上海市土壤养分分区管理技术研究
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摘要
本文选取长江三角洲地区上海郊区10个区县和2个农场10.67万hm2农业示范区作为研究区域,运用GIS、GPS技术和地统计学方法,通过采集了4087个土壤样品,研究了14种土壤养分的空间变异特征,进行了30个田间试验,采用ASI方法进行养分分区管理技术研究,提出了最优化的推荐施肥量,本文获得了以下结论。
1、通过对研究区域农田土壤养分14种元素(有机质、N、P、K、Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn、Ca、Mg、S、B、OA等)的空间变异特征和规律进行研究,制作了上海市农田土壤14种有效养分分布特征和变化规律图,揭示不同因子(土壤类型、母质、土地利用方式、种植制度、施肥状况、环境等因素)对养分空间变异的影响,进而确定土壤有效养分含量分级指标,将土壤养分测定值分成(低、较低、中等、较高、高)1～5个等级,养分含量低的为1级,养分含量较低的为2级,依次类推。
2、研究结果表明,上海地区土壤肥力为中等或中等偏低水平,其中大量元素氮、磷、钾(N、P、K)是主要推荐元素,微量元素锌、锰(Mn、Zn)需要适量补充,S、B中微量元素应作物需要有针对性补充,其他Ca、Mg、Cu、Fe在上海地区不需要补充。将上海郊区耕地划分为东部、中部、西部和岛屿4个区域,提出了每个区域的肥料配方。东部(N:P:K:Zn=16:4:4:0.05);中部(N:P:K:Zn=16:6:7:0.05);西部(N:P:K:Zn=16:4:5:0.05);岛屿(N:P:K:Zn=18:4:7:0.05)。
3、田间试验结果表明,基于ASI方法,提出水稻推荐施用量N、P、K、Mn、Zn肥合理,在最佳推荐施肥处理基础增加N肥30～60 kg/hm2,增产效果不显著,而减少N肥30～60 kg/ hm2,水稻产量则会显著降低,说明适宜N肥用量的重要意义。增加P肥、K肥,水稻增产效益显著;减少P肥的效益小于减少K肥的效益。微量元素Mn、Zn对水稻产量有较显著影响。推荐施肥OPT平均产量9181.3 kg/hm2,常规施肥8531.2 kg/hm2,增产650.1 kg/hm2,增产率8.0%,增收1043.6元/hm2,推荐施肥不仅提高经济效益,还提高肥料利用率,氮磷钾合理配比达到平衡施肥,推荐施肥OPT与常规施肥比较,肥料利用率分别提高为N11.71%、P9.78%、K13.16%。
4、稻田土壤养分速效含量呈现比较明显的垂直分布规律,对土壤不同层次的研究表明,耕作层(0-20cm)土壤N、P、K、S、B、Cu、Fe、Zn等养分含量高于亚耕层(20-40cm),其他养分低于亚耕层。研究结果显示,按耕层土壤养分状况及其空间变异情况进行管理和推荐施肥是可行,可不考虑亚耕层土壤养分含量的影响。
通过土壤养分分区管理技术来进行水稻推荐施肥,取得了显著的经济效益,该技术在上海郊区得到广泛推广应用。精准施肥对提高水稻产量和品质、降低肥料成本、提高肥料利用率和改善农田生态环境具有重要的意义。
Ten suburbs and two farms of Shanghai, Yangtse delta were choiced for the paper’s research, which was 106.7 thousand hm2. Based on technologies of Geography Information System (GIS), Global Position System (GPS) and Geographical Statistical Method, 4087 soil samples were collected and tested, and the spatial differentiation Character of fourteen soil nutrients were studied, and thirty field examinations were completed, optimizing fertilization amount was recommended by means of regional management of specific soil nutrients, which was adopted from Agro Services International Inc (ASI). The conclusions were as follows.
1. Based on the study of spatial differentiation character of fourteen soil nutrients in Shanghai, 14 spatial distribution maps of soil nutrients were drawed, which illustrated the influences of different factores (such as soul type, rock types, land use, farming planting system, fertilizer, environment, etc) on spatial differentiation of soil nutrients. Five grades were classified from 1 to 5 to identify the nutrients’criteria from infertile, hypo-infertile, middle, hypo-abundant to abundant. 1 grade expressed that soil nutrients were more infertile, 2 grade expressed that soil nutrients were hypo-infertile, and others were on the analogy of this.
2. Soil analysis results indicated that: soil fertility was pertained to the middling level or on the low side mostly. Optimizing fertilization amounts of N,P,K was appropriate for trace elements Mn,Zn, and the pertinence for trace elements S,B was recommended, besides Ca,Mg,Cu,Fe needn’t fertilized. Suburbs of Shanghai were compartmentalized to four parts such as the East, middle, west and the island, and fertilizer prescriptions were east(N:P:K:Zn=16:4:4:0.05), middle (N:P:K:Zn=16:6:7:0.05), west (N:P:K:Zn=16:4:5:0.05), and island (N:P:K:Zn=18:4:7:0.05) separately.
3. The results of field experimentations were as follows: propositional fertilizer applications on N,P,K were proposed based on ASI. Its N optimum applying amount is 30-60 kg/hm2, and the rice yield was increased inapparently; but the rice yield was reduced apparently with decreasing 30-60 kg N/hm2 . The benefit of rice yield will be increased apparentaly with the increasing of phosphorus and potassium, and the benefit of decreasing the mount of P was less than the benefit of decreasing the mount of K. With the increasing amount of trace elements Mn, Zn, rice yield was increased apparently. The yield of rice which was fertilized by the proposal amount of OPT (9181.3kg/hm2) was 650.1kg/hm2 higher than by the customary amount (8531.2 kg/hm2), and the increasing rate and earning were 8.0% and 1043.6 yuan/hm2 separately. The application amount of recommendation fertilizer could not only increase the economic benefit of rice but also the efficiency of fertilizer use. Compared with the customary fertilization amount, the increased using efficiency were 11.71% (Nitrogen)、9.78% (Pohosphorus) and 13.16% (Potassium) separately.
4. Rice soil nutrient amount took on vertical distributing rule obviously. Nutrients(N、P、K、S、B、Cu、Fe、Zn)amount of cultivated laye(r0-20cm)were higher than sub-cultivated layer, other nutrients (pH、OM、Ca、Mg、Mn) were lower than that of the cultivated layer. Study on soil nutrient of different soil layers indicated that recommend fertilization amount was took into account mostly by nutrient amount of cultivated layer.
It is a signality that the rice yield was increased and the fertilizer’s cost was reduced,N,P,K utilization ratio was increased and farmland entironment was improved by means of area specific soil nutrient management, which gained marked economy benefit. This technique has obtained abroad popularizing and application spread all over Shanghai suburb.
1、通过对研究区域农田土壤养分14种元素(有机质、N、P、K、Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn、Ca、Mg、S、B、OA等)的空间变异特征和规律进行研究,制作了上海市农田土壤14种有效养分分布特征和变化规律图,揭示不同因子(土壤类型、母质、土地利用方式、种植制度、施肥状况、环境等因素)对养分空间变异的影响,进而确定土壤有效养分含量分级指标,将土壤养分测定值分成(低、较低、中等、较高、高)1～5个等级,养分含量低的为1级,养分含量较低的为2级,依次类推。
2、研究结果表明,上海地区土壤肥力为中等或中等偏低水平,其中大量元素氮、磷、钾(N、P、K)是主要推荐元素,微量元素锌、锰(Mn、Zn)需要适量补充,S、B中微量元素应作物需要有针对性补充,其他Ca、Mg、Cu、Fe在上海地区不需要补充。将上海郊区耕地划分为东部、中部、西部和岛屿4个区域,提出了每个区域的肥料配方。东部(N:P:K:Zn=16:4:4:0.05);中部(N:P:K:Zn=16:6:7:0.05);西部(N:P:K:Zn=16:4:5:0.05);岛屿(N:P:K:Zn=18:4:7:0.05)。
3、田间试验结果表明,基于ASI方法,提出水稻推荐施用量N、P、K、Mn、Zn肥合理,在最佳推荐施肥处理基础增加N肥30～60 kg/hm2,增产效果不显著,而减少N肥30～60 kg/ hm2,水稻产量则会显著降低,说明适宜N肥用量的重要意义。增加P肥、K肥,水稻增产效益显著;减少P肥的效益小于减少K肥的效益。微量元素Mn、Zn对水稻产量有较显著影响。推荐施肥OPT平均产量9181.3 kg/hm2,常规施肥8531.2 kg/hm2,增产650.1 kg/hm2,增产率8.0%,增收1043.6元/hm2,推荐施肥不仅提高经济效益,还提高肥料利用率,氮磷钾合理配比达到平衡施肥,推荐施肥OPT与常规施肥比较,肥料利用率分别提高为N11.71%、P9.78%、K13.16%。
4、稻田土壤养分速效含量呈现比较明显的垂直分布规律,对土壤不同层次的研究表明,耕作层(0-20cm)土壤N、P、K、S、B、Cu、Fe、Zn等养分含量高于亚耕层(20-40cm),其他养分低于亚耕层。研究结果显示,按耕层土壤养分状况及其空间变异情况进行管理和推荐施肥是可行,可不考虑亚耕层土壤养分含量的影响。
通过土壤养分分区管理技术来进行水稻推荐施肥,取得了显著的经济效益,该技术在上海郊区得到广泛推广应用。精准施肥对提高水稻产量和品质、降低肥料成本、提高肥料利用率和改善农田生态环境具有重要的意义。
Ten suburbs and two farms of Shanghai, Yangtse delta were choiced for the paper’s research, which was 106.7 thousand hm2. Based on technologies of Geography Information System (GIS), Global Position System (GPS) and Geographical Statistical Method, 4087 soil samples were collected and tested, and the spatial differentiation Character of fourteen soil nutrients were studied, and thirty field examinations were completed, optimizing fertilization amount was recommended by means of regional management of specific soil nutrients, which was adopted from Agro Services International Inc (ASI). The conclusions were as follows.
1. Based on the study of spatial differentiation character of fourteen soil nutrients in Shanghai, 14 spatial distribution maps of soil nutrients were drawed, which illustrated the influences of different factores (such as soul type, rock types, land use, farming planting system, fertilizer, environment, etc) on spatial differentiation of soil nutrients. Five grades were classified from 1 to 5 to identify the nutrients’criteria from infertile, hypo-infertile, middle, hypo-abundant to abundant. 1 grade expressed that soil nutrients were more infertile, 2 grade expressed that soil nutrients were hypo-infertile, and others were on the analogy of this.
2. Soil analysis results indicated that: soil fertility was pertained to the middling level or on the low side mostly. Optimizing fertilization amounts of N,P,K was appropriate for trace elements Mn,Zn, and the pertinence for trace elements S,B was recommended, besides Ca,Mg,Cu,Fe needn’t fertilized. Suburbs of Shanghai were compartmentalized to four parts such as the East, middle, west and the island, and fertilizer prescriptions were east(N:P:K:Zn=16:4:4:0.05), middle (N:P:K:Zn=16:6:7:0.05), west (N:P:K:Zn=16:4:5:0.05), and island (N:P:K:Zn=18:4:7:0.05) separately.
3. The results of field experimentations were as follows: propositional fertilizer applications on N,P,K were proposed based on ASI. Its N optimum applying amount is 30-60 kg/hm2, and the rice yield was increased inapparently; but the rice yield was reduced apparently with decreasing 30-60 kg N/hm2 . The benefit of rice yield will be increased apparentaly with the increasing of phosphorus and potassium, and the benefit of decreasing the mount of P was less than the benefit of decreasing the mount of K. With the increasing amount of trace elements Mn, Zn, rice yield was increased apparently. The yield of rice which was fertilized by the proposal amount of OPT (9181.3kg/hm2) was 650.1kg/hm2 higher than by the customary amount (8531.2 kg/hm2), and the increasing rate and earning were 8.0% and 1043.6 yuan/hm2 separately. The application amount of recommendation fertilizer could not only increase the economic benefit of rice but also the efficiency of fertilizer use. Compared with the customary fertilization amount, the increased using efficiency were 11.71% (Nitrogen)、9.78% (Pohosphorus) and 13.16% (Potassium) separately.
4. Rice soil nutrient amount took on vertical distributing rule obviously. Nutrients(N、P、K、S、B、Cu、Fe、Zn)amount of cultivated laye(r0-20cm)were higher than sub-cultivated layer, other nutrients (pH、OM、Ca、Mg、Mn) were lower than that of the cultivated layer. Study on soil nutrient of different soil layers indicated that recommend fertilization amount was took into account mostly by nutrient amount of cultivated layer.
It is a signality that the rice yield was increased and the fertilizer’s cost was reduced,N,P,K utilization ratio was increased and farmland entironment was improved by means of area specific soil nutrient management, which gained marked economy benefit. This technique has obtained abroad popularizing and application spread all over Shanghai suburb.
引文
1. 金继运,白由路主编,精准农业与土壤养分管理,北京:中国大地出版社,2001.9. 2001,69～75.
2. 汪懋华.精细农业发展与工程技术创新.农业工程学报,1999,15(1):1～8.
3. 白由路,金继运,杨俐萍. 低空遥感技术及其在精准农业中的应用. 土壤肥料, 2004,(1): 3～5.
4. 黄绍文.土壤养分空间变异与分区管理技术研究. [博士学位论文] .北京:中国农业科学院,2006.
5. 侯传庆主编,上海土壤,上海科学出版社 1992,71～169.
6. 李崇新主编.上海郊区统计年鉴(2005),上海市统计局,2005,25～45.
7. 杨俐苹,金继运,白由路等.土壤养分综合评价方法和平衡施肥技术极其产业化. 磷肥与复肥,2001,16(4):61~63
8. 吴荣贵.土壤基本肥力的快速分析与前景.土壤养分状况系统研究法.中国农业出版社,1992,54～70.
9. 史利江.基于 GIS 和地统计学的土壤养分空间变异特征研究. [硕士学位论文] .上海:上海旅游学院, 2006.
10. 杨佩珍,王国忠,干春娟等. 松江土壤养分精准管理试验研究. 土壤, 2005,(3): 312～316 .
11. 杨佩珍,王国忠,毕经伟.上海郊区水稻精准施肥效益研究. 上海农业学报, 2006,(4): 99～103.
12. Bailey L.D., Effects of potassium fertilizer and fall harvests on alfalfa grown on the eastern Canadian Prairies. Canadian Journal Soil Science 1983, 63: 211-219.
14. 杨俐苹,金继运,梁鸣早等. ASI 方法测定土壤有效 P、K、Zn、Cu、Mn 与我国常规化学方法的相关性研究.土壤通报,2000,31(6): 277～279.
15. 潘贤章,史学正.土壤质量数字制图方法浅论. 土壤, 2002.(3)138～148.
16. 张书惠,马成林,吴才聪等.地理信息系统在精确农业变量施肥中的应用.农业工程学报,2003, 34(3): 92～95.
17. 刘付程,史学正,于东升等. 基于地统计学和 GIS 的太湖典型地区的土壤属性制图研究——以土壤全氮制图为例.土壤学报, 2004,41(1):20～27.
18.薛绪掌,陈立平,孙治贵等. 基于土壤肥力与目标产量的冬小麦变量施氮及其效果.农业工程学报,2004,20(3):59～62.
19. 许红卫,高克异,王珂等.稻田土壤养分空间变异与合理取样数研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2006,12(1):37～43.
20. 王新民,王卫华,侯彦林.豫北蔬菜保护地土壤磷素形态及其空间分布特性研究[J].土壤, 2004, 36(2): 173- 176.
21. 金继运,白由路,杨俐苹等.高效土壤养分测试技术与设备,中国农业出版社,2006,74～166.
22. 熊桂云,刘冬碧,陈防等.ASI 方法测定土壤有效磷、有效钾和铵态氮与我国常规方法相关性.中国土壤与肥料,2007(3)73～76.
23. 姜勇,张玉革,梁文举等.沈阳市郊耕地土壤交换性锰含量的空间变异. 土壤, 2004,(1):61～64.
2. 汪懋华.精细农业发展与工程技术创新.农业工程学报,1999,15(1):1～8.
3. 白由路,金继运,杨俐萍. 低空遥感技术及其在精准农业中的应用. 土壤肥料, 2004,(1): 3～5.
4. 黄绍文.土壤养分空间变异与分区管理技术研究. [博士学位论文] .北京:中国农业科学院,2006.
5. 侯传庆主编,上海土壤,上海科学出版社 1992,71～169.
6. 李崇新主编.上海郊区统计年鉴(2005),上海市统计局,2005,25～45.
7. 杨俐苹,金继运,白由路等.土壤养分综合评价方法和平衡施肥技术极其产业化. 磷肥与复肥,2001,16(4):61~63
8. 吴荣贵.土壤基本肥力的快速分析与前景.土壤养分状况系统研究法.中国农业出版社,1992,54～70.
9. 史利江.基于 GIS 和地统计学的土壤养分空间变异特征研究. [硕士学位论文] .上海:上海旅游学院, 2006.
10. 杨佩珍,王国忠,干春娟等. 松江土壤养分精准管理试验研究. 土壤, 2005,(3): 312～316 .
11. 杨佩珍,王国忠,毕经伟.上海郊区水稻精准施肥效益研究. 上海农业学报, 2006,(4): 99～103.
12. Bailey L.D., Effects of potassium fertilizer and fall harvests on alfalfa grown on the eastern Canadian Prairies. Canadian Journal Soil Science 1983, 63: 211-219.
14. 杨俐苹,金继运,梁鸣早等. ASI 方法测定土壤有效 P、K、Zn、Cu、Mn 与我国常规化学方法的相关性研究.土壤通报,2000,31(6): 277～279.
15. 潘贤章,史学正.土壤质量数字制图方法浅论. 土壤, 2002.(3)138～148.
16. 张书惠,马成林,吴才聪等.地理信息系统在精确农业变量施肥中的应用.农业工程学报,2003, 34(3): 92～95.
17. 刘付程,史学正,于东升等. 基于地统计学和 GIS 的太湖典型地区的土壤属性制图研究——以土壤全氮制图为例.土壤学报, 2004,41(1):20～27.
18.薛绪掌,陈立平,孙治贵等. 基于土壤肥力与目标产量的冬小麦变量施氮及其效果.农业工程学报,2004,20(3):59～62.
19. 许红卫,高克异,王珂等.稻田土壤养分空间变异与合理取样数研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2006,12(1):37～43.
20. 王新民,王卫华,侯彦林.豫北蔬菜保护地土壤磷素形态及其空间分布特性研究[J].土壤, 2004, 36(2): 173- 176.
21. 金继运,白由路,杨俐苹等.高效土壤养分测试技术与设备,中国农业出版社,2006,74～166.
22. 熊桂云,刘冬碧,陈防等.ASI 方法测定土壤有效磷、有效钾和铵态氮与我国常规方法相关性.中国土壤与肥料,2007(3)73～76.
23. 姜勇,张玉革,梁文举等.沈阳市郊耕地土壤交换性锰含量的空间变异. 土壤, 2004,(1):61～64.