棉花氮素响应特性及氮肥高效利用机理研究
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摘要
“减投不减产”或“增产不增投”,提高物质、劳动、空间(农田)、时间(季节)“四位一体”利用效率,减轻环境负担,是我国农业高效、持续发展的必然要求。针对当前棉花生产中存在的氮(N)肥利用效率低下、生产成本上升而植棉效益下降、包括水体富营养化的农业面源污染加重等突出问题,本文重点探讨了长江流域棉区的湖北棉区N肥的合理施用量、N肥后移、以及减少肥料施用频率的可行性,旨在为探索提高N肥利用效率、降低棉花生产成本的新途径提供理论依据。以华杂棉H318为材料,于2008-2009年开展了4项研究：1.在不同土壤肥力(武汉、荆州)大田种植条件下,探讨施N量(0kg/ha-600kg/ha,5个处理)对棉花产量(生物学产量和经济产量,下同)、生理生化特性的影响；2.应用15N示踪技术,重点探讨盆栽棉花对不同时期(移栽前、初花期、盛花期)施入肥料N(施N量为0kg/ha-600kg/ha,5个处理)的吸收利用特点；3.油后直播并固定施N量(225kg/ha)和初花肥(FBA)40%的条件下,探讨底肥(PPA)与盛花肥(PBA)施N比例对大田种植高密度棉花产量的影响,对盆栽棉花吸收利用肥料N(15N标记)的影响；4.油后直播并施用750kg/ha复合肥(16：16：16)条件下,探讨施肥频率(1次FBA、2次PPA+FBA、3次PPA+FBA+PBA)对大田种植高密度棉花产量的影响。主要结果如下：
1.施N量相同时,分次施用比例和施用频率对棉花生育期无影响,但随N肥后移(PPA中施N比例减少)苗期缩短、花铃期延长；一次施肥苗期较短,花铃期较长。盆栽棉花生育期比大田缩短15-20d。
2.棉花经济产量和生物产量最高的施N量,肥力中等田块为中N(300kg/ha),肥力较低田块为富N(600kg/ha)。油后直播高密度时,适当减少施N量可以获得相当的棉花产量(1200kg/ha以上)。施N量相同时,棉花经济产量和生物产量均随PPA中施N比例减少而增加；经济产量与根系、叶片生物质量负相关,与其余器官生物质量盛花期及以前负相关,盛花期后正相关。施肥量相同时,一次施肥和常规三次施肥(生物、经济)产量相当,但显著高于两次施肥。处理间经济产量差异源于总成铃数,生物产量差异源于快速累积期(FAP)累积速度。
3.棉株生物质(CPB)累积过程遵循logistic函数,但各试验不同处理函数的系数不同,表明不同处理CPB累积具有不同的特征值(FAP进入和终止时间、持续时问、累积速度等)。CPB的FAP累积速度随施N量增加而提高,施N量相同时,随PPA中施N比例降低而增加；一次施肥与三次施肥相当,但高于两次施肥。营养器官生物质(VOB)累积进入和终止FAP均早于生殖器官,但当施N量超过中N水平时,VOB累积终止FAP的时间晚于生殖器官。
4.棉株N积累过程也遵循logistic函数,苗期缓慢,蕾期加快,开花期最快,吐絮后急剧下降。棉株对土壤N的吸收累积早于肥料N,N快速累积期(FAP)持续时间长于肥料N。棉株累积的肥料N大于土壤N,肥料N主要分配在生殖器官,但PPA的N则主要分配在营养器官。施N量相同时,开花结铃期棉株对N的吸收速度随PPA施N比例下降而增加,因而棉株积累的总N量也随PPA施N比例下降而增加。棉株进入N素FAP的时间早于生物质FAP。
5.棉花吐絮以前,功能叶叶绿素含量随生育进程而上升；随施N量增加而上升,且土壤肥力较低时处理间差异更大。棉花叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、叶柄硝态N含量均随施N量增加而增加,随生育进程先升后降,开花期最高。
6.土壤碱解N含量随棉花生育进程而降低,随施N量增加而上升,随土壤深度增加而下降。盆栽条件下,随施N量增加棉花对肥料N的吸收率上升,土壤残留率下降,损失率以中N最高；施N量相同时,随PPA中施N比例降低,肥料N吸收利用率和土壤残留率上升,损失率下降。棉株对肥料N的吸收利用率,FBA最高,PPA最低。
以上结果表明：
1.棉花生育期可塑性较大,即使常规生育期的棉花品种,可以实现晚播不减产,提高时间利用效率。因而,也可确保冬季作物正常成熟、收获,提高土地利用效率
2.晚播高密度,适当减少施N量,推迟N肥施用时间可获得棉花高产。因而可实现减肥(投)不减产,提高物质(N肥)利用效率；减少肥料流失,减轻环境负担。
3.在棉株对养分吸收高峰时期(初花期)一次性施肥可以获得相当的产量,从而可简化棉花生产管理,减轻劳动强度,提高劳动效率。
4.所以,推迟播种时间,增加棉花群体,减小棉株个体；降低施N数量,推迟施N时间,结合作物秸秆还田,可提高资源效用,减少管理工序,节约生产成本,实现以“减投不减产”、“四位一体”高效利用、减轻环境负担为特征的持续、高效农业生产。
It is the necessary requirement for agricultural sustainable and efficient development to increase output without an increase of input or to decrease input without a decrease of output, to enhance the efficiency of four items-material, human work, space (field) and time (season), and to alleviate the burden to the environment. Based on the pending issues in cotton production of low utilization rate in N (fertilizer), profit dropping accompanied with cost rising of production, and aggravating in agricultural surface pollution such as eutrophication, the paper stresses on optimizing N rate, the feasibility of N late application and minimum application frequencies in Hubei cotton production area, to provide principles for ways to increase N utilization rate and decrease production cost. By adopting Huazamian H318(Gossypium hirsutum L.), four experiments were carried out in2008-2009:1) N rate (0-600kg/ha) effect on field grown cotton features in biology (especially seed cotton yield) and physiology under different soil fertilities (sites)(Wuhan, Jingzhou);2) pot grown cotton absorption and distribution features for N (fertilizer) applied at different stages (preplant, first bloom, peak bloom) under different N rate (0-600kg/ha) by labeling15N;3) biological and N absorbing responses of direct sown cotton after rapeseed harvested to N late application (split ratio) by fixing N rate at225kg/ha and the ratio for first bloom application (FBA) at40%in field grown and pot grown (15N labeling) conditions, respectively;4) biological response of direct sown field grown cotton after rapeseed harvested to fertilization frequencies (once at FBA, twice at preplant application (PPA) and FBA50%each, thrice at PPA, FBA and peak bloom application (PBA) at30%,40%and30%, respectively) by fixing the fertilization rate at750kg/ha of compound fertilizer (16:16:16). The main results were:
1. Cotton growing period was not affected by N application split ratio or fertilization frequencies if N rate was fixed, but the seedling period was shortened and the flowering and boll setting period was extended as N application was postponed (PPA ratio was decreased), or when fertilization was carried out once. Pot grown cotton had a (15-20d) shorter growing period than field grown cotton.
2. N rate for the maximum biological and economic yield harvested was the medium rate of300kg/ha in normal soil fertility field, but the rich rate of600kg/ha in lower soil fertility field. More than1,200kg/ha of cotton lint was produced with a reduced N rate of225kg/ha and a higher density of45,000plant/ha for direct sown cotton after rapeseed was harvested. When fixing the N rate, cotton both biological and economic yield increased as PPA ratio decreased; economic yield was negatively correlated to root and leaf biomass, and correlated to the biomass of the rest organs negatively before peak bloom stage but positively after that. When fixing the fertilizer rate, fertilization once produced the same (biological and economic) yield as fertilization thrice did, but the higher yield than fertilization twice did significantly. Economic yield difference was derived from boll number per unit ground area, but biological yield difference was derived from the biomass accumulation speed during the fast accumulation period (FAP).
3. Cotton plant biomass (CPB) accumulation process could be described by a logistic function, and the coefficients varied from treatments of each treatment implied that they had different accumulation characteristics such as initiating and terminating date and duration of FAP, the speed during the FAP. The accumulation speed of CPB during FAP increased as the N rate increased, and when N rate was fixed, it was increased as PPA ratio decreased, and application once had the same speed as application thrice did but higher than application twice did significantly. Vegetative organs biomass (VOB) accumulation initiated and terminated the FAP earlier than reproductive organs biomass (ROB), but terminated the FAP later than ROB when N rate was higher than medium level.
4. Cotton plant accumulated N slowly in seedling, faster in squaring, the fastest in flowering and slowly again after boll open, which could be described by logistic function. Cotton plant accumulation for soil N initiated the fast accumulation period (FAP) earlier and lasted a longer FAP than fertilizer N. Cotton plant accumulated more fertilizer N than soil N, and fertilizer N was mainly distributed to reproductive organs, while the fertilizer N applied at PPA was to the vegetative organs. When N rate was fixed, the absorption speed during flowering and boll setting period and then the amount of N accumulated in cotton plant increased as PPA ratio decreased. Cotton plant initiated N FAP earlier than biomass FAP.
5. Up to boll open stage, chlorophyll content in cotton functional leaf increased as the plant development, and as the N rate increased, and the difference in chlorophyll content among N rates was greater in low soil fertility field than medium field. The leaf content of soluble sugar, soluble protein and petiole content of nitrate N correlated positively to N rate, and rose first and then dropped as the development with the highest in flowering.
6. Soil alkaline N content decreased steadily as plant grew, as deepening in the soil, but positively correlated to N rate. For pot grown cotton, fertilizer N utilization rate responded positively, but N soil residual responded negatively to N rate, while medium N rate had the highest N loss rate. When N rate was fixed, as PPA ratio decreased, fertilizer N utilization rate and soil residual increased but N loss rate increased. Fertilizer N applied at FBA had the highest utilization rate, but PPA had the least.
The above results suggest that:
1. Late planting could result no yield reduction even if a variety with normal growth period was adopted resulting from the flexibility in growing period. Therefore, winter crops could be harvested in a higher yield due to their possible full maturity. Land and growing season was utilized much better.
2. Conventional cotton yield could be achieved by lower N rate, later application with later planting and higher density, to meet the requirement of reduction in input without any reduction in yield, and improvement in fertilizer utilization rate and in environmental friendship production.
3. Conventional cotton yield could also be achieved by fertilization once at first bloom stage during which the plant absorbed the most nutrients and absorbed them the fastest. Therefore, some management could be got rid of and less work for cotton production could be possible.
4. Hence, later planting with a big density and a smaller individual, lower N rate with later and once application and plant residual application could result in a higher utilization rate of resources, a less labor consumption, and a lower production cost, and in the end could realize the target of sustainable and efficient development.
1.施N量相同时,分次施用比例和施用频率对棉花生育期无影响,但随N肥后移(PPA中施N比例减少)苗期缩短、花铃期延长；一次施肥苗期较短,花铃期较长。盆栽棉花生育期比大田缩短15-20d。
2.棉花经济产量和生物产量最高的施N量,肥力中等田块为中N(300kg/ha),肥力较低田块为富N(600kg/ha)。油后直播高密度时,适当减少施N量可以获得相当的棉花产量(1200kg/ha以上)。施N量相同时,棉花经济产量和生物产量均随PPA中施N比例减少而增加；经济产量与根系、叶片生物质量负相关,与其余器官生物质量盛花期及以前负相关,盛花期后正相关。施肥量相同时,一次施肥和常规三次施肥(生物、经济)产量相当,但显著高于两次施肥。处理间经济产量差异源于总成铃数,生物产量差异源于快速累积期(FAP)累积速度。
3.棉株生物质(CPB)累积过程遵循logistic函数,但各试验不同处理函数的系数不同,表明不同处理CPB累积具有不同的特征值(FAP进入和终止时间、持续时问、累积速度等)。CPB的FAP累积速度随施N量增加而提高,施N量相同时,随PPA中施N比例降低而增加；一次施肥与三次施肥相当,但高于两次施肥。营养器官生物质(VOB)累积进入和终止FAP均早于生殖器官,但当施N量超过中N水平时,VOB累积终止FAP的时间晚于生殖器官。
4.棉株N积累过程也遵循logistic函数,苗期缓慢,蕾期加快,开花期最快,吐絮后急剧下降。棉株对土壤N的吸收累积早于肥料N,N快速累积期(FAP)持续时间长于肥料N。棉株累积的肥料N大于土壤N,肥料N主要分配在生殖器官,但PPA的N则主要分配在营养器官。施N量相同时,开花结铃期棉株对N的吸收速度随PPA施N比例下降而增加,因而棉株积累的总N量也随PPA施N比例下降而增加。棉株进入N素FAP的时间早于生物质FAP。
5.棉花吐絮以前,功能叶叶绿素含量随生育进程而上升；随施N量增加而上升,且土壤肥力较低时处理间差异更大。棉花叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、叶柄硝态N含量均随施N量增加而增加,随生育进程先升后降,开花期最高。
6.土壤碱解N含量随棉花生育进程而降低,随施N量增加而上升,随土壤深度增加而下降。盆栽条件下,随施N量增加棉花对肥料N的吸收率上升,土壤残留率下降,损失率以中N最高；施N量相同时,随PPA中施N比例降低,肥料N吸收利用率和土壤残留率上升,损失率下降。棉株对肥料N的吸收利用率,FBA最高,PPA最低。
以上结果表明：
1.棉花生育期可塑性较大,即使常规生育期的棉花品种,可以实现晚播不减产,提高时间利用效率。因而,也可确保冬季作物正常成熟、收获,提高土地利用效率
2.晚播高密度,适当减少施N量,推迟N肥施用时间可获得棉花高产。因而可实现减肥(投)不减产,提高物质(N肥)利用效率；减少肥料流失,减轻环境负担。
3.在棉株对养分吸收高峰时期(初花期)一次性施肥可以获得相当的产量,从而可简化棉花生产管理,减轻劳动强度,提高劳动效率。
4.所以,推迟播种时间,增加棉花群体,减小棉株个体；降低施N数量,推迟施N时间,结合作物秸秆还田,可提高资源效用,减少管理工序,节约生产成本,实现以“减投不减产”、“四位一体”高效利用、减轻环境负担为特征的持续、高效农业生产。
It is the necessary requirement for agricultural sustainable and efficient development to increase output without an increase of input or to decrease input without a decrease of output, to enhance the efficiency of four items-material, human work, space (field) and time (season), and to alleviate the burden to the environment. Based on the pending issues in cotton production of low utilization rate in N (fertilizer), profit dropping accompanied with cost rising of production, and aggravating in agricultural surface pollution such as eutrophication, the paper stresses on optimizing N rate, the feasibility of N late application and minimum application frequencies in Hubei cotton production area, to provide principles for ways to increase N utilization rate and decrease production cost. By adopting Huazamian H318(Gossypium hirsutum L.), four experiments were carried out in2008-2009:1) N rate (0-600kg/ha) effect on field grown cotton features in biology (especially seed cotton yield) and physiology under different soil fertilities (sites)(Wuhan, Jingzhou);2) pot grown cotton absorption and distribution features for N (fertilizer) applied at different stages (preplant, first bloom, peak bloom) under different N rate (0-600kg/ha) by labeling15N;3) biological and N absorbing responses of direct sown cotton after rapeseed harvested to N late application (split ratio) by fixing N rate at225kg/ha and the ratio for first bloom application (FBA) at40%in field grown and pot grown (15N labeling) conditions, respectively;4) biological response of direct sown field grown cotton after rapeseed harvested to fertilization frequencies (once at FBA, twice at preplant application (PPA) and FBA50%each, thrice at PPA, FBA and peak bloom application (PBA) at30%,40%and30%, respectively) by fixing the fertilization rate at750kg/ha of compound fertilizer (16:16:16). The main results were:
1. Cotton growing period was not affected by N application split ratio or fertilization frequencies if N rate was fixed, but the seedling period was shortened and the flowering and boll setting period was extended as N application was postponed (PPA ratio was decreased), or when fertilization was carried out once. Pot grown cotton had a (15-20d) shorter growing period than field grown cotton.
2. N rate for the maximum biological and economic yield harvested was the medium rate of300kg/ha in normal soil fertility field, but the rich rate of600kg/ha in lower soil fertility field. More than1,200kg/ha of cotton lint was produced with a reduced N rate of225kg/ha and a higher density of45,000plant/ha for direct sown cotton after rapeseed was harvested. When fixing the N rate, cotton both biological and economic yield increased as PPA ratio decreased; economic yield was negatively correlated to root and leaf biomass, and correlated to the biomass of the rest organs negatively before peak bloom stage but positively after that. When fixing the fertilizer rate, fertilization once produced the same (biological and economic) yield as fertilization thrice did, but the higher yield than fertilization twice did significantly. Economic yield difference was derived from boll number per unit ground area, but biological yield difference was derived from the biomass accumulation speed during the fast accumulation period (FAP).
3. Cotton plant biomass (CPB) accumulation process could be described by a logistic function, and the coefficients varied from treatments of each treatment implied that they had different accumulation characteristics such as initiating and terminating date and duration of FAP, the speed during the FAP. The accumulation speed of CPB during FAP increased as the N rate increased, and when N rate was fixed, it was increased as PPA ratio decreased, and application once had the same speed as application thrice did but higher than application twice did significantly. Vegetative organs biomass (VOB) accumulation initiated and terminated the FAP earlier than reproductive organs biomass (ROB), but terminated the FAP later than ROB when N rate was higher than medium level.
4. Cotton plant accumulated N slowly in seedling, faster in squaring, the fastest in flowering and slowly again after boll open, which could be described by logistic function. Cotton plant accumulation for soil N initiated the fast accumulation period (FAP) earlier and lasted a longer FAP than fertilizer N. Cotton plant accumulated more fertilizer N than soil N, and fertilizer N was mainly distributed to reproductive organs, while the fertilizer N applied at PPA was to the vegetative organs. When N rate was fixed, the absorption speed during flowering and boll setting period and then the amount of N accumulated in cotton plant increased as PPA ratio decreased. Cotton plant initiated N FAP earlier than biomass FAP.
5. Up to boll open stage, chlorophyll content in cotton functional leaf increased as the plant development, and as the N rate increased, and the difference in chlorophyll content among N rates was greater in low soil fertility field than medium field. The leaf content of soluble sugar, soluble protein and petiole content of nitrate N correlated positively to N rate, and rose first and then dropped as the development with the highest in flowering.
6. Soil alkaline N content decreased steadily as plant grew, as deepening in the soil, but positively correlated to N rate. For pot grown cotton, fertilizer N utilization rate responded positively, but N soil residual responded negatively to N rate, while medium N rate had the highest N loss rate. When N rate was fixed, as PPA ratio decreased, fertilizer N utilization rate and soil residual increased but N loss rate increased. Fertilizer N applied at FBA had the highest utilization rate, but PPA had the least.
The above results suggest that:
1. Late planting could result no yield reduction even if a variety with normal growth period was adopted resulting from the flexibility in growing period. Therefore, winter crops could be harvested in a higher yield due to their possible full maturity. Land and growing season was utilized much better.
2. Conventional cotton yield could be achieved by lower N rate, later application with later planting and higher density, to meet the requirement of reduction in input without any reduction in yield, and improvement in fertilizer utilization rate and in environmental friendship production.
3. Conventional cotton yield could also be achieved by fertilization once at first bloom stage during which the plant absorbed the most nutrients and absorbed them the fastest. Therefore, some management could be got rid of and less work for cotton production could be possible.
4. Hence, later planting with a big density and a smaller individual, lower N rate with later and once application and plant residual application could result in a higher utilization rate of resources, a less labor consumption, and a lower production cost, and in the end could realize the target of sustainable and efficient development.
引文
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