基于PC104的污染源在线监控仪设计
|
摘要
本课题来源于山西省重点工业污染源在线自动监控系统。该系统用于对各排污企业的污染物排放状况进行全天候的监视和控制,使用该系统可有效防止重大污染事件的发生,大大提高环境监测的水平,从而有效促进绿色环保事业的发展。
本课题的研究对象是污染源在线监控仪,它是污染源在线自动监控系统的核心部分,负责将监测到的现场数据处理并传输至上位机数据中心,并将上位机的控制命令发送至现场各执行机构。污染源在线监控仪的研制和使用对污染源监控的网络化和智能化具有重要的意义。
本文在查阅国内外文献的基础上,首先介绍了课题研究的背景和意义,然后总结和比较了国内外同类产品的研究情况,并针对目前市场上流行的污染源在线监控仪,说明了本文设计的污染源在线监控仪的核心优势。
根据污染源在线监控仪的研制需求,包括产品的功能需求,遵循的行业标准以及技术指标,本文提出了基于PC104模块的具有数据采集、数据通讯、数据存储和显示功能的污染源在线监控仪的总体设计方案。
按照产品的功能需求,污染源在线监控仪的硬件完成了控制模块电路、电源电路、地址译码电路、数据采集电路、输出控制电路、数据通讯电路、人机界面电路和存储接口电路的设计。本文介绍了以上各电路的设计思路和电路设计的实现原理,对电路主要器件的选型,所使用器件的结构、性能特点以及主要技术参数的选择和计算都进行了详细的说明,并且给出了每部分电路的详细电路原理图。
污染源在线监控仪的软件完成了底层硬件电路驱动程序的设计和上层通信协议的设计。污染源在线监控仪的控制模块内嵌DOS操作系统,通过Borland C/C++ 4.5集成开发环境进行程序的编写和调试。代码编写采用模块化结构设计,具有较好的可移植性和可扩展性。本文介绍了各个程序模块所要实现的功能,给出了代码实现的算法流程图,说明了所使用的主要函数的名称、功能描述、入口参数和出口参数,并附加了部分函数的实现源代码。
污染源在线监控仪的功能测试通过具体实验对产品实现的主要功能进行了测试与验证,并结合设计时提出的功能需求和技术指标对产品的整体性能进行了评价。
最后,论文总结了设计完成的主要工作,同时指出了设计的不足和改进。
实践证明,本污染源在线监控仪运行稳定可靠,其各项性能指标完全达到了研制要求。
The subject originated from Shanxi’s major industrial pollution sources on-line automatic monitoring system. This system is suitable for all-weather monitoring and controlling pollutants discharge condition of each pollution emission firm. Furthermore, it can efficiently prevent the occurrence of important contamination accident, and largely improve the level of environmental monitoring, then efficiently promote the development of green environmental protection cause.
Pollution sources on-line monitoring meter, the research object of the subject, is core part of pollution sources on-line automatic monitoring system. It is responsible for processing data which is monitored from field, transferring the data to the upper computer’s data center, and also transferring the upper computer’s control command to each actuator of the field. So the development and use of pollution sources on-line monitoring meter have important significance to pollution sources monitoring system’s networking and intelligence.
On the basis of consulting domestic and foreign literature, the paper firstly introduces the subject research’s background and significance, secondly summarizes and compares the research situation of domestic and foreign similar products, and then aiming at the pollution sources on-line monitoring meter which are popular on market, illustrates the core advantage of the design.
The development requirements of pollution sources on-line monitoring meter includes the fuctional requirements of the product, the industry standard that is followed by the product, as well as the technical index of the product. Then on the basis, the paper puts forward the general design scheme, which is pollution sources on-line monitoring meter based on PC104 having functions of data acquisition, data communication, data storage and data display.
According to the product’s functional requirements, pollution sources on-line monitoring meter’s hardware completes the design of control module circuit, power circuit, address code interpreting circuit, data acquisition circuit, output control circuit, data communication circuit, man-machine interface circuit and storage interface circuit. The paper introduces the design idea of the above circuits, as well as the realization principle of the circuit design. And it explains the selection of main device, the structures and performance characteristics of the device, as well as the selection and calculation of the major technical parameters. Furthermore, it gives the detailed circuit schematic diagrams.
Pollution sources on-line monitoring meter’s software completes the design of bottom hardware driver program and upper communication protocol. Embedded within DOS operation system, pollution sources on-line monitoring meter’s control module compiles and debugs program by Borland C/C++ 4.5 integrated development environment. The design of code compiling uses modular structure design, which has good portability and scalability. The paper firstly introduces the realizing function of each program module, secondly gives the algorithm flowchart of code realization, and then explains the main function’s name, function description, inlet parameters and outlet parameters. Furthermore, the source code of some functions is added.
Pollution sources on-line monitoring meter’s function test has been tested and verified the main function of the product by concrete experiment. Then combining with the functional requirement and technical index that is proposed in design, it also evaluates whole performance of the product.
At last, the paper summaries the main work that is completed in design, at the same time, points out the shortage and the improvement in design.
It is proved by practice that the pollution sources on-line monitoring meter has reliable stability, and meets the requirements of the design perfectly.
本课题的研究对象是污染源在线监控仪,它是污染源在线自动监控系统的核心部分,负责将监测到的现场数据处理并传输至上位机数据中心,并将上位机的控制命令发送至现场各执行机构。污染源在线监控仪的研制和使用对污染源监控的网络化和智能化具有重要的意义。
本文在查阅国内外文献的基础上,首先介绍了课题研究的背景和意义,然后总结和比较了国内外同类产品的研究情况,并针对目前市场上流行的污染源在线监控仪,说明了本文设计的污染源在线监控仪的核心优势。
根据污染源在线监控仪的研制需求,包括产品的功能需求,遵循的行业标准以及技术指标,本文提出了基于PC104模块的具有数据采集、数据通讯、数据存储和显示功能的污染源在线监控仪的总体设计方案。
按照产品的功能需求,污染源在线监控仪的硬件完成了控制模块电路、电源电路、地址译码电路、数据采集电路、输出控制电路、数据通讯电路、人机界面电路和存储接口电路的设计。本文介绍了以上各电路的设计思路和电路设计的实现原理,对电路主要器件的选型,所使用器件的结构、性能特点以及主要技术参数的选择和计算都进行了详细的说明,并且给出了每部分电路的详细电路原理图。
污染源在线监控仪的软件完成了底层硬件电路驱动程序的设计和上层通信协议的设计。污染源在线监控仪的控制模块内嵌DOS操作系统,通过Borland C/C++ 4.5集成开发环境进行程序的编写和调试。代码编写采用模块化结构设计,具有较好的可移植性和可扩展性。本文介绍了各个程序模块所要实现的功能,给出了代码实现的算法流程图,说明了所使用的主要函数的名称、功能描述、入口参数和出口参数,并附加了部分函数的实现源代码。
污染源在线监控仪的功能测试通过具体实验对产品实现的主要功能进行了测试与验证,并结合设计时提出的功能需求和技术指标对产品的整体性能进行了评价。
最后,论文总结了设计完成的主要工作,同时指出了设计的不足和改进。
实践证明,本污染源在线监控仪运行稳定可靠,其各项性能指标完全达到了研制要求。
The subject originated from Shanxi’s major industrial pollution sources on-line automatic monitoring system. This system is suitable for all-weather monitoring and controlling pollutants discharge condition of each pollution emission firm. Furthermore, it can efficiently prevent the occurrence of important contamination accident, and largely improve the level of environmental monitoring, then efficiently promote the development of green environmental protection cause.
Pollution sources on-line monitoring meter, the research object of the subject, is core part of pollution sources on-line automatic monitoring system. It is responsible for processing data which is monitored from field, transferring the data to the upper computer’s data center, and also transferring the upper computer’s control command to each actuator of the field. So the development and use of pollution sources on-line monitoring meter have important significance to pollution sources monitoring system’s networking and intelligence.
On the basis of consulting domestic and foreign literature, the paper firstly introduces the subject research’s background and significance, secondly summarizes and compares the research situation of domestic and foreign similar products, and then aiming at the pollution sources on-line monitoring meter which are popular on market, illustrates the core advantage of the design.
The development requirements of pollution sources on-line monitoring meter includes the fuctional requirements of the product, the industry standard that is followed by the product, as well as the technical index of the product. Then on the basis, the paper puts forward the general design scheme, which is pollution sources on-line monitoring meter based on PC104 having functions of data acquisition, data communication, data storage and data display.
According to the product’s functional requirements, pollution sources on-line monitoring meter’s hardware completes the design of control module circuit, power circuit, address code interpreting circuit, data acquisition circuit, output control circuit, data communication circuit, man-machine interface circuit and storage interface circuit. The paper introduces the design idea of the above circuits, as well as the realization principle of the circuit design. And it explains the selection of main device, the structures and performance characteristics of the device, as well as the selection and calculation of the major technical parameters. Furthermore, it gives the detailed circuit schematic diagrams.
Pollution sources on-line monitoring meter’s software completes the design of bottom hardware driver program and upper communication protocol. Embedded within DOS operation system, pollution sources on-line monitoring meter’s control module compiles and debugs program by Borland C/C++ 4.5 integrated development environment. The design of code compiling uses modular structure design, which has good portability and scalability. The paper firstly introduces the realizing function of each program module, secondly gives the algorithm flowchart of code realization, and then explains the main function’s name, function description, inlet parameters and outlet parameters. Furthermore, the source code of some functions is added.
Pollution sources on-line monitoring meter’s function test has been tested and verified the main function of the product by concrete experiment. Then combining with the functional requirement and technical index that is proposed in design, it also evaluates whole performance of the product.
At last, the paper summaries the main work that is completed in design, at the same time, points out the shortage and the improvement in design.
It is proved by practice that the pollution sources on-line monitoring meter has reliable stability, and meets the requirements of the design perfectly.
引文
[1] HJ/T212-2005,污染源在线自动监控系统数据传输标准[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2005.
[2]吴晓青.大力推进污染源自动监控工作全面提高环境执法效能[J].环境保护,2006,(2):8-13.
[3]泰华,曲茉莉.重点污染源在线自动监测控制系统的建设是一项重要工程[J].黑龙江环境通报,2005,29(2):38-39.
[4]金勤献,陆晨,傅宁等.城市级环境信息系统的总体方案研究与开发[J].环境科学学报,2002,22(1):56-58.
[5]蔡楠.基于LonWorks的多参数智能环境监测仪[D].广东:广东工业大学,2001.
[6]国家环境保护总局.污染源在线自动监控数据采集传输仪技术要求编制说明[Z].北京:国家环境保护总局,2008.
[7] HJ/T352-2007,环境污染源自动监控信息传输、交换技术规范[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2007.
[8] HJ/T378-2007,污染治理设施运行记录仪技术要求及检测方法[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2007.
[9]滕云田,张炼,王彦等.PC104嵌入式模块技术研究及地学观测仪器设计中的应用[J].地震学报,2002,24(4):421-427.
[10]邵贝贝.单片机技术的发展与单片机应用的广泛选择[J].电子技术应用,1999,25(3):4-6.
[11]徐爱卿,孙涵芳.MCS51系列单片机原理及应用[M].北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,1998:10-11.
[12]刘荣.DSP技术的现状及发展[J].电子技术应用,1999,25(4):7-10.
[13]陈再秀.PC104嵌入式系统综述[J].自贡师范高等专科学校学报,2002,17(3):11-13.
[14]包乃兰.基于嵌入式PC104的矿山监测系统设计与开发[D].河北:河北工业大学,2004.
[15]盛博科技嵌入式计算机有限公司.SBS应用注记APPN-001[Z].深圳:盛博科技嵌入式计算机有限公司,1996.
[16]盛博科技嵌入式计算机有限公司.SBS应用注记APPN-002[Z].深圳:盛博科技嵌入式计算机有限公司,1996.
[17] Edward Solari.ISA & EISA Theory and Operation[M].San Diego,Annabooks,1992:156-170.
[18] Don Anderson,Tom Shanley.ISA System Architecture[M].New Jersey,Addison- Wesley Professional,1995:92-96.
[19]深蓝宇科技有限公司.常见问题解答[Z].深圳:深蓝宇科技有限公司,2004.
[20]深蓝宇科技有限公司.SOM-2496用户手册[Z].深圳:深蓝宇科技有限公司,2007.
[21]魏智.合理选择DC_DC转换器[J].单片机与嵌入式系统应用,2002,(4):9-11.
[22] Motorola Inc.34063A datasheet[EB/OL].http://www. 21ic.com,2008-05-07.
[23]迈讯科技有限科技公司.MC34063A设计工具[EB/OL].http://tjham.vicp.net/radio/ 34063/34063.asp,2005-07-21.
[24]王明顺.基于LM2576的高可靠MCU电源设计[J].国外电子元器件,2004,(11) :12-14.
[25] National Semiconductor Corporation . LM2576 Series SIMPLE SWITCHER 3A STEP-DOWN Voltage Regulator[EB/OL].http://www. 21ic.com,2008-07-11.
[26]张旭辉.GAL22V10在接口电路中的应用[J].工业仪表与自动化装置,2002,21(2):49-51.
[27]阎石.数字电子技术基础[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1998:417-418.
[28] Lattice.GAL16V8 datasheet[EB/OL].http://www. 21ic.com,2008-07-13.
[29]刘栋良,崔丽丽.用Protel99实现逻辑电路设计[J].单片机与嵌入式系统应用,2001,(9):15-17.
[30] A.S.Gumenyuk.Sample-and-Hold Circuits for High-speed A/D Converters[J].Russian Microelectronics,2007,5(36):390-400.
[31] Burr-Brown.ADS7844 datasheet[EB/OL].http://www. 21ic.com,2008-08-21.
[32]李小波,李磊.ADS7844在低功耗数据采集系统中的应用[J].国外电子元器件,2003,(10):33-35.
[33] TI.LM4040 precision micropower shunt voltage reference[EB/OL].http://www. 21ic.com,2008-08-25.
[34] Toshiba.TLP521 datasheet[EB/OL].http://www. 21ic.com,2008-08-28.
[35] Philips.74HC245 datasheet[EB/OL].http://www. 21ic.com,2008-08-28.
[36] NAIS.PA1A-24V datasheet[EB/OL].http://www. 21ic.com,2008-08-28.
[37]段仁君.单片机开关量输出接口技术[J].矿业研究与开发,1997,17(2):51-53.
[38] MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC . 74LS273 datasheet[EB/OL] . http://www.21ic.com ,2008-08-28.
[39] STMicroelectronics.UL2803 datasheet[EB/OL].http://www. 21ic.com,2008-08-28.
[40] IEEE802.3,以太网标准[S].美国:IEEE 802局域网/城域网委员会,1982.
[41]金艳.GPRS/GSM在安全监控及数据采集中的应用[D].浙江:浙江大学,2006.
[42] Brahim Ghribi,Luigi Logrippo.Understanding GPRS:the GSM packet radio service[J].Computer Networks,2001,34(5):763-779.
[43] Version 01.02,Siemens Cellular Engine MC39i Hardware Interface Description [S].Germany:Siemens AG,2003.
[44]宏电技术开发有限公司.H7708D GPRS DTU使用说明书[Z].深圳:宏电技术开发有限公司,2008.
[45] International Power Sources Inc.IB0505 datasheet[EB/OL].http://www. 21ic.com,2008-11-03.
[46] MAXIM.MAX485 datasheet[EB/OL].http://www. 21ic.com,2008-11-03.
[47] SIPEX.SP232 datasheet[EB/OL].http://www. 21ic.com,2008-11-03.
[48]宇联电子科技有限公司.实用液晶屏产品及相关技术[EB/OL].http://www.whyulian. com/ts2006831140316.htm,2006-08-31.
[49]群创光电股份有限公司.AT070TN07技术手册[Z].台湾:群创光电股份有限公司,2007.
[50] Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation.SI4435DY datasheet[EB/OL].http://www.21ic. com,2008-12-11.
[51]邢丽娟,杨世忠.触摸屏的性能及应用[EB/OL].http://www.laogu.com/wz_5037.htm,2006-07-21.
[52]龚雪容,马鸣锦,蒋烈辉等.嵌入式系统中的触摸屏及其控制[EB/OL].http://www. laogu.com/wz_29754.htm,2006-03-07.
[53]方显科技有限公司.单片机专用触摸屏控制器FX-TK04RV2.0MCU应用手册[Z].深圳:方显科技有限公司,2008.
[54]王洪源,刘宏安,金莉莉.CF卡的IDE总线适配器设计[J].现代电子技术,2005,28(6):42-45.
[55]潘向峰,岳春生.Xscale PXA255处理器与CF卡的接口设计[J].电子工程,2006,42(6) :15-17.
[56] Version 2.0,CF+ and CF Specification Revision [S].USA:CompactFlash Association,2003.
[57] Silicon Storage Technology Inc.C SST FlashFlex51 MCU Control of CompactFlash Card in TrueIDE Mode[EB/OL].http://www.sst.com,2003-06-13.
[58]王军政.Turbo C实用高级编程技巧[M].上海:上海科学普及出版社,1993:2-3.
[59] Ray Duncan.DOS磁盘操作系统高级程序员指南[M].贺志强,李昌.上海:上海科学普及出版社,1991:34-39.
[60]裘宗燕.从问题到程序――程序设计与C语言引论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1991:52-67.
[61] Erick Engelke.WATTCP Network ProgrammingLibrary[EB/OL].http://www.ertos.com,2004-04-13.
[2]吴晓青.大力推进污染源自动监控工作全面提高环境执法效能[J].环境保护,2006,(2):8-13.
[3]泰华,曲茉莉.重点污染源在线自动监测控制系统的建设是一项重要工程[J].黑龙江环境通报,2005,29(2):38-39.
[4]金勤献,陆晨,傅宁等.城市级环境信息系统的总体方案研究与开发[J].环境科学学报,2002,22(1):56-58.
[5]蔡楠.基于LonWorks的多参数智能环境监测仪[D].广东:广东工业大学,2001.
[6]国家环境保护总局.污染源在线自动监控数据采集传输仪技术要求编制说明[Z].北京:国家环境保护总局,2008.
[7] HJ/T352-2007,环境污染源自动监控信息传输、交换技术规范[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2007.
[8] HJ/T378-2007,污染治理设施运行记录仪技术要求及检测方法[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2007.
[9]滕云田,张炼,王彦等.PC104嵌入式模块技术研究及地学观测仪器设计中的应用[J].地震学报,2002,24(4):421-427.
[10]邵贝贝.单片机技术的发展与单片机应用的广泛选择[J].电子技术应用,1999,25(3):4-6.
[11]徐爱卿,孙涵芳.MCS51系列单片机原理及应用[M].北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,1998:10-11.
[12]刘荣.DSP技术的现状及发展[J].电子技术应用,1999,25(4):7-10.
[13]陈再秀.PC104嵌入式系统综述[J].自贡师范高等专科学校学报,2002,17(3):11-13.
[14]包乃兰.基于嵌入式PC104的矿山监测系统设计与开发[D].河北:河北工业大学,2004.
[15]盛博科技嵌入式计算机有限公司.SBS应用注记APPN-001[Z].深圳:盛博科技嵌入式计算机有限公司,1996.
[16]盛博科技嵌入式计算机有限公司.SBS应用注记APPN-002[Z].深圳:盛博科技嵌入式计算机有限公司,1996.
[17] Edward Solari.ISA & EISA Theory and Operation[M].San Diego,Annabooks,1992:156-170.
[18] Don Anderson,Tom Shanley.ISA System Architecture[M].New Jersey,Addison- Wesley Professional,1995:92-96.
[19]深蓝宇科技有限公司.常见问题解答[Z].深圳:深蓝宇科技有限公司,2004.
[20]深蓝宇科技有限公司.SOM-2496用户手册[Z].深圳:深蓝宇科技有限公司,2007.
[21]魏智.合理选择DC_DC转换器[J].单片机与嵌入式系统应用,2002,(4):9-11.
[22] Motorola Inc.34063A datasheet[EB/OL].http://www. 21ic.com,2008-05-07.
[23]迈讯科技有限科技公司.MC34063A设计工具[EB/OL].http://tjham.vicp.net/radio/ 34063/34063.asp,2005-07-21.
[24]王明顺.基于LM2576的高可靠MCU电源设计[J].国外电子元器件,2004,(11) :12-14.
[25] National Semiconductor Corporation . LM2576 Series SIMPLE SWITCHER 3A STEP-DOWN Voltage Regulator[EB/OL].http://www. 21ic.com,2008-07-11.
[26]张旭辉.GAL22V10在接口电路中的应用[J].工业仪表与自动化装置,2002,21(2):49-51.
[27]阎石.数字电子技术基础[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1998:417-418.
[28] Lattice.GAL16V8 datasheet[EB/OL].http://www. 21ic.com,2008-07-13.
[29]刘栋良,崔丽丽.用Protel99实现逻辑电路设计[J].单片机与嵌入式系统应用,2001,(9):15-17.
[30] A.S.Gumenyuk.Sample-and-Hold Circuits for High-speed A/D Converters[J].Russian Microelectronics,2007,5(36):390-400.
[31] Burr-Brown.ADS7844 datasheet[EB/OL].http://www. 21ic.com,2008-08-21.
[32]李小波,李磊.ADS7844在低功耗数据采集系统中的应用[J].国外电子元器件,2003,(10):33-35.
[33] TI.LM4040 precision micropower shunt voltage reference[EB/OL].http://www. 21ic.com,2008-08-25.
[34] Toshiba.TLP521 datasheet[EB/OL].http://www. 21ic.com,2008-08-28.
[35] Philips.74HC245 datasheet[EB/OL].http://www. 21ic.com,2008-08-28.
[36] NAIS.PA1A-24V datasheet[EB/OL].http://www. 21ic.com,2008-08-28.
[37]段仁君.单片机开关量输出接口技术[J].矿业研究与开发,1997,17(2):51-53.
[38] MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC . 74LS273 datasheet[EB/OL] . http://www.21ic.com ,2008-08-28.
[39] STMicroelectronics.UL2803 datasheet[EB/OL].http://www. 21ic.com,2008-08-28.
[40] IEEE802.3,以太网标准[S].美国:IEEE 802局域网/城域网委员会,1982.
[41]金艳.GPRS/GSM在安全监控及数据采集中的应用[D].浙江:浙江大学,2006.
[42] Brahim Ghribi,Luigi Logrippo.Understanding GPRS:the GSM packet radio service[J].Computer Networks,2001,34(5):763-779.
[43] Version 01.02,Siemens Cellular Engine MC39i Hardware Interface Description [S].Germany:Siemens AG,2003.
[44]宏电技术开发有限公司.H7708D GPRS DTU使用说明书[Z].深圳:宏电技术开发有限公司,2008.
[45] International Power Sources Inc.IB0505 datasheet[EB/OL].http://www. 21ic.com,2008-11-03.
[46] MAXIM.MAX485 datasheet[EB/OL].http://www. 21ic.com,2008-11-03.
[47] SIPEX.SP232 datasheet[EB/OL].http://www. 21ic.com,2008-11-03.
[48]宇联电子科技有限公司.实用液晶屏产品及相关技术[EB/OL].http://www.whyulian. com/ts2006831140316.htm,2006-08-31.
[49]群创光电股份有限公司.AT070TN07技术手册[Z].台湾:群创光电股份有限公司,2007.
[50] Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation.SI4435DY datasheet[EB/OL].http://www.21ic. com,2008-12-11.
[51]邢丽娟,杨世忠.触摸屏的性能及应用[EB/OL].http://www.laogu.com/wz_5037.htm,2006-07-21.
[52]龚雪容,马鸣锦,蒋烈辉等.嵌入式系统中的触摸屏及其控制[EB/OL].http://www. laogu.com/wz_29754.htm,2006-03-07.
[53]方显科技有限公司.单片机专用触摸屏控制器FX-TK04RV2.0MCU应用手册[Z].深圳:方显科技有限公司,2008.
[54]王洪源,刘宏安,金莉莉.CF卡的IDE总线适配器设计[J].现代电子技术,2005,28(6):42-45.
[55]潘向峰,岳春生.Xscale PXA255处理器与CF卡的接口设计[J].电子工程,2006,42(6) :15-17.
[56] Version 2.0,CF+ and CF Specification Revision [S].USA:CompactFlash Association,2003.
[57] Silicon Storage Technology Inc.C SST FlashFlex51 MCU Control of CompactFlash Card in TrueIDE Mode[EB/OL].http://www.sst.com,2003-06-13.
[58]王军政.Turbo C实用高级编程技巧[M].上海:上海科学普及出版社,1993:2-3.
[59] Ray Duncan.DOS磁盘操作系统高级程序员指南[M].贺志强,李昌.上海:上海科学普及出版社,1991:34-39.
[60]裘宗燕.从问题到程序――程序设计与C语言引论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1991:52-67.
[61] Erick Engelke.WATTCP Network ProgrammingLibrary[EB/OL].http://www.ertos.com,2004-04-13.