儿童孔源性视网膜脱离临床分析
摘要
目的探讨儿童孔源性视网膜脱离的病因、临床特点、手术方式及疗效。方法回顾性分析2004年1月至2008年12月在本院眼科接受手术治疗的15周岁以下儿童孔源性视网膜脱离56例59眼。分析指标患者性别、年龄、眼部及全身病史、屈光状态、视网膜脱离特点、裂孔形态、手术方法及次数和术后视网膜复位情况。结果儿童孔源性视网膜脱离男性45例(80.36%),女性11例(19.64%),双眼发病3例(5.36%)；男性发病率大于女性(P<0.05)；平均年龄9.01±4.23岁,平均病程外伤患者为22天,非外伤患者为172天。有外伤史31眼(52.54%),先天性结构异常14眼(23.73%),高度近视眼10眼(16.95%),既往白内障手术史9眼(15.25%),其它原因4眼(6.78%);患者就诊时视网膜全脱离23眼(39%),累及黄斑部36眼(61%)；手术方式行巩膜外加压术10眼(17.86%),玻璃体切割术46眼(82.14%);1次性手术复位率76.79%；术后整体视力无显著提高(P=0.395)。结论儿童孔源性视网膜脱离具有以下特征：①男性发病率高；②眼外伤、先天性眼部异常是其高危因素；③病程长,患儿就诊时视网膜脱离范围广、PVR严重,应早发现、早治疗；④玻璃体切割术是其常用的手术治疗方法,但是对于PVR轻、裂孔局限的病例巩膜外加压术仍应作为首选。
Objective:To explore the causes, clinical features,operation approaches and clinical effects in a group of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment Pediatric patients.
Methods:Data of 56 children(59 eyes) (≤15years) with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment receiving operation between 2004 and 2008 in our hospital were reviewed retrospectively.
Results:(1) The number of patient was significantly larger in male (45/59,80.36%) than in female (p< 0.05).
(2) The mean course of disease is 22 days in traumatic patients and 172 days in non-traumatics patients.
(3) The proportion of eyes is 31/59(52.54%)with trauma history,14/59(23.73%)with congenital disorders,10/59(16.95%)with high myopia,9/59(15.25%)with operation history of cataract and 4/59 with others.
(4)Operation approaches:scleral buckling in 10 eyes (17.86%)and vitrectomy in 46 eyes(82.14%).The rate of retinal reduction is 76.79%.
Conclusion:The character of children with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment as follows:
(1) The incidence rate in male is higher than in female.
(2) Traumatic history and congenital disorders are risk factors in patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.
(3) The longer the course of disease,the more serious with PVR will be.
(4) The common operation approaches is vitrectomy and scleral buckling is the top choices in mild PVR and regional retinal breaks.
Objective:To explore the causes, clinical features,operation approaches and clinical effects in a group of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment Pediatric patients.
Methods:Data of 56 children(59 eyes) (≤15years) with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment receiving operation between 2004 and 2008 in our hospital were reviewed retrospectively.
Results:(1) The number of patient was significantly larger in male (45/59,80.36%) than in female (p< 0.05).
(2) The mean course of disease is 22 days in traumatic patients and 172 days in non-traumatics patients.
(3) The proportion of eyes is 31/59(52.54%)with trauma history,14/59(23.73%)with congenital disorders,10/59(16.95%)with high myopia,9/59(15.25%)with operation history of cataract and 4/59 with others.
(4)Operation approaches:scleral buckling in 10 eyes (17.86%)and vitrectomy in 46 eyes(82.14%).The rate of retinal reduction is 76.79%.
Conclusion:The character of children with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment as follows:
(1) The incidence rate in male is higher than in female.
(2) Traumatic history and congenital disorders are risk factors in patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.
(3) The longer the course of disease,the more serious with PVR will be.
(4) The common operation approaches is vitrectomy and scleral buckling is the top choices in mild PVR and regional retinal breaks.
引文
1.Winslow RL,Tasman W.Juvenile rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.Ophthalmlogy 1978;85:607-618.
2. 张承芬,主编。 眼底病学。北京：人民卫生出版社,1997,371-387.
3.魏文斌,朱晓青,王景昭。儿童视网膜脱离,中国斜视与小儿杂志,1996,4：49.
4.殷春悦,黎晓新,姜燕荣。儿童视网膜脱离发病特点分析。眼科研究2000年第18卷第6期,545-547.
5.姜燕荣,黎晓新,殷春悦。儿童孔源性视网膜脱离手术治疗特点及疗效分析。中华眼科杂志2001年5月第37卷第3期167-170.
6.袁洁,林季建。儿童视网膜脱离33例临床分析。临床眼科杂志2002年第10卷第2期163-165.
7.温佶俐,李燕。儿童视网膜脱离临床分析。眼外伤职业眼病杂志2002年第24卷第3期301-302.
8.谭湘莲、武正清。玻璃体切割术在儿童眼病中的应用。中国实用眼科杂志2006年8月第24卷第8期843-845.
9.段安丽、魏文斌、王景昭等,儿童复杂性视网膜脱离的手术治疗。中国斜视与小儿眼科杂志2002年第10卷第1期1-4.
10.黎晓新,王景昭。玻璃体视网膜手术学。北京：人民卫生出版社,2000,145.
11. Ok inam i S, Ogino N, N ish imura T, Tano Y. Juvenile retinal detachment [J]. Oph thalm olog ica 1987;194:952102.
12.The Retinal Sociaty Terminology Committee.The classification of retinal detachmemt with proliferative vitreoretinopathy.Ophthalmology,1983,90:121.
13.Fivgas GD.Capone A. Pediatric thegmatogenous retinal detachment.Retinal,2001;21:101-106.
14.Akabane N.Yamamoto S,Tsukahara I,et al.Surgical outcomes in juvenile retinal detachment.Jpn J Ophthalmol 2001;45:409-411.
15.Yokoyama T,Kato T,Minamoto A,et al.Characteristics and surgical outcomes of pediatric thegmatogenous retinal detachment.Eye 2004:18:889-892.
16.Weinberg DV,Lyon AT,Greenwald MJ,et al.Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in children:risk factors and surgical outcomes. Ophthalmology,2003,110:1708-1713.
17.Chang PY,Yang CM,Yang CH.Clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes of pediatric rhegmategenous retinal detachment in Taiwan.Am J Ophthalmol,2005,139:1067-1072.
19.杨秀芬,徐军,樊文英等,儿童孔源性视网膜脱离的病因及临床特点分析。眼科2007年第16卷第4期：256-259.
20.Wang NK,Tsai CH,Chen YP,et al.Pediatric thegmatogenous retinal detachment in East Asians.Ophthalmology,2005,112:1891-1896.
21.Waterhouse WJ,Lloyd ME.Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment after Molteno glaucoma implant surgery. Ophthalmology,1994,101:665-671.
22.Laatiainen L.Tolppanen EM.Characteristics of thegmatogenous retinal detachment.Acta Ophthalmology,1985,63:146-154.
23.倪绰。眼的解剖组织学及其临床应用。上海医科大学出版社,1993,186-189.
24.Daufenbach DR,Ruttum MS,Polido JS,et al.Chorioretinal colobomas in a pediatric population.Ophthalmology,1998,105:1455.
25.Haring G,Wiechens B,Long-term results after scleral bucking surgery in complicated juvenile retinal detachment without proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Retina.1998,18:501-505.
26. Lambrou FH, Burke JM, Aaberg TM. Effect of silicone oil on experimental traction retinal detachment[J]. Arch Ophthalmol,1987, 105:1269-1272.
27. Moisseiev J,Vidne O,Treister G,et al.Vitrectomy and silicone oil injection in pediatric patient.Retinal,1998,18:221-227.
28.Ferrone PJ,McCuen IIBW,Juan EJ,et al.The efficacy of silicone oil for complicated retinal detachment in the pediatric population. Arch Ophthalmol,1994,112:773-777.
29.葛坚,赵家良,崔浩。眼科学(8年制及7年制临床医学专用教材),人民卫生出版社,2006,1：316.
30.San-Ni Chen,MD,Hwang Jiunn-Feng,MD,Yang Te-Cheng,MD. Pediatric thegmatogenous retinal detachment in Taiwan.Retinal,The Journal of retinal and vitreous diseases.2006,volume 26,4:410-414.
1、姜燕荣,黎晓新,殷春悦。儿童孔源性网脱手术治疗特点及疗效分析。中华眼科杂志,2001,37：167-170.
2、 Fivgas GD, Capone A.Pediatric rheg-matogenous retinal detachment.The Journal of Retinal and Vitreous Diseases.2001,21:101-106.
3、Chang PY,YangCM,Yang CH,Clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes of pediatric rhegmategenous retinal detachment in Taiwan.Am J Ophthalmol,2005,139:1067-1072.
4、 Coats G. Forms of retinal disease with massive exudation. R Lond Ophthalmic Hosp Rep 1908;17:440-525.
5、葛坚,赵家良,崔浩等,眼科学(8年制临床医学专用),人民卫生出版社,319.
6、葛坚,赵家良,崔浩等,眼科学(8年制临床医学专用),人民卫生出版社,307-308。
7、 Criswick VG, Schepens CL. Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy.Am J Ophthalmol 1969;68:578-594.
8、 Bergen RL, Glassman R. Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy.Ann Ophthalmol 1983;15:275-276.
9、 Ober RR, Bird AC, Hamilton AM, Sehmi K. Autosomal dominant exudative vitreoretinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 1980;64:112-120.
10、 Clement F, Beckford CA, Corral A, Jimenez R. X-linked familial exudative vitreoretinopathy:report of one family. Retina 1995; 15:141-145.
11、 Fullwood P, Jones J, Bundey S, Dudgeon J, Fielder AR, Kilpatrick MW. X-linked exudative vitreoretinopathy:clinical features and genetic linkage analysis. Br J Ophthalmol 1993;77:168-170.
12、 Li Y, Fuhrmann C, Schwinger E, Gal A, Laqua H. The gene for autosomal dominant familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (Criswick-Schepens) on the long arm of chromosome 11. Am J Ophthalmol 1992;113:712-713.
13、 Shastry BS, Trese MT. Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy:further evidence for genetic heterogeneity. Am JMed Genet 1997;69:217-218.
14、 Reese AB. Persistence and hyperplasia of primary vitreous:retrolental fibroplasia-two entities. Arch Ophthalmol 1949;41:527-549.
15、 Cor MS,Schepens CL,Freeman HM:Retinal detattachment due to ocular contution.Arch ophthalmol,1966,76:678.
16、 Kindler P. Morning glory syndrome:unusual congenital optic disk anomaly. Am J Ophthalmol 1970;69:376-384.
17、 Haik BG, Greenstein SH, Smith ME, Abramson DH, Ellsworth RM. Retinal detachment in the morning glory anamoly. Ophthalmology 1984;91:1638-1647.
18、Bartz-Schmidt KU. Communication between the subretinal space and the vitreous cavity in the morning glory syndrome. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1996;234:409.
19、 Akamine T, Doi M, Takahashi H, Mori K, Uji Y. Morning glory syndrome with peripheral exudative retinal detachment. Retina 1997; 17:73-74.
20、 Harris MJ, de Bustros S, Michels RG, Joondeph HC. Treatment of combined traction-rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in the morning glory syndrome. Retina 1984;4:249-252.
21、 Norrie G. Causes of blindness in children:twenty five years'experience of Danish institutes for the blind. Acta Ophthalmol 1927;5:357-386.
22、 Redmond RM, Vaughan JI, Jay M, Jay B. In-utero diagnosis of Norrie disease by ultrasonography. Ophthalmic Paediatr Genet 1993; 14:1-3.
23、 Stickler GB, Belau PG, Farrell FJ, et al. Hereditary progressive arthro-ophthalmopathy. Mayo Clin Proc 1965;40:433-455.
24、 Ahmad NN, Dimascio J, Knowlton RG, Tasman WS. Stickler syndrome:a mutation in the nonhelical 3'end of type Ⅱ procollagen gene. Arch Ophthalmol 1995;113:1454-1457.
25、 Wang NK,Tsai CH,Chen YP,et al.Pediatric rhegnatogenous retinal detachment in EastAsians.Ophthalmology,2005,112:1891-1896.
26、 Weinberg DV,Luon AT,Greenwald MJ,et al.Rhegmatogenous retinal detachments in children:risk factors and surgical outcomes.Ophthalmology,2003,110:1708-1713.
27、杨秀芬,徐军,樊文英等,儿童孔源性视网膜脱离的病因及临床特点分析。Ophthalmol CHN,2007,vol 16,4:256-259.
28、 De Bustros C, Michels RG, Rice TA, Knox, DL. Treatment of idiopathic exudative retinal detachment. Retina 1984;4:158-162.
29、 Tasman W. Retinal detachment in children. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 1967;71:455-460.
30、 Fivgas JD, Capone A Jr. Pediatric rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.Retina 2001;21:101-106.
31、 Akabane N,Yamamoto S,Tsukahara I,et al.Surgical outcomes in juvenile retinal detachment. Jpn J Ophthalmol,2001,45:409-411.
32、Winslow RL, Tasman W. Juvenile rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.Ophthalmology 1978;85:607-618.
33、 Hilton GF, Norton EW. Juvenile retinal detachment. Mod Probl。Ophthalmol 1969;8:325-341.
34、 Man dai M, Takan ashi T, Ogur a Y, Honda Y. Prol iferat ivevitreoretinopathy shows prediction for the inferior fundus. Graefes.ArchClin Exp Ophthalmol 1990;228:335-337.
35、 Asaria RH, Kon CH, Bunce C, Charteris DG, Wong D, Khaw PT,Aylward GW. Adjuvant 5-fluorouracil and heparin prevents proliferative vitreoretinopathy:results from a randomized, double-blind controlled clinical trial. Opthalmology.2001; 108:1179-1183
36、 Michels RG. Surgery of retinal detachment with proliferativevitroretinopathy. Retina.1984;4:63-83
37、 Peyman GA, Conway MD, Soike KF, Clark LC jr. Long-term vitreous replacement in the primates with intravitreal vitreon or vitreon plus silicone. Ophthalmic Surg.1991;22:657-664.
38、黎晓新、王景昭、魏文斌等。玻璃体视网膜手术学,人民卫生出版社,2000年8月：95-106.
39.Moisseiev J,er al, Vitrectomy and silicone oil injection in pediatric patients.Retina,1998,18:221.
40.Scott IU,er al.Silicon oil in the repair of pediatric complex retinal detachments.Ophthalmology,1999,106:139.
41.Ferrone PJ,et al.The efficacy of silicon oil for complicated retinal detachmentin the pediatric population.Arch Ophthalmol,1994,112:773.
42.姜燕荣,黎晓新等。儿童孔源性视网膜脱离手术治疗特点及疗效分析。中华眼科杂志,2001,37：167.
2. 张承芬,主编。 眼底病学。北京：人民卫生出版社,1997,371-387.
3.魏文斌,朱晓青,王景昭。儿童视网膜脱离,中国斜视与小儿杂志,1996,4：49.
4.殷春悦,黎晓新,姜燕荣。儿童视网膜脱离发病特点分析。眼科研究2000年第18卷第6期,545-547.
5.姜燕荣,黎晓新,殷春悦。儿童孔源性视网膜脱离手术治疗特点及疗效分析。中华眼科杂志2001年5月第37卷第3期167-170.
6.袁洁,林季建。儿童视网膜脱离33例临床分析。临床眼科杂志2002年第10卷第2期163-165.
7.温佶俐,李燕。儿童视网膜脱离临床分析。眼外伤职业眼病杂志2002年第24卷第3期301-302.
8.谭湘莲、武正清。玻璃体切割术在儿童眼病中的应用。中国实用眼科杂志2006年8月第24卷第8期843-845.
9.段安丽、魏文斌、王景昭等,儿童复杂性视网膜脱离的手术治疗。中国斜视与小儿眼科杂志2002年第10卷第1期1-4.
10.黎晓新,王景昭。玻璃体视网膜手术学。北京：人民卫生出版社,2000,145.
11. Ok inam i S, Ogino N, N ish imura T, Tano Y. Juvenile retinal detachment [J]. Oph thalm olog ica 1987;194:952102.
12.The Retinal Sociaty Terminology Committee.The classification of retinal detachmemt with proliferative vitreoretinopathy.Ophthalmology,1983,90:121.
13.Fivgas GD.Capone A. Pediatric thegmatogenous retinal detachment.Retinal,2001;21:101-106.
14.Akabane N.Yamamoto S,Tsukahara I,et al.Surgical outcomes in juvenile retinal detachment.Jpn J Ophthalmol 2001;45:409-411.
15.Yokoyama T,Kato T,Minamoto A,et al.Characteristics and surgical outcomes of pediatric thegmatogenous retinal detachment.Eye 2004:18:889-892.
16.Weinberg DV,Lyon AT,Greenwald MJ,et al.Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in children:risk factors and surgical outcomes. Ophthalmology,2003,110:1708-1713.
17.Chang PY,Yang CM,Yang CH.Clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes of pediatric rhegmategenous retinal detachment in Taiwan.Am J Ophthalmol,2005,139:1067-1072.
19.杨秀芬,徐军,樊文英等,儿童孔源性视网膜脱离的病因及临床特点分析。眼科2007年第16卷第4期：256-259.
20.Wang NK,Tsai CH,Chen YP,et al.Pediatric thegmatogenous retinal detachment in East Asians.Ophthalmology,2005,112:1891-1896.
21.Waterhouse WJ,Lloyd ME.Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment after Molteno glaucoma implant surgery. Ophthalmology,1994,101:665-671.
22.Laatiainen L.Tolppanen EM.Characteristics of thegmatogenous retinal detachment.Acta Ophthalmology,1985,63:146-154.
23.倪绰。眼的解剖组织学及其临床应用。上海医科大学出版社,1993,186-189.
24.Daufenbach DR,Ruttum MS,Polido JS,et al.Chorioretinal colobomas in a pediatric population.Ophthalmology,1998,105:1455.
25.Haring G,Wiechens B,Long-term results after scleral bucking surgery in complicated juvenile retinal detachment without proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Retina.1998,18:501-505.
26. Lambrou FH, Burke JM, Aaberg TM. Effect of silicone oil on experimental traction retinal detachment[J]. Arch Ophthalmol,1987, 105:1269-1272.
27. Moisseiev J,Vidne O,Treister G,et al.Vitrectomy and silicone oil injection in pediatric patient.Retinal,1998,18:221-227.
28.Ferrone PJ,McCuen IIBW,Juan EJ,et al.The efficacy of silicone oil for complicated retinal detachment in the pediatric population. Arch Ophthalmol,1994,112:773-777.
29.葛坚,赵家良,崔浩。眼科学(8年制及7年制临床医学专用教材),人民卫生出版社,2006,1：316.
30.San-Ni Chen,MD,Hwang Jiunn-Feng,MD,Yang Te-Cheng,MD. Pediatric thegmatogenous retinal detachment in Taiwan.Retinal,The Journal of retinal and vitreous diseases.2006,volume 26,4:410-414.
1、姜燕荣,黎晓新,殷春悦。儿童孔源性网脱手术治疗特点及疗效分析。中华眼科杂志,2001,37：167-170.
2、 Fivgas GD, Capone A.Pediatric rheg-matogenous retinal detachment.The Journal of Retinal and Vitreous Diseases.2001,21:101-106.
3、Chang PY,YangCM,Yang CH,Clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes of pediatric rhegmategenous retinal detachment in Taiwan.Am J Ophthalmol,2005,139:1067-1072.
4、 Coats G. Forms of retinal disease with massive exudation. R Lond Ophthalmic Hosp Rep 1908;17:440-525.
5、葛坚,赵家良,崔浩等,眼科学(8年制临床医学专用),人民卫生出版社,319.
6、葛坚,赵家良,崔浩等,眼科学(8年制临床医学专用),人民卫生出版社,307-308。
7、 Criswick VG, Schepens CL. Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy.Am J Ophthalmol 1969;68:578-594.
8、 Bergen RL, Glassman R. Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy.Ann Ophthalmol 1983;15:275-276.
9、 Ober RR, Bird AC, Hamilton AM, Sehmi K. Autosomal dominant exudative vitreoretinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 1980;64:112-120.
10、 Clement F, Beckford CA, Corral A, Jimenez R. X-linked familial exudative vitreoretinopathy:report of one family. Retina 1995; 15:141-145.
11、 Fullwood P, Jones J, Bundey S, Dudgeon J, Fielder AR, Kilpatrick MW. X-linked exudative vitreoretinopathy:clinical features and genetic linkage analysis. Br J Ophthalmol 1993;77:168-170.
12、 Li Y, Fuhrmann C, Schwinger E, Gal A, Laqua H. The gene for autosomal dominant familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (Criswick-Schepens) on the long arm of chromosome 11. Am J Ophthalmol 1992;113:712-713.
13、 Shastry BS, Trese MT. Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy:further evidence for genetic heterogeneity. Am JMed Genet 1997;69:217-218.
14、 Reese AB. Persistence and hyperplasia of primary vitreous:retrolental fibroplasia-two entities. Arch Ophthalmol 1949;41:527-549.
15、 Cor MS,Schepens CL,Freeman HM:Retinal detattachment due to ocular contution.Arch ophthalmol,1966,76:678.
16、 Kindler P. Morning glory syndrome:unusual congenital optic disk anomaly. Am J Ophthalmol 1970;69:376-384.
17、 Haik BG, Greenstein SH, Smith ME, Abramson DH, Ellsworth RM. Retinal detachment in the morning glory anamoly. Ophthalmology 1984;91:1638-1647.
18、Bartz-Schmidt KU. Communication between the subretinal space and the vitreous cavity in the morning glory syndrome. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1996;234:409.
19、 Akamine T, Doi M, Takahashi H, Mori K, Uji Y. Morning glory syndrome with peripheral exudative retinal detachment. Retina 1997; 17:73-74.
20、 Harris MJ, de Bustros S, Michels RG, Joondeph HC. Treatment of combined traction-rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in the morning glory syndrome. Retina 1984;4:249-252.
21、 Norrie G. Causes of blindness in children:twenty five years'experience of Danish institutes for the blind. Acta Ophthalmol 1927;5:357-386.
22、 Redmond RM, Vaughan JI, Jay M, Jay B. In-utero diagnosis of Norrie disease by ultrasonography. Ophthalmic Paediatr Genet 1993; 14:1-3.
23、 Stickler GB, Belau PG, Farrell FJ, et al. Hereditary progressive arthro-ophthalmopathy. Mayo Clin Proc 1965;40:433-455.
24、 Ahmad NN, Dimascio J, Knowlton RG, Tasman WS. Stickler syndrome:a mutation in the nonhelical 3'end of type Ⅱ procollagen gene. Arch Ophthalmol 1995;113:1454-1457.
25、 Wang NK,Tsai CH,Chen YP,et al.Pediatric rhegnatogenous retinal detachment in EastAsians.Ophthalmology,2005,112:1891-1896.
26、 Weinberg DV,Luon AT,Greenwald MJ,et al.Rhegmatogenous retinal detachments in children:risk factors and surgical outcomes.Ophthalmology,2003,110:1708-1713.
27、杨秀芬,徐军,樊文英等,儿童孔源性视网膜脱离的病因及临床特点分析。Ophthalmol CHN,2007,vol 16,4:256-259.
28、 De Bustros C, Michels RG, Rice TA, Knox, DL. Treatment of idiopathic exudative retinal detachment. Retina 1984;4:158-162.
29、 Tasman W. Retinal detachment in children. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 1967;71:455-460.
30、 Fivgas JD, Capone A Jr. Pediatric rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.Retina 2001;21:101-106.
31、 Akabane N,Yamamoto S,Tsukahara I,et al.Surgical outcomes in juvenile retinal detachment. Jpn J Ophthalmol,2001,45:409-411.
32、Winslow RL, Tasman W. Juvenile rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.Ophthalmology 1978;85:607-618.
33、 Hilton GF, Norton EW. Juvenile retinal detachment. Mod Probl。Ophthalmol 1969;8:325-341.
34、 Man dai M, Takan ashi T, Ogur a Y, Honda Y. Prol iferat ivevitreoretinopathy shows prediction for the inferior fundus. Graefes.ArchClin Exp Ophthalmol 1990;228:335-337.
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