家蚕病原性微孢子虫若干种群的研究与控制
|
摘要
微孢子虫(Microsporidia)是一类专营细胞内寄生、无线粒体的单细胞真核生物,是昆虫、鱼类及哺乳动物的病原微生物。家蚕微粒子(Nosema bombycis Naegeli 1857)是人类最初认识的微孢子虫,由于能通过胚胎传染从母代传染危害子代而被列为检疫对象。近数年来我国蚕种生产由于微孢子虫的感染损失惨重,过去一直认为家蚕微粒子Nosema bombycis是唯一的寄生病原。本研究以四川蚕区为研究对象,对家蚕微粒子病及其病原的发生状况进行了流行病学研究,构建了时间流行曲线、病害管理模型和病原种类的地域分布,发现了其他寄生家蚕的微孢子虫的新种群,从家蚕体内分离出两种新型微孢子虫并进行了分类鉴定,即大型微孢子虫SCM_6(Nosema sp)和小型微孢子虫SCM_7(Endoreticulatus bombycis sp. nov.)。
大型微孢子虫SCM_6孢子卵园形,大小为3.91±0.25μm×2.56±0.28μm,极丝长度126±8.35μm;孢子双倍核,极丝绕核排列14～15圈,偶有16圈;发育过程具有裂殖体和孢子形成期,产孢体以二分裂形成两个孢子母细胞,然后形成成熟孢子,表现为Nosema属的发育特征;可寄生蚕体的多数组织,寄生程度以后部丝腺为重,但在中肠的寄生繁殖和孢子的形成较弱,生殖腺偶有寄生;胚传率低于家蚕微粒子Nosema bombycis 10倍以上,为1.44±0.75%,对蚕子代群体的发育无明显影响;生物学分类与家蚕微粒子Nosema bombycis同属异种,记录为Nosemasp。
小型微孢子虫SCM_7孢子卵园形,大小2.26±0.21μm×1.19±0.81μm,极丝长度39.90～60.18μm;孢子单核,极丝绕核排列7～9圈,裂殖体和孢子的发育均包被在宿主内质网膜形成的孢囊内,并在孢囊内形成许多孢子,表现为内网虫属Endoreticulatus的发育特征;只寄生中肠上皮组织,不感染生殖腺;无胚传致病性。分类检索表明该微孢子虫为一新种,鉴定记录为家蚕内网虫(Endoreticulatus bombycis sp nov);其16S rRNA的核心序列为1230pb,与修氏内网虫Endoreticulatus schubergi有98%以上的同源性。
根据大型微孢子虫SCM_6和小型微孢子虫SCM_7弱度胚传和不胚传的特点,进一步研究制定了与家蚕微粒子Nosema bombycis不同的检验技术、母蛾的病率计算方法及合格标准,并成功地应用于疫区。据蚕种生产和检验机构反馈的应用结果,已挽回了大量的蚕种损失和巨大的经济效益。对家蚕病原性微孢子虫的新种群的研究取得了在理论和实践上的突破性进步,为国内外创新成果,解决了长期困扰我国蚕种生产的一个重大难题。
另一方面,从四川省阆中市蚕桑生态系统周围的林木害虫龙眼裳卷蛾幼虫体内发现分离到一种新的微孢子虫。孢子卵圆形(3.1±0.3μm×1.6±0.2μm),孢子发育中呈现出八孢子囊孢和二孢子母细胞类型,为变形孢虫属的典型特征,分别形成单核孢子和双核孢子,极丝圈数分别为7～9圈和10～12圈;从宿主、大小、极丝、发育等的差异检索表明:为微孢子虫门变形孢虫属(Vairimorpha Pilly 1976)一新种,记录为裳卷蛾变形孢虫新种(Vairimorpha Ceracessp. nov.)。通过对裳卷蛾变形孢虫(Vairimorpha ceraces sp. nov.)转家蚕、鱼类的感染试验,本文研究了微孢子虫的感染生态问题。同时,对微孢子虫感染性变异机制研究的重要性进行了讨论。
Microsporidia are lacking mitochondriate unicellular eukaryotes and all obligate intracellular parasites and infecting a wide range of vertebrate and invertebrate hosts such as insects and fishes and mammals. Microsporidum which was first discovered is Nosema bombycis Naegeli 1857 from the silkworm and it was established for quarantine objective because of transovarial transmission and pathogenetic to filial generation. My study first established its epidemic curve, control model and area distriating of pathogeny kinds. Before Nosema bombycis was considered only microsporidia pathogen of the silkworm but in my study new several kinds of microsporidia was found and isolated two species microsporidia from the silkworm in Sichuan China, the big spore SCM6(Nosema sp) and small spore SCM7(Endoreticulatus bombycis sp nov).SCM6(Nosema sp) fresh spores were oval in shape and 3.91±0.25 X 2.56±0.28μm in size. The mean polar filament length was 126 ± 8.23 μ m . Ultrastructural studies showed that the spore binucleate and the polar filament normally arranged in 14 or 15 coils and occasionally in 16 coils. The cycle of life include merogony and sporogony stages and the sporont a fusiform diplokayotic cell and change to spore and there shows Nosema Genus characteristic. The microsporidum can parasitic to many tissues of the silkworm and highly invaded into silk-glands, but merogony and sporogony were low in mid-gut and occasionally invaded into reproduction gonad. SCM6(Nosema sp) transovarial transmission rate only were 1.44±0.75% and lower 10 times than Nosema bombycis, No pathogenicity to the silkworms progeny. It is a new pathogenetic microsporidum in the silkworm and belongs to Genus Nosema in taxonomy and is recorded as Nosema sp.SCM7(Endoreticulatus bombycis sp nov) spores were ovoidal, 2.26 ± 0.21X1.19± 0.81 μm . The polar filament length was 39.90-60.18μm .The electroscope studies revealed that the spore uninucleate and the polar filament in single coil with 7~9 turns. All development stage is enveloped by parasitophorous vacuole from a double membrane of host endoplasmic reticulum and producing many spores and the developmental features were similar to Genus Endoreticulatus. The isolate only infects the midgut epithelial cell of the silkworm but no invade to reproduction gonad and no transovarial transmission to pathogenetic to progeny. The isolate was new species of microsporidum by taxonomy searching and is recorded Endoreticulatus bombycis sp nov. SCM7(Endoreticulatus bombycis sp nov) small subunit(16S) ribosomal RNA gene partial sequence has 1230pb and it have over 98% similarity to Endoreticulatus.schuerg.Because SCM6(Nosema sp) transovarial transmission rate only were 1.44±0.75% and SCM7 no transovarial transmission, the study lay down the inspection technique distinguishing from Nosema bombycis and counting method of the moth infecting rate and
qualified rules of the silkworm eggs to the SCM6 and SCM7 , and the technique is applied to disease area . According to application report of the inspection organization, it retrieved how much loss of the silkworm eggs and tremendous economic result. The study took theoretical and practical breakthrough and is innovation production in home and international, and solved a great problem of the silkworm eggs production in China.Another, a previously undescribed microsporidum is isolated from the Cerace stipatana (Walker) in October 2000, in Langzhong, Sichuan province, China. We describe this microsporidium as a new species of Vairimorpha, and name it as Vairimorpha ceraces sp.nov. According to taxonomy system (Sprague 1992), it belongs to Phylum Microspora, Class Dihalophasea, Order meiodihalophasea, and Family Burenellidae. Type Host: Cerace stipatana Walker (Lepidoptera,Tortricoidea).Site of Infection: Infection to midgut epithelial and muscle cells, fat body, derma cell.Type Locality: LangZhong, Sichuan province(32 °N,105 °E),China. Prevalence of infection: Seventy-five of three hundred larvae, Cerace stipatana examined were infected (25%). Diagnosis: spore is ova
大型微孢子虫SCM_6孢子卵园形,大小为3.91±0.25μm×2.56±0.28μm,极丝长度126±8.35μm;孢子双倍核,极丝绕核排列14～15圈,偶有16圈;发育过程具有裂殖体和孢子形成期,产孢体以二分裂形成两个孢子母细胞,然后形成成熟孢子,表现为Nosema属的发育特征;可寄生蚕体的多数组织,寄生程度以后部丝腺为重,但在中肠的寄生繁殖和孢子的形成较弱,生殖腺偶有寄生;胚传率低于家蚕微粒子Nosema bombycis 10倍以上,为1.44±0.75%,对蚕子代群体的发育无明显影响;生物学分类与家蚕微粒子Nosema bombycis同属异种,记录为Nosemasp。
小型微孢子虫SCM_7孢子卵园形,大小2.26±0.21μm×1.19±0.81μm,极丝长度39.90～60.18μm;孢子单核,极丝绕核排列7～9圈,裂殖体和孢子的发育均包被在宿主内质网膜形成的孢囊内,并在孢囊内形成许多孢子,表现为内网虫属Endoreticulatus的发育特征;只寄生中肠上皮组织,不感染生殖腺;无胚传致病性。分类检索表明该微孢子虫为一新种,鉴定记录为家蚕内网虫(Endoreticulatus bombycis sp nov);其16S rRNA的核心序列为1230pb,与修氏内网虫Endoreticulatus schubergi有98%以上的同源性。
根据大型微孢子虫SCM_6和小型微孢子虫SCM_7弱度胚传和不胚传的特点,进一步研究制定了与家蚕微粒子Nosema bombycis不同的检验技术、母蛾的病率计算方法及合格标准,并成功地应用于疫区。据蚕种生产和检验机构反馈的应用结果,已挽回了大量的蚕种损失和巨大的经济效益。对家蚕病原性微孢子虫的新种群的研究取得了在理论和实践上的突破性进步,为国内外创新成果,解决了长期困扰我国蚕种生产的一个重大难题。
另一方面,从四川省阆中市蚕桑生态系统周围的林木害虫龙眼裳卷蛾幼虫体内发现分离到一种新的微孢子虫。孢子卵圆形(3.1±0.3μm×1.6±0.2μm),孢子发育中呈现出八孢子囊孢和二孢子母细胞类型,为变形孢虫属的典型特征,分别形成单核孢子和双核孢子,极丝圈数分别为7～9圈和10～12圈;从宿主、大小、极丝、发育等的差异检索表明:为微孢子虫门变形孢虫属(Vairimorpha Pilly 1976)一新种,记录为裳卷蛾变形孢虫新种(Vairimorpha Ceracessp. nov.)。通过对裳卷蛾变形孢虫(Vairimorpha ceraces sp. nov.)转家蚕、鱼类的感染试验,本文研究了微孢子虫的感染生态问题。同时,对微孢子虫感染性变异机制研究的重要性进行了讨论。
Microsporidia are lacking mitochondriate unicellular eukaryotes and all obligate intracellular parasites and infecting a wide range of vertebrate and invertebrate hosts such as insects and fishes and mammals. Microsporidum which was first discovered is Nosema bombycis Naegeli 1857 from the silkworm and it was established for quarantine objective because of transovarial transmission and pathogenetic to filial generation. My study first established its epidemic curve, control model and area distriating of pathogeny kinds. Before Nosema bombycis was considered only microsporidia pathogen of the silkworm but in my study new several kinds of microsporidia was found and isolated two species microsporidia from the silkworm in Sichuan China, the big spore SCM6(Nosema sp) and small spore SCM7(Endoreticulatus bombycis sp nov).SCM6(Nosema sp) fresh spores were oval in shape and 3.91±0.25 X 2.56±0.28μm in size. The mean polar filament length was 126 ± 8.23 μ m . Ultrastructural studies showed that the spore binucleate and the polar filament normally arranged in 14 or 15 coils and occasionally in 16 coils. The cycle of life include merogony and sporogony stages and the sporont a fusiform diplokayotic cell and change to spore and there shows Nosema Genus characteristic. The microsporidum can parasitic to many tissues of the silkworm and highly invaded into silk-glands, but merogony and sporogony were low in mid-gut and occasionally invaded into reproduction gonad. SCM6(Nosema sp) transovarial transmission rate only were 1.44±0.75% and lower 10 times than Nosema bombycis, No pathogenicity to the silkworms progeny. It is a new pathogenetic microsporidum in the silkworm and belongs to Genus Nosema in taxonomy and is recorded as Nosema sp.SCM7(Endoreticulatus bombycis sp nov) spores were ovoidal, 2.26 ± 0.21X1.19± 0.81 μm . The polar filament length was 39.90-60.18μm .The electroscope studies revealed that the spore uninucleate and the polar filament in single coil with 7~9 turns. All development stage is enveloped by parasitophorous vacuole from a double membrane of host endoplasmic reticulum and producing many spores and the developmental features were similar to Genus Endoreticulatus. The isolate only infects the midgut epithelial cell of the silkworm but no invade to reproduction gonad and no transovarial transmission to pathogenetic to progeny. The isolate was new species of microsporidum by taxonomy searching and is recorded Endoreticulatus bombycis sp nov. SCM7(Endoreticulatus bombycis sp nov) small subunit(16S) ribosomal RNA gene partial sequence has 1230pb and it have over 98% similarity to Endoreticulatus.schuerg.Because SCM6(Nosema sp) transovarial transmission rate only were 1.44±0.75% and SCM7 no transovarial transmission, the study lay down the inspection technique distinguishing from Nosema bombycis and counting method of the moth infecting rate and
qualified rules of the silkworm eggs to the SCM6 and SCM7 , and the technique is applied to disease area . According to application report of the inspection organization, it retrieved how much loss of the silkworm eggs and tremendous economic result. The study took theoretical and practical breakthrough and is innovation production in home and international, and solved a great problem of the silkworm eggs production in China.Another, a previously undescribed microsporidum is isolated from the Cerace stipatana (Walker) in October 2000, in Langzhong, Sichuan province, China. We describe this microsporidium as a new species of Vairimorpha, and name it as Vairimorpha ceraces sp.nov. According to taxonomy system (Sprague 1992), it belongs to Phylum Microspora, Class Dihalophasea, Order meiodihalophasea, and Family Burenellidae. Type Host: Cerace stipatana Walker (Lepidoptera,Tortricoidea).Site of Infection: Infection to midgut epithelial and muscle cells, fat body, derma cell.Type Locality: LangZhong, Sichuan province(32 °N,105 °E),China. Prevalence of infection: Seventy-five of three hundred larvae, Cerace stipatana examined were infected (25%). Diagnosis: spore is ova
引文
丁杰,问锦曾.1992.中国柞蚕微粒子病病原的研究,蚕业科学,18(2):88～92
万永继.1988.家蚕微粒子原虫生活史各形态的观察以及预知检查进行识检的初步研究.四川蚕业,2:7～9
方定坚,廖森泰,郑祥明等1993.家蚕微孢子虫MG_1,MG_2的研究,Ⅱ、孢子的超微结构、发育周期及血清学关系广东农业科学,(1):39—41
王宏.1991.蜀白毒蛾微孢子虫对家蚕致病性研究四川蚕业,(3):10—11
王裕兴,孙景晨,钱元骏,等.1994.家蚕微粒子病化学疗法的研究江苏蚕业,(3):1—3
刘仕贤,朱德贞,曾文兴等1981.即时浸酸和温汤处理对家蚕微粒子病经卵传染的治疗效果,广东蚕丝通讯,(2):27—34
刘吉平,卢铿明,徐兴耀等1995.单抗免疫金银染色法诊断家蚕微孢子虫的研究广东蚕业,29:30—35
问锦曾,孙传信1989.中国家蚕微粒子虫及其近缘种的考察 中国农业科学,22(2):15—19
问锦曾,李社平,孙传信.1992.纳卡变形孢虫中国新记录.动物分类学报,17:116-117
问锦曾.1999.原生动物学:“微孢子虫门”.393-399,科学出版社
华南农学院,佛山地区农业局,顺德县农林局1981.家蚕微粒子病的发生规律及防治研究(初报)广东蚕丝通讯,(2):21—27
李达山,1992.蜜蜂微粒子对家蚕致病性的试验 江苏蚕业,(1):45～46
李达山 1993.菜青虫(莱粉蝶)微孢子虫对家蚕的致病性研究 苏州蚕桑专科学校学报.6(2):16—17
沈中元,徐莉等1996.桑尺蠖丝棉木金星尺蠖的微孢子虫对家蚕病原性和胚种传染性研究 蚕业科学,22:36—41
沈中元,徐莉,张志芳,等.1997.克微1号治疗家蚕微粒子病研究.中国蚕业,(3):11～13
陈建国,胡季,金伟,等1988.家蚕微粒子孢子单克隆抗体的研制及其在检测上的初步应用 蚕业科学,14:168～170
陈秀,黄可威,沈中元,等.1996.家蚕微粒子病的PCR诊断技术研究 蚕业科学。22:229—234
郭锡杰,黄可威.1995.家蚕病原性微孢子虫孢子表面蛋白的选择性分离与总蛋白比较分析 蚕业科学,21:238～242
顾福康1991.原生动物学概论 北京:高等教育出版社,10—33
梅玲玲,金伟.1989.家蚕微孢子虫与桑尺蠖微孢子虫的研究蚕业科学,15:135—138
黄起鹏,唐仕昆,刘仕贤,等.1981.家蚕微粒子病的治疗药物筛选试验 蚕业科学,7:63—64
鲁兴萌,时连根,金伟,等.1997.家蚕微粒子病预知检查技术的改进研究 中国蚕业,(1):16—17
鲁兴萌,金伟,吴一舟等 2000.丙硫苯咪唑等药剂对家蚕微粒子病的治疗作用 中国蚕业,(1)19 —21
蒲蛰龙1992.昆虫病理学广州:广东科技出版社,407—464
藤原 公1980.分离种微孢子虫(Nosema spp)日本蚕丝学杂志,49:229—236
藤原 公1984.蚕力分离Pleistophora样微孢子虫 日本蚕丝学杂志,53:398—402
藤原 公1984.蚕力分离Thelohania sp日本蚕丝学杂志,53:459—460
藤原 公1985 种茧养蚕检出微孢子虫类 日本蚕丝学杂志,54:108—111
广濑安春 1979.柞蚕微粒子原虫继代宿主感染性变化 蚕丝研究,(110):105—110
广濑安春 1979.昆虫寄生微孢子虫类蚕丝研究,(111):118—123
广濑安春 1979.野外昆虫采取微孢子虫类交叉感染 蚕丝研究,(111):124—128
井口智义,岩野秀俊 1997.家蚕幼虫饲育温度高低微孢子虫Nosema sp NIS—M_(11)(Microspora:Nosematidae)孢子形成样式影响 日本蚕丝学杂志,66:445—452
三谷贤三郎 1929.最近蚕病学(中卷)东京:明文堂,1—272
河原田勇 1985.病原Nosema bombycis胞子表面抗原特性.九州蚕丝,(16):39-40
佐藤令一,渡部 仁1986.家蚕病原性示种微孢子虫类孢子形成样式 日本蚕丝学杂志,55:10—16
Alberts B, et al 1989. Molecuar Biologyof the Cell. Garland Publishing, Ine. New York and Landon.
Baker M D, Vossbrinck C R, Maddox J V, Undeen A H, 1994. Phylogenetic relationships among Vairimorpha and Nosema species (Microspora) based on ribosomal RNA sequence data..J Invertebr Pathol, 64: 100-106
Baker M D, Vossbrinck C R, Didier E S, Maddox J V, Shadduck J A 1995. Small subunit ribosomal DNA phylogeny of various microsporidia with emphasis on AIDS related forms, J. Euk Microbiol, 42: 564-570
Baker M D, Vossbrinck C R, Becnel J J, Andreadis T G 1998. Phylogentyof Amblyospora (Microsporida: Amblyosporidae) and related genera based on small subunit ribosomal DNA datd: a possible example of host parasite cospeciation. J Invertebr Pathol, 71: 199-206
Baldauf S L, Roger A J, Wenk-Siefert Ⅰ, Doolittle W F, 2000. A kingdom-level phylogeny of eukaryotes based on combined protein date. Science, 290(5493): 972～977
Barry T, Powell R, Gannon F, 1999. A eneral method to generate DNA probes from microorganisms. Bio/technology, 8: 233-236
Biderre C, Pages M, Metenier G, David D, Bata J, Prensier G Vivares CP1995 On small genomes in eukaryotic organisms: Molecular kartotypes of two microsporidian species(Protozoa) parasites of vertebrates. C R Acad Sci Paris Life Science, 317: 300-314
Bock-M, Maiwald-M, Kapp-R.1994. Polymerase chain reaction-based detection of dermatophyte DNA with fungus-specific primer system. Mycoses, 37(3-4): 79-84
Brooks W M, Becnel, J. J. 1988. Establishment of Endoreticulatus n. g. for Pleistophoridae, J. Protozool, 35: 481-488
Boothroyd J C, Wang A, C 1987. An unusually compact ribosomal DNA repeat in the protozoan Giardia lamblia. Nucleic Acids Res, 15: 4065-5084
Brown J R, Doolittle W F. 1995. Root of the universal tree of life based on ancient aminoacyl tRNA synthetase gene duplications. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 2441-2445
Brown J R, Doolittle W F. 1999. Gene descent duplication and horizontal transfer in the evolution ofghtamyl tRNA and gluamy tRNA synthetases. J. Mol. Evol, 49: 485-495
Burges H D, Canning E U, 1974. Ultrastructure of Nosema oryzaephili and the taxonomic value of the polar flament. J. Invertebr Pathol, 23 (2): 135-139
Canning E U, Barker R J, 1985. The ultrastructure of three microsporidia from winter moth, operophtera brumata, and the establishment of a new genus Cystosporogenes n. g. for Pleistophora operophterae Syst. Parasitol. 7: 213-225
Canning E. U. 1990. Phylu Microspora. In "Handbook of protoctista" (L. Margulis J O, Corliss M M, and Chapman D J) Eds, pp53-72. Garland Publishing,ine. New York and Landon.
Cavalier S T, 1987. Kukaryotes with no mitochondria. Nature, 6111: 332-333
Cavalier S T, 1991. Archamoebae: The ancestral eukaryotes? Biosystems, 25: 25-38
Cavalier-Smith T. 1998. A revised six-kingdom system of life Biol Rev Carnb Philos Soc 73(3) 203-266
Chakrabarti D, Dame J B, Gutell R R, Yowell C A, 1992 Characterization of the rDNA unit and sequence analysis of the small subunit rRNA and 5.8S rRNA genes from Tritrichomonas foetus. Mol Biochen Parasitol, 52: 75-84
Clyde, B M, Wayne, M B. 1994. An ultrastructud study of the Episporontal inclusions produced during octosporogony by five Species/Isolates of Vairirnorpha (Microsporidia). J. Invertebr. Pathol., 63: 197-206.
Cole R, 1970. The application of the "Triangulation" method to the purification of Noserna spores from insect tissues. J Invertebr Pathol, 15: 193-195
Curgy J, Vivares C 1980. Presence of ribosomal RNAs with prokaryotic properties in microsporidia eukaryotic organisms. Biol Cell, 38: 49-52
Dams E, Hendriks L, Van de Peer Y, et al 1988. Compilation of small ribosomal subunit RNA sequences. Nuckeic Acids Res, 16(Suppl.): 87-173
De Graaf DC, Raest H, Jacobs F J. 1994 Spore dimorphism in N. apis (Microsporida: Nosematidae) developmental cycle. J. Invertebr Pathol, 63: 92-94
De Jonckheere J F, Gordts B K W, Majewska A C, Michels P A M. 1989 Cloning of a 1.8 kb repeated sequence for the identoification and comparison of Giardia intestinalis isolates. J Eur Protistol, 24: 162-167
Delihas N, Andersen J 1993 Generalized structures of the 5S ribosomal RNAs. Nucleic Acids Res. 10: 7323-7344
Deplaze P. Mathis. 1996. Molecular epidemiology of Encephalitozoon cuniculi and first detection of Encephalitozoon bieneusi in fecal samples of pigs. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 43: 93
Dider E. S, 1995. Indentification and characterization of three Encephalitozoon cuniculi strains. Parasitology, 111: 411-421
Don R. H, P. T. Cox, B. J. Wainwright, K. Barker and J. S. Mattick, 1991. "Touchdown" PCR to circumvent spurious priming during gene amplification. Nucleic Acids Res., 19: 4008
Doolittle W F, Sapienza C 1980. Selfish genes, the phenotype paradigm and genome evolution. Nature, 284: 601-603
Eisen J A, Fraser C M, 2003. Phylogennomics: Intersection of evolution and genomics. Science, 300 (5626): 1706～1707
Erdmann V A, and Wolters J 1986 Collection of published 5S, 5.8S and 4.5S ribosomal RNA sequences. Nucleic Acids Res, 14: 1-59
Eyre Walker A C 1991 An analysis of codon usage in msrmmals: selection or mlutation basis. J Mol. Evol, 33: 442—449
Eys GJJM van, Schoone G J, Kroon WCM. 1992. Sequence analysis of small subunit ribosomal RNA genes and its use for detection and identification of Leishmania parasites Molecular and Biochernical Parasitology, 51 (1): 133-142
Flook P K, Rowed CHE. 1998. Inferences about orthopteroid phylogeny and molecular evolution from small subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. Insect Molecular Biology, 7 (2): 163—178.
Fowler J L, Reeves E L. 1974a. Detection of relationships among microsporidian isolates by electronhoretic analysis: Hydrohobic extracts. J Invertebr Pathol, 23: 3—12
Fowler J L, Reeves E L 1974b Detection of relationships among microsporidian isolates by Electrophoretic analysis: Hydrophobic extracts. J Invertebr Pathol 23: 63—69
Frixione E, Ruiz L, 1997. Germination of Nosema algerae spores: Conditional inhibition by D20, ethanol and Hg~(+2) suggest dependence of water influx upon membrane hydration and specific transmembrane pathways. J Eukaryot Microbiol, 44(2): 109～116
Fujiwara T 1980. Three microsporidians (Nosema sp)from the silkworm, Bombyx mori. J Seric Sci Jpn, 49: 229—236
Fuiwara T 1985 Microspoddia from silkworm moths in egg production sedculture. J Seric Sci Jpn, 54: 108—111
Fujiwara T, Kagawa T, and Ando H 1985, N bombycis-like microsporidia isolated from silkworm moths in egg—production sedculture. J Seric Sci Jpn 54: 117—121
Fukura K, Yamamoto A, Hashimoto T. I996. Nucleotide sequence of the 16S rRNA gene and phylogenetic analysis of Trichornonas tenax. Microbiologyand Immunology 40(3): 183-188.
Galtier N, and Gouy M, 1995, Inferring phylogenies from DNA sequences of unequal base composotions, Proc Netl Acad Sci, 92: 11 317—11 321
Gatehouse H S, Malone L A 1998 The ribosoma RNA gene region of N. apis (Microspora): DNA sequence for small and large subunit rRNA genes and evidence of a large tandem repeat unit size. J Invertebr Pathol, 77: 97—105
Gemot A, Philippe H, le Guyader H, 1997. Evidence for loss of mitochondria in microsporidia from a mitochondria type HSP70 in Noserna locustae. Mol Biochem Parastiol, 87(2): 159-168
Germot A, Philippe H. 1999. Critical analysis of eukaryotic phylogeny: a case study based on the HSP70 family Jonrnal of EuknyotiC Microbioingy. 46 (2): 116-124;
Gonzalez I L, Sylvester J E 1995. Complete sequence of the 43kb human ribosomal DNA repeat: Analysis of the intergenic spacer. Genomics 27: 320—328
Greenstone M H, 1983. An enzyme—linked immunosorbent assay for the Amblyospora sp of Culex salinarius (Microspora: Ablyospoddae). J Invertebr Pathol 41: 250—255
Greenstone M H, 1986. The ELISA for Amblyospora Sp: Reproducility, sensitiviry and Cross reactivity with other microspoddian species. J Kansas Entoraol Soc, 59: 658—665
Harding R M, Boyce A J, Clegg J B, 1992. The evolution of tandemly repetitive DNA: recombination rules. Genetic, 132: 847859
Hardison R C, 1991, Evolution of globin genes families. In Evolution at the Molecular Level (Selander R K, Clark A G, and Whettan T S). Eds, pp272—289, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA
Hartskeel RA, Schuitema A R J, De Wachter R, 1993. Secondary structure of the small subunit ribosomal RNA sequence of the microspoddium Encephalitozoon cunicul. Nucleic Acids Res, 21: 1489
Hatskeyama Y, Kawakami Y, Iano H, Inoue T, and Ishihara R. 1997. Analyses and taxonomic Inferences of small subunlt ribosomal RNA sequences of five microsporldia pathogenic to the silkworm, Bombyx mori. J invertebrpathol, 66 (4): 242-252
Hayasaka S, and Ayuzawa C 1987 Diagnosis of microsporidians, N bombycis closely related species by antibody-sensitized latex. J. Seric sci jap 56: 169-170
Hazard E. I, J. weiser, 1968, Spores of Thelohania in adult female Anopheles: development and transovarlal transmion and redescdption of T. legeri Hesse and T. obesa. J. Protozool, 15 (7): 817823
Henneguy F, Thelohan P, 1892. Myxospoddles parasites des muscles chez quelques crustaces decapods Ann. Microgr. 4: 617-641
Hollister W S, Canning E U, Colbourn N I, 1993 A species of Encephalitozoon isolated from an AIDS patient: Criterla for Species differentiattion. Folia Parasiyol. 40: 293—295
Hostounsku; Z, J. weiser 1975, Nosema polygrammae sp. n. and Pleistophora fidelis sp. n. in Cuba, Vest Cesk Spol. ZooI.39: 104110
Hirt RP, Healy B, Vossbrinck CR, Canning EU, Embley TM, 1997. A mitochondrial hsp70 orthologue in Vairimopha necatrix: molecular evidence that microsporidia once contained mitochondria. Curr Biol, 7: 995-998
Hirt RP, Jr Logsdon JM, Healy B, Michael W, Dorey W, Doolittle F, Embley TM, 1999. Microsporidia are related to fungi: evidence from the largest subunit of RNA polymerase Ⅱ and other proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 96: 580～585
Hut A H. De Boer 1987. Spechlized ribosome system: Preferential translation of a single mRNA species by a subpopulation of mlltated ribosomes in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl. Acad Sci, USA, 84, (4762—4766)
Ishihara R, Hayashi T, 1968a. Some properties of rlbosomes from the sporoplasm of N. bombycis J invertebr Pathol, 11: 377-385
Ishihara R. 1968b. Some observations on the fime structure of sporoplasm discharged from spores of a microsporidian, N bombycis. J Invertebr Pathol 12: 245-258
Ishihara R 1969. The life cycle of N. bombycis as revealed in tissue culture cells of Bombyx mori. J Invertebr Pathol, 14: 316-320
Issi V. 1986. Microsporidia as a phylum of parasitic protozoa. Cad Sci USS R (Leningrad), 10: 6-136
Iwano H, Shimizu N, Kawakami Y, Ishihara R 1994. Spore dimorphism and some other biological features of a Nosema. sp isolated from the lawn grass cutworm, Spodoptera depravata. Appl. Entomol. Zool., 29 (2): 219-227
Iwano J, Ishihara R 1992. Dimophisn of spores of Nosema. sp. in cultured cell. J Invertebr Pathol 57: 211—219
Jin L N M. 1990. Limitations of the evolutionary parsimony method of phylogenetic analysis Mol. biol. evol. 7: 82—102
Jouvenaz, D. P., Eillis, E. A. 1986. Vairimorpha invictae n.sp.( Microspore: Microsporidia), a parasite of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invictae Buren(Hymenoptera: Fomicidare). J Protozool., 33: 457-461.
Jukes T. H, Cantor C R, 1969. Evolution of protein molecules. In: Munro H. H, Manmalian protein metabolism. Academic Press, New York, pp21-132
Karvonen P, Savolalnen O, 1993, Variation in inheritance of ribosomal DNA in Pinus sylvestris L(Scots pine) Heredity, 71: 618-622
Katinka MD, Duprat S, Comillot E, Metenier G, Thomarat F, Prensier G, Barbe V, Peyretaillade E, Brottier P, Wincker P, Delbac F, Ei Alaoui H, Peyret P, Saurin W, Gouy M, Weissenbach J, Vivares CP, 2001. Genome sequence and gene compaction of the eukaryote parasite, Encephalitozoon cuniculi. Nature, 414: 450～453
Kawakami Y, Inoue T, Ito K, et al 1994 Identification of a chiomosome harboringthe small subunt ribosomal RNA gene of N. bombycis. Jinvertebr pathol 64: 147—148
Kawakani Y, Inoue T, Ito K, Kitanizu K, Hanawa C, Sunairi M, Ando T, Iwano H, Ishihara R 1994, Comparison of chronosomal DNA from four microsporidia pathogenic to the silkworm, bombyx mori. Appl Entoml Zool, 29 (1): 120-123
Kawakami Y, Inoue T, Hatakeyama Y et al 1995 Specific amplification of DNA from reference strains of Nbombycis. J Seric Sci Jpn 64 (2): 165—172
Ke Z. Xie w, wang X, Long Q, Pu Z 1990. A monoclonal antibody to N. bombycis and its Use for identification of microsporidian spores. Jinvertebr pathol. 56: 395—400
Kawakami Y, Inoue T, Kikuchi M, Takayanagi M, Sunairi M et al 1992 Primary and secondary structures of 5S ribosomal RNA of N. bornbycis (Nosematidae, microsporidia) J Seric Sci Jpn, 614: 321-327
Keeling P J, Mcfadden G I, 1998. Origins of microsporidia. Trends Microbiol, 6 (1): 19-23
Keeling P J, 2003. Congruent evidence form α-tubulin and β-tubulin gene phylogenies for a zygomycete origin of microsporidia. Fungal Genetics and Biology, 38: 298～309
Kemp D J, Corcoran LM, Coppel R L, Stahl H D, Bianco A E, Brown G Y, Antlers R F, 1985. Size variation in chromosomes from Independent cultured isolates of Plasmodium falciparu., Nature, 315: 347—350
Kimura, M 1980 A simple method for esumating evolutionary rats of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J. Mol. Evol. 16: 111—120.
Knell J D, Zam S G. 1978. As erologlcalcompal comparison of some species of microsporidia Jinvertebr pathol, 31: 280—288
Kramer J P 1965. N. necatrix sp. n. and Thelohania diazoma sp. n. microsporidians from the armworm Pseudaletia unlpuncta (Haworth). J Invertebr Pathol 7: 117—121
Kudo R R 1916. Contribution to the study of parastic protozoa. I. on the structure and life history of N. bombycis Naegeli. Bull Imper. Seric. Expt. Stat. Tokyo. 1: 31—35
Kunimoto M, Kito H, Yamamoto Y, Cheney D P. 1999. Discrimination of Porphyra spedes based on small subunlt ribosomal RNA gene sequence. Journal of Applied Phycology, 11 (2): 203-209.
Kwok S, D. E. Kellogg, N. Mckinney, D. Spasic, L. Goda, C. Levenson and J. J. Sninsky 1990. Effects of primer-template mismatches on the polymerase chain reaction: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 model studies Nucleic Acids Res, 18: 999-1005
Lane D J, Pace B, olsen G J, Stahl A, Sogin M L, Pace N R, 1985. Rapid determination of the 16S ribosomal RNA sequences for phylogenetic analyses Proc Natl Acad Scl, 82: 6955—6959
Larsson R 1986. Ultrastructure, function, and classification of microsporidia. Progr Protistol, 1: 325-390
Larsson R. 1999. Identification of microsporidia Acta Protozool., 38: 161-197.
Leellen, F. S., And Joseph, V. M. 1998. Timing an early sporulation sequence of microsporidia in the the genus Vairimorpha (Microsporedia: Burenellidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol., 72: 323-329
Leipe D D, Gunderson J H, Nerad T A, Sogin M L 1993 Small subunit ribosmal RNA of Hexamitainflata and the quest for the first branch in the eukaryotic tree. Molec Biochem Parasitol, 59: 41-48
Levine N D, 1980. A nearly revised classification of the protozoa, J. Protozool 27 (1): 37-38
Levy M, Mmao J, Marchetti M A, Hamer J E 1991. DNA fingerprinting with a dispersed repeated sequence resolves pathotype diversity in the rice blast fungus. Plant Cell, 3: 95—102
Long E O, Dawid I B 1980 Repeated genes in eukaryotes. Annu Rev Biochem, 49: 727—764
Maddox J V, Sprenkel R K 1978. Some enigmatic microsporidia of the genus Nosema Misc Publ Entomol Soc Am, 11: 65—84
Magee P T, RikkerinK E H A, Magee B B 1988. Methods for the genentic and molecular biology of Candiada albicans Anal Biochem, 175: 361—372
Malone L A., Cannng, E. U. 1982. Fine structure of Vairimopha plodid (Microsporedia, Burenellidae), a pathogen of Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera, Phycitidae) and intectivity of the dimorphic spores. Protistol., 18: 503-516.
Malone L A, Mcivor C A 1993. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of DDA from four microsporidian isolates. J Invertebr Pathol, 61: 203-205
Malone L A, Broadwell H, Lindridge E T Mclvor C A, Ninham J A 1994. Ribosomal RNA genes of two microsporidia, N. apis and Vavia oncoperae are very variable. J Invertebr Pathol 68: 231—232
Malone L A, Mcivor C A 1995. DNA probes for two microsporidia, N. bombycis and N. costelytrae. J Invertebr Pathol. 66: 269-273
Malone L A, Mcivor C A 1996. Use of nucleotide sequence data to identify a microsporidian pathogen of Pieris rapae (Lepidontera, Pieridae). J Invertebr Pathol, 64: 151—152
Mercer C F, Wigley P J. 1987A. Microsporidian pathogen of the Poropolo stemborer, Sceliodes cordalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). J Invertebr Pathol, 49: 93-101
Muller M, 1997. What are the microsporidia? Parasitology Today, 13(12): 455-456
Moore C B, Brooks W M 1993. An evalution of SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis for the determination of intraaeneric relationships of Vairimorpha isolates. J. Invertebr Pathol, 62: 285—288
Moser B. A, Becnel J. J. 1998 Analysis of the ribosomal DNA sequences of the microsporidia Thelohania and Vairimorpha of fire ants. J. Inverbr Pathol, 72 (2): 154—159
Mundedoh U G, Kurtti T J, Ross S E, 1990 Electrophoretic characterization of chromosomal DNA from two microsporidia J Invertebr Pathol, 56: 243-248
Neefs J M, Van de Peer Y, De Rijk P, Goris A, De Wacher R, 1991 Compilation of small ribosomal subunit RNA sequences. Nucl Acids Res, 19: 1987-2015
Neefs J M, Van de Peer Y, De Rijk P, Goris A, De Wacher R 1993. Compilation of small ribosomal subunit RNA structures. Nucl Acids Res, 21: 3025-3049
Ohshima K 1937, On the function of the polar filament of N. bombycis. Parasitology, 29: 220—224
Peer Y van de, Neef JM, Rijk. P. de, 1993 Evolution of eukaryotes as deduced from small ribosomal subunit RNA sequences. Biochemical Systematcs and Ecology 21 (1): 43—55.
Pekkarinen M., et al. 2002. Ovipleistophora genus, a new genus for Pleistophora mirandellae-like microspoddia. Dis. Aquat. Org. 48: 133-142
Pettersson B, Andersson A, Leitner T, 1997 Evolutionary relstionships among members of the genus Chlamydia based on 16S ribosomal DNA analysis. Journal of Bacteriology, 179(13): 4195-4205
Pienlazek N J, Da Silva A J, Slemenda S B, Visvesvara G S et al 1996 Nosema trichoplusiae is a synonym of N. bombycis based of the sequence of the small subunlt ribosomal RNA codlng reston. J Invertebr Pathol, 67: 316—317
Pilley, B. M. 1976. A new genus, Vairimorpha (Protozoa: Microspoddia) for Nosema necatrix Kramer1965: Pathogenicity and life cycle in Spodopatera exempta (Lepidopatera: Noctuidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol., 28: 177-183.
Preparata R M, Meyer E B, Preparata F P, Simon E M, Vossbrinck C R, Nanney D L, 1989 Ciliate evolution: the ribosomal phylogenies of the tetrahymenine ciliates. J Mol Evol, 28: 427-441
Razubm S, Rotten S, 1967, Identification of Mycoplasma and other microorganisms by Polyacrylamide gel. electrophoresis of cell proteins. J Bacteiol. 1807-1810
Rolfs A, Schuller I, Finckh U, Weber R I, 1992. PCR: Clicical diagnostics and research, pp 184-188, Spring-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg
Rollo F, Amici A, Foresi F, Di Silvestro I, 1987 Construction and characterization of a cloned probe for the detection od Phoma tracheiphila in plant tissues. Appl Microbiol Biotech 26: 352—357
sato R, Kobayashi M, Watanabe H, Fujiwara T 1981 Serological discrimination of several kinds of microsporidian spores isolated from the silkworm, Bombyx mori By an Indirect fluorescent antibody technique. J. Seric Jpn, 50: 180-184
Sato R, Kobayashi 1982, Interal ultrastructure of spores of microspoidiana isolated from the silkworm, Bombyx mori, J Inverbr Pathol, 40 (2): 260—265
Sato R, Watanabe H 1985 Sporogonial sequence in microsporideae pathogenic to the silkworm, Bombyx mori 55: 10—16
Sedlacek, J D, 1985. Effects of temperature and dosage on Vairimorpha sp.696 spore morphometrice spore yield, and tissue specificity in heliothis lirescens. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 48: 320-324.
Schlege M, 1991 Protist evolution and phylogeny as discerned from small subunit ribosomal RNA Sequence comparisons. European Journal of Protistology. 27(3):: 207—219;
Shimizu S, Nishida Y. Yoshioka Y, Matsumoto T, 1991 Separation of chromosomal DNA molecules from Paecilomyces fumosorseus by pulsed-field electrophoresis. J Invertebr Pathol 58: 461—463
Simpson A J G, Sher A, Mccutchan T F 1982 The genome of Schistosoma mansoni: isolation of DNA, its size, bases and repetitive sequences.. Mol Bichem Parasitol, 15: 215—230
Sogin M L, Gunderson J H, Elwood H J, Alonso R A, Peattie D A, 1989 Phylogenetic meaning of the kingdom concept: An unllsllal ribosomal RNA from Giardia Iamblia. Science, 243: 75—77
Sogin M. L, Silberman J D, 1998 Evolution of the Protests and protistan parasites from the perspective of molecular systeman. In Parasitol, 28 (11): 11—20
Specht T, Wolters J, Erdmann V A. 1990. Comparison of 5S rRNA and 5S rRNA genes sequences. Nucleic Acids Res, 18: 2215—2230
Sprague V. 1977. Classification and phyologeny of the microspoddia. In "Comparative Pathobiology", Vol. 2: pp1-30, Plenum, New York.
Sprague V 1977. Annotated list of species of microsporidia. In"Comparative pathobiology" (Bulla、LA, Cheng TC Eds) VoL. 2: pp31-334 Plenum, New Ynrk
Sprague V 1981 Microspora. In "Synopsis and classiflcatlon of living organisms(Paker SPEd), Vol.1, pp589-594 Mcgrawhill, New York
Sprague V 1988 Characterization and composition of the genus Nosema. Misc Publ Entomol Sox Am, 11: 5-16
Sprague V, Becnel J, Hazard E I 1992 Taxonomy of phylum microsporidia. Crit Rev Microblio, 18: 285-395
Stevens J R; Teixeira MMG; Bingle LEH, 1999, The taxonomic position and evolutionary relationships of Trypanosoma rangeli. International Journal for Parasitology 29 (5): 749-757.
StLeger R J, Chamley A k, Cooper R M 1987a Characterization of cuticle-degrading Proteases produced by the entamopathogen Metarhizium anispliae. Achives of biochemnistry and biophysics, 313 (1): 17
Streett D A, Briggs J D 1982a An evalution of sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel eletrophoresis for the identification of microsporidia. J Invertebr Pathol, 40: 159—165
Streett D A, Briggs J D 1982b Variation in spore polypeptides from four species of Vairimorpha. Biol syst Ecol, 10: 161-165
Svensson H, 1962 Isoelectdc fractionation, analysis, and characterization of ampholoytes in natural pH gradients. Acta. Chem. Scand, 16: 456
Sweeney A W, Dogget S L, Piper R G 1990b Host specificity studies of Amblyospora indicola and Amblyospora dyxenoides (Microspora: Amblyosporidae) in mosquitoes and copepods. J Invertebr Pathol 56: 415-418
Swofford D L, Olsen G J, Wadded P J, Hillis D M, 1996. Phyogenetic Inference, in Molecuar Systematics. (Hills, D. M, Moritz, C. and Mable, B. K.; eds. ). SinauerAssociates. Sunderland, USA. pp 407—514
Undeen A H, Alger N E 1971 Density gradient method for fractionating microsporidian spores J Invertebr Pathol, 18: 419—420
Undeen A H, Cockburn A F, 1989 The extraction of DNA from microsporidian spores. J Invertebr psthol 54: 132—133
Undeen A H. Vander-Meer P. K 1999 Microsporidia intrasporal sugars and their role in germination. J. Inverbr Pathol, 73 (3): 294—302
Van Keulen H. Campbell S R, Erlandsen S L, Jarroll E L, 1991 Cloning and restriction enzyme mapping of ribosomal DAN of Giardia duodenalis, Giardia ardeae and Giardia muris. Mol Biochem Parasitol, 46: 318—328
Van Keulen H, Gutell R R, Campbell S R, Erlandsen S L, Jarroll E J, 1992 The nucleotide sequences of the entire ribosomal DNA opron and the structure of the large subunit rRNA sequence suggests microsporidia are extremely ancient eukayotes. Nature, 326: 411—414
Vavra J 1976. Structure of the microsporidia. In "comparatiVe pathobiology", (Bullar L A. Jr. and Cheng T. C, eds.). Academic press, Now York and London. Vol.1: 1—74
Vawter L, Brown W M, 1993. Rates and patterns of base change in the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene Genetics 134 (2): 597—608;
Vivare C, Biderre, C, et al. 1996 Chromosomal localization of five genes in Encephalitozoon cuniculi, J Eukaryot Microbiol, 43 (5): 97
Visvesvara GS, Belloso M, Moura H, Da Silva AJ, Moura IN, Leitch GJ, Schwartz DA, Chevez-Barrios P, Wallace S, Pieniazek NJ, Goosey JD, 1999. Isolation of Nosema algerae from the cornea of an immunnocompetent patient. J Eukaryot Microbiol, 46(5): 10-14
Vossbrink C R, Woese C R. 1986. Eukarvotic ribosomes that lack a 5.8S RNA. Nature 320 (20): 287—288
Vossbrink C R, Maddox JV, Friedman S, Debrnnner-Vosshrinck BA, Woese CR, 1987. Ribosomal RNA sequence suggests microsporidia are extremely ancient eukaryotes. Nature 326: 411～414
Vossbrink C R Friedman S 1989, A 28S ribosomal RNA phylogeny of certain cyclorrhaphous Diptera based upon a hypervariable region. Syst Entomol, 14: 417—431
Vossbrinlk C R, Baker MD, Didier E S, Dehrunner-Vossbrinck B A, Shadduck J A I993 Ribosomal DNA sequences of Encephalitozoon hellem and Encephalitozoon cuniculi: Species identification and phylogenetic construction. J Euk Microbiol, 40: 354—362
Walker T K, Simpson A J G, Rollinson D 1989 Differentiation of Schistosoma mansoni from Srodhaini using cloned DNA probes. Parasitology, 98: 75-80
Watanabe H. 1976. A Nosema species of the Egyptian cotton lesfwom spodoptera litura: Its mpophology, developments, host range, and taxonomy. J Inverteber PathoL, 28 (3): 321-328
Weidner E 1982, The microsporidia spore inbasion Tube Ⅲ. Ture extrusion and assembly. J. Cell. Biol, 93: 976-979
Weiser J 1977 Contribution to the classification of microsporidia. Vestn Cesk Spol Zool, 41: 308—320
Wess L. M, Vossbrinck CR, 1998 Microsporidiosis: molecular and diagnostic aspects. Adv Parasitol, 40: 351-395
Woese C R, Kandler O, Wheelis ML, 1990. Towards a natural system of organisms: Proposal for the domains archaea, bacteria, and eucarya. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 87: 4576～4579
Wolters J, Erdmann V A, 1988, Compilation of 5S RNA and 5S RNA genes sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 16: 1—70
Zarlenga D S, Strinyfellow F, Nobary M, Lichtenfels J R 1994 Cloning and characterization of ribosomal RNA genes from three species of Haemonchus (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloldea) and identification of PCR primers for rapid differentiation. Exp Parasitol,, 78: 28-36
Zhu X, Wittner M, Tanowitz H B, Cali A, Weiss L M 1993 Nucleotide sequence of the small ribosomal RNA of Encephalitozoon cuniculi. Nucl Acids Res, 21: 13—15
万永继.1988.家蚕微粒子原虫生活史各形态的观察以及预知检查进行识检的初步研究.四川蚕业,2:7～9
方定坚,廖森泰,郑祥明等1993.家蚕微孢子虫MG_1,MG_2的研究,Ⅱ、孢子的超微结构、发育周期及血清学关系广东农业科学,(1):39—41
王宏.1991.蜀白毒蛾微孢子虫对家蚕致病性研究四川蚕业,(3):10—11
王裕兴,孙景晨,钱元骏,等.1994.家蚕微粒子病化学疗法的研究江苏蚕业,(3):1—3
刘仕贤,朱德贞,曾文兴等1981.即时浸酸和温汤处理对家蚕微粒子病经卵传染的治疗效果,广东蚕丝通讯,(2):27—34
刘吉平,卢铿明,徐兴耀等1995.单抗免疫金银染色法诊断家蚕微孢子虫的研究广东蚕业,29:30—35
问锦曾,孙传信1989.中国家蚕微粒子虫及其近缘种的考察 中国农业科学,22(2):15—19
问锦曾,李社平,孙传信.1992.纳卡变形孢虫中国新记录.动物分类学报,17:116-117
问锦曾.1999.原生动物学:“微孢子虫门”.393-399,科学出版社
华南农学院,佛山地区农业局,顺德县农林局1981.家蚕微粒子病的发生规律及防治研究(初报)广东蚕丝通讯,(2):21—27
李达山,1992.蜜蜂微粒子对家蚕致病性的试验 江苏蚕业,(1):45～46
李达山 1993.菜青虫(莱粉蝶)微孢子虫对家蚕的致病性研究 苏州蚕桑专科学校学报.6(2):16—17
沈中元,徐莉等1996.桑尺蠖丝棉木金星尺蠖的微孢子虫对家蚕病原性和胚种传染性研究 蚕业科学,22:36—41
沈中元,徐莉,张志芳,等.1997.克微1号治疗家蚕微粒子病研究.中国蚕业,(3):11～13
陈建国,胡季,金伟,等1988.家蚕微粒子孢子单克隆抗体的研制及其在检测上的初步应用 蚕业科学,14:168～170
陈秀,黄可威,沈中元,等.1996.家蚕微粒子病的PCR诊断技术研究 蚕业科学。22:229—234
郭锡杰,黄可威.1995.家蚕病原性微孢子虫孢子表面蛋白的选择性分离与总蛋白比较分析 蚕业科学,21:238～242
顾福康1991.原生动物学概论 北京:高等教育出版社,10—33
梅玲玲,金伟.1989.家蚕微孢子虫与桑尺蠖微孢子虫的研究蚕业科学,15:135—138
黄起鹏,唐仕昆,刘仕贤,等.1981.家蚕微粒子病的治疗药物筛选试验 蚕业科学,7:63—64
鲁兴萌,时连根,金伟,等.1997.家蚕微粒子病预知检查技术的改进研究 中国蚕业,(1):16—17
鲁兴萌,金伟,吴一舟等 2000.丙硫苯咪唑等药剂对家蚕微粒子病的治疗作用 中国蚕业,(1)19 —21
蒲蛰龙1992.昆虫病理学广州:广东科技出版社,407—464
藤原 公1980.分离种微孢子虫(Nosema spp)日本蚕丝学杂志,49:229—236
藤原 公1984.蚕力分离Pleistophora样微孢子虫 日本蚕丝学杂志,53:398—402
藤原 公1984.蚕力分离Thelohania sp日本蚕丝学杂志,53:459—460
藤原 公1985 种茧养蚕检出微孢子虫类 日本蚕丝学杂志,54:108—111
广濑安春 1979.柞蚕微粒子原虫继代宿主感染性变化 蚕丝研究,(110):105—110
广濑安春 1979.昆虫寄生微孢子虫类蚕丝研究,(111):118—123
广濑安春 1979.野外昆虫采取微孢子虫类交叉感染 蚕丝研究,(111):124—128
井口智义,岩野秀俊 1997.家蚕幼虫饲育温度高低微孢子虫Nosema sp NIS—M_(11)(Microspora:Nosematidae)孢子形成样式影响 日本蚕丝学杂志,66:445—452
三谷贤三郎 1929.最近蚕病学(中卷)东京:明文堂,1—272
河原田勇 1985.病原Nosema bombycis胞子表面抗原特性.九州蚕丝,(16):39-40
佐藤令一,渡部 仁1986.家蚕病原性示种微孢子虫类孢子形成样式 日本蚕丝学杂志,55:10—16
Alberts B, et al 1989. Molecuar Biologyof the Cell. Garland Publishing, Ine. New York and Landon.
Baker M D, Vossbrinck C R, Maddox J V, Undeen A H, 1994. Phylogenetic relationships among Vairimorpha and Nosema species (Microspora) based on ribosomal RNA sequence data..J Invertebr Pathol, 64: 100-106
Baker M D, Vossbrinck C R, Didier E S, Maddox J V, Shadduck J A 1995. Small subunit ribosomal DNA phylogeny of various microsporidia with emphasis on AIDS related forms, J. Euk Microbiol, 42: 564-570
Baker M D, Vossbrinck C R, Becnel J J, Andreadis T G 1998. Phylogentyof Amblyospora (Microsporida: Amblyosporidae) and related genera based on small subunit ribosomal DNA datd: a possible example of host parasite cospeciation. J Invertebr Pathol, 71: 199-206
Baldauf S L, Roger A J, Wenk-Siefert Ⅰ, Doolittle W F, 2000. A kingdom-level phylogeny of eukaryotes based on combined protein date. Science, 290(5493): 972～977
Barry T, Powell R, Gannon F, 1999. A eneral method to generate DNA probes from microorganisms. Bio/technology, 8: 233-236
Biderre C, Pages M, Metenier G, David D, Bata J, Prensier G Vivares CP1995 On small genomes in eukaryotic organisms: Molecular kartotypes of two microsporidian species(Protozoa) parasites of vertebrates. C R Acad Sci Paris Life Science, 317: 300-314
Bock-M, Maiwald-M, Kapp-R.1994. Polymerase chain reaction-based detection of dermatophyte DNA with fungus-specific primer system. Mycoses, 37(3-4): 79-84
Brooks W M, Becnel, J. J. 1988. Establishment of Endoreticulatus n. g. for Pleistophoridae, J. Protozool, 35: 481-488
Boothroyd J C, Wang A, C 1987. An unusually compact ribosomal DNA repeat in the protozoan Giardia lamblia. Nucleic Acids Res, 15: 4065-5084
Brown J R, Doolittle W F. 1995. Root of the universal tree of life based on ancient aminoacyl tRNA synthetase gene duplications. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 2441-2445
Brown J R, Doolittle W F. 1999. Gene descent duplication and horizontal transfer in the evolution ofghtamyl tRNA and gluamy tRNA synthetases. J. Mol. Evol, 49: 485-495
Burges H D, Canning E U, 1974. Ultrastructure of Nosema oryzaephili and the taxonomic value of the polar flament. J. Invertebr Pathol, 23 (2): 135-139
Canning E U, Barker R J, 1985. The ultrastructure of three microsporidia from winter moth, operophtera brumata, and the establishment of a new genus Cystosporogenes n. g. for Pleistophora operophterae Syst. Parasitol. 7: 213-225
Canning E. U. 1990. Phylu Microspora. In "Handbook of protoctista" (L. Margulis J O, Corliss M M, and Chapman D J) Eds, pp53-72. Garland Publishing,ine. New York and Landon.
Cavalier S T, 1987. Kukaryotes with no mitochondria. Nature, 6111: 332-333
Cavalier S T, 1991. Archamoebae: The ancestral eukaryotes? Biosystems, 25: 25-38
Cavalier-Smith T. 1998. A revised six-kingdom system of life Biol Rev Carnb Philos Soc 73(3) 203-266
Chakrabarti D, Dame J B, Gutell R R, Yowell C A, 1992 Characterization of the rDNA unit and sequence analysis of the small subunit rRNA and 5.8S rRNA genes from Tritrichomonas foetus. Mol Biochen Parasitol, 52: 75-84
Clyde, B M, Wayne, M B. 1994. An ultrastructud study of the Episporontal inclusions produced during octosporogony by five Species/Isolates of Vairirnorpha (Microsporidia). J. Invertebr. Pathol., 63: 197-206.
Cole R, 1970. The application of the "Triangulation" method to the purification of Noserna spores from insect tissues. J Invertebr Pathol, 15: 193-195
Curgy J, Vivares C 1980. Presence of ribosomal RNAs with prokaryotic properties in microsporidia eukaryotic organisms. Biol Cell, 38: 49-52
Dams E, Hendriks L, Van de Peer Y, et al 1988. Compilation of small ribosomal subunit RNA sequences. Nuckeic Acids Res, 16(Suppl.): 87-173
De Graaf DC, Raest H, Jacobs F J. 1994 Spore dimorphism in N. apis (Microsporida: Nosematidae) developmental cycle. J. Invertebr Pathol, 63: 92-94
De Jonckheere J F, Gordts B K W, Majewska A C, Michels P A M. 1989 Cloning of a 1.8 kb repeated sequence for the identoification and comparison of Giardia intestinalis isolates. J Eur Protistol, 24: 162-167
Delihas N, Andersen J 1993 Generalized structures of the 5S ribosomal RNAs. Nucleic Acids Res. 10: 7323-7344
Deplaze P. Mathis. 1996. Molecular epidemiology of Encephalitozoon cuniculi and first detection of Encephalitozoon bieneusi in fecal samples of pigs. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 43: 93
Dider E. S, 1995. Indentification and characterization of three Encephalitozoon cuniculi strains. Parasitology, 111: 411-421
Don R. H, P. T. Cox, B. J. Wainwright, K. Barker and J. S. Mattick, 1991. "Touchdown" PCR to circumvent spurious priming during gene amplification. Nucleic Acids Res., 19: 4008
Doolittle W F, Sapienza C 1980. Selfish genes, the phenotype paradigm and genome evolution. Nature, 284: 601-603
Eisen J A, Fraser C M, 2003. Phylogennomics: Intersection of evolution and genomics. Science, 300 (5626): 1706～1707
Erdmann V A, and Wolters J 1986 Collection of published 5S, 5.8S and 4.5S ribosomal RNA sequences. Nucleic Acids Res, 14: 1-59
Eyre Walker A C 1991 An analysis of codon usage in msrmmals: selection or mlutation basis. J Mol. Evol, 33: 442—449
Eys GJJM van, Schoone G J, Kroon WCM. 1992. Sequence analysis of small subunit ribosomal RNA genes and its use for detection and identification of Leishmania parasites Molecular and Biochernical Parasitology, 51 (1): 133-142
Flook P K, Rowed CHE. 1998. Inferences about orthopteroid phylogeny and molecular evolution from small subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. Insect Molecular Biology, 7 (2): 163—178.
Fowler J L, Reeves E L. 1974a. Detection of relationships among microsporidian isolates by electronhoretic analysis: Hydrohobic extracts. J Invertebr Pathol, 23: 3—12
Fowler J L, Reeves E L 1974b Detection of relationships among microsporidian isolates by Electrophoretic analysis: Hydrophobic extracts. J Invertebr Pathol 23: 63—69
Frixione E, Ruiz L, 1997. Germination of Nosema algerae spores: Conditional inhibition by D20, ethanol and Hg~(+2) suggest dependence of water influx upon membrane hydration and specific transmembrane pathways. J Eukaryot Microbiol, 44(2): 109～116
Fujiwara T 1980. Three microsporidians (Nosema sp)from the silkworm, Bombyx mori. J Seric Sci Jpn, 49: 229—236
Fuiwara T 1985 Microspoddia from silkworm moths in egg production sedculture. J Seric Sci Jpn, 54: 108—111
Fujiwara T, Kagawa T, and Ando H 1985, N bombycis-like microsporidia isolated from silkworm moths in egg—production sedculture. J Seric Sci Jpn 54: 117—121
Fukura K, Yamamoto A, Hashimoto T. I996. Nucleotide sequence of the 16S rRNA gene and phylogenetic analysis of Trichornonas tenax. Microbiologyand Immunology 40(3): 183-188.
Galtier N, and Gouy M, 1995, Inferring phylogenies from DNA sequences of unequal base composotions, Proc Netl Acad Sci, 92: 11 317—11 321
Gatehouse H S, Malone L A 1998 The ribosoma RNA gene region of N. apis (Microspora): DNA sequence for small and large subunit rRNA genes and evidence of a large tandem repeat unit size. J Invertebr Pathol, 77: 97—105
Gemot A, Philippe H, le Guyader H, 1997. Evidence for loss of mitochondria in microsporidia from a mitochondria type HSP70 in Noserna locustae. Mol Biochem Parastiol, 87(2): 159-168
Germot A, Philippe H. 1999. Critical analysis of eukaryotic phylogeny: a case study based on the HSP70 family Jonrnal of EuknyotiC Microbioingy. 46 (2): 116-124;
Gonzalez I L, Sylvester J E 1995. Complete sequence of the 43kb human ribosomal DNA repeat: Analysis of the intergenic spacer. Genomics 27: 320—328
Greenstone M H, 1983. An enzyme—linked immunosorbent assay for the Amblyospora sp of Culex salinarius (Microspora: Ablyospoddae). J Invertebr Pathol 41: 250—255
Greenstone M H, 1986. The ELISA for Amblyospora Sp: Reproducility, sensitiviry and Cross reactivity with other microspoddian species. J Kansas Entoraol Soc, 59: 658—665
Harding R M, Boyce A J, Clegg J B, 1992. The evolution of tandemly repetitive DNA: recombination rules. Genetic, 132: 847859
Hardison R C, 1991, Evolution of globin genes families. In Evolution at the Molecular Level (Selander R K, Clark A G, and Whettan T S). Eds, pp272—289, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA
Hartskeel RA, Schuitema A R J, De Wachter R, 1993. Secondary structure of the small subunit ribosomal RNA sequence of the microspoddium Encephalitozoon cunicul. Nucleic Acids Res, 21: 1489
Hatskeyama Y, Kawakami Y, Iano H, Inoue T, and Ishihara R. 1997. Analyses and taxonomic Inferences of small subunlt ribosomal RNA sequences of five microsporldia pathogenic to the silkworm, Bombyx mori. J invertebrpathol, 66 (4): 242-252
Hayasaka S, and Ayuzawa C 1987 Diagnosis of microsporidians, N bombycis closely related species by antibody-sensitized latex. J. Seric sci jap 56: 169-170
Hazard E. I, J. weiser, 1968, Spores of Thelohania in adult female Anopheles: development and transovarlal transmion and redescdption of T. legeri Hesse and T. obesa. J. Protozool, 15 (7): 817823
Henneguy F, Thelohan P, 1892. Myxospoddles parasites des muscles chez quelques crustaces decapods Ann. Microgr. 4: 617-641
Hollister W S, Canning E U, Colbourn N I, 1993 A species of Encephalitozoon isolated from an AIDS patient: Criterla for Species differentiattion. Folia Parasiyol. 40: 293—295
Hostounsku; Z, J. weiser 1975, Nosema polygrammae sp. n. and Pleistophora fidelis sp. n. in Cuba, Vest Cesk Spol. ZooI.39: 104110
Hirt RP, Healy B, Vossbrinck CR, Canning EU, Embley TM, 1997. A mitochondrial hsp70 orthologue in Vairimopha necatrix: molecular evidence that microsporidia once contained mitochondria. Curr Biol, 7: 995-998
Hirt RP, Jr Logsdon JM, Healy B, Michael W, Dorey W, Doolittle F, Embley TM, 1999. Microsporidia are related to fungi: evidence from the largest subunit of RNA polymerase Ⅱ and other proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 96: 580～585
Hut A H. De Boer 1987. Spechlized ribosome system: Preferential translation of a single mRNA species by a subpopulation of mlltated ribosomes in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl. Acad Sci, USA, 84, (4762—4766)
Ishihara R, Hayashi T, 1968a. Some properties of rlbosomes from the sporoplasm of N. bombycis J invertebr Pathol, 11: 377-385
Ishihara R. 1968b. Some observations on the fime structure of sporoplasm discharged from spores of a microsporidian, N bombycis. J Invertebr Pathol 12: 245-258
Ishihara R 1969. The life cycle of N. bombycis as revealed in tissue culture cells of Bombyx mori. J Invertebr Pathol, 14: 316-320
Issi V. 1986. Microsporidia as a phylum of parasitic protozoa. Cad Sci USS R (Leningrad), 10: 6-136
Iwano H, Shimizu N, Kawakami Y, Ishihara R 1994. Spore dimorphism and some other biological features of a Nosema. sp isolated from the lawn grass cutworm, Spodoptera depravata. Appl. Entomol. Zool., 29 (2): 219-227
Iwano J, Ishihara R 1992. Dimophisn of spores of Nosema. sp. in cultured cell. J Invertebr Pathol 57: 211—219
Jin L N M. 1990. Limitations of the evolutionary parsimony method of phylogenetic analysis Mol. biol. evol. 7: 82—102
Jouvenaz, D. P., Eillis, E. A. 1986. Vairimorpha invictae n.sp.( Microspore: Microsporidia), a parasite of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invictae Buren(Hymenoptera: Fomicidare). J Protozool., 33: 457-461.
Jukes T. H, Cantor C R, 1969. Evolution of protein molecules. In: Munro H. H, Manmalian protein metabolism. Academic Press, New York, pp21-132
Karvonen P, Savolalnen O, 1993, Variation in inheritance of ribosomal DNA in Pinus sylvestris L(Scots pine) Heredity, 71: 618-622
Katinka MD, Duprat S, Comillot E, Metenier G, Thomarat F, Prensier G, Barbe V, Peyretaillade E, Brottier P, Wincker P, Delbac F, Ei Alaoui H, Peyret P, Saurin W, Gouy M, Weissenbach J, Vivares CP, 2001. Genome sequence and gene compaction of the eukaryote parasite, Encephalitozoon cuniculi. Nature, 414: 450～453
Kawakami Y, Inoue T, Ito K, et al 1994 Identification of a chiomosome harboringthe small subunt ribosomal RNA gene of N. bombycis. Jinvertebr pathol 64: 147—148
Kawakani Y, Inoue T, Ito K, Kitanizu K, Hanawa C, Sunairi M, Ando T, Iwano H, Ishihara R 1994, Comparison of chronosomal DNA from four microsporidia pathogenic to the silkworm, bombyx mori. Appl Entoml Zool, 29 (1): 120-123
Kawakami Y, Inoue T, Hatakeyama Y et al 1995 Specific amplification of DNA from reference strains of Nbombycis. J Seric Sci Jpn 64 (2): 165—172
Ke Z. Xie w, wang X, Long Q, Pu Z 1990. A monoclonal antibody to N. bombycis and its Use for identification of microsporidian spores. Jinvertebr pathol. 56: 395—400
Kawakami Y, Inoue T, Kikuchi M, Takayanagi M, Sunairi M et al 1992 Primary and secondary structures of 5S ribosomal RNA of N. bornbycis (Nosematidae, microsporidia) J Seric Sci Jpn, 614: 321-327
Keeling P J, Mcfadden G I, 1998. Origins of microsporidia. Trends Microbiol, 6 (1): 19-23
Keeling P J, 2003. Congruent evidence form α-tubulin and β-tubulin gene phylogenies for a zygomycete origin of microsporidia. Fungal Genetics and Biology, 38: 298～309
Kemp D J, Corcoran LM, Coppel R L, Stahl H D, Bianco A E, Brown G Y, Antlers R F, 1985. Size variation in chromosomes from Independent cultured isolates of Plasmodium falciparu., Nature, 315: 347—350
Kimura, M 1980 A simple method for esumating evolutionary rats of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J. Mol. Evol. 16: 111—120.
Knell J D, Zam S G. 1978. As erologlcalcompal comparison of some species of microsporidia Jinvertebr pathol, 31: 280—288
Kramer J P 1965. N. necatrix sp. n. and Thelohania diazoma sp. n. microsporidians from the armworm Pseudaletia unlpuncta (Haworth). J Invertebr Pathol 7: 117—121
Kudo R R 1916. Contribution to the study of parastic protozoa. I. on the structure and life history of N. bombycis Naegeli. Bull Imper. Seric. Expt. Stat. Tokyo. 1: 31—35
Kunimoto M, Kito H, Yamamoto Y, Cheney D P. 1999. Discrimination of Porphyra spedes based on small subunlt ribosomal RNA gene sequence. Journal of Applied Phycology, 11 (2): 203-209.
Kwok S, D. E. Kellogg, N. Mckinney, D. Spasic, L. Goda, C. Levenson and J. J. Sninsky 1990. Effects of primer-template mismatches on the polymerase chain reaction: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 model studies Nucleic Acids Res, 18: 999-1005
Lane D J, Pace B, olsen G J, Stahl A, Sogin M L, Pace N R, 1985. Rapid determination of the 16S ribosomal RNA sequences for phylogenetic analyses Proc Natl Acad Scl, 82: 6955—6959
Larsson R 1986. Ultrastructure, function, and classification of microsporidia. Progr Protistol, 1: 325-390
Larsson R. 1999. Identification of microsporidia Acta Protozool., 38: 161-197.
Leellen, F. S., And Joseph, V. M. 1998. Timing an early sporulation sequence of microsporidia in the the genus Vairimorpha (Microsporedia: Burenellidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol., 72: 323-329
Leipe D D, Gunderson J H, Nerad T A, Sogin M L 1993 Small subunit ribosmal RNA of Hexamitainflata and the quest for the first branch in the eukaryotic tree. Molec Biochem Parasitol, 59: 41-48
Levine N D, 1980. A nearly revised classification of the protozoa, J. Protozool 27 (1): 37-38
Levy M, Mmao J, Marchetti M A, Hamer J E 1991. DNA fingerprinting with a dispersed repeated sequence resolves pathotype diversity in the rice blast fungus. Plant Cell, 3: 95—102
Long E O, Dawid I B 1980 Repeated genes in eukaryotes. Annu Rev Biochem, 49: 727—764
Maddox J V, Sprenkel R K 1978. Some enigmatic microsporidia of the genus Nosema Misc Publ Entomol Soc Am, 11: 65—84
Magee P T, RikkerinK E H A, Magee B B 1988. Methods for the genentic and molecular biology of Candiada albicans Anal Biochem, 175: 361—372
Malone L A., Cannng, E. U. 1982. Fine structure of Vairimopha plodid (Microsporedia, Burenellidae), a pathogen of Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera, Phycitidae) and intectivity of the dimorphic spores. Protistol., 18: 503-516.
Malone L A, Mcivor C A 1993. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of DDA from four microsporidian isolates. J Invertebr Pathol, 61: 203-205
Malone L A, Broadwell H, Lindridge E T Mclvor C A, Ninham J A 1994. Ribosomal RNA genes of two microsporidia, N. apis and Vavia oncoperae are very variable. J Invertebr Pathol 68: 231—232
Malone L A, Mcivor C A 1995. DNA probes for two microsporidia, N. bombycis and N. costelytrae. J Invertebr Pathol. 66: 269-273
Malone L A, Mcivor C A 1996. Use of nucleotide sequence data to identify a microsporidian pathogen of Pieris rapae (Lepidontera, Pieridae). J Invertebr Pathol, 64: 151—152
Mercer C F, Wigley P J. 1987A. Microsporidian pathogen of the Poropolo stemborer, Sceliodes cordalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). J Invertebr Pathol, 49: 93-101
Muller M, 1997. What are the microsporidia? Parasitology Today, 13(12): 455-456
Moore C B, Brooks W M 1993. An evalution of SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis for the determination of intraaeneric relationships of Vairimorpha isolates. J. Invertebr Pathol, 62: 285—288
Moser B. A, Becnel J. J. 1998 Analysis of the ribosomal DNA sequences of the microsporidia Thelohania and Vairimorpha of fire ants. J. Inverbr Pathol, 72 (2): 154—159
Mundedoh U G, Kurtti T J, Ross S E, 1990 Electrophoretic characterization of chromosomal DNA from two microsporidia J Invertebr Pathol, 56: 243-248
Neefs J M, Van de Peer Y, De Rijk P, Goris A, De Wacher R, 1991 Compilation of small ribosomal subunit RNA sequences. Nucl Acids Res, 19: 1987-2015
Neefs J M, Van de Peer Y, De Rijk P, Goris A, De Wacher R 1993. Compilation of small ribosomal subunit RNA structures. Nucl Acids Res, 21: 3025-3049
Ohshima K 1937, On the function of the polar filament of N. bombycis. Parasitology, 29: 220—224
Peer Y van de, Neef JM, Rijk. P. de, 1993 Evolution of eukaryotes as deduced from small ribosomal subunit RNA sequences. Biochemical Systematcs and Ecology 21 (1): 43—55.
Pekkarinen M., et al. 2002. Ovipleistophora genus, a new genus for Pleistophora mirandellae-like microspoddia. Dis. Aquat. Org. 48: 133-142
Pettersson B, Andersson A, Leitner T, 1997 Evolutionary relstionships among members of the genus Chlamydia based on 16S ribosomal DNA analysis. Journal of Bacteriology, 179(13): 4195-4205
Pienlazek N J, Da Silva A J, Slemenda S B, Visvesvara G S et al 1996 Nosema trichoplusiae is a synonym of N. bombycis based of the sequence of the small subunlt ribosomal RNA codlng reston. J Invertebr Pathol, 67: 316—317
Pilley, B. M. 1976. A new genus, Vairimorpha (Protozoa: Microspoddia) for Nosema necatrix Kramer1965: Pathogenicity and life cycle in Spodopatera exempta (Lepidopatera: Noctuidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol., 28: 177-183.
Preparata R M, Meyer E B, Preparata F P, Simon E M, Vossbrinck C R, Nanney D L, 1989 Ciliate evolution: the ribosomal phylogenies of the tetrahymenine ciliates. J Mol Evol, 28: 427-441
Razubm S, Rotten S, 1967, Identification of Mycoplasma and other microorganisms by Polyacrylamide gel. electrophoresis of cell proteins. J Bacteiol. 1807-1810
Rolfs A, Schuller I, Finckh U, Weber R I, 1992. PCR: Clicical diagnostics and research, pp 184-188, Spring-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg
Rollo F, Amici A, Foresi F, Di Silvestro I, 1987 Construction and characterization of a cloned probe for the detection od Phoma tracheiphila in plant tissues. Appl Microbiol Biotech 26: 352—357
sato R, Kobayashi M, Watanabe H, Fujiwara T 1981 Serological discrimination of several kinds of microsporidian spores isolated from the silkworm, Bombyx mori By an Indirect fluorescent antibody technique. J. Seric Jpn, 50: 180-184
Sato R, Kobayashi 1982, Interal ultrastructure of spores of microspoidiana isolated from the silkworm, Bombyx mori, J Inverbr Pathol, 40 (2): 260—265
Sato R, Watanabe H 1985 Sporogonial sequence in microsporideae pathogenic to the silkworm, Bombyx mori 55: 10—16
Sedlacek, J D, 1985. Effects of temperature and dosage on Vairimorpha sp.696 spore morphometrice spore yield, and tissue specificity in heliothis lirescens. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 48: 320-324.
Schlege M, 1991 Protist evolution and phylogeny as discerned from small subunit ribosomal RNA Sequence comparisons. European Journal of Protistology. 27(3):: 207—219;
Shimizu S, Nishida Y. Yoshioka Y, Matsumoto T, 1991 Separation of chromosomal DNA molecules from Paecilomyces fumosorseus by pulsed-field electrophoresis. J Invertebr Pathol 58: 461—463
Simpson A J G, Sher A, Mccutchan T F 1982 The genome of Schistosoma mansoni: isolation of DNA, its size, bases and repetitive sequences.. Mol Bichem Parasitol, 15: 215—230
Sogin M L, Gunderson J H, Elwood H J, Alonso R A, Peattie D A, 1989 Phylogenetic meaning of the kingdom concept: An unllsllal ribosomal RNA from Giardia Iamblia. Science, 243: 75—77
Sogin M. L, Silberman J D, 1998 Evolution of the Protests and protistan parasites from the perspective of molecular systeman. In Parasitol, 28 (11): 11—20
Specht T, Wolters J, Erdmann V A. 1990. Comparison of 5S rRNA and 5S rRNA genes sequences. Nucleic Acids Res, 18: 2215—2230
Sprague V. 1977. Classification and phyologeny of the microspoddia. In "Comparative Pathobiology", Vol. 2: pp1-30, Plenum, New York.
Sprague V 1977. Annotated list of species of microsporidia. In"Comparative pathobiology" (Bulla、LA, Cheng TC Eds) VoL. 2: pp31-334 Plenum, New Ynrk
Sprague V 1981 Microspora. In "Synopsis and classiflcatlon of living organisms(Paker SPEd), Vol.1, pp589-594 Mcgrawhill, New York
Sprague V 1988 Characterization and composition of the genus Nosema. Misc Publ Entomol Sox Am, 11: 5-16
Sprague V, Becnel J, Hazard E I 1992 Taxonomy of phylum microsporidia. Crit Rev Microblio, 18: 285-395
Stevens J R; Teixeira MMG; Bingle LEH, 1999, The taxonomic position and evolutionary relationships of Trypanosoma rangeli. International Journal for Parasitology 29 (5): 749-757.
StLeger R J, Chamley A k, Cooper R M 1987a Characterization of cuticle-degrading Proteases produced by the entamopathogen Metarhizium anispliae. Achives of biochemnistry and biophysics, 313 (1): 17
Streett D A, Briggs J D 1982a An evalution of sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel eletrophoresis for the identification of microsporidia. J Invertebr Pathol, 40: 159—165
Streett D A, Briggs J D 1982b Variation in spore polypeptides from four species of Vairimorpha. Biol syst Ecol, 10: 161-165
Svensson H, 1962 Isoelectdc fractionation, analysis, and characterization of ampholoytes in natural pH gradients. Acta. Chem. Scand, 16: 456
Sweeney A W, Dogget S L, Piper R G 1990b Host specificity studies of Amblyospora indicola and Amblyospora dyxenoides (Microspora: Amblyosporidae) in mosquitoes and copepods. J Invertebr Pathol 56: 415-418
Swofford D L, Olsen G J, Wadded P J, Hillis D M, 1996. Phyogenetic Inference, in Molecuar Systematics. (Hills, D. M, Moritz, C. and Mable, B. K.; eds. ). SinauerAssociates. Sunderland, USA. pp 407—514
Undeen A H, Alger N E 1971 Density gradient method for fractionating microsporidian spores J Invertebr Pathol, 18: 419—420
Undeen A H, Cockburn A F, 1989 The extraction of DNA from microsporidian spores. J Invertebr psthol 54: 132—133
Undeen A H. Vander-Meer P. K 1999 Microsporidia intrasporal sugars and their role in germination. J. Inverbr Pathol, 73 (3): 294—302
Van Keulen H. Campbell S R, Erlandsen S L, Jarroll E L, 1991 Cloning and restriction enzyme mapping of ribosomal DAN of Giardia duodenalis, Giardia ardeae and Giardia muris. Mol Biochem Parasitol, 46: 318—328
Van Keulen H, Gutell R R, Campbell S R, Erlandsen S L, Jarroll E J, 1992 The nucleotide sequences of the entire ribosomal DNA opron and the structure of the large subunit rRNA sequence suggests microsporidia are extremely ancient eukayotes. Nature, 326: 411—414
Vavra J 1976. Structure of the microsporidia. In "comparatiVe pathobiology", (Bullar L A. Jr. and Cheng T. C, eds.). Academic press, Now York and London. Vol.1: 1—74
Vawter L, Brown W M, 1993. Rates and patterns of base change in the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene Genetics 134 (2): 597—608;
Vivare C, Biderre, C, et al. 1996 Chromosomal localization of five genes in Encephalitozoon cuniculi, J Eukaryot Microbiol, 43 (5): 97
Visvesvara GS, Belloso M, Moura H, Da Silva AJ, Moura IN, Leitch GJ, Schwartz DA, Chevez-Barrios P, Wallace S, Pieniazek NJ, Goosey JD, 1999. Isolation of Nosema algerae from the cornea of an immunnocompetent patient. J Eukaryot Microbiol, 46(5): 10-14
Vossbrink C R, Woese C R. 1986. Eukarvotic ribosomes that lack a 5.8S RNA. Nature 320 (20): 287—288
Vossbrink C R, Maddox JV, Friedman S, Debrnnner-Vosshrinck BA, Woese CR, 1987. Ribosomal RNA sequence suggests microsporidia are extremely ancient eukaryotes. Nature 326: 411～414
Vossbrink C R Friedman S 1989, A 28S ribosomal RNA phylogeny of certain cyclorrhaphous Diptera based upon a hypervariable region. Syst Entomol, 14: 417—431
Vossbrinlk C R, Baker MD, Didier E S, Dehrunner-Vossbrinck B A, Shadduck J A I993 Ribosomal DNA sequences of Encephalitozoon hellem and Encephalitozoon cuniculi: Species identification and phylogenetic construction. J Euk Microbiol, 40: 354—362
Walker T K, Simpson A J G, Rollinson D 1989 Differentiation of Schistosoma mansoni from Srodhaini using cloned DNA probes. Parasitology, 98: 75-80
Watanabe H. 1976. A Nosema species of the Egyptian cotton lesfwom spodoptera litura: Its mpophology, developments, host range, and taxonomy. J Inverteber PathoL, 28 (3): 321-328
Weidner E 1982, The microsporidia spore inbasion Tube Ⅲ. Ture extrusion and assembly. J. Cell. Biol, 93: 976-979
Weiser J 1977 Contribution to the classification of microsporidia. Vestn Cesk Spol Zool, 41: 308—320
Wess L. M, Vossbrinck CR, 1998 Microsporidiosis: molecular and diagnostic aspects. Adv Parasitol, 40: 351-395
Woese C R, Kandler O, Wheelis ML, 1990. Towards a natural system of organisms: Proposal for the domains archaea, bacteria, and eucarya. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 87: 4576～4579
Wolters J, Erdmann V A, 1988, Compilation of 5S RNA and 5S RNA genes sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 16: 1—70
Zarlenga D S, Strinyfellow F, Nobary M, Lichtenfels J R 1994 Cloning and characterization of ribosomal RNA genes from three species of Haemonchus (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloldea) and identification of PCR primers for rapid differentiation. Exp Parasitol,, 78: 28-36
Zhu X, Wittner M, Tanowitz H B, Cali A, Weiss L M 1993 Nucleotide sequence of the small ribosomal RNA of Encephalitozoon cuniculi. Nucl Acids Res, 21: 13—15