无线传感器网络在地震区山地灾害监测中的应用研究
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摘要
山地灾害已成为各类自然灾害中危害最严重的灾难之一。“5·12汶川特大地震”诱发15000余处山地灾害,造成经济损失占地震总损失的1/3,死亡人数也超过2万。因此,对地震区的山地灾害进行有效的监测将是减少灾区经济损失和人员伤亡的重要措施之一。目前,对地震区的山地灾害监测大都是采用人工方式,监测手段比较落后,国内外对这方面的研究也比较少。如何设计一个高效,稳定,安全的地震区山地灾害监测预警体系是本文研究的主要内容。
无线传感器网络是集计算机、微电子、网络和无线通信技术为一体的自组织网络,它具有低成本、微型化、低功耗、规模大和适用于无人看守环境等优点而受到广泛重视,同时也决定了其具有十分广阔的应用前景,在军事国防、工农业控制、环境监测和预报、抢险救灾和危险区域远程控制等许多领域都具有重要的科研价值和实际意义。通过亲身实地的观察和了解认识到地震区山地灾害具有分布范围广、规模大、危害严重、持续时间长、空间特征明显和呈链式发育等特点以及山地灾害监测网络必须具有无线通信、低功耗、独立电源供电、无人值守、实时性等条件,结合无线传感器网络的优点和应用领域,提出了将无线传感器网络应用于地震区山地灾害监测中的研究设想。
本文结合国内外山地灾害监测和无线传感器网络应用的研究现状,提出了无线传感器网络在地震区山地灾害监测中的一种总体设计方案,并对系统中涉及到的硬件部分,如节点、基站和无线收发芯片CC2430等进行了相关介绍,分析了其相应的硬件电路、工作原理以及在该系统中的应用。同时还对相关的软件体系结构和数据采集平台、WEB远程浏览等模块流程进行了设计。
由于在用无线传感器网络对地震区山地灾害进行监测的过程中,节点的位置信息起到了重要的作用。通过对无线信号衰减模型的研究,在RSSI测距方法存在误差的基础上,并结合地震区山地灾害的特点,提出了无线传感器网络在地震区山地灾害监测中的一种空间定位算法,即基于ERSS和RSSI校验相结合的三维定位算法。该算法对硬件要求不高,能够适应地震区山地灾害监测环境的要求,在定位精度上也有了一定的提高。
最后,通过设计的软硬件体系在实验室环境下进行了系统的模拟实验,对本文设计的监测过程进行了验证,并对模拟的实验结果进行了分析。
Mountain hazards have become one of the worst disasters in variety of natural hazards. More than 15,000 Mountain hazards were induced by "5 ? 12 Wenchuan earthquake", economic losses caused by Mountain hazards accounted for one third of the earthquake total loss and the number of deaths had more than 2 million people. Therefore, effective monitoring for Mountain hazards of the earthquake area would be one of important measures to reduce economic losses and casualties. Currently, Mountain hazards monitoring for earthquake area are mostly taking manual way and monitoring instruments is relatively backward, the research of domestic and overseas is also relatively less. How to design mountainous hazards monitoring and warning system which having an efficient, stable and safe in earthquake area is the main content of this study.
Wireless sensor network is self-organizing network which integrate a computer, microelectronics, networking and wireless communication technology, which has advantages such as low-cost, miniaturized, low power, large-scale, apply to the conditions of no man, it subjects to wide attention. These advantages also determines its has very broad application prospects and have important research value and practical significance in the military defense, agricultural and industrial control, environmental monitoring and forecasting, disaster relief, remote control in many dangerous areas and so on.Through personal observation in the area and understanding, features of mountain hazards in the earthquake area are recognized that has the distribution of a wide range, large-scale, endangering serious, long duration, spatial characteristics of clear and showed characteristics of chain growth, as well as mountain hazards monitoring network must have conditions such as wireless communication, low power consumption, an independent power supply, unattended, real-time, combined with the advantages of wireless sensor networks and applications, study vision which using wireless sensor network of mountain hazards monitoring in the earthquake area was put forward.
This paper combined with the status of research which mountain hazards monitoring and wireless sensor network applications at home and abroad, it proposed a overall design program using wireless sensor network in the mountain hazards Monitoring of earthquake area, and the system involved in the hardware elements described in detail, such as nodes, base stations, and CC2430 radio transceiver chip, and analyzes its corresponding hardware circuit, operating principles and application in the system. At the same time the paper designed software architecture related to and modules process of data collection platforms and WEB remote browsing.
In the process of mountain hazards monitoring for earthquake area using wireless sensor networks, location has played an important role. Through the study of radio signal attenuation model, based on the existence of error in the distance measurement of RSSI, and combined with the characteristics of mountain hazards in earthquake area, space localization algorithm of wireless sensor networks in mountain hazards monitoring of earthquake area was proposed, and also is a 3D locating algorithm based on combination of ERSS and RSSI-verify. The algorithm is low for hardware required, it can adapt to the requirements of environmental in mountain hazards monitoring for earthquake area, and also improved to a certain extent in the localization precision.
Finally, Through the system of designing hardware and software for conducting systematic simulation experiments in a laboratory environment, the monitoring process which designed for this paper had been verified, and simulation experimental results were analyzed.
无线传感器网络是集计算机、微电子、网络和无线通信技术为一体的自组织网络,它具有低成本、微型化、低功耗、规模大和适用于无人看守环境等优点而受到广泛重视,同时也决定了其具有十分广阔的应用前景,在军事国防、工农业控制、环境监测和预报、抢险救灾和危险区域远程控制等许多领域都具有重要的科研价值和实际意义。通过亲身实地的观察和了解认识到地震区山地灾害具有分布范围广、规模大、危害严重、持续时间长、空间特征明显和呈链式发育等特点以及山地灾害监测网络必须具有无线通信、低功耗、独立电源供电、无人值守、实时性等条件,结合无线传感器网络的优点和应用领域,提出了将无线传感器网络应用于地震区山地灾害监测中的研究设想。
本文结合国内外山地灾害监测和无线传感器网络应用的研究现状,提出了无线传感器网络在地震区山地灾害监测中的一种总体设计方案,并对系统中涉及到的硬件部分,如节点、基站和无线收发芯片CC2430等进行了相关介绍,分析了其相应的硬件电路、工作原理以及在该系统中的应用。同时还对相关的软件体系结构和数据采集平台、WEB远程浏览等模块流程进行了设计。
由于在用无线传感器网络对地震区山地灾害进行监测的过程中,节点的位置信息起到了重要的作用。通过对无线信号衰减模型的研究,在RSSI测距方法存在误差的基础上,并结合地震区山地灾害的特点,提出了无线传感器网络在地震区山地灾害监测中的一种空间定位算法,即基于ERSS和RSSI校验相结合的三维定位算法。该算法对硬件要求不高,能够适应地震区山地灾害监测环境的要求,在定位精度上也有了一定的提高。
最后,通过设计的软硬件体系在实验室环境下进行了系统的模拟实验,对本文设计的监测过程进行了验证,并对模拟的实验结果进行了分析。
Mountain hazards have become one of the worst disasters in variety of natural hazards. More than 15,000 Mountain hazards were induced by "5 ? 12 Wenchuan earthquake", economic losses caused by Mountain hazards accounted for one third of the earthquake total loss and the number of deaths had more than 2 million people. Therefore, effective monitoring for Mountain hazards of the earthquake area would be one of important measures to reduce economic losses and casualties. Currently, Mountain hazards monitoring for earthquake area are mostly taking manual way and monitoring instruments is relatively backward, the research of domestic and overseas is also relatively less. How to design mountainous hazards monitoring and warning system which having an efficient, stable and safe in earthquake area is the main content of this study.
Wireless sensor network is self-organizing network which integrate a computer, microelectronics, networking and wireless communication technology, which has advantages such as low-cost, miniaturized, low power, large-scale, apply to the conditions of no man, it subjects to wide attention. These advantages also determines its has very broad application prospects and have important research value and practical significance in the military defense, agricultural and industrial control, environmental monitoring and forecasting, disaster relief, remote control in many dangerous areas and so on.Through personal observation in the area and understanding, features of mountain hazards in the earthquake area are recognized that has the distribution of a wide range, large-scale, endangering serious, long duration, spatial characteristics of clear and showed characteristics of chain growth, as well as mountain hazards monitoring network must have conditions such as wireless communication, low power consumption, an independent power supply, unattended, real-time, combined with the advantages of wireless sensor networks and applications, study vision which using wireless sensor network of mountain hazards monitoring in the earthquake area was put forward.
This paper combined with the status of research which mountain hazards monitoring and wireless sensor network applications at home and abroad, it proposed a overall design program using wireless sensor network in the mountain hazards Monitoring of earthquake area, and the system involved in the hardware elements described in detail, such as nodes, base stations, and CC2430 radio transceiver chip, and analyzes its corresponding hardware circuit, operating principles and application in the system. At the same time the paper designed software architecture related to and modules process of data collection platforms and WEB remote browsing.
In the process of mountain hazards monitoring for earthquake area using wireless sensor networks, location has played an important role. Through the study of radio signal attenuation model, based on the existence of error in the distance measurement of RSSI, and combined with the characteristics of mountain hazards in earthquake area, space localization algorithm of wireless sensor networks in mountain hazards monitoring of earthquake area was proposed, and also is a 3D locating algorithm based on combination of ERSS and RSSI-verify. The algorithm is low for hardware required, it can adapt to the requirements of environmental in mountain hazards monitoring for earthquake area, and also improved to a certain extent in the localization precision.
Finally, Through the system of designing hardware and software for conducting systematic simulation experiments in a laboratory environment, the monitoring process which designed for this paper had been verified, and simulation experimental results were analyzed.
引文
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[2]张培震.中国大陆岩石圈最新构造变动与地震灾害[J].第四纪研究, 1999, (5): 404-413.
[3]张国民.马宏生,王辉等.中国大陆活动地块边界带与强震活动[J].地球物理学报, 2005, 48 (3): 602-610.
[4]王玉,陈晓清.汶川地震区次生山地灾害监测预警体系初步构想[J].四川大学学报, 2009, 41 (5): 37-38.
[5] Cui Peng, Wei Fangqiang, He Siming, etal. Mountain disasters induced by the earthquake of May 12 in Wenchuan and the disastermitigation[J]. Chinese Journal of mountain science, 2008, 26(3 ): 280-282.
[6]王春振,陈国阶,谭荣志等.“5·12”汶川地震次生山地灾害链(网)的初步研究[J].四川大学学报, 2009, 41(5):85-86.
[7]刘华明,齐欢,蔡志强.滑坡预测的非线性混沌模型[J].岩石力学与工程学报, 2003, 22(3):434-437.
[8] Seiya Uyeda, Toshiyasu Nagao, Masashi Kamogawa. Short-term earthquake prediction: Current status of seismo-electromagnetics[J]. Tectonophysics, 2008, 470(7): 205-213.
[9]石亚军,付小林.基于VPN的三峡库区地质灾害监测预警网络[J].湖北三峡职业技术学院学报, 2007, 4(2): 60-63.
[10]崔鹏,刘世建,谭万沛.中国泥石流监测预报研究现状与展望[J].自然灾害学报, 2000, 9(2): 10-15.
[11]崔中兴.滑坡自动监测系统开发研究的新进展—日本土谷尚等人研制的滑坡自动监测系统介绍[J].水土保持通报,1994, 14(5): 20-27.
[12]朱林,袁晓,葛利嘉等.超宽带无线传感器网络综述[J].测控技术, 2004, 23(12): 1-4.
[13] Chong CY, Kumar SP. Sensor networks:evolution,opportunities,and challenges[J]. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2003, 91(8): 1247-1256.
[14] Shnayder V, Chen B, Lorincz K, etal. Sensor Network for Medical Care [R]. Technical Report, 2006, 8(2): 44-51.
[15]曾鹏,于海斌.分布式无线传感器网络体系结构及应用支撑技术研究[J].信息与控制, 2004, 33(3): 307-313.
[16]崔鹏,韦方强,陈晓清等.汶川地震次生山地灾害及其减灾对策[J].科技赈灾, 2008, 23(4): 317-323.
[17]殷跃平.汶川八级地震地质灾害研究[J].工程地质学报, 2008, 16(4): 433-444.
[18] Schwiebert L, Gupta SKS, Weinmann J. Research challenges in wireless networks of biomedica1 sensors[c]. Proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking. Rome, Italy, 2001: 151-165.
[19]孙利民,李建中等.无线传感器网络[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 2005.
[20] I.F.Akyildiz, W.Su, Y.Sankarasubramaniam, etal. Wireless sensor networks: A survey [J]. Computer Networks, 2002, 38(4): 393-422.
[21]崔莉,鞠海玲,苗勇等.无线传感器网络研究进展[J].计算机研究与发展, 2005, 42(1): 163-174.
[22]闫朝升,张承江,马英.传感器网络研究综述[J].信息技术, 2006, 30(3): 117-121.
[23] Niculescu D S. Forwarding and positioning problems in ad-hoc networks[D]. Camden: The State University of New Jersey, 2004.
[24]任丰原,黄海宁,林闯.无线传感器网络[J].软件学报, 2003, 14(7): 1282-1291.
[25]范新运,王福豹,任丰原.无线传感器网络的路由协议[J].计算机测量与控制, 2005, 13(9):10-12.
[26] Akkaya K, Younis M. A survey on muting protocols for wireless sensor networks[J]. Ad Hoc Networks, 2005, 3(3): 325-349.
[27] K.Tejaswi, P.Mehta, R.Bansal, etal. Routing protocols for landslide prediction using wireless sensor networks[C]. Proc of Fourth International Conference on Intelligent Sensing and Information Processing, Bangalore, India, December 2006.
[28] C.S.Raghavendra, K.M.Sivalingam, Taieb Znati. Wireless Sersor Networks[M]. London: U.K.Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004.
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