Trans R Soc B, 1996,351,1291-1298
Hardy O J, Vekemans X. Patterns of allozyme variation in diploid and tetraploid Centauret Jacea at different spatial scales. Evolution, 2001, 55:943-954
Harvey C F, Gill G P, Fraser L G, McNeilage M A. Sex determination in Actinidia. 1. Sex-linked markers and progeny sex ratio in diploid A. chinensis. Sex Plant Rep, 1997a, 10: 149-154
Harvey C F, Fraser L G, Gill G P. Sex determination in Actinidia. Acta Hort, 1997b, 444: 85-88
Harvey C F, Gill G P, Fraser L. Strategies for breeding in Actinidia (kiwifruit): A framework map and its uses. Acta Hort, 2002, 575: 337-343
He Z C, Huang H W, Zhong Y. Cytogenetic study of diploid Actinidia chinensis-Karyotype, morphology of sex chromosomes at primary differentiation stage and evolutionary significance. Acta Hort, 2003, 610:379-385
He Z C, Zhang X Y, Zhong Y, Ye L. Phylogenetic relationships of Actinidia and related genera based on micromorphological characters of foliar trichomes. Genet Res Crop Evol, 2000,47: 627-639
Heun M, Murphy J P, Philips T D. A comparison of RAPD and for determining the genetic relationships among Avena sterilis L. accessions. Theor Appl Genet, 1994, 87:689-696
Heywood V H, Watson R T. (eds.) Global biodiversity Assessment. Cambridye: Cambridge University Press, 1995
Hokanson S C, Szewc-McFadden A K, Lamboy W F, McFerson J R. Microsatellite (SSR) markers reveal genetic identities, genetic diversity and relationships in a Malus×domestica borkh core subset collection. Theor Appl Genet, 1998, 97: 671-683
Huang H W, Ferguson A R, Genetic resources of kiwifruit: domestication and breeding, Hort Reviews 2006,33:1-121
Huang H W, Ferguson A R. Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis and A.deliciosa) plantings and production in China, 2002. New Zealand J Crop Hort. Sci, 2003, 31:197-202
Huang H W, Dane F, Wang Z Z, Jiang Z W, Huang R H, Wang S M. Isozyme inheritance and variation in Actinidia. Heredity, 1997, 78: 328-336
Huang H W, Li J Q, Lang P, Wang S M. Systematic relationships in Actinidia as revealed by cluster analysis of digitized morphological descriptors. Acta Hort, 1999,498,71-78
Huang H W, Li Z Z, Li J Q, Kubisiak T L, Layne D R. Phylogenetic relationships in Actinidia as revealed by RAPD analysis. J Am Soc Hort Sci, 2002, 127: 759-766
Huang H W, Wang Y, Zhang Z H, Jiang Z W, Wang S M. Actinidia germplasm resources and kiwifruit industry in China. HortScience, 2004, 39: 1165-1172
Huang H W. Integrating both nuclear and cytoplasmic genetic information into a high genomic coverage conservation approach for Actinidia. Acta Hort, 2003, 610: 87-93
Huang W G, Cipriani G, Morgante M, Testolin R. Microsatellite DNA in Actinidia chinensis: isolatin, characterization, and homology in related species. Theor Appl Genet, 1998,97: 1269-1278
Huang X Q, Borner A, Roder M S, Ganal M W. Assessing genetic diversity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germplasm using microsatellite markers. Theor Appl Genet, 2002, 105: 699-707.
Hudson K R, Gardner R C. Organisation of the chloroplast genome of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa). Curr Genet, 1988,13:339-342
Huxel G R. Rapid displacement of native species by invasive species: effects of hybridization. Biol Conserv, 1999, 89, 143-152
Irifune K, Nishida T, Egawa H, Nagatani A. Pectin methylesterase inhibitor cDNA from kiwifruit. Plant Cell Rep, 2004,23: 333-338
Jacquemyn H, Honnay O, Galbusera P, Roldan-Ruiz I. Genetic structure of the forest herb Primula elatior in a changing landscape. Mol Ecol, 2004,13: 211-219
Jakse J, Satovic Z, Javornik B. Microsatellite variability among wild and cultivated hops (Humulus lupulus L.). Genome, 2004, 47: 889-899
Jimenez P, Lopez-de-Heredia U, Collada C, Lorenzo Z, Gil L. High variability of chloroplast DNA in three Mediterranean evergreen oaks indicates complex evolutionary history. Heredity, 2004,93: 510 - 515
Kawagoe T, Suzuki N. Cryptic dioecy in Actinidia polygama: a test of the pollinator attraction hypothesis. Can J Bot, 2004, 82: 214-218
Kelly B A, Hardy O J, Bouvet J M. Temporal and spatial genetic structure in Vitellaria paradoxa (shea tree) in an agroforestry system in southern Mali. Mol Ecol. 2004, 13, 1231-1240
Kijas J M H, Thomas M R, Fowler J C S, Rosse M L. Integration of trinucleotide microsatellites into a linkage map of Citrus. Theor Appl Genet, 1997,94: 701-706
Kobayashi S, Ding C K, Nakamura Y, Nakajima I, Matsumoto R. Kiwifruits (Actinidia deliciosa) transformed with a Vitis stilbene synthase gene produce piceid (resveratrol-glucoside). Plant Cell Rep, 2000, 19:904-910
Korkovelos A E, Goulas C K, Vasilakakis M D. Screening microsatellites for their effectiveness to identify and differentiate among Actinidia genotypes. Acta Hort, 2002,610:357-363
Krauss J, Steffan-Dewenter I, Tscharntke T. How doeslandscape context contribute to effects of habitat fragmentation on diversity and population density of butterflies? J Biogeo, 2003, 30: 889-900
Kremer A, Kleinschmit J, Cottrell J, Cundall E P, Deans J D, Ducousso A, Konig A O, Lowe A J, Munro R C, Petit R J, Stephan B R. Is there a correlation between chloroplastic and nuclear divergence, or what are the roles of history and selection on genetic diversity in European oaks? Forest Ecol Manage, 2002, 156: 75-87
Kumar S, Tamura K, Nei M. MEGA3: Integrated software for molecular evolutionary genetics analysis and sequence alignment. Brief Bioinform 2004, 5: 150-163.
Lamboy W F, Alpha C G Using simple sequence repeats (SSRs) for DNA fingerprinting germplasm accessions of grape (Vitis L.) species. J Amer Soc Hort Sci, 1998, 123: 182-188
Lavi U, Akkaya M, Bhagwat A, Lahav E, Cregan P B. Methodology of genetation and characteristics of simple sequence repeat DNA markers in avocado (Persea Americana M.). Euphytica, 1994, 80: 171-177
Leary R F, Allendorf F W, Sage G K. Hybridization and introgression between introduced and native fish. Am Fish Soc Symp, 1995,15: 91 -101.
Ledig F T, Conkle M T. Gene diversity, genetic structure in anarrow endemic, Torrey pine (Pinus torreyana Parry exc/arr.). Evolution, 1983,37: 79-86
Lehman T, Hawley A, Collins H. An evaluation of evolutionary constraints on microsatellite loci using null alleles. Genetics. 1996,144: 1155-1163
Levi A, Rowland L J. Identifing blueberry cultivars and evaluating their genetic relationships using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and simple sequence repeat-(SSR-) anchored primers. J Amer Soc Hort Sci, 1997, 122: 74-78
Levin DA, Kerster H W. Gene flow in seed plants. Evol Biol, 1974, 7: 139-220
Li H L. A taxonomic review of the genus Actinidia. J Arn Arb, 1952, 33: 1-61
Li J Q, Huang H W, Sang T. Molecular phylogeny and infrageneric classification of Actinidia (Actinidiaceae). System Bot, 2002, 27:408-415
Li Z Z, Huang H W, Jiang Z W, Li J Q, Kubisiak T L. Phylogenetic relationships in Actinidia as revealed by RAPDs and PCR-RFLPs of mtDNA. Acta Hort, 2003,610, 387-396
Llopart A, Lachaise D, Coyne JA. Multilocus analysis of introgression between two sympatric sister species of Drosophila: Drosophila yakuba and D. santomea. Genetics, 2005, 171, 197-210
Loiselle B A, Sork V L, Nason J, Grnham C. Spatial genetic structure of a tropical understory shrub, Psychotria offinalis (Rubiaceae). Amer J Bot, 1995, 82: 1420-1425
Love J M, Knight A M, Mcaleer M A, Todd J A. Towards construction of a high resolution map of the mouse genome using PCR-analyzed microsatellites. Nucl Acids Res, 1990, 14: 4123-4130
MacRae E, Atkinson R. Multiple gene copies: Carrying out biochemical and molecular studies in kiwifruit. Acta Hort, 2003,610: 457-466
Mahy G, Bruederle L P, Connors B, Van Hofwegen M, Vorsa N. Allozyme evidence for genetic autotetraploidy and high genetic diversity in tetraploid cranberry, Vaccinium oxycoccos (Ericaceae). Amer J Bot, 2000, 87:1882-1889
Manel S, Sehwartz M K, Luikart G, Taberlet P. Landscape genetics: combining landscape ecology and population genetics. Trends Ecol Evol, 2003, 18: 189-197
Mariette S, Cottrell J, Csaikl U M, Goicoechea P , Konig A, Lowe A J, Van Dam B CBarreneche T, Bodendes C, Streiff R, Burg K, Groppe K, Munro R C, Tabbener H, Kremer A. Comparison of levels of genetic diversity detected with AFLP and microsatellite markers within and among mixed Q-petraea (MATT.) L1EBL. and Q-robur L. stands. Silvae Genet, 2002, 51: 72-79
Marmur J. Determination of DNA by formamide. Bioch Biophy Acta, 1961, 51: 32-36
Marquardt P E, Epperson B K. Spatial and population genetic structure of microsatellites in white pine. Mol Ecol. 2004, 13: 3305-3315
Martinez J L, Dumas J, Beall E, Garcia E, Garcia-Vazquez E. Assessing introgression of foreign strains in wild Atlantic salmon populations: variation in microsatellites assessed in historic scale collections. Freshwat Biol, 2001,46: 835-844
Muir G, Schlotterer C. Evidence for shared ancestral polymorphism rather than recurrent gene flow at microsatellite loci differentiating two hybridizing oaks (Quercus spp.). Mol Eco, 2005, 14, 549-561
Matus I A, Hayes P M. Genetic diversity in three groups of barleys germplasm assessed by simple sequence repeats. Genome, 2002, 45: 1095-1106.
McCauley D E, Stevens J E, Peroni P A, Raveill J A. The spatial distribution of chloroplast DNA and allozyme polymorphisms within a population of Silene alba (Caryophyllaceae). Amer J Bot. 1996, 83:727-731
McNeilage M A. Progress in breeding hermaphrodite kiwifruit cultivars and understanding the genetics of sex determination. Acta Hort, 1997,444: 73-78
Millar C I, Libby W J. Strategies for conserving clinal, ecotypic, and disjunct population diversity in widespread species. In Falk, D. A. and Holsinger. K.E (eds.). Genetics and Conservation of Rare Plants. Oxford University Press, New York, 1991, 149-293
Moody M E, Mueller D L, Soltis D E. Genetic variation and random genetic drift in autotetraploid populations. Genetics, 1993, 134: 649-657
Morgante M, Olivieri A M. PCR-amplified microsatellites as markers in plant genetics. Plant J, 1993, 3: 175-182
Moyle L C. Correlates of genetic differentiation and isolation by distance in 17 congeneric Silene species. Mol Ecol, 2006, 15: 1067-1081
Nason J D, Hamrick J L, Fleming T H. Historical vicariance and postglacial colonization effects on the evolution of genetic structure in Lophocereus, a Sonoran Desert columnar cactus. Evolution, 2002, 56:2214-2226
Nei M, Molecular evolutionary genetics. Columbia University Press, New York, 1987
Nei M. Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals. Genetics, 1978, 89: 583-590.
Nybom H. Comparison of different nuclear DNA markers for estimating intraspecific genetic diversity in plants. Mol Ecol, 2004,13: 1143-1155.
Ng K K S,.Lee S L, Koh C L. Spatisl structure and genetic diversity of two tropical tree species with contrasting breeding systems and different ploidy levels. Mol Ecol, 2004,13:657-669
Ogden R, Thorpe R S. Molecular evidence for ecological speciation in tropical habitats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 2002, 99: 13612-13615
Palme A E, Su Q, Palsson S, Lascoux M. Extensive sharing of chloroplast haplotypes among European birches indicates hybridization among Betula pendula, B. pubescens and B. nana. Mol Eco, 2004, 13: 167-178
Palombi M A, Damiano C. Comparison between RAPD and SSR molecular markers in detecting genetic variation in Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa A. Chev). Plant Cell Rep, 2002, 20: 1061-1066
Phivnil K, Beppu K, Takamura T, Fukuda T, Kataoka I. Flow cytometric assessment of ploidy in native resources of Actinidia in Japan. J Am Pomol Soc, 2005, 59: 44-49
Pierre G, Haurence M D. Isolaton of plant DNA: a fast, inexpensive and reliable method. Plant Mol Bio Rep, 1992,10:60-65
Poteaux C, Bonhomme F, Berrebi P. Microsatellite polymorphism and genetic impact of restocking in Mediterranean brown trout (Salmo trutta L). Heredity, 1999, 82: 645-653
Prado M J, Herrera M T, Vazquez R A, Romo S, Gonzales M V. Micropropagation of two selected male kiwifruit and analysis of genetic variation with AFLP markers. HortScience, 2005,40: 740-746
Pritchard J K, Stephans M, Donnelly P. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics, 2000, 155:945-959
Randi E, Lucchini V. Detecting rare introgression of domestic dog genes into wild wolf (Canis lupus) populations by Bayesian admixture analyses of microsatellite variation. Conserv Genet, 2002, 3: 31-45
Reusch T B H, Hukriede W, Stam W, Olsen J L. Differentiating between clonal growth and limited gene flow using spatial autocorrelation of microsatellites. Heredity, 1999, 83: 120-126
Rieseberg L H, Carney S E. Tansley Review no. 102. Plant hybridization. New Phyto, 1998, 140: 599-624
Rogers S O, Bendich A J. Extraction of DNA from milligram amount of fresh, herbarium and mummified plant tissues. Plant Mol Biol, 1985, 5: 69-76
Rogers S O, Bendich A J. Extraction of DNA from plant tissues. Plant Mol Biol Genetica, 1988,6:1-10
Rohlf F J. NTSYS-pc, Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis System Version 2.1.[CP/DK]. Exeter Ltd, Setauket, New York, 2000
Rongwen J, Akkaya M S, Bhagwat A A, Lavi U, Cregan P B. The use of microsatellite DNA marker for soybean genotype identification. Theor Appl Genet, 1995,90:43-48
Roques S, Sevigny J, Bernatchez L. Evidence for broadscale introgressive hybridization between two redfish (genus Sebastes) in the Norty-West Atlantic: a rare marine example. Mol Ecol, 2001, 10: 149-165.
Rossetto M, Weaver P K, Dixon K W. Use of RAPD analysis in devising conservation strategies for the rare and endangered Grevillea scapigera (Proteaceae). Mol Ecol, 1995, 4: 321 -329
Rungis D, Berube Y, Zhang J, Ralph S, Ritland C E, Ellis B E, Douglas C, Bohlmann J, Ritland K. Robust simple sequence repeat markers for spruce (Picea spp.) from expressed sequence tags. Theor Appl Genet. 2004, 109: 1283-1294
Russell J R. FullerJ D, Maeaulay M, Hata B G, Jahoor A, Powell W, Waugh R. Direct comparison of levels of genetic variation among barley aocessions detected by RFLPs, AFLPs SSRs and RAPDs. Theor Appl Genet, 1997,95: 714-722
Sanguinetti C J, Neto E D, Simpson A J G Rapid silver staining and recovery of PCR products separated on polyacrylamide gels. Biotechniques, 1994, 17: 915-919
Sax K. The association of size differences with seed-coat pattern and pigmentation in Haseolus vulgaris, Genetics, 1923, 8: 552-560
Schemske D W, Huand B C, Ruckelhausm M H, Goodwillie C, Parker I M, Bishop J G Evaluating approaches to the conservation of rare and endangered plants. Ecology, 1994, 75: 584-606
Sharon D, Adato A, Mhameed S, Lavi U. Hillel J, Gomoika M, Epplen C, Epplen J T. DNA fingerprints in plants using simple-sequence repeat and minisatellite probes. HortScience, 1995, 30: 109-112
Sharon D, Cregan P B, Mhameed S, Kusharska M, Hillel J, Lahav E, Lavi U. An integerated genetic linkage map of avocado. Theor Apple Genet, 1997,95: 911-921
Shirkot P, Sharma D R, Mohapatra T. Molecular identification of sex in Actinidia deliciosa var. deliciosa by RAPD markers. Scientia Hort, 2002a, 94: 33-39
Shirkot P, Sharma D R, Mohapatra T, Shirkot C K. Partial molecular characterization of some kiwifruit cultivars by RAPD markers. Indian JExp Biol, 2002b, 40: 233-236
Slatkin M, Barton H. A comparison of three indirect methods for estimating average levels of gene flow. Evolution, 1989,43: 1349-1368.
Slatkin M. Isolation by distance in equilibrium and nonequilibrium populations. Evolution, 1993,47:264-279
Smith J S C, Chin E C L, Shu H, Smith O S, Wall S J, Senior M L, Mitchell S E, Kresovich S, Ziegle J. An evaluation of the utility of SSR loci as molecular markers in maeze (Zea mays L.): comparisons with data from RFLPs and pedigree. Theor Apple Genet.\997, 95: 163-173
Sokal R R, Oden N L. Spatial autocorrelation in biology, 1. Methodology. BiolJ Linn Soc, 1978a, 10: 199-228
Sokal R R, Oden N J. Spatial autocorrelation in biology, 2. Some biological implications and four applications of evolutionary and ecological interest. Biol J Linn Soc, 1978b, 10: 229-249
Sokal R R, Jacquez G M, Wooten M C. Spatial autocorrelation analysis of migration and selection. Genetics, 1989,121:845-855
Templeton A R. Biodiversity at the genetic level: experiences from disparate macroorganisms. In: Hawksworth DL (ed.), Biodiversity-Measurement and Estimation. London: Chapman & Hall, 1996, 140-141
Shea K l, Furnier G R. Genetic variation and population structure in central and isolated populations of Balsam fir, Abies Balsamea (Pinaceae). Amer J Bot, 2002, 89: 783-791
Stefan S, David R, Laurent E. ARLEQUIN: A Software for Population Genetic Data Analysis Version 2.000. [CP/DK]. University of Geneva, Geneva, 2000
Stehlik I, Holderegger R. Spatial genetic structure and clonal diversity of Anemone nemorosa in late successional deciduous woodlands of Central Europe. J Ecol, 2000, 88: 424-435
Struss D, Plieske J. The use of microsatellite markers for detection of genetic diversity in barley populations. Theor Appl Genet, 1998,97: 308-315
Streiff R, Veyrier R, Audiot P, Meusnier S, Brouat C. Introgression in natural populations of bioindicators: a case study of Carabus splendens and Carabus punctatoauratus. Mol Ecol. 2005, 14: 3775-3786.
Sturtevant A H. The linear arrangement of six sex-linked factors in Drosophila, as shown by their mode of association. J Exp Zool, 1913, 14:43-59
Sun G I, Salomon B, von Bothmer R. Microsatellite polymorphism and genetic differentiation in three Norwegian populations of Elymus alaskanus (Poaceae). Plant Syst Evol, 2002,234: 101-110
Sun GL, Diaz O, Salomon B, von-Bothmer R. Genetic diversity and structure in a natural Elymus caninus population from Denmark based on microsatellite and isozyme analysis, Plant Syst. Evol, 2001,227:235-244
Tautz D, Ranz M. Simple sequences are ubiquitous repetitive components of eukarotic genomes. Nucl Acids Res, 1984, 12: 4127-4138
Tautz D. Hypervariability of simple sequences as a general source of polymorphic DNA markers. Nucl Acids Res, 1989, 17: 6463-6471
Testolin R, Cipriani G, Costa G Sex segregation ratio and gender expression in the genus Actinidia. Sex Plant Rep, 1995, 8: 129-132
Testolin R, Cipriani G, Ferguson A R, Gardner R C. Molecular approaches to systematics of Actinidia. Acta Hort, 1997a, 444: 97-102
Testolin R, Cipriani G, Messina R. Sex control in Actinidia is monofactorial and remains so in polyploids. In: Ainsworth C C (ed.). Sex determination in plants. Oxford: Biosis Scientific Publishers, 1999a, 173-181
Testolin R, Cipriani G Paternal inheritance of chloroplast DNA and maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA in the genus Actinidia. Theor Appl Genet, 1997b, 94: 897-903
Testolin R, Di Gaspero G, Huang W G, Lain O, Messina R, Cipriani G. Linkage map in kiwifruit: The choice of mapping populations. Acta Hort, 2003, 610: 517-523
Testolin R, Ferguson A R. Isozyme polymorphism in the genus Actinidia and the origin of the kiwifruit genome. System Bot, 1997c, 224: 685-700
Testolin R, Huang W G, Cipriani G Towards a linkage map in kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis Planch.) based on microsatellites and saturated with AFLP markers. Acta Hort, 1999b, 498: 79-84
Testolin R, Huang W G Lain O, Messina R, Vecchione A, Cipriani G A kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) linkage map based on microsatellites and integrated with AFLP markers. Theor Appl Genet, 2001, 103:30-36
Testolin R, Messina R, Lain O, Cipriani G A natural sex mutant in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa). New Zealand J Crop Hort Sci. 2004,32: 179-183
Torres E, Iriondo J M, Esduder A, Perez C. Analysis of within-population spatial genetic structure in Antirrhinum Microphyllum (Scrophulariaceae). Amer J Bot, 2003,90: 1688-1695
Tovar-Sanchez E, Oyama K. Natural hybridization and hybrid zones between Quercus crassifolia and Quercus crassipes (Fagaceae) in Mexico: Morphological and molecular evidence. Amer J Bot. 2004,91,1352-1363
Van Droogenbroeck B, Kyndt T, Romeijn-Peeters E, Van Thuyne W, Goetghebeur P, Romero-Motochi J P, Gheysen G. Evidence of natural hybridization and introgression between Vasconcellea species (Caricaceae) from southern Ecuador revealed by chloroplast, mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers. Ann Bot, 2006,97, 193-805
Vekemans X, Hardy O J. New insights from fine-scale spatial genetic structure analyses in plant populations. Mol Ecol, 2004, 13: 921-935
Wang H, Ng T B. Isolation of an antifungal thaumatin-like protein from kiwifruits. Phytochenistry, 2002,61: 1-6
Wang Z, Weber J L, Zhong G Tanksley S D. Survey of plant short tandem DNA repeats. Theor Appl Genet, 1994,88: 1-6
Warternberg D. SAAP 4.3.- A Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis Program. Exeter Software, Setauket, NY, USA. 1989
Waters E R, Schaal B A. No variation is detected in the chloroplast genome of Pinus torreyana. Can J For Res, 1991,21: 1832-1835
Webby R F, Wilson R D, Ferguson A R. Leaf flavonoids of Actinidia. Bioch Syst Ecol, 1994,223: 277-286
Weir B S. Genetic data analysis II, 2~(nd) edn. Sinauer Associates, Inc, Sunderland, Massachusetts, 1996
Weising K, Fung R W M, Keeling D J, Atkinson R G Gardner R C. Characterisation of microsatellite from Actinidia chinensis. Mol Breed, 1996, 2: 117-131
Weissenbach J, Gyapay G Dib C, Vignal A, Morissette J, Millasseau P, Vaysseix G, Lathrop M. A 2nd-generation linkage map of the human genome. Nature, 1992, 359:794-801
White A, De Silva N, Requejo-Tapia C, Harker F R. Evaluation of softening characteristics of fruit from 14 species of Actinidia. Postharvest Bio Techno, 2005, 35: 143-151
Whittemore A T, Schaal B A. lnterspecific gene flow in sympatric oaks. PNAS, 1991, 88: 2540-2544
Williams C G, EIsik C G, Barnes R D. Microsatellite analysis of Pinus taeda L. in Zimbabwe, Heredity, 2000, 84: 261-268
Wright S. Evolution and the genetics of populations. Vol. 4, Variability Within and Among Natural Populations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978
Wright S. Isoltion by distance. Genetics, 1943, 28:114-138
Wolf D E, Takebayashi N, Riesenberg LH. Predicting the risk of extinction through hybridisation. Conserv Biol, 2001, 15:1039-1053
Wu C A, Campbell D B. Cytoplasmic and nuclear markers reveal contrasting patterns of spatial genetic structure in a natural Ipomopsis hybrid zone. Mol Ecol, 2005, 14:781-792
Wu K S, Jones R, Danncherger L, Scolnik P A. Detection of microsatellite polymophisms without cloning. Nucl Acids Res, 1994, 22: 3527-3528
Xiao X G, Zhang L H, Li S H, Testolin R, Cipriani G. Molecular markers for early sex determination in Actinidia. Acta Hort, 2003, 610:533-538
Yah G, Atkinson R G, Ferguson A R, McNeilage M A, Murray B G. In situ hybridization in Actinidia using repeat DNA and genomic probes. Theor Appl Gene, 1997, 94:507-513
Yan G, Ferguson A R, McNeilage M A. PIoidy races in Actinidia chinensis. Euphytica, 1994, 78: 175-183
Yeh F C, Yang R, Boyle T J, Xiyan J M. Molecuair Biology and Biotechnology Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 2000
Zhao W G, Miao X X, Jia S H, Pan Y L, Hong Y P. Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from the mulberry, Morus L. Plant Sci, 2005, 168:519-525
Zhen Y Q, Li Z Z, Huang H W, Wang Y. Molecular characterization of kiwifruit (Actinidia) cultivars and selection of using SSR Markers. J Amer Soc Hort Sci, 2004, 129:374-382
Zhou H F, Xie Z W, Ge S. Microsatellite analysis of genetic diversity and population genetic structure of a wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) in China. Theor Appl Genet, 2003, 107:332-339
Zhu D Y, Lawes G S, Gordon I L. Estimates of genetic variability and heritability for vegetative and reproductive characters of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa). Euphytica, 2002, 124:93-98
Zukerkandl E, Pauling L. Molecules as documents of evolutionary history. J Theor Biol, 1965, 8: 357-366
藏润国，刘世荣，蒋有绪．森林生物多样性保护原理概述．林业科学，1999，35：71-79
陈昆松，张上隆，Ross G S．猕猴桃成熟果实中脂氧合酶基因的克隆．园艺学报，1998，25：230-235
陈万秋，叶新太，李思光，薛喜文．猕猴桃酯酶同工酶和过氧化物同工酶分析及遗传多样性研究．南吕大学学报(理科版)，2001，25：269-271
陈晓玲，梁红，朱东华．猕猴桃不同性别过氧化物酶及酯酶同工酶分析．农业与技术，2004，24：40-43
崔致学．中国猕猴桃．济南：山东科学技术出版社，1993
葛颂，洪德元．遗传多样性及其检测方法．见钱迎倩，马克平(主编)，生物多样性研究的原理与方法．北京：中国科学技术出版社，1994，123-140．
国伟，沈佐锐．微卫星DNA的多态性及其应用，生物技术，2004，15：158-159
吴谩琦，张进兴，洪旭光，孙修勤．分子标记技术的进展及其应用．高技术通讯，2001，4：99-103
韩柱强，高国庆，韦鹏霄，唐荣华，钟瑞春．利用SSR标记分析栽培种花生多态性及亲缘关系．作物学报，2004，30，1097-1101
何敬胜，李作洲，黄宏文．濒危物种——巴东木莲等位酶遗传变异的空间自相关分析．云南植物研究，2005，27：171-180
何田华，杨继，饶广远．植物群体遗传变异的空间自相关分析．植物学通报，1999，16：636-641
何子灿，王圣梅，黄宏文，黄汉全．6种1变种猕猴桃植物染色体数目的研究．武汉植物学研究，1998，16：299-301
何子灿，钟扬，刘洪涛，唐先华，叶力，黄德世，徐立铭．中国猕猴桃属植物叶表皮毛微形态特征及数量分类分析．植物分类学报，2000，38：121-136
黄宏文，龚俊杰，王圣梅，何子灿，张忠慧，李建强．猕猴桃属(Actinidia)植物的遗传多样性．生物多样性，2000，8：1-12
黄宏文，王圣梅，姜正旺，张忠惠，黄仁煌，程中平，龚俊杰，陈绪中．黄肉猕猴桃新品种‘金桃’．园艺学报，2005a，32：561
黄宏文，张忠惠，姜正旺，程中平，龚俊杰，陈绪中，王圣梅．早熟中华猕猴桃新品种‘金早’．园艺学报，2005b，32：963
黄宏文．猕猴桃100年的启示与中国21世纪猕猴桃品种及产业发展的思考．见：黄宏文主编，猕猴桃研究进展(Ⅲ)．北京：科学出版社，2005c，1-3．
黄仁煌，王圣梅．繁花猕猴桃——猕猴桃属一新种．武汉植物学研究，1995，13：113-115
贾兵，朱立武，余兴，陆丽娟，王艳芳．猕猴桃种质资源RAPD分析．安徽农业大学学报，2005，32：381-384
姜正旺，王圣梅，张忠慧，黄宏文．猕猴桃属花粉形态及其系统学意义．植物分类学报，2004，42：245-260
蒋细旺，包满珠，李智崎，张倩．菊花DNA提纯方法的优化．江汉大学学报(自然科学版)，2002，19：42-44
康宁，王圣梅，黄仁煌．猕猴桃属9种植物的花粉形态研究．武汉植物学研究，1993，11：111-116
雷一东，黄宏文，张忠慧．一个猕猴桃种质资源管理信息系统的初步建立．武汉植物学研究，2000，18：217-223
李昂，罗毅波，葛颂．采用空间自相关分析研究两种兰课植物的群体遗传结构．生物多样性，2002，10：249-257
李浩杰，李平，高方远，陆贤军，任光俊．SSR标记辅助选择改良冈46B直链淀粉含量的研究．作物学报，2004，30：1159-1163
李建强，蔡清，黄宏文．论猕猴桃属的系统发育．见：黄宏文主编，猕猴桃研究进展．北京：科学出版社，2000：80-86
李洁维，毛世忠，梁木源，李瑞高．猕猴桃属植物果实营养成份的研究．广西植物，1995，15：377-382
李林林，黄宏文．猕猴桃属植物线粒体DNA片段PCR-RFLP研究初报．武汉植物学研究，2002，20：153-156
李瑞高，梁木源，李洁维．猕猴桃种质收集保护．见：黄宏文主编．猕猴桃研究进展．北京：科学出版社，2000，87-89
李瑞高，梁木源，李洁维，毛世忠．猕猴桃属植物生物学特征特性观察．广西植物，1996，16：265-272
李文军，王恩明．生物多样性的意义及其价值．见陈灵芝主编，中国的生物多样性现状及其保护对策．北京：科学出版社，1993，1-9
李作洲，龚俊杰，王瑛，黄宏文．水杉孑遗居群AFLP遗传变异的空间分布．生物多样性，2003，11：265-275
李作洲，龚俊杰，王瑛，姜正旺，黄宏文．猕猴桃属植物的AFLP遗传多样性及其系统发育关系．见：黄宏文主编．猕猴桃研究进展(Ⅲ)．北京：科学出版社，2005，172-196
李作洲，郎萍，黄宏文．中国板栗居群间等位酶基因频率的空间分布．武汉植物学研究，2002，20：165-170
李作洲，李林林，黄宏文，姜正旺，李建强．基于RAPD及mtDNA PCR-RFLP标记的猕猴桃属的核质遗传多样性与系统学研究．见：黄宏文(主编)．猕猴桃研究进展(Ⅱ)．北京：科学出版社，2003，245-261
李作洲．猕猴桃属植物的分子系统学研究．[博士学位论文]．中科院武汉植物园图书馆，2006
栗琪，李作洲，黄宏文．猕猴桃野生居群的SSR分析初报．武汉植物学研究，2004，22：175-178
栗琪．猕猴桃两主要经济栽培种野生居群的遗传多样性．[硕士学位论文]．武汉：中科院武汉植物园图书5馆，2003
梁畴芬，Ferguson A R．中华猕猴桃种下分类群订正．广西植物，1984，4：181-182
梁畴芬．论猕猴桃属植物的分布．广西植物，1983，3：229-248
梁畴芬．猕猴桃的分类．植物分类学报，1975，13：32-35
梁畴芬．猕猴桃科．中国植物志，1984，49：195-301
刘章雄，王守才，戴景瑞，黄烈健，曹海河．玉米P25自交系抗锈病基因的遗传分析及SSR分子标记定位．遗传学报，2003，30：706-710
刘志勇，王晓玲，倪中福．小麦抗叶锈基因Lr9、Lr24的分子标记辅助选择研究．农业生物技术学报，2000，8：13-16．
柳李旺，龚义勤，黄浩，朱献文．新型分子标记—SRAP与TRAP及其应用．遗传，2004，5，777-781
马克平．试论生物多样性的概念．生物多样性，1993，1：20-22
任小林，金志强，李嘉瑞，彭世清，郑学勤，贺将超．猕猴桃钙调蛋白cDNA的克隆及测序．西北农业大学学报，1997a，25：1-5
任小林，金志强，彭世清，李嘉瑞，郑学勤．猕猴桃ACC氧化酶cDNA克隆及全序列测定．园艺学报，1997b，24：333-337
孙华美，黄仁煌．猕猴桃属一新种——湖北猕猴桃．武汉植物学研究，1994，12：321-323
田兴军，主编．生物多样性及其保护生物学．北京：化工工业出版社．2005，1-13
王荷生，张镱锂．中国种子植物特有属的生物多样性和特征．云南植物研究，1994，16：209-220
王圣梅，黄宏文，张忠慧，姜正旺．猕猴桃属植物种质资源保存及其利用．见：黄宏文主篇，猕猴桃研究进展(Ⅱ)．北京：科学出版社，2003，270-274
王圣梅，黄仁煌，吴显维，康宁．猕猴桃远缘杂交育种研究．果树科学，1994，11，23-26
武显维，康宁，黄仁煌，王圣梅．猕猴桃种质资源保存及育种研究．武汉植物学研究，1995，13：263-268
辛树帜．中国果树史研究．北京：农业出版社，1983，1-173
徐吕杰，陈昆松，张上隆．猕猴桃ACC合成酶基因家族四个成员的克隆．农业生物技术学报，2001，9：55-57
徐小彪，张秋明．中国猕猴桃种质资源的研究与利用．植物学通报，2003a，20：648-655
徐小彪，张秋明．基因工程与猕猴桃种质改良．果树学报，2003b，20：300-304
许文平，徐吕杰，陈昆松，张上隆．猕猴桃基因组DNA文库的构建．果树学报，2004，21：204-207
闫伯前，秦岭，李作洲，黄宏文．中国栗疫病菌群体遗传结构的空间自相关性分析．武汉植物学研究，2003，21：238-244
杨君，王茜，刘美华，安利佳．一种简便的海藻DNA提取方法．生物技术，1999，9：39-42
袁玲．水稻抗褐飞虱基因的分子标记定位研究．农业与技术，2005，25：92-93
张凤芬，钟振国，张雯艳，陆希慧，黄初升．山梨猕猴桃根提取物的体外抗肿瘤活性研究．中医药学刊，2005，23：261-263．
张洁．21世纪猕猴桃物种多样性保护对策．见：黄宏文主编，猕猴桃研究进展．北京：科学出版社，2000，90-94
张芝玉．中华猕猴桃两变种染色体数目的观察．1983，21：161-163
张芝玉．猕猴桃科的花粉形态及其系统位置的探讨．植物分类学报，1987，25：9-23
张忠慧，王圣梅，黄宏文．中国猕猴桃濒危种质现状及迁地保护对策．中国果树，1999，8：49-50
赵运林，刘享平．湖南猕猴桃属植物地理分布及其区系特点研究．广西植物，1996，16：9-16
Akagi H, Yokozeki Y, lnagaki A, Fugimura T. Microsatellite DNA markers for rice chromosomes. Theor Appl Genet, 1996, 93, 1071-1077
Allah R S, Takagi M, Dong S. Isolation and inheritance of microsatellite markers in the common carp Cyprinus carpio. Fish Sci, 1999, 652: 235-239
Allendorf F W, Leafy R.F, Spruell P, Wenburg J.K. The problems with hybrids: setting conservation guidelines. Trends Ecol Evol, 2001, 16: 613-622
Anderson E C, Thompson E A. A model-based method for identifying species hybrids using multilocus genetic data. Genetics, 2002, 160: 1217-1229.
Arnold M L, Emms S K. Molecular markers, gene flow, and natural selection. In: Soltis D E, Soltis P S Doyle J J(eds) Molecular systematics of plants IT. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1998, 442-457
Arnold M L, Hodges S A. Are natural hybrids fit or unfit relative to their parents? Trends Ecol Evol, 1995, 10: 67-71
Arnold M L. Natural Hybridization and Introgression. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. Vol: 4, 1996
Aagaard S M D, Sastad S M, Greilhuber J, Moen A. A secondary hybrid zone between diploid Dactylorhiza incarnate ssp. cruenta and allotetraploid D. lapponica (Orchidaceae). Heredity, 2005, 94, 488-496
Ashkenazi V, Chani E, Lavi U, Levy D, Hillel J, Veilleux R E. Developmente of microsatellite markers in potato and their use in phylogenetic and fingerprinting analyses. Genome, 2001, 44:50-62
Atkinson R G, Cipriani G, Whittaker D J, Gardner R C. The allopolyploid origin of kiwifruit, Actinidia deliciosa (Actinidiaceae). Plant Sys Evol, 1997, 205: 111-124
Barluenga M, Stolting K N, Salzburger W, Muschick M, Meyer A. Sympatric speciation in Nicaraguan crater lake cichlid fish. Nature, 2006, 439, 719-723
Barrier M, Friar E, Robichaux R, Purugganan M. Interspecific evolution in plant microsatellite structure. Gene, 2000, 241: 101-105
Barton N H. The role of hybridization in evolution. Mol Ecol, 2001, 10: 551-568
Becher S A, Steinmetz K, Weising K, Boury S, Peltier D, Renou J P, Kahl G, Wollff K. Microsatellites for cultivar identification in Pelargonium. Theor Apple Genet, 2000, 101: 643-651
Becker U, Reinhold T, Matthies D. Effects of pollination distance on reproduction and offspring performance in Hypochoeris radicata: experiments with plants from three European regions. Biol Conserv, 2006, 132, 109-118
Beckman J S, Weber J L. Survey of human and rat microsatellites. Genomics, 1992,12: 627-631
Bell C J, Ecker J R. Assignment of 30 microsatellite loci to the linkage map of Arabidopsis. Genomics, 1994, 19: 137-144
Bleeker W, Matthies A. Hybrid zones between invasive Rorippa austriaca and native R. syivestris (Brassicaceae) in Germany: ploidy levels and patterns of fitness in the field. Heredity, 2005, 94, 664-670
Benson L L, Lamboy W F, Zimmerman R H. Molecular identification of Malus hupehensis (tea carpapple) accessions using simple sequence repeats. HortScience, 2001, 36: 961-966
Bernatchez L, Glemet H, Wilson C, Danzmann R G. Fixation of introgressed mitochondrial genome of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.) in an allopatric population of brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchill). Can J Fish Aquat Sci, 1995, 52: 179-185
Bertin P, Gregoire D, Massart S, Froidmont D, Genetic diversity among European cultivated spelt revealed by microsatellites, Theor Appl Genet, 2001,102: 148-156
Bjornstad O N, Falck W. Stenseth N C. A geographic gradient in small rodent density fluctuations: a statistical modeling approach. Proc R Soc LondB, 1995, 262: 127-133
Boase M R, Hopping M E. DNA dodecaploid plants detected among somaclones of Actinidia deliciosa var. deliciosa cv. Hayward. Plant Cell Rep, 1995, 14: 319-323
Broun P, Tanksley S D. Characterization and genetic mapping of simple repeat sequence in the tomato genome. Mol Gen Genet, 1996, 250: 39-49
Buteler M I, Jarret R L, Labonte D R. Sequence characterization of microsatellite in diploid and polyploidy Ipomoea. Theor Appl Genet, 1999,99: 123-132
Callen D F, Thompson A D, Shen Y, Phillips H A, Richards R I, Mulley J C, Sutherland G R. Incidence and origin of'null' alleles in the (AC)_n microsatellite markers, Am J Hum Genet, 1993,52:922-927
Cantini C, Iezzoni A F, Lamboy W F, Boritzki M, Struss D. DNA fingerprinting of tetraploid cherry germplasm using simple sequence repeats. J Amer Soc Hort Sci, 2001,126: 205-209
Chat J, Chalak L, Petit R J. Strict paternal inheritance of chloroplast DNA and maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA in intraspecific crosses of kiwifruit. Theor Appl Genet, 1999, 99: 314-322
Chat J, Dumoulin P Y, Bastard Y, Monet R. Cytometric and morphometric identification of diploid, tetraploid and pentaploid plants derived from Actinidia arguta (2n= 4x) crossed with A. deliciosa (2m = 6x). Plant Breed, 1996, 115: 378-384
Chat J, Jauregui B, Petit R J, Nadot S. Reticulate evolution in kiwifruit (Actinidia, Actinidiaceae) identified by comparing their maternal and paternal phylogenies. Amer J Bot, 2004,91: 736-747
Cheng C H, Seal A G, Boldingh H L, Marsh K B, MacRae E A, Murphy S J, Ferguson A R. Inheritance of taste characters and fruit size and number in a diploid Actinidia chinensis (kiwifruit) population. Euphytica, 2004, 138: 185-195
Cheng H H, Crittenden L B. Microsatellite markers for genetic mapping in the chicken. Poul Sci, 1994, 73: 539-546
Cho Y G, Ishii T, Temnykh S, Chen X, Lipovich L, McCouch S R, Park W D, Ayres N, Cartinhour S. Diversity of microsatellites derived from genomic libraries and GenBank sequences in rice (Oryza sativa L). Theor Appl Genet, 2000, 100: 713-722
Chung M G, Chung J M, Chung M Y, Epperson B K. Spatial genetic distribution of allozyme polymorphisms following clonal and sexual reproduction in populations of Rhus javanica (Anacardiaceae). Heredity, 2000, 84: 178-185
Chung M G Spatial genetic structure among Korean populations of Hosta minor and H.capitata (Liliaceae). But Bull Acad Sin, 1996, 37: 25-30
Chung M Y, Nason J D, Chung M G. Spstial genetic structure in populations of the terrestrial orchid Cephalanthera longibracteata (Orchidaceae). Amer J Bot, 2004, 91:52-57
Cipriani G, Bella R D, Testolin R. Typing kiwifruit cultivars by means of RAPD markers. Acta Hort, 1997,444: 103-108
Cipriani G, Marrazzo M T, Marconi R, Cimato A, Testolin R. Microsatellite markers isolated in olive (Olea europaea L.) are suitable for individual fingerprinting and reveal polymorphism within ancient cultivars. Theor Apple Genet, 2002, 104: 223-228
Cipriani G, Testolin R, Gardner R. Restriction-site variation of PCR-amplified chloroplast DNA regions and its implication for the evolution and taxonomy of Actinidia. Theor Appl Genet, 1998,96:389-396
Cipriani G, Testolin R, Morgante M. Paternal inheritance of plastids in interspecific hybrids of the genus Actinidia revealed by PCR amplification of chloroplast DNA fragments. Mol Gen Genet, 1995,247:693-697
Cliff A D, Ord J K. Spatial Autocorrelation. (London: Poin). 1973
Cliff A D, Ord J K Spatial Processes: Methods and Applications. (London: Poin). 1981
Collins G G, Symons R H. Extraction of nuclear DNA from grape vine leaves by a modified procedure. Plant Mol Biol Rept, 1992, 10:233-235
Cordeiro G M, Pan Y B, Henry R J. Sugarcane microsatellites for the assessment of genetic diversity in sugarcane germplasm. Plant Sci, 2003, 165: 181-189
Costello A B, Down T E, Pollard S M, Pacas C J, Taylor E B. The influence of history and contemporary stream hydrology on the evolution of genetic diversity within species: An examination of microsatellite DNAvariation in bull trout, Salvelinus confouentus (Pisece: Salmonidae). Evoluton, 2003, 57: 328-344
Cottrell J C, Munro R C, Tabbener H E, Milner A D, Forrest G 1, Lowe A J. Comparison of fine-scale genetic structure using nuclear microsatellites within two British oakwoods differing in population history. Forest Ecol Manag, 2003, 176: 287-303
Crowhurst R N, Gardner R C A genome specific repeat sequence from kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa var. deliciosa). Theor Appl Genet, 1991, 81, 71-78.
Cruzan M B. Patterns of introgression across an expanding hybrid zone: analyzing historical patterns of gene flow using nonequilibrium approaches. New Phyto, 2005, 167, 267-278
Cui Z X, Huang H W, Xiao X G Actinidia in China. Beijing: China Agricultural Science and Technology Press. 2002
Dewey S E, Heywood J S. Spatial genetic structure in a population of Psychotria nervaosa. I. Distribution of genotypes. Evolution, 1988,42: 838-838
Diwan N, Bouton J H, Kochert G, Cregan P B. Mapping of simple sequence repeat (SSR) DNA makers in diploid and tetraploid alfalfa. Theor Apple Genet, 2000, 101:165-172
Dow B D, Ashley M V, Howe H F. Characterization of highly variable (GA/CT_n) microsatellites in the bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa). Theor Appl Genet, 1995, 91:137-141
Dunn S T. A revision of the genus Actinidia Lindl. J Linn Soc Bot, 1911, 39:394-410
Ecke F, Lofgren O, Sorlin D. Population dynamics of small mammals in relation to forest age and structural habitat factors in northern Sweden. J Appl Ecol. 2002, 39: 781-792
Ellstrand N C, Elam D R. Population genetic consequences of small population size: Implications for plant conservation. Annu Rev Ecol Syst, 1993,24: 217-242
Epifanio J, Philipp D. Simulating the extinction of parental lineages from introgressive hybridization: the effects of fitness, initial proportions of parental taxa, and mate choice. Rev Fish Biol Fish, 2000, 10: 339-354
Epperson B K. Spatial patterns of genetic variation within plant populations. In: A H DBrown, MT Clegg, A L Kahler and B S Weir (eds.) . Plant Population Genetics, Breeding and Genetic Resources. Sinauer Associates, MA. 1990a, 229-253
Epperson B K. Spatial autocorrelation of genotypes under directional selection. Genetics, 1990b, 124:757-771
Epperson B K. Geographical Genetics. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 2003, 2-11
Epperson B K, Allard R W. Spatial autocorrelation analysis of the distribution of genotypes within populations of lodgepole pine. Genetics, 1989, 121:369-377
Epperson B K, Chung M G. Spatial genetic structure of allozyme polymorphisms within populations of Pinus strobes (Pinaceae). Amer J Bot, 2001, 88: 1006-1010
Epperson B K. Recent advances in correlation studies of spatial patterns of genetic variation. Evol Biol. 1993,27:95-155
Eriksson G, Namkoong G, Robert J. Dynamic conservation of forest tree gene resource. Forest Gene Res, 1995, 23: 2-5
Escudero A, Iriondo J M, Torres M E. Spatial analysis of genetic diversity as a tool for plant conservation. Biol conserv, 2003, 113: 351-365
Estoup A, Pressa P, Krieg F, Vaiman D, Guyom ard R. (CT)_n and (GT)_n microsatellite: A new class of genetic markers for Salmotrutta L. (brown trout). Heredity, 1993, 71: 488-496
Fahima T, Roder M S, Wendehake K, Kirzhner V M, Nevo E. Microsatellite polymorphism in natural populations of wild emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccoides, in Israel. Theor Appl Genet, 2002,104: 17-19
Falk D A, Holsinger K E. Genetics and Conservation of Rare Plants, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1991
Ferguson A R, Ferguson L R. Are kiwifruit really good for you? Acta Hort, 2003,610:131-138
Ferguson A R, McNeilage M A. Actinidia germplasm for kiwifruit breeding. Acta Hort, 1999,498:37-42
Ferguson A R, OBrien I E W, Yan G J. Ploidy in Actinidia. Acta Hort, 1997,444: 67-71
Ferguson A R. The genus Actinidia. In-. Warrington 1 J, Weston G C eds. Kiwifruit Science and Management. Auckland: New Zealand Soc Hort Sci, 1990. 15-35
Ferriol M, Pico M B, Nuez F. Genetic diversity of some accessions of Oucurbita maxima from Spain using RAPE and SBAP markers. Genet Resour and Crop Evol, 2003, 50: 227-238
Fraser L G, McNeilage M A, Tsang G K, Harvey C F, De Silva H N. Cross-species amplification of microsatellite loci within the diocious, polyploid gen Actinidia (Actinidiaceae). Theor Appl Genet, 2005, 112:149-157
Frankham R, Ballou J D, Briscoe A. Introduction to conservation genetics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
Ge X J, Liu M H, Wang W K. Schaal B A, Chiang T Y. Population structure of wild bananas, Musa balbisiana, in China determined by SSR fingerprinting and cpDNA PCR-RFLP. Mol Ecol. 2005, 14:933-944
Geburek T. Are genes randomly distributed over space in mature populations of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.)? Ann Bot, 1993, 71: 217-222
Gilg E, Dilleniaceae. In: Engler A. Prantl K (Eds.), Die naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien. 2nd ed. Leipzig: Verlag Wilhelm Engelmann. 1893,6: 100-128
Gill G P, Harvey C F, Gardner R C, Fraser L G. Development of sex-linked PCR markers for gender identification in Actinidia. Theor Appl.Genet. 1998,97:439-445
Goldstein D B, Pollock D D. Launching microsatellites: A review of mutation processes and methods of phylogenetic inference, J.Hered, 1997, 88:335-342
Goldstein D B, Roemer G W, Smith D A, Reich D E. Bergman A, Wayne R K, The use of microsatellite variation to infer population structure and demographic history in a natural model system. Genetics, 1999, 151:797-801
Gram W K, Sork V L. Association between environmental and genetic heterogeneity in forest tree populations. Ecology. 2001, 82: 2012-2021
Gross R, Gum B, Retter R, Kuhn R. Genetic introgression between Arcti charr (Salvelinus alpinus) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in Bavarian hatchery stocks inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA markers. Aquacul Inter, 2004, 12: 19-32
Guilford P Prakash S, Zhu J M, Rikkerink E, Gardiner S, Bassett H, Forster R. Microsatellite in Malus ×domestica (apple): abundance, polymorphism and cultivar identification. Theor Apple Genet, 1997,94:249-254
Gupta P K, Varshney R K. The development and use of microsatellite markers for genetic analysis and plant breeding with emphasis on bread wheat. Euphytica, 2000,113: 163-185
Gupta P.K, Rustgi S, Sharma S, Singh R, Kumar N, Balyan H S. Transferable EST-SSR markers for the study of polymorphism and genetic diversity in bread wheat. Mol Genet Genomics, 2003, 270: 315-323
Hale M L, Lurz P W W, Shirley M D E, Rushton S, Fuller R M, Wolff K. Impact of landscape management on the genetic structure of red squirrel populations. Science, 2001,293: 2246-2248
Hallett I C, Sutherland P W. Structure and development of kiwifruit skins. Int J Plant Sci, 2005, 166: 693-704
Hamada H, Petrino M G, Kakunaga T. A novel repeated element with Z-DNA-forming potential is widely found in evolutionarily diverse eukaryotic genomes. PNAS, 1982,79: 6465-6499
Hamrick J K, Godt M J W. Alozyme Diversity in Plant Species. Sunderland: Sinanuer, 1990,43-63
Hamrick J L, Godt MJW. Effects of life history traits on genetic diversity in plant species. Phil Trans R Soc B, 1996,351,1291-1298
Hardy O J, Vekemans X. Patterns of allozyme variation in diploid and tetraploid Centauret Jacea at different spatial scales. Evolution, 2001, 55:943-954
Harvey C F, Gill G P, Fraser L G, McNeilage M A. Sex determination in Actinidia. 1. Sex-linked markers and progeny sex ratio in diploid A. chinensis. Sex Plant Rep, 1997a, 10: 149-154
Harvey C F, Fraser L G, Gill G P. Sex determination in Actinidia. Acta Hort, 1997b, 444: 85-88
Harvey C F, Gill G P, Fraser L. Strategies for breeding in Actinidia (kiwifruit): A framework map and its uses. Acta Hort, 2002, 575: 337-343
He Z C, Huang H W, Zhong Y. Cytogenetic study of diploid Actinidia chinensis-Karyotype, morphology of sex chromosomes at primary differentiation stage and evolutionary significance. Acta Hort, 2003, 610:379-385
He Z C, Zhang X Y, Zhong Y, Ye L. Phylogenetic relationships of Actinidia and related genera based on micromorphological characters of foliar trichomes. Genet Res Crop Evol, 2000,47: 627-639
Heun M, Murphy J P, Philips T D. A comparison of RAPD and for determining the genetic relationships among Avena sterilis L. accessions. Theor Appl Genet, 1994, 87:689-696
Heywood V H, Watson R T. (eds.) Global biodiversity Assessment. Cambridye: Cambridge University Press, 1995
Hokanson S C, Szewc-McFadden A K, Lamboy W F, McFerson J R. Microsatellite (SSR) markers reveal genetic identities, genetic diversity and relationships in a Malus×domestica borkh core subset collection. Theor Appl Genet, 1998, 97: 671-683
Huang H W, Ferguson A R, Genetic resources of kiwifruit: domestication and breeding, Hort Reviews 2006,33:1-121
Huang H W, Ferguson A R. Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis and A.deliciosa) plantings and production in China, 2002. New Zealand J Crop Hort. Sci, 2003, 31:197-202
Huang H W, Dane F, Wang Z Z, Jiang Z W, Huang R H, Wang S M. Isozyme inheritance and variation in Actinidia. Heredity, 1997, 78: 328-336
Huang H W, Li J Q, Lang P, Wang S M. Systematic relationships in Actinidia as revealed by cluster analysis of digitized morphological descriptors. Acta Hort, 1999,498,71-78
Huang H W, Li Z Z, Li J Q, Kubisiak T L, Layne D R. Phylogenetic relationships in Actinidia as revealed by RAPD analysis. J Am Soc Hort Sci, 2002, 127: 759-766
Huang H W, Wang Y, Zhang Z H, Jiang Z W, Wang S M. Actinidia germplasm resources and kiwifruit industry in China. HortScience, 2004, 39: 1165-1172
Huang H W. Integrating both nuclear and cytoplasmic genetic information into a high genomic coverage conservation approach for Actinidia. Acta Hort, 2003, 610: 87-93
Huang W G, Cipriani G, Morgante M, Testolin R. Microsatellite DNA in Actinidia chinensis: isolatin, characterization, and homology in related species. Theor Appl Genet, 1998,97: 1269-1278
Huang X Q, Borner A, Roder M S, Ganal M W. Assessing genetic diversity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germplasm using microsatellite markers. Theor Appl Genet, 2002, 105: 699-707.
Hudson K R, Gardner R C. Organisation of the chloroplast genome of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa). Curr Genet, 1988,13:339-342
Huxel G R. Rapid displacement of native species by invasive species: effects of hybridization. Biol Conserv, 1999, 89, 143-152
Irifune K, Nishida T, Egawa H, Nagatani A. Pectin methylesterase inhibitor cDNA from kiwifruit. Plant Cell Rep, 2004,23: 333-338
Jacquemyn H, Honnay O, Galbusera P, Roldan-Ruiz I. Genetic structure of the forest herb Primula elatior in a changing landscape. Mol Ecol, 2004,13: 211-219
Jakse J, Satovic Z, Javornik B. Microsatellite variability among wild and cultivated hops (Humulus lupulus L.). Genome, 2004, 47: 889-899
Jimenez P, Lopez-de-Heredia U, Collada C, Lorenzo Z, Gil L. High variability of chloroplast DNA in three Mediterranean evergreen oaks indicates complex evolutionary history. Heredity, 2004,93: 510 - 515
Kawagoe T, Suzuki N. Cryptic dioecy in Actinidia polygama: a test of the pollinator attraction hypothesis. Can J Bot, 2004, 82: 214-218
Kelly B A, Hardy O J, Bouvet J M. Temporal and spatial genetic structure in Vitellaria paradoxa (shea tree) in an agroforestry system in southern Mali. Mol Ecol. 2004, 13, 1231-1240
Kijas J M H, Thomas M R, Fowler J C S, Rosse M L. Integration of trinucleotide microsatellites into a linkage map of Citrus. Theor Appl Genet, 1997,94: 701-706
Kobayashi S, Ding C K, Nakamura Y, Nakajima I, Matsumoto R. Kiwifruits (Actinidia deliciosa) transformed with a Vitis stilbene synthase gene produce piceid (resveratrol-glucoside). Plant Cell Rep, 2000, 19:904-910
Korkovelos A E, Goulas C K, Vasilakakis M D. Screening microsatellites for their effectiveness to identify and differentiate among Actinidia genotypes. Acta Hort, 2002,610:357-363
Krauss J, Steffan-Dewenter I, Tscharntke T. How doeslandscape context contribute to effects of habitat fragmentation on diversity and population density of butterflies? J Biogeo, 2003, 30: 889-900
Kremer A, Kleinschmit J, Cottrell J, Cundall E P, Deans J D, Ducousso A, Konig A O, Lowe A J, Munro R C, Petit R J, Stephan B R. Is there a correlation between chloroplastic and nuclear divergence, or what are the roles of history and selection on genetic diversity in European oaks? Forest Ecol Manage, 2002, 156: 75-87
Kumar S, Tamura K, Nei M. MEGA3: Integrated software for molecular evolutionary genetics analysis and sequence alignment. Brief Bioinform 2004, 5: 150-163.
Lamboy W F, Alpha C G Using simple sequence repeats (SSRs) for DNA fingerprinting germplasm accessions of grape (Vitis L.) species. J Amer Soc Hort Sci, 1998, 123: 182-188
Lavi U, Akkaya M, Bhagwat A, Lahav E, Cregan P B. Methodology of genetation and characteristics of simple sequence repeat DNA markers in avocado (Persea Americana M.). Euphytica, 1994, 80: 171-177
Leary R F, Allendorf F W, Sage G K. Hybridization and introgression between introduced and native fish. Am Fish Soc Symp, 1995,15: 91 -101.
Ledig F T, Conkle M T. Gene diversity, genetic structure in anarrow endemic, Torrey pine (Pinus torreyana Parry exc/arr.). Evolution, 1983,37: 79-86
Lehman T, Hawley A, Collins H. An evaluation of evolutionary constraints on microsatellite loci using null alleles. Genetics. 1996,144: 1155-1163
Levi A, Rowland L J. Identifing blueberry cultivars and evaluating their genetic relationships using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and simple sequence repeat-(SSR-) anchored primers. J Amer Soc Hort Sci, 1997, 122: 74-78
Levin DA, Kerster H W. Gene flow in seed plants. Evol Biol, 1974, 7: 139-220
Li H L. A taxonomic review of the genus Actinidia. J Arn Arb, 1952, 33: 1-61
Li J Q, Huang H W, Sang T. Molecular phylogeny and infrageneric classification of Actinidia (Actinidiaceae). System Bot, 2002, 27:408-415
Li Z Z, Huang H W, Jiang Z W, Li J Q, Kubisiak T L. Phylogenetic relationships in Actinidia as revealed by RAPDs and PCR-RFLPs of mtDNA. Acta Hort, 2003,610, 387-396
Llopart A, Lachaise D, Coyne JA. Multilocus analysis of introgression between two sympatric sister species of Drosophila: Drosophila yakuba and D. santomea. Genetics, 2005, 171, 197-210
Loiselle B A, Sork V L, Nason J, Grnham C. Spatial genetic structure of a tropical understory shrub, Psychotria offinalis (Rubiaceae). Amer J Bot, 1995, 82: 1420-1425
Love J M, Knight A M, Mcaleer M A, Todd J A. Towards construction of a high resolution map of the mouse genome using PCR-analyzed microsatellites. Nucl Acids Res, 1990, 14: 4123-4130
MacRae E, Atkinson R. Multiple gene copies: Carrying out biochemical and molecular studies in kiwifruit. Acta Hort, 2003,610: 457-466
Mahy G, Bruederle L P, Connors B, Van Hofwegen M, Vorsa N. Allozyme evidence for genetic autotetraploidy and high genetic diversity in tetraploid cranberry, Vaccinium oxycoccos (Ericaceae). Amer J Bot, 2000, 87:1882-1889
Manel S, Sehwartz M K, Luikart G, Taberlet P. Landscape genetics: combining landscape ecology and population genetics. Trends Ecol Evol, 2003, 18: 189-197
Mariette S, Cottrell J, Csaikl U M, Goicoechea P , Konig A, Lowe A J, Van Dam B CBarreneche T, Bodendes C, Streiff R, Burg K, Groppe K, Munro R C, Tabbener H, Kremer A. Comparison of levels of genetic diversity detected with AFLP and microsatellite markers within and among mixed Q-petraea (MATT.) L1EBL. and Q-robur L. stands. Silvae Genet, 2002, 51: 72-79
Marmur J. Determination of DNA by formamide. Bioch Biophy Acta, 1961, 51: 32-36
Marquardt P E, Epperson B K. Spatial and population genetic structure of microsatellites in white pine. Mol Ecol. 2004, 13: 3305-3315
Martinez J L, Dumas J, Beall E, Garcia E, Garcia-Vazquez E. Assessing introgression of foreign strains in wild Atlantic salmon populations: variation in microsatellites assessed in historic scale collections. Freshwat Biol, 2001,46: 835-844
Muir G, Schlotterer C. Evidence for shared ancestral polymorphism rather than recurrent gene flow at microsatellite loci differentiating two hybridizing oaks (Quercus spp.). Mol Eco, 2005, 14, 549-561
Matus I A, Hayes P M. Genetic diversity in three groups of barleys germplasm assessed by simple sequence repeats. Genome, 2002, 45: 1095-1106.
McCauley D E, Stevens J E, Peroni P A, Raveill J A. The spatial distribution of chloroplast DNA and allozyme polymorphisms within a population of Silene alba (Caryophyllaceae). Amer J Bot. 1996, 83:727-731
McNeilage M A. Progress in breeding hermaphrodite kiwifruit cultivars and understanding the genetics of sex determination. Acta Hort, 1997,444: 73-78
Millar C I, Libby W J. Strategies for conserving clinal, ecotypic, and disjunct population diversity in widespread species. In Falk, D. A. and Holsinger. K.E (eds.). Genetics and Conservation of Rare Plants. Oxford University Press, New York, 1991, 149-293
Moody M E, Mueller D L, Soltis D E. Genetic variation and random genetic drift in autotetraploid populations. Genetics, 1993, 134: 649-657
Morgante M, Olivieri A M. PCR-amplified microsatellites as markers in plant genetics. Plant J, 1993, 3: 175-182
Moyle L C. Correlates of genetic differentiation and isolation by distance in 17 congeneric Silene species. Mol Ecol, 2006, 15: 1067-1081
Nason J D, Hamrick J L, Fleming T H. Historical vicariance and postglacial colonization effects on the evolution of genetic structure in Lophocereus, a Sonoran Desert columnar cactus. Evolution, 2002, 56:2214-2226
Nei M, Molecular evolutionary genetics. Columbia University Press, New York, 1987
Nei M. Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals. Genetics, 1978, 89: 583-590.
Nybom H. Comparison of different nuclear DNA markers for estimating intraspecific genetic diversity in plants. Mol Ecol, 2004,13: 1143-1155.
Ng K K S,.Lee S L, Koh C L. Spatisl structure and genetic diversity of two tropical tree species with contrasting breeding systems and different ploidy levels. Mol Ecol, 2004,13:657-669
Ogden R, Thorpe R S. Molecular evidence for ecological speciation in tropical habitats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 2002, 99: 13612-13615
Palme A E, Su Q, Palsson S, Lascoux M. Extensive sharing of chloroplast haplotypes among European birches indicates hybridization among Betula pendula, B. pubescens and B. nana. Mol Eco, 2004, 13: 167-178
Palombi M A, Damiano C. Comparison between RAPD and SSR molecular markers in detecting genetic variation in Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa A. Chev). Plant Cell Rep, 2002, 20: 1061-1066
Phivnil K, Beppu K, Takamura T, Fukuda T, Kataoka I. Flow cytometric assessment of ploidy in native resources of Actinidia in Japan. J Am Pomol Soc, 2005, 59: 44-49
Pierre G, Haurence M D. Isolaton of plant DNA: a fast, inexpensive and reliable method. Plant Mol Bio Rep, 1992,10:60-65
Poteaux C, Bonhomme F, Berrebi P. Microsatellite polymorphism and genetic impact of restocking in Mediterranean brown trout (Salmo trutta L). Heredity, 1999, 82: 645-653
Prado M J, Herrera M T, Vazquez R A, Romo S, Gonzales M V. Micropropagation of two selected male kiwifruit and analysis of genetic variation with AFLP markers. HortScience, 2005,40: 740-746
Pritchard J K, Stephans M, Donnelly P. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics, 2000, 155:945-959
Randi E, Lucchini V. Detecting rare introgression of domestic dog genes into wild wolf (Canis lupus) populations by Bayesian admixture analyses of microsatellite variation. Conserv Genet, 2002, 3: 31-45
Reusch T B H, Hukriede W, Stam W, Olsen J L. Differentiating between clonal growth and limited gene flow using spatial autocorrelation of microsatellites. Heredity, 1999, 83: 120-126
Rieseberg L H, Carney S E. Tansley Review no. 102. Plant hybridization. New Phyto, 1998, 140: 599-624
Rogers S O, Bendich A J. Extraction of DNA from milligram amount of fresh, herbarium and mummified plant tissues. Plant Mol Biol, 1985, 5: 69-76
Rogers S O, Bendich A J. Extraction of DNA from plant tissues. Plant Mol Biol Genetica, 1988,6:1-10
Rohlf F J. NTSYS-pc, Numerical Taxonomy and Multivariate Analysis System Version 2.1.[CP/DK]. Exeter Ltd, Setauket, New York, 2000
Rongwen J, Akkaya M S, Bhagwat A A, Lavi U, Cregan P B. The use of microsatellite DNA marker for soybean genotype identification. Theor Appl Genet, 1995,90:43-48
Roques S, Sevigny J, Bernatchez L. Evidence for broadscale introgressive hybridization between two redfish (genus Sebastes) in the Norty-West Atlantic: a rare marine example. Mol Ecol, 2001, 10: 149-165.
Rossetto M, Weaver P K, Dixon K W. Use of RAPD analysis in devising conservation strategies for the rare and endangered Grevillea scapigera (Proteaceae). Mol Ecol, 1995, 4: 321 -329
Rungis D, Berube Y, Zhang J, Ralph S, Ritland C E, Ellis B E, Douglas C, Bohlmann J, Ritland K. Robust simple sequence repeat markers for spruce (Picea spp.) from expressed sequence tags. Theor Appl Genet. 2004, 109: 1283-1294
Russell J R. FullerJ D, Maeaulay M, Hata B G, Jahoor A, Powell W, Waugh R. Direct comparison of levels of genetic variation among barley aocessions detected by RFLPs, AFLPs SSRs and RAPDs. Theor Appl Genet, 1997,95: 714-722
Sanguinetti C J, Neto E D, Simpson A J G Rapid silver staining and recovery of PCR products separated on polyacrylamide gels. Biotechniques, 1994, 17: 915-919
Sax K. The association of size differences with seed-coat pattern and pigmentation in Haseolus vulgaris, Genetics, 1923, 8: 552-560
Schemske D W, Huand B C, Ruckelhausm M H, Goodwillie C, Parker I M, Bishop J G Evaluating approaches to the conservation of rare and endangered plants. Ecology, 1994, 75: 584-606
Sharon D, Adato A, Mhameed S, Lavi U. Hillel J, Gomoika M, Epplen C, Epplen J T. DNA fingerprints in plants using simple-sequence repeat and minisatellite probes. HortScience, 1995, 30: 109-112
Sharon D, Cregan P B, Mhameed S, Kusharska M, Hillel J, Lahav E, Lavi U. An integerated genetic linkage map of avocado. Theor Apple Genet, 1997,95: 911-921
Shirkot P, Sharma D R, Mohapatra T. Molecular identification of sex in Actinidia deliciosa var. deliciosa by RAPD markers. Scientia Hort, 2002a, 94: 33-39
Shirkot P, Sharma D R, Mohapatra T, Shirkot C K. Partial molecular characterization of some kiwifruit cultivars by RAPD markers. Indian JExp Biol, 2002b, 40: 233-236
Slatkin M, Barton H. A comparison of three indirect methods for estimating average levels of gene flow. Evolution, 1989,43: 1349-1368.
Slatkin M. Isolation by distance in equilibrium and nonequilibrium populations. Evolution, 1993,47:264-279
Smith J S C, Chin E C L, Shu H, Smith O S, Wall S J, Senior M L, Mitchell S E, Kresovich S, Ziegle J. An evaluation of the utility of SSR loci as molecular markers in maeze (Zea mays L.): comparisons with data from RFLPs and pedigree. Theor Apple Genet.\997, 95: 163-173
Sokal R R, Oden N L. Spatial autocorrelation in biology, 1. Methodology. BiolJ Linn Soc, 1978a, 10: 199-228
Sokal R R, Oden N J. Spatial autocorrelation in biology, 2. Some biological implications and four applications of evolutionary and ecological interest. Biol J Linn Soc, 1978b, 10: 229-249
Sokal R R, Jacquez G M, Wooten M C. Spatial autocorrelation analysis of migration and selection. Genetics, 1989,121:845-855
Templeton A R. Biodiversity at the genetic level: experiences from disparate macroorganisms. In: Hawksworth DL (ed.), Biodiversity-Measurement and Estimation. London: Chapman & Hall, 1996, 140-141
Shea K l, Furnier G R. Genetic variation and population structure in central and isolated populations of Balsam fir, Abies Balsamea (Pinaceae). Amer J Bot, 2002, 89: 783-791
Stefan S, David R, Laurent E. ARLEQUIN: A Software for Population Genetic Data Analysis Version 2.000. [CP/DK]. University of Geneva, Geneva, 2000
Stehlik I, Holderegger R. Spatial genetic structure and clonal diversity of Anemone nemorosa in late successional deciduous woodlands of Central Europe. J Ecol, 2000, 88: 424-435
Struss D, Plieske J. The use of microsatellite markers for detection of genetic diversity in barley populations. Theor Appl Genet, 1998,97: 308-315
Streiff R, Veyrier R, Audiot P, Meusnier S, Brouat C. Introgression in natural populations of bioindicators: a case study of Carabus splendens and Carabus punctatoauratus. Mol Ecol. 2005, 14: 3775-3786.
Sturtevant A H. The linear arrangement of six sex-linked factors in Drosophila, as shown by their mode of association. J Exp Zool, 1913, 14:43-59
Sun G I, Salomon B, von Bothmer R. Microsatellite polymorphism and genetic differentiation in three Norwegian populations of Elymus alaskanus (Poaceae). Plant Syst Evol, 2002,234: 101-110
Sun GL, Diaz O, Salomon B, von-Bothmer R. Genetic diversity and structure in a natural Elymus caninus population from Denmark based on microsatellite and isozyme analysis, Plant Syst. Evol, 2001,227:235-244
Tautz D, Ranz M. Simple sequences are ubiquitous repetitive components of eukarotic genomes. Nucl Acids Res, 1984, 12: 4127-4138
Tautz D. Hypervariability of simple sequences as a general source of polymorphic DNA markers. Nucl Acids Res, 1989, 17: 6463-6471
Testolin R, Cipriani G, Costa G Sex segregation ratio and gender expression in the genus Actinidia. Sex Plant Rep, 1995, 8: 129-132
Testolin R, Cipriani G, Ferguson A R, Gardner R C. Molecular approaches to systematics of Actinidia. Acta Hort, 1997a, 444: 97-102
Testolin R, Cipriani G, Messina R. Sex control in Actinidia is monofactorial and remains so in polyploids. In: Ainsworth C C (ed.). Sex determination in plants. Oxford: Biosis Scientific Publishers, 1999a, 173-181
Testolin R, Cipriani G Paternal inheritance of chloroplast DNA and maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA in the genus Actinidia. Theor Appl Genet, 1997b, 94: 897-903
Testolin R, Di Gaspero G, Huang W G, Lain O, Messina R, Cipriani G. Linkage map in kiwifruit: The choice of mapping populations. Acta Hort, 2003, 610: 517-523
Testolin R, Ferguson A R. Isozyme polymorphism in the genus Actinidia and the origin of the kiwifruit genome. System Bot, 1997c, 224: 685-700
Testolin R, Huang W G, Cipriani G Towards a linkage map in kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis Planch.) based on microsatellites and saturated with AFLP markers. Acta Hort, 1999b, 498: 79-84
Testolin R, Huang W G Lain O, Messina R, Vecchione A, Cipriani G A kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) linkage map based on microsatellites and integrated with AFLP markers. Theor Appl Genet, 2001, 103:30-36
Testolin R, Messina R, Lain O, Cipriani G A natural sex mutant in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa). New Zealand J Crop Hort Sci. 2004,32: 179-183
Torres E, Iriondo J M, Esduder A, Perez C. Analysis of within-population spatial genetic structure in Antirrhinum Microphyllum (Scrophulariaceae). Amer J Bot, 2003,90: 1688-1695
Tovar-Sanchez E, Oyama K. Natural hybridization and hybrid zones between Quercus crassifolia and Quercus crassipes (Fagaceae) in Mexico: Morphological and molecular evidence. Amer J Bot. 2004,91,1352-1363
Van Droogenbroeck B, Kyndt T, Romeijn-Peeters E, Van Thuyne W, Goetghebeur P, Romero-Motochi J P, Gheysen G. Evidence of natural hybridization and introgression between Vasconcellea species (Caricaceae) from southern Ecuador revealed by chloroplast, mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers. Ann Bot, 2006,97, 193-805
Vekemans X, Hardy O J. New insights from fine-scale spatial genetic structure analyses in plant populations. Mol Ecol, 2004, 13: 921-935
Wang H, Ng T B. Isolation of an antifungal thaumatin-like protein from kiwifruits. Phytochenistry, 2002,61: 1-6
Wang Z, Weber J L, Zhong G Tanksley S D. Survey of plant short tandem DNA repeats. Theor Appl Genet, 1994,88: 1-6
Warternberg D. SAAP 4.3.- A Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis Program. Exeter Software, Setauket, NY, USA. 1989
Waters E R, Schaal B A. No variation is detected in the chloroplast genome of Pinus torreyana. Can J For Res, 1991,21: 1832-1835
Webby R F, Wilson R D, Ferguson A R. Leaf flavonoids of Actinidia. Bioch Syst Ecol, 1994,223: 277-286
Weir B S. Genetic data analysis II, 2~(nd) edn. Sinauer Associates, Inc, Sunderland, Massachusetts, 1996
Weising K, Fung R W M, Keeling D J, Atkinson R G Gardner R C. Characterisation of microsatellite from Actinidia chinensis. Mol Breed, 1996, 2: 117-131
Weissenbach J, Gyapay G Dib C, Vignal A, Morissette J, Millasseau P, Vaysseix G, Lathrop M. A 2nd-generation linkage map of the human genome. Nature, 1992, 359:794-801
White A, De Silva N, Requejo-Tapia C, Harker F R. Evaluation of softening characteristics of fruit from 14 species of Actinidia. Postharvest Bio Techno, 2005, 35: 143-151
Whittemore A T, Schaal B A. lnterspecific gene flow in sympatric oaks. PNAS, 1991, 88: 2540-2544
Williams C G, EIsik C G, Barnes R D. Microsatellite analysis of Pinus taeda L. in Zimbabwe, Heredity, 2000, 84: 261-268
Wright S. Evolution and the genetics of populations. Vol. 4, Variability Within and Among Natural Populations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978
Wright S. Isoltion by distance. Genetics, 1943, 28:114-138
Wolf D E, Takebayashi N, Riesenberg LH. Predicting the risk of extinction through hybridisation. Conserv Biol, 2001, 15:1039-1053
Wu C A, Campbell D B. Cytoplasmic and nuclear markers reveal contrasting patterns of spatial genetic structure in a natural Ipomopsis hybrid zone. Mol Ecol, 2005, 14:781-792
Wu K S, Jones R, Danncherger L, Scolnik P A. Detection of microsatellite polymophisms without cloning. Nucl Acids Res, 1994, 22: 3527-3528
Xiao X G, Zhang L H, Li S H, Testolin R, Cipriani G. Molecular markers for early sex determination in Actinidia. Acta Hort, 2003, 610:533-538
Yah G, Atkinson R G, Ferguson A R, McNeilage M A, Murray B G. In situ hybridization in Actinidia using repeat DNA and genomic probes. Theor Appl Gene, 1997, 94:507-513
Yan G, Ferguson A R, McNeilage M A. PIoidy races in Actinidia chinensis. Euphytica, 1994, 78: 175-183
Yeh F C, Yang R, Boyle T J, Xiyan J M. Molecuair Biology and Biotechnology Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 2000
Zhao W G, Miao X X, Jia S H, Pan Y L, Hong Y P. Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from the mulberry, Morus L. Plant Sci, 2005, 168:519-525
Zhen Y Q, Li Z Z, Huang H W, Wang Y. Molecular characterization of kiwifruit (Actinidia) cultivars and selection of using SSR Markers. J Amer Soc Hort Sci, 2004, 129:374-382
Zhou H F, Xie Z W, Ge S. Microsatellite analysis of genetic diversity and population genetic structure of a wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) in China. Theor Appl Genet, 2003, 107:332-339
Zhu D Y, Lawes G S, Gordon I L. Estimates of genetic variability and heritability for vegetative and reproductive characters of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa). Euphytica, 2002, 124:93-98
Zukerkandl E, Pauling L. Molecules as documents of evolutionary history. J Theor Biol, 1965, 8: 357-366