[NiFe/Cu/Co/Cu]_n多层纳米线的制备和磁性能研究
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摘要
对于自旋阀的研究主要采用CPP(电流垂直于膜面)和CIP(电流平行于膜面)这两种方式。目前自旋阀CIP-GMR的实际值已经接近理论极限,因而对于自旋阀CPP-GMR理论研究和优化更具现实意义。
论文以阳极氧化铝(AAO)为模板,采用控电位电沉积法制备了Co、NiFe磁性纳米线阵列。在此基础上,采用双槽控电位电沉积法制备了[NiFe/Cu/Co/Cu]_n多层纳米线。利用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)和XRD对纳米线进行表征。通过振动样品磁强计(VSM)测试样品的磁性能。
研究表明,沉积电位为-0.95V时,所得Co磁性纳米线阵列具有良好的硬磁性。Co纳米线为六方密排(hcp)结构,且单晶六方密排(hcp)钴纳米线的c轴在垂直于线轴的方向有择优取向。低温(300°C)退火处理有利于改善Co的磁性能,高温(400°C、500°C)退火处理不利于改善Co的磁性能。
沉积电位为-1.0V时,所得NiFe磁性纳米线阵列具有良好的软磁性。NiFe纳米线为面心立方(fcc)Ni固溶体。退火处理对于改善NiFe的磁性不利。500°C下退火处理后的NiFe纳米线为面心立方(fcc)Ni固溶体和六方密排(hcp)Fe析出相的共存体。
多层纳米线阵列粗细均匀,长径均一。多层纳米线的长度可以达～20μm。测得了[NiFe(5nm)/Cu(tCunm)/Co(5nm)/Cu(tCunm)]_n的磁滞回线,与模拟曲线对比知,多层纳米线中,Co层的难磁化轴平行于模板平面,致使多层纳米线的剩磁比偏低。
此外,本论文对CPP-GMR的理论模型进行了综述,介绍了计算自旋阀CPP-GMR的方法。
The giant magnetoresistance(GMR) of spin valves has been investigated in two main geometries:the current in plane(CIP) geometry and the current perpendicular to plane geometry. It seems that now the CIP GMR of spin valves has reached its upper limits. As a result,the CPP GMR of spin valves is more promising in terms of both theoretical study and commercial product.
Ordered cobalt nanowire arrays and NiFe nanowire arrays were electrodepositioned into the pores of AAO membranes. [NiFe/Cu/Co/Cu]_n multilayered nanowires were prepared by controlled electrodeposition from two different solutions using nanoporous aluminum oxide membranes. The morphology,structure and magnetic properties of the nanowires were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer(VSM),respectively.
Cobalt nanowire arrays prepared at -0.95V appeared fine retentiveness. The structure of cobalt is hcp with a c-axis oriented almost perpendicular to the wire. The study of the effects of annealing on the CPP-GMR showed that low temperature is beneficial to cobalt,while high temperature is adverse.
NiFe nanowire arrays prepared at -1.0V appeared well soft magnetism. The structure of NiFe is fcc. The study of the effects of annealing on magnetism of NiFe was also made. The NiFe nanowire annealed at 500°C was a mixture of nickle solid solution and iron.
The multilayered nanowire arrays were regularly arranged. The multilayered nanowire could be as long as～20μm。Comparing the Hysteresis loops of [NiFe/Cu/Co /Cu]_n multilayered nanowires with the modeled Hysteresis loops, we came to the conclusion that Co layers of [NiFe/Cu/Co/Cu]_n has in-plane hard magnetization axis,which resulted in low remanence ration .
The theoretical models of the CPP-GMR were reviewed,and a method for the calculation of CPP-GMR of spin valves was introduced.
论文以阳极氧化铝(AAO)为模板,采用控电位电沉积法制备了Co、NiFe磁性纳米线阵列。在此基础上,采用双槽控电位电沉积法制备了[NiFe/Cu/Co/Cu]_n多层纳米线。利用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)和XRD对纳米线进行表征。通过振动样品磁强计(VSM)测试样品的磁性能。
研究表明,沉积电位为-0.95V时,所得Co磁性纳米线阵列具有良好的硬磁性。Co纳米线为六方密排(hcp)结构,且单晶六方密排(hcp)钴纳米线的c轴在垂直于线轴的方向有择优取向。低温(300°C)退火处理有利于改善Co的磁性能,高温(400°C、500°C)退火处理不利于改善Co的磁性能。
沉积电位为-1.0V时,所得NiFe磁性纳米线阵列具有良好的软磁性。NiFe纳米线为面心立方(fcc)Ni固溶体。退火处理对于改善NiFe的磁性不利。500°C下退火处理后的NiFe纳米线为面心立方(fcc)Ni固溶体和六方密排(hcp)Fe析出相的共存体。
多层纳米线阵列粗细均匀,长径均一。多层纳米线的长度可以达～20μm。测得了[NiFe(5nm)/Cu(tCunm)/Co(5nm)/Cu(tCunm)]_n的磁滞回线,与模拟曲线对比知,多层纳米线中,Co层的难磁化轴平行于模板平面,致使多层纳米线的剩磁比偏低。
此外,本论文对CPP-GMR的理论模型进行了综述,介绍了计算自旋阀CPP-GMR的方法。
The giant magnetoresistance(GMR) of spin valves has been investigated in two main geometries:the current in plane(CIP) geometry and the current perpendicular to plane geometry. It seems that now the CIP GMR of spin valves has reached its upper limits. As a result,the CPP GMR of spin valves is more promising in terms of both theoretical study and commercial product.
Ordered cobalt nanowire arrays and NiFe nanowire arrays were electrodepositioned into the pores of AAO membranes. [NiFe/Cu/Co/Cu]_n multilayered nanowires were prepared by controlled electrodeposition from two different solutions using nanoporous aluminum oxide membranes. The morphology,structure and magnetic properties of the nanowires were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer(VSM),respectively.
Cobalt nanowire arrays prepared at -0.95V appeared fine retentiveness. The structure of cobalt is hcp with a c-axis oriented almost perpendicular to the wire. The study of the effects of annealing on the CPP-GMR showed that low temperature is beneficial to cobalt,while high temperature is adverse.
NiFe nanowire arrays prepared at -1.0V appeared well soft magnetism. The structure of NiFe is fcc. The study of the effects of annealing on magnetism of NiFe was also made. The NiFe nanowire annealed at 500°C was a mixture of nickle solid solution and iron.
The multilayered nanowire arrays were regularly arranged. The multilayered nanowire could be as long as～20μm。Comparing the Hysteresis loops of [NiFe/Cu/Co /Cu]_n multilayered nanowires with the modeled Hysteresis loops, we came to the conclusion that Co layers of [NiFe/Cu/Co/Cu]_n has in-plane hard magnetization axis,which resulted in low remanence ration .
The theoretical models of the CPP-GMR were reviewed,and a method for the calculation of CPP-GMR of spin valves was introduced.
引文
[1]孟宏,纳米材料制备研究进展,矿产保护与利用,2003,15(4):14～18
[2]张立德,纳米材料和纳米结构,北京:化学工业出版社,2000,51～65
[3]张玉龙,李长德,纳米技术与纳米塑料,北京:中国轻工业出版社,2002,1～8
[4]P Grünberg,R Schreiber,Y Pang,et al,Layered Magnetic Structures:Evidence for Antiferromagnetic Coupling of Fe Layers across Cr Interlayers,Physical review letters,1986,57(19):2442～2447
[5]Baibch M N , Broto J N , Fert A , et a1 , Giant Magnetoresistance of(001)Fe(001)Cr Magnetic Superlattices,Physical Review Letters,1988,61(21):2472～2475
[6]N Strelkov,A Vedyaev,B Dieny,Extension of the semiclassical theory of current-perpendicular-to-plane giant magnetoresistance including spin flip to any multilayered magnetic structures,Journal of Applied Physics, 2003,94(5):3278～3287
[7]W. P. Pratt,S. F. Lee,J. M. Slaughter,et al,Perpendicular giant magnetoresistances of Ag/Co multilayers,Physical review letters,1991,66(23):3060～3063
[8]T Valet,A Fert,Theory of the perpendicular magnetoresistance in magnetic multilayers,Physical Review B Condensed matter,1993,48(10):7099～7113
[9]S S P Parkin,N More,K P Roche,Oscillations in exchange coupling and magnetoresistance in metallic superlattice structures: Co/Ru,Co/Cr,and Fe/Cr,Physical review letters,1990,64(19):2304～2307
[10]E Y Tsymbal,D G Pettifor,SOLID STATE PHYSICS ,NEW YORK:ACADEMIC PRESS,2001,3
[11]R Von Helmolt , J Wecker , B Holzapfel , et al , Giant negative magnetoresistance in perovskitelike La2/3Ba1/3MnOx ferromagnetic films,Physical review letter,1993,71(14):2331～2333
[12]S Jin,T H Tiefel,M McCormack,et al,Thousandfold change in resistivity in magnetoresistive La-Ca-Mn-O films,Science,1994,264:413～415
[13]Zhigang Wang,Yoshihisa Nakamura,A new type of GMR memory,Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials,1996,155(13):161～163
[14]Daughton J M,GMR applications,Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials,1999,192(2):334～342
[15]Zhigang Wang,Yoshihisa Nakamura,A new type of GMR memory,Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials,1996,155(1-3):161～163
[16]Johnson M,Bipolar spin switch,Science,1993,60:320～323
[17]Barnas,A Fuss,R E Camley,et al,Novel magnetoresistance effect in layered magnetic structures:Theory and experiment,Physical review. B Condensed matter,1990,42(13):8110～8120
[18]T Shinjo,H Yamamoto,Large magnetoresistance of field-induced giant ferrimagnetic multilayers,Journal of the Physical Society of Japan,1990,59:3061～3064
[19]B Dieny,V S Speriosu,S S P Parkin,Giant magnetoresistive in soft ferromagnetic multilayers,Physical Review B,1991,43(1):1297～1300
[20]Araki Satoru,Sano Masashi,Li Shuxiang,et al,Which spin valve for next giant magnetoresistance head generation?,Applied .Physics Letters.,2000,87(9):5377~5382
[21]L Piraux, JM George,J F Despres,et al,Giant magnetoresistance in magnetic multilayered nanowires,Applied Physics Letters,1994,65(19):2484～2486
[22]A Blondel, J P Meier,B Doudin,et al,Giant magnetoresistance of nanowires of multilayers,Applied Physics Letters,1994,65(23):3020～3022
[23]K Liu, K Nagodawithana,PC Searson,et al,Perpendicular giant magnetoresistance of multilayered Co/Cu nanowires,Physical Review B,1995,51(11):7381～7384
[24]Piraux L,S Dubois, A Fert,et al,Perpendicular giant magnetoresistance in magnetic multilayered nanowires , JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS,1996,159(13):287～289
[25] L Piraux,S Dubois,A Fert,et al,The temperature dependence of the perpendicular giant magnetoresistance in Co/Cu multilayered nanowires , The European Physical Journal B Condensed Matter,1998,4:413～420
[26]J.C. Hulteen,C.R. Martin,A general template-based method for the preparation of nanomaterials,Journal of Materials Chemistry,1997,7(77):1075~1087
[27]G.E. Possin,A method for forming very small diameter wires,Review of Scientific Instruments,1970,41(55):772~774
[28]R Martin,Nanomaterials: a membrane-based synthetic approach,Science,1994,266:1961~1966
[29]C R Martin,Membrane-Based Synthesis of Nanomaterials,Chemistry of materials,1996,8(8):1739～1746
[30]C J Brumlik, V P Menon, C R Martin ,Template synthesis of metal microtubule ensembles utilizing chemical,electrochemical,and vacuum deposition techniques,Journal of Materials Research,1994,9(55):1174～1183
[31] N K Raman, M T Anderson, C J Brinker,Template-Based Approaches to the Preparation of Amorphous, Nanoporous Silicas,Chemistry of materials,1996,8 (8):1682～1701
[32]B C Satishkumar,A Govindaraj,E M VoglOxide,et al,nanotubes prepared using carbon nanotubes as templates,Journal of Materials Research,1997,12(33):604-606
[33]A Blondel , B Doudin , J P Ansermet , Comparative Study of the Magnetoresistance of Electrodeposited Co/Cu Multilayered Nanowires Made by Single and Dual Bath Techniques,Journal Of Magnetism AND Magnetic Materials,1997,165(11):34～37
[34]S Dubois , C Marchal , J M Beuken , et al , Perpendicular giant magnetoresistance of NiFe/Cu multilayered nanowires,Applied Physics Letters,1997,70(3):396～198
[35]P R Evans, G Yi, W Schwarzacher,Current perpendicular to plane giant magnetoresistance of multilayered nanowires electrodeposited in anodic aluminum oxide membranes,Applied Physics Letters,2000,76(4):481～483
[36]X Zhu,P Grütter,Y Hao,et al,Magnetization switching in 70-nm-wide pseudo-spin-valve nanoelements,Journal of Applied Physics,2003,93(2):1132～1136
[37]T Valet,A Fert,Theory of the perpendicular magnetoresistance in magnetic multilayers,Physical review B Condensed matter,1993,48(10):7099～7113
[38]A Fert,T Valet,J Barnas,Perpendicular magnetoresistance in magnetic multilayers:Theoretical model and discussion,Journal of Applied Physics,1994,Journal of Applied Physics,1994,75(10):6693～6698
[39]S Dubois,L Piraux,J M George,et al,Evidence for a short spin diffusion length in permalloy from the giant magnetoresistance of multilayered nanowires, Physical Review B,1999,60(1):477～484
[40]Qin D H,Lu M,Li H L,Magnetic force microscopy of magnetic domain structure in highly ordered Co nanowire arrays,Chemical Physics Letters,2001,350(1-2):51~56
[41] A Fert, L Piraux,Magnetic nanowires,Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials,1999,200(11):338~358
[42] K Ounadjela,R Ferre,L Louail,et al,Magnetization reversal in cobalt and nickel electrodeposited nanowires,Journal of Applied Physics,1997,81(8):5455～5457
[43] PM Paulus,F Luis,M Kr?ll,Low-temperature study of the magnetization reversal and magnetic anisotropy of Fe,Ni and Co,Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials,2001,85(6):1314～1317
[44] L Piraux, S Dubois, E Ferain,et al,Magnetization processes in nickel and cobalt electrodeposited nanowires,Physical Review B,56(21):14066～14075
[45] P R Evans,G Yi,W Schwarzacher,et al,Current perpendicular to plane giant magnetoresistance of multilayered nanowires electrodeposited in anodic aluminum oxide membranes,Applied Physics Letters,2000,76(4):481～483
[46] D J Sellmyer,M Zheng,R Skomski,Magnetism of Fe,Co and Ni nanowires in self-assembled arrays,Journal Of Physics Condensed Matter,2001,13(6) :433～460
[47]严小萍,[NiFe/Cu/Co/Cu]n自旋阀纳米线的电化学制备、表征及磁性能研究,[硕士学位论文],天津大学,2008
[48]姜莹,姚素薇,张卫国等,半导体Si(111)上电沉积NiFe缓冲层薄膜,功能材料,2007,38(1):81～84
[49]H J Kim,B I Lee,S K Joo,et al,Development of unusual magnetic anisotropy in Co-based trilayers,Journal of Applied Physics,1997,81(88):3995～3997
[50]D Lottis , A Fert , R Morel , et al , Magnetoresistance in Rf-Sputtered(NiFe/Cu/Co/Cu) Spin-Valve Multilayers,Journal of Applied Physics,1993,73(1010):5515～5517
[51]P. Galtier, T. Valet, O. Durand,et al,Magnetoresistance in rf-sputtered (NiFe/Cu/Co/Cu) spin-valve multilayers,Journal of Applied Physics,1993,73(10):5515～5517
[52]A Paul,T Damm,D E Bürgler,et al,Optimizing the giant magnetoresistance of NiFe/Cu/Co pseudo spin-valves prepared by magnetron,Applied Physics Letters,2003,82(12):1905～1907
[53]宛德福,罗世华,磁性物理学,北京:电子工业出版社,1984,234～240
[54]D Bozec, M A Howson, B J Hickey,et al,Mean Free Path Effects on the Current Perpendicular to the Plane Magnetoresi stance of Magnetic Multilayers ,Physical Review Letters,2000,85(6):1314～1317
[2]张立德,纳米材料和纳米结构,北京:化学工业出版社,2000,51～65
[3]张玉龙,李长德,纳米技术与纳米塑料,北京:中国轻工业出版社,2002,1～8
[4]P Grünberg,R Schreiber,Y Pang,et al,Layered Magnetic Structures:Evidence for Antiferromagnetic Coupling of Fe Layers across Cr Interlayers,Physical review letters,1986,57(19):2442～2447
[5]Baibch M N , Broto J N , Fert A , et a1 , Giant Magnetoresistance of(001)Fe(001)Cr Magnetic Superlattices,Physical Review Letters,1988,61(21):2472～2475
[6]N Strelkov,A Vedyaev,B Dieny,Extension of the semiclassical theory of current-perpendicular-to-plane giant magnetoresistance including spin flip to any multilayered magnetic structures,Journal of Applied Physics, 2003,94(5):3278～3287
[7]W. P. Pratt,S. F. Lee,J. M. Slaughter,et al,Perpendicular giant magnetoresistances of Ag/Co multilayers,Physical review letters,1991,66(23):3060～3063
[8]T Valet,A Fert,Theory of the perpendicular magnetoresistance in magnetic multilayers,Physical Review B Condensed matter,1993,48(10):7099～7113
[9]S S P Parkin,N More,K P Roche,Oscillations in exchange coupling and magnetoresistance in metallic superlattice structures: Co/Ru,Co/Cr,and Fe/Cr,Physical review letters,1990,64(19):2304～2307
[10]E Y Tsymbal,D G Pettifor,SOLID STATE PHYSICS ,NEW YORK:ACADEMIC PRESS,2001,3
[11]R Von Helmolt , J Wecker , B Holzapfel , et al , Giant negative magnetoresistance in perovskitelike La2/3Ba1/3MnOx ferromagnetic films,Physical review letter,1993,71(14):2331～2333
[12]S Jin,T H Tiefel,M McCormack,et al,Thousandfold change in resistivity in magnetoresistive La-Ca-Mn-O films,Science,1994,264:413～415
[13]Zhigang Wang,Yoshihisa Nakamura,A new type of GMR memory,Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials,1996,155(13):161～163
[14]Daughton J M,GMR applications,Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials,1999,192(2):334～342
[15]Zhigang Wang,Yoshihisa Nakamura,A new type of GMR memory,Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials,1996,155(1-3):161～163
[16]Johnson M,Bipolar spin switch,Science,1993,60:320～323
[17]Barnas,A Fuss,R E Camley,et al,Novel magnetoresistance effect in layered magnetic structures:Theory and experiment,Physical review. B Condensed matter,1990,42(13):8110～8120
[18]T Shinjo,H Yamamoto,Large magnetoresistance of field-induced giant ferrimagnetic multilayers,Journal of the Physical Society of Japan,1990,59:3061～3064
[19]B Dieny,V S Speriosu,S S P Parkin,Giant magnetoresistive in soft ferromagnetic multilayers,Physical Review B,1991,43(1):1297～1300
[20]Araki Satoru,Sano Masashi,Li Shuxiang,et al,Which spin valve for next giant magnetoresistance head generation?,Applied .Physics Letters.,2000,87(9):5377~5382
[21]L Piraux, JM George,J F Despres,et al,Giant magnetoresistance in magnetic multilayered nanowires,Applied Physics Letters,1994,65(19):2484～2486
[22]A Blondel, J P Meier,B Doudin,et al,Giant magnetoresistance of nanowires of multilayers,Applied Physics Letters,1994,65(23):3020～3022
[23]K Liu, K Nagodawithana,PC Searson,et al,Perpendicular giant magnetoresistance of multilayered Co/Cu nanowires,Physical Review B,1995,51(11):7381～7384
[24]Piraux L,S Dubois, A Fert,et al,Perpendicular giant magnetoresistance in magnetic multilayered nanowires , JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS,1996,159(13):287～289
[25] L Piraux,S Dubois,A Fert,et al,The temperature dependence of the perpendicular giant magnetoresistance in Co/Cu multilayered nanowires , The European Physical Journal B Condensed Matter,1998,4:413～420
[26]J.C. Hulteen,C.R. Martin,A general template-based method for the preparation of nanomaterials,Journal of Materials Chemistry,1997,7(77):1075~1087
[27]G.E. Possin,A method for forming very small diameter wires,Review of Scientific Instruments,1970,41(55):772~774
[28]R Martin,Nanomaterials: a membrane-based synthetic approach,Science,1994,266:1961~1966
[29]C R Martin,Membrane-Based Synthesis of Nanomaterials,Chemistry of materials,1996,8(8):1739～1746
[30]C J Brumlik, V P Menon, C R Martin ,Template synthesis of metal microtubule ensembles utilizing chemical,electrochemical,and vacuum deposition techniques,Journal of Materials Research,1994,9(55):1174～1183
[31] N K Raman, M T Anderson, C J Brinker,Template-Based Approaches to the Preparation of Amorphous, Nanoporous Silicas,Chemistry of materials,1996,8 (8):1682～1701
[32]B C Satishkumar,A Govindaraj,E M VoglOxide,et al,nanotubes prepared using carbon nanotubes as templates,Journal of Materials Research,1997,12(33):604-606
[33]A Blondel , B Doudin , J P Ansermet , Comparative Study of the Magnetoresistance of Electrodeposited Co/Cu Multilayered Nanowires Made by Single and Dual Bath Techniques,Journal Of Magnetism AND Magnetic Materials,1997,165(11):34～37
[34]S Dubois , C Marchal , J M Beuken , et al , Perpendicular giant magnetoresistance of NiFe/Cu multilayered nanowires,Applied Physics Letters,1997,70(3):396～198
[35]P R Evans, G Yi, W Schwarzacher,Current perpendicular to plane giant magnetoresistance of multilayered nanowires electrodeposited in anodic aluminum oxide membranes,Applied Physics Letters,2000,76(4):481～483
[36]X Zhu,P Grütter,Y Hao,et al,Magnetization switching in 70-nm-wide pseudo-spin-valve nanoelements,Journal of Applied Physics,2003,93(2):1132～1136
[37]T Valet,A Fert,Theory of the perpendicular magnetoresistance in magnetic multilayers,Physical review B Condensed matter,1993,48(10):7099～7113
[38]A Fert,T Valet,J Barnas,Perpendicular magnetoresistance in magnetic multilayers:Theoretical model and discussion,Journal of Applied Physics,1994,Journal of Applied Physics,1994,75(10):6693～6698
[39]S Dubois,L Piraux,J M George,et al,Evidence for a short spin diffusion length in permalloy from the giant magnetoresistance of multilayered nanowires, Physical Review B,1999,60(1):477～484
[40]Qin D H,Lu M,Li H L,Magnetic force microscopy of magnetic domain structure in highly ordered Co nanowire arrays,Chemical Physics Letters,2001,350(1-2):51~56
[41] A Fert, L Piraux,Magnetic nanowires,Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials,1999,200(11):338~358
[42] K Ounadjela,R Ferre,L Louail,et al,Magnetization reversal in cobalt and nickel electrodeposited nanowires,Journal of Applied Physics,1997,81(8):5455～5457
[43] PM Paulus,F Luis,M Kr?ll,Low-temperature study of the magnetization reversal and magnetic anisotropy of Fe,Ni and Co,Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials,2001,85(6):1314～1317
[44] L Piraux, S Dubois, E Ferain,et al,Magnetization processes in nickel and cobalt electrodeposited nanowires,Physical Review B,56(21):14066～14075
[45] P R Evans,G Yi,W Schwarzacher,et al,Current perpendicular to plane giant magnetoresistance of multilayered nanowires electrodeposited in anodic aluminum oxide membranes,Applied Physics Letters,2000,76(4):481～483
[46] D J Sellmyer,M Zheng,R Skomski,Magnetism of Fe,Co and Ni nanowires in self-assembled arrays,Journal Of Physics Condensed Matter,2001,13(6) :433～460
[47]严小萍,[NiFe/Cu/Co/Cu]n自旋阀纳米线的电化学制备、表征及磁性能研究,[硕士学位论文],天津大学,2008
[48]姜莹,姚素薇,张卫国等,半导体Si(111)上电沉积NiFe缓冲层薄膜,功能材料,2007,38(1):81～84
[49]H J Kim,B I Lee,S K Joo,et al,Development of unusual magnetic anisotropy in Co-based trilayers,Journal of Applied Physics,1997,81(88):3995～3997
[50]D Lottis , A Fert , R Morel , et al , Magnetoresistance in Rf-Sputtered(NiFe/Cu/Co/Cu) Spin-Valve Multilayers,Journal of Applied Physics,1993,73(1010):5515～5517
[51]P. Galtier, T. Valet, O. Durand,et al,Magnetoresistance in rf-sputtered (NiFe/Cu/Co/Cu) spin-valve multilayers,Journal of Applied Physics,1993,73(10):5515～5517
[52]A Paul,T Damm,D E Bürgler,et al,Optimizing the giant magnetoresistance of NiFe/Cu/Co pseudo spin-valves prepared by magnetron,Applied Physics Letters,2003,82(12):1905～1907
[53]宛德福,罗世华,磁性物理学,北京:电子工业出版社,1984,234～240
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