RFID防碰撞技术研究
|
摘要
射频识别(RFID)技术是公认的十大重要技术之一,具有快速、实时、准确采集与处理信息的特点,在生产、零售、物流等各个行业有着应用广泛。近年来,随着RFID技术在无线短距离通信中的迅速发展,将RFID技术与短距离无线通信中的其他技术相结合己成为一个新的研究热点。
针对现有无源RFID系统中标签防碰撞算法存在的不足,本文从概率性和确定性两个方面对防碰撞类算法进行了研究。主要工作如下:
1、介绍了无源UWB-RFID系统,对UWB-RFID系统的基本概念、发展前景、工作原理、相关理论、关键技术进行简单介绍,并对系统的关键技术之一——标签防碰撞算法进行了重点讨论。介绍了RFID技术中现有两类标签防碰撞算法,即概率性防碰撞算法和查询树的确定性防碰撞算法,并对现有若干算法的性能以及特点进行了分析与总结。
2、在概率性防碰撞算法(帧时隙ALOHA)基础上,提出了基于UWB多路检测的防碰撞算——AURAC算法。该算法结合多路检测技术与时隙的动态分配方式,降低碰撞率。实验表明AURAC算法系统的识别效率可达70%以上,较之现有的概率性防碰撞算法有更高的识别效率。
3、针对查询树防碰撞算法在大量标签识别中效率偏低的问题,本文提出了一种改进的查询树防碰撞算法。该算法对ID信息进行拆分,用并行查询的方式增强系统抗碰撞能力,实验表明所提出的算法较之现有的查询树防碰撞算法识别速率可提高一倍,能更好地优化系统性能。
本文对无源RFID系统中两类标签防碰撞算法进行了有效的探索与尝试,提出了解决海量标签识别问题新的方法,理论分析与实验结果表明本文算法能够较为有效地解决相应问题,是对现有标签防碰撞算法的有益改进和补充,。对于推进RFID技术的理论研究和实用化具有一定的理论价值与应用价值。
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology as a rapid, real-time, accurate information gathering and processing of high-tech and information on the basis of standardization has been recognized as one of the top ten key technologies in production, retail, logistics and transport, this wide range of applications in various industries prospects. As RFID technology continues to evolve, and the combination of short-distance wireless communication has become a research hotspot.
In this paper, the existing passive RFID anti-collision algorithms have some weaknesses, Both probabilitistic ALOHA and deteministic anti-collision algorithm are studied for improving the anti-collision algorithm as follows:
1 .This thesis describes a passive UWB-RFID system and introduce the structure of system and the critical module in design. firstly, the basic concepts of RFID development prospects, principle, related theories, key technologies are simply introduced. And then one of the key technologies - which focus on the anti-collision algorithm is introduced. we intergrate several existing anti-collision algorithms, the algorithm's performance and characteristics are summarized.
2.Based on probabilitisticALOHA anti-collision algorithm,we put out new anti-collision algorithms called AUARC using UWB multiple detection. The algorithm combines multiple detection technologies and the dynamic allocation of slots to reduce the collision rate. Experimental results show that the system identification algorithm AURAC efficiency of 0.7 or above, compared with the existing probabilistic anti-collision algorithm has higher recognition efficiency.
3. Anti-collision algorithms based on query tree algorithm have low efficiency when large num of tags apprear.This paper presents an improved anti-collision algorithm for the query tree. The algorithm of the ID information is split, with parallel query a way to enhance system survivability, experiments show that the proposed algorithm compared with the existing query tree anti-collision algorithm double the identifying rate, optimize the system performance well.
In this paper,we investigate two types of passive RFID tag anti-collision system, and try to put forward an effective algorithm to solve the problem of tag identification, theoretical analysis and experimental results show that new algorithm can more effectively solve the corresponding problem. It has a certain theoretical value and application value RFID technology for advancing the theoretical study and practical application.
针对现有无源RFID系统中标签防碰撞算法存在的不足,本文从概率性和确定性两个方面对防碰撞类算法进行了研究。主要工作如下:
1、介绍了无源UWB-RFID系统,对UWB-RFID系统的基本概念、发展前景、工作原理、相关理论、关键技术进行简单介绍,并对系统的关键技术之一——标签防碰撞算法进行了重点讨论。介绍了RFID技术中现有两类标签防碰撞算法,即概率性防碰撞算法和查询树的确定性防碰撞算法,并对现有若干算法的性能以及特点进行了分析与总结。
2、在概率性防碰撞算法(帧时隙ALOHA)基础上,提出了基于UWB多路检测的防碰撞算——AURAC算法。该算法结合多路检测技术与时隙的动态分配方式,降低碰撞率。实验表明AURAC算法系统的识别效率可达70%以上,较之现有的概率性防碰撞算法有更高的识别效率。
3、针对查询树防碰撞算法在大量标签识别中效率偏低的问题,本文提出了一种改进的查询树防碰撞算法。该算法对ID信息进行拆分,用并行查询的方式增强系统抗碰撞能力,实验表明所提出的算法较之现有的查询树防碰撞算法识别速率可提高一倍,能更好地优化系统性能。
本文对无源RFID系统中两类标签防碰撞算法进行了有效的探索与尝试,提出了解决海量标签识别问题新的方法,理论分析与实验结果表明本文算法能够较为有效地解决相应问题,是对现有标签防碰撞算法的有益改进和补充,。对于推进RFID技术的理论研究和实用化具有一定的理论价值与应用价值。
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology as a rapid, real-time, accurate information gathering and processing of high-tech and information on the basis of standardization has been recognized as one of the top ten key technologies in production, retail, logistics and transport, this wide range of applications in various industries prospects. As RFID technology continues to evolve, and the combination of short-distance wireless communication has become a research hotspot.
In this paper, the existing passive RFID anti-collision algorithms have some weaknesses, Both probabilitistic ALOHA and deteministic anti-collision algorithm are studied for improving the anti-collision algorithm as follows:
1 .This thesis describes a passive UWB-RFID system and introduce the structure of system and the critical module in design. firstly, the basic concepts of RFID development prospects, principle, related theories, key technologies are simply introduced. And then one of the key technologies - which focus on the anti-collision algorithm is introduced. we intergrate several existing anti-collision algorithms, the algorithm's performance and characteristics are summarized.
2.Based on probabilitisticALOHA anti-collision algorithm,we put out new anti-collision algorithms called AUARC using UWB multiple detection. The algorithm combines multiple detection technologies and the dynamic allocation of slots to reduce the collision rate. Experimental results show that the system identification algorithm AURAC efficiency of 0.7 or above, compared with the existing probabilistic anti-collision algorithm has higher recognition efficiency.
3. Anti-collision algorithms based on query tree algorithm have low efficiency when large num of tags apprear.This paper presents an improved anti-collision algorithm for the query tree. The algorithm of the ID information is split, with parallel query a way to enhance system survivability, experiments show that the proposed algorithm compared with the existing query tree anti-collision algorithm double the identifying rate, optimize the system performance well.
In this paper,we investigate two types of passive RFID tag anti-collision system, and try to put forward an effective algorithm to solve the problem of tag identification, theoretical analysis and experimental results show that new algorithm can more effectively solve the corresponding problem. It has a certain theoretical value and application value RFID technology for advancing the theoretical study and practical application.
引文
[1]郭辉萍,刘学观.电磁场与电磁波.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2003:77-78,180-183
[2]POBANZ C.A microwave non-contact identification responder using sub-harmonic interrogation[J].IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.1995,43(7):1673-1679.
[3]游战清,李苏剑,张益强,刘克胜,郑利强,徐虎.无线射频识别技术(RFID)理论与应用,2005:168-255.
[4]李锦涛,郭俊波,罗海勇,曹岗,冯波,陈益强.射频识别(RFID)技术及其应用,2006:326-364.
[5]射频识别技术及其发展现状.作者:沈宇超.电子技术应用,1999:125-214.
[6]王卓人,邓晋钧,刘宗祥.IC卡的技术与应用.北京:电子工业出版社,1999:197-205.
[7]沈宇超沈树群.射频识别技术及其发展现状[J]1.电子技术应用1999(1):146-155
[8]S.K.Padhi,N.C.Karmakar,C.L Law.Dual polarized reader antenna array for RFIDapplication.Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium,IEEE 2003.
[9]谭民,刘禹,曾隽芳.RFID技术系统工程及应用指南[C].机械工业出版社,2007:1-28、32-62、101-108
[10]Ⅰ.Oppermann,M.Hamalainen and J.Iinatti.UWB Theory andApplications.John Wiley & Sons Inc.,2004
[11]A mixed-signal demodulator for a low-complexity IR-UWB receiver:Methodology,simulation and design.
[12]X.Duo,T.Torikka,Z.li-Rong,M.Ismail,H.Tenhumen,and.Tjukanoff,"A DC-13GHz LNA for UWB RFID applications",in IEEE Norchin Conference,2004,pp.241-244.
[13]S.Meigen,T.Koivisto,T.Peltonen,Z.Li-Rong,E.Tjukano and H.Tenhunen,"UWB Radio Design for Intelligent Systems-From Specification to Implementation,"in IEEE Conference on High Density Microsystem Design and Packaging and Component FailureAnadysis,2005,pp.1-7.
[14]S.Rodriguez Duenas,D.Xinzhong,S.Yamac,M.Non-Coherent Receiver for RFID Applications,"and Z.Li-Rong,"CMOS UWB IR in IEEE North-East op on Circuits,2006(8):213-216
[15]Z.Zou,M.Baghaei-Nejad,H.Tenhunen,L.-R.Zheng.Baseband Design for Passive Semi-UWB Wireless Sensor and Identification Systems.To be appeared in IEEE International SoC Conference SoCC'07.Sept.2007.
[16]http://www.irfid.cn/html/32/n-8632.html
[17]Finkenzeller,Klaus,RFID handbook-Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards and Identification[C],2007(2).3534-3547.
[18]沈振元,聂志泉,赵雪荷.通信系统原理.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2003(6):87-92.
[19]Young C.Yoon,Ryuji Kohno.Optimum multi-user detection in Ultra-Wideband (UWB) multiple-access communication systems,in:Proc.IEEE int.Conf.Commun.New York:2002(4):812-816
[20]Pengyuan Yu,Patrick Schaumont,Dong Ha,Secure rfid based ultra-wideband time-hopped pulse-position modulation,Workshop on RFID Security[J],2006(6):126-133.
[21]8.Y.Oren,A.Shamir,Power analysisof RFID tags.online at http://www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il/-yossio/rfid/.
[22]Z.Pingping,suppression Kunjie and Y Bar-Ness.Partial sampling MMSE interference asynchronous multicarrier CDMA system.IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.2002,19(8):1605-1613
[23]鲁放,TH-UWB系统的多用户检测[D],华中科技大学,2006:217-256
[24]VOGT H.Multiple object identification with passive RFID tags[C]//Proc of IEEE International Conference on Systems,Man and Cyber2netics.2002(8):6512-6567.
[25]J.Park,M.Chung,and T.-J.Lee,Identification of RFID tags in framed slotted ALOHA with robust estimation and binary selection[J],IEEE Commun.Lett.vol.11,2007(9):452-454.
[26]Huang Xu,Son Le.Efficient dynamic framed slotted aloha for RFID passive tags[C]Advanced Communication Technology,The 9th International Conference,2007(5):94-97.
[27]Hwang T W,Lee B G,Kim Y S,et al.Improved Anti-collision Scheme for High Speed Identification in RFID System[C]//Proc.of International Conference on Innovative Computing,Information and Control.Beijing,China:[s.n.],2006(2):2412-2420.
[28]王建伟,赵玉萍,RFID系统防碰撞协议研究-设计与优化[J],电子与信息学报,2009(11):122-134
[29]Mutti,C.Floerkemeier,C.CDMA-based RFID Systems in Dense Scenarios:Concepts and Challenges[S].2008 IEEE International Conference on RFID,2008(4):16-20
[30]梁彪,胡爱群,一种新的RFID防碰撞算法设计[J],电子与信息学报,2007.9
[31]EPC Global Organization.EPC radio-frequency identification protocols class-1generation-2 UHF RFID protocol for communications at 860MHz-960MHz Version 1.0.8.[S]EPCglobal,2004(12):88-94.
[32]Eran Fishler,H.VincentPoor,Low-Complexity Multiuser Detectors for Time-Hopping Impulse-Radio Systems[J].IEEE Transactions on signal processing,2004(8):812- 816.
[33]DongS.HaChairman,Dr.James,R.Armstrong,Dr.Thurman,E.Lockhart.Medium Access Control in Impulse-Based Ultra Wideband Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks[M]2005(5):519-532.
[34]JOE I,LEE,J.A novel anti-collision algorithm with optimal frame size for RFID system[C].Proc of 5~(th) IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering Research,Management and Applications 2007(7):424-428.
[35]VOGTH.Efficient object identification with passive RFID tags[C]proc of IEEE International Conference on Systems,Man and Cybemetics 2002(10):651-656.
[36]LEE S R,JOO SD,LEE CW.An enhanced dynamic framed slotted ALOHA algorithm for RFID tag identification[C].Proc of Mobi Quitous 2005(5):166-174.
[37]Jun-BongEom,Tae-JinLee,Member,Ronald Rietman,An Efficient Framed-Slotted ALOHA Algorithm with Pilot Frame and Binary Selection for Anti-Collision of RFID Tags[J],IEEE Commun.Lett.VOL.,2008(5):111-116.
[38]F.Zhou,C.Chen,D.Jin,C.Huang and H.Min,Evaluating and optimizingpower consumption of anti-collision protocols for applications in RFID systems,in Proc.ISLPED'04,Newport Beach,California,USA.2004(3):357-362.
[39]J.Myung,W.Lee and J.Srivastava,"Adaptive binarysplitting for efficient RFID tag anti-collision,IEEECommunication Letter,2006(10):144-146.
[40]P.Mathys and P.Flajolet,Q-ary collision resolution algorithms in random-access systems with free or blocked channel access,in IEEE Trans.Inform.Theory,2000(31):217-243.
[41]L'aszl'o G(y|¨)orfi and S'andor G(y|¨)ori,Analysis of tree algorithm for collisionresolution,2005 International Conference on Analysis of Algorithms DMTCS proc.2005(2):357-364
[42]K.Finkenzeller,RFID Handbook:Radio Frequency Identification Fundamentals and applications,John Wiley and Sons Ltd,second edition,2003(7):154-159.
[43]Ching Law,Kayi Lee,and Kai-Yeung Sju,Efficient Memoryless Protocol for Tag identification,Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Discrete Algorithms and Methods for Mobile Computing and Communication,2000(11):75-84.
[44]Harald Vogt,Efficient Object Identification with Passive RFID Tags,Proceedings of nternational Conference on Pervasive Computing,Zurich,2002(8):351-355.
[45]D.K.Klair,K.-W.Chin and R.Raad,An investigation into the energy efficiency of pure and slotted aloha based RFID anti-collision protocols,in proceedings of the IEEE WoWMoM'07,June 18-21,Helsinki,Finland,2007.
[46]B.Zhen,M.Kobayashi and M.Shimizui,Framed aloha for multiple RFID objects Identification,IEICE Trans.on Comm,2005(3):991-999.
[47]M.Jaoccurt,A.Ehrsam,U.Gehrig,Contactless Identification Device With Anticollision algorithm,IEEE Computer Society CSCC99,Conference on Circuits,Systems,Computers and Communications,1999(2):4-8.
[48]Kong Wa Chiang,Cunqing Hua,and Tak-Shing Peter Yum,Prefix- Randomized query-Tree Protocol for RFID Systems,2006 IEEE International Conference on communications.2006(1):1653 - 1657.
[49]Songsen Yu,Yiju Zhan,Zhiping Wang,and Zhongping Tang,Anticollision Algorithm Based on Jumping and Dynamic Searching and Its Analysis,Computer Engineering,2005(3):19-20.
[50]余松森,詹宜巨,王志平,等.跳跃式动态树形反碰撞算法及其分析[J].计算机工程,2005(9):19-22.
[51]R.J.Fontana,Recent system applications of short-pulse ultra-wideband(UWB)technology,IEEE Trans.Microwave Theory Tech.,2004(8):2087-2104.
[52]C.L.Law,SERC research grant no.052-121-0086 project proposal,Singapore,May 2006.
[53]S.Hu,C.L.Law,and W.Dou,Measurements of UWB antennas backscattering characteristics for RFID systems,d,.IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband ICUWB,2007(9):94-99
[54]Young C.Yoon,Ryuji Kohno.Optimum multi-user detection in Ultra-Wideband(UWB)multiple-access communication systems. in:Proc. IEEE int.Conf.Commun,2002(7):812-816
[55] Ali Muqaibel,Brian Woerner,Sedki Riad.Application of multi-user detection techniques to impulse radio time hopping multiple access systems.in:IEEE Conference on Ultra Wideband Systems and Technologies:2002(3).169-174
[2]POBANZ C.A microwave non-contact identification responder using sub-harmonic interrogation[J].IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.1995,43(7):1673-1679.
[3]游战清,李苏剑,张益强,刘克胜,郑利强,徐虎.无线射频识别技术(RFID)理论与应用,2005:168-255.
[4]李锦涛,郭俊波,罗海勇,曹岗,冯波,陈益强.射频识别(RFID)技术及其应用,2006:326-364.
[5]射频识别技术及其发展现状.作者:沈宇超.电子技术应用,1999:125-214.
[6]王卓人,邓晋钧,刘宗祥.IC卡的技术与应用.北京:电子工业出版社,1999:197-205.
[7]沈宇超沈树群.射频识别技术及其发展现状[J]1.电子技术应用1999(1):146-155
[8]S.K.Padhi,N.C.Karmakar,C.L Law.Dual polarized reader antenna array for RFIDapplication.Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium,IEEE 2003.
[9]谭民,刘禹,曾隽芳.RFID技术系统工程及应用指南[C].机械工业出版社,2007:1-28、32-62、101-108
[10]Ⅰ.Oppermann,M.Hamalainen and J.Iinatti.UWB Theory andApplications.John Wiley & Sons Inc.,2004
[11]A mixed-signal demodulator for a low-complexity IR-UWB receiver:Methodology,simulation and design.
[12]X.Duo,T.Torikka,Z.li-Rong,M.Ismail,H.Tenhumen,and.Tjukanoff,"A DC-13GHz LNA for UWB RFID applications",in IEEE Norchin Conference,2004,pp.241-244.
[13]S.Meigen,T.Koivisto,T.Peltonen,Z.Li-Rong,E.Tjukano and H.Tenhunen,"UWB Radio Design for Intelligent Systems-From Specification to Implementation,"in IEEE Conference on High Density Microsystem Design and Packaging and Component FailureAnadysis,2005,pp.1-7.
[14]S.Rodriguez Duenas,D.Xinzhong,S.Yamac,M.Non-Coherent Receiver for RFID Applications,"and Z.Li-Rong,"CMOS UWB IR in IEEE North-East op on Circuits,2006(8):213-216
[15]Z.Zou,M.Baghaei-Nejad,H.Tenhunen,L.-R.Zheng.Baseband Design for Passive Semi-UWB Wireless Sensor and Identification Systems.To be appeared in IEEE International SoC Conference SoCC'07.Sept.2007.
[16]http://www.irfid.cn/html/32/n-8632.html
[17]Finkenzeller,Klaus,RFID handbook-Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards and Identification[C],2007(2).3534-3547.
[18]沈振元,聂志泉,赵雪荷.通信系统原理.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2003(6):87-92.
[19]Young C.Yoon,Ryuji Kohno.Optimum multi-user detection in Ultra-Wideband (UWB) multiple-access communication systems,in:Proc.IEEE int.Conf.Commun.New York:2002(4):812-816
[20]Pengyuan Yu,Patrick Schaumont,Dong Ha,Secure rfid based ultra-wideband time-hopped pulse-position modulation,Workshop on RFID Security[J],2006(6):126-133.
[21]8.Y.Oren,A.Shamir,Power analysisof RFID tags.online at http://www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il/-yossio/rfid/.
[22]Z.Pingping,suppression Kunjie and Y Bar-Ness.Partial sampling MMSE interference asynchronous multicarrier CDMA system.IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.2002,19(8):1605-1613
[23]鲁放,TH-UWB系统的多用户检测[D],华中科技大学,2006:217-256
[24]VOGT H.Multiple object identification with passive RFID tags[C]//Proc of IEEE International Conference on Systems,Man and Cyber2netics.2002(8):6512-6567.
[25]J.Park,M.Chung,and T.-J.Lee,Identification of RFID tags in framed slotted ALOHA with robust estimation and binary selection[J],IEEE Commun.Lett.vol.11,2007(9):452-454.
[26]Huang Xu,Son Le.Efficient dynamic framed slotted aloha for RFID passive tags[C]Advanced Communication Technology,The 9th International Conference,2007(5):94-97.
[27]Hwang T W,Lee B G,Kim Y S,et al.Improved Anti-collision Scheme for High Speed Identification in RFID System[C]//Proc.of International Conference on Innovative Computing,Information and Control.Beijing,China:[s.n.],2006(2):2412-2420.
[28]王建伟,赵玉萍,RFID系统防碰撞协议研究-设计与优化[J],电子与信息学报,2009(11):122-134
[29]Mutti,C.Floerkemeier,C.CDMA-based RFID Systems in Dense Scenarios:Concepts and Challenges[S].2008 IEEE International Conference on RFID,2008(4):16-20
[30]梁彪,胡爱群,一种新的RFID防碰撞算法设计[J],电子与信息学报,2007.9
[31]EPC Global Organization.EPC radio-frequency identification protocols class-1generation-2 UHF RFID protocol for communications at 860MHz-960MHz Version 1.0.8.[S]EPCglobal,2004(12):88-94.
[32]Eran Fishler,H.VincentPoor,Low-Complexity Multiuser Detectors for Time-Hopping Impulse-Radio Systems[J].IEEE Transactions on signal processing,2004(8):812- 816.
[33]DongS.HaChairman,Dr.James,R.Armstrong,Dr.Thurman,E.Lockhart.Medium Access Control in Impulse-Based Ultra Wideband Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks[M]2005(5):519-532.
[34]JOE I,LEE,J.A novel anti-collision algorithm with optimal frame size for RFID system[C].Proc of 5~(th) IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering Research,Management and Applications 2007(7):424-428.
[35]VOGTH.Efficient object identification with passive RFID tags[C]proc of IEEE International Conference on Systems,Man and Cybemetics 2002(10):651-656.
[36]LEE S R,JOO SD,LEE CW.An enhanced dynamic framed slotted ALOHA algorithm for RFID tag identification[C].Proc of Mobi Quitous 2005(5):166-174.
[37]Jun-BongEom,Tae-JinLee,Member,Ronald Rietman,An Efficient Framed-Slotted ALOHA Algorithm with Pilot Frame and Binary Selection for Anti-Collision of RFID Tags[J],IEEE Commun.Lett.VOL.,2008(5):111-116.
[38]F.Zhou,C.Chen,D.Jin,C.Huang and H.Min,Evaluating and optimizingpower consumption of anti-collision protocols for applications in RFID systems,in Proc.ISLPED'04,Newport Beach,California,USA.2004(3):357-362.
[39]J.Myung,W.Lee and J.Srivastava,"Adaptive binarysplitting for efficient RFID tag anti-collision,IEEECommunication Letter,2006(10):144-146.
[40]P.Mathys and P.Flajolet,Q-ary collision resolution algorithms in random-access systems with free or blocked channel access,in IEEE Trans.Inform.Theory,2000(31):217-243.
[41]L'aszl'o G(y|¨)orfi and S'andor G(y|¨)ori,Analysis of tree algorithm for collisionresolution,2005 International Conference on Analysis of Algorithms DMTCS proc.2005(2):357-364
[42]K.Finkenzeller,RFID Handbook:Radio Frequency Identification Fundamentals and applications,John Wiley and Sons Ltd,second edition,2003(7):154-159.
[43]Ching Law,Kayi Lee,and Kai-Yeung Sju,Efficient Memoryless Protocol for Tag identification,Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Discrete Algorithms and Methods for Mobile Computing and Communication,2000(11):75-84.
[44]Harald Vogt,Efficient Object Identification with Passive RFID Tags,Proceedings of nternational Conference on Pervasive Computing,Zurich,2002(8):351-355.
[45]D.K.Klair,K.-W.Chin and R.Raad,An investigation into the energy efficiency of pure and slotted aloha based RFID anti-collision protocols,in proceedings of the IEEE WoWMoM'07,June 18-21,Helsinki,Finland,2007.
[46]B.Zhen,M.Kobayashi and M.Shimizui,Framed aloha for multiple RFID objects Identification,IEICE Trans.on Comm,2005(3):991-999.
[47]M.Jaoccurt,A.Ehrsam,U.Gehrig,Contactless Identification Device With Anticollision algorithm,IEEE Computer Society CSCC99,Conference on Circuits,Systems,Computers and Communications,1999(2):4-8.
[48]Kong Wa Chiang,Cunqing Hua,and Tak-Shing Peter Yum,Prefix- Randomized query-Tree Protocol for RFID Systems,2006 IEEE International Conference on communications.2006(1):1653 - 1657.
[49]Songsen Yu,Yiju Zhan,Zhiping Wang,and Zhongping Tang,Anticollision Algorithm Based on Jumping and Dynamic Searching and Its Analysis,Computer Engineering,2005(3):19-20.
[50]余松森,詹宜巨,王志平,等.跳跃式动态树形反碰撞算法及其分析[J].计算机工程,2005(9):19-22.
[51]R.J.Fontana,Recent system applications of short-pulse ultra-wideband(UWB)technology,IEEE Trans.Microwave Theory Tech.,2004(8):2087-2104.
[52]C.L.Law,SERC research grant no.052-121-0086 project proposal,Singapore,May 2006.
[53]S.Hu,C.L.Law,and W.Dou,Measurements of UWB antennas backscattering characteristics for RFID systems,d,.IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband ICUWB,2007(9):94-99
[54]Young C.Yoon,Ryuji Kohno.Optimum multi-user detection in Ultra-Wideband(UWB)multiple-access communication systems. in:Proc. IEEE int.Conf.Commun,2002(7):812-816
[55] Ali Muqaibel,Brian Woerner,Sedki Riad.Application of multi-user detection techniques to impulse radio time hopping multiple access systems.in:IEEE Conference on Ultra Wideband Systems and Technologies:2002(3).169-174