六种鲇形目鱼类线粒体基因组克隆及其系统发育研究
摘要
鲇形日鱼类是重要的经济鱼类之一,数量几乎占到整个淡水鱼类的三分之一,具有分布广,适应性强的特点。近几十年来,研究人员对鲇形目科之间的相互关系进行了一定的研究,但是鲇形目内不同科间及同一科内不同属间的系统发育关系并没有得到系统深入的阐述,而鲇形目鱼类系统发育研究对于正确合理的分类和种质资源的进一步挖掘与利用具有重要的意义。当前,鲇形目的系统发育关系已经成为了进化学家和分类学家最具挑战性和吸引力的课题之一。截止目前,对于黄颡鱼属和鲇属鱼类系统发育关系研究的相对较少,属内的归属仍然存在一定的争议。另外,前期对于黄颡鱼属和鲇属系统发育关系的研究大部分采用的是线粒体DNA的部分序列,如Cytb、ND4和线粒体DNA控制区等,所利用的线粒体基因组信息非常有限。本研究利用PCR技术对鲇形目黄颡鱼属的黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)、瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachellii)、光泽黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus nitidus)和长须黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus cupogon),以及鲇属的南方大口鲇(Silurus meridionails)和鲇(Silurus asotus)六种鲇形目鱼类进行线粒体基因组的克隆,并利用生物信息学相关软件对其进行组成和特征的比较分析,然后联合已知线粒体基因组的鲇形目鱼类进行系统发育树的构建,得到了如下结果：
1.成功克隆了黄颡鱼、瓦氏黄颡鱼、光泽黄颡鱼、长须黄颡鱼、南方大口鲇和鲇六种鲇形目鱼类的线粒体全基因组,全长分别为16527bp、16527bp、16532bp、16562bp.16527bp和16523bp,其基因排列顺序与已己知鲇形目鱼类线粒体基因组一致,均包括13个蛋白质编码基因、22个tRNA基因、2个rRNA基因(12SrRNA和16SrRNA)和一个非编码区(D-Loop区)。
2.六种鲇形目鱼类的线粒体基因组的碱基组成均表现出AT碱基的偏倚性,A+T含量平均值为57.4%,明显高于G+C含量,A+T含量最高的是黄颡鱼(59.1%),最低的是南方大口鲇(55.3%)。13个蛋白质编码基因的碱基组成中A+T碱基含量平均值为56.84%,其中最高的是光泽黄颡鱼(58.95%)、最低的是南方大口鲇(54.97%)、均为第三密码子位置A+T碱基含量最高,光泽黄颡鱼高达64.68%,四种碱基中G碱基含量最低,特别是第三密码子位置,在长须黄颡鱼中含量仪为8.73%。
3.六种鲇形目鱼类的13个蛋白质编码基因全长为11404bp(鲇)～11411bp(南方大口鲇),四种,黄颡鱼的编码序列长度相同,为11408bp。在13个蛋白质编码基因中,6种鲇形目鱼类最长的均为ND5基因,且除鲇为1824bp以外,其余五种鱼均为1827bp,最短的基因为ATPase8,长度均为168bp。黄颡鱼、瓦氏黄颡鱼、长须黄颡鱼和南方大口鲇四种鱼的蛋白编码基因中除COX1基因以GTG作为起始密码子外,其余的12个蛋白编码基因均以ATG作为起始密码子。ND2基因以TAG作为终止密码子,ND1、COX1、ATPase6、ATPase8、ND4L、ND5和ND6七个蛋白编码基因均以TAA作为终止密码子,其余的五个基因(COX2、COX3、ND3、ND4和Cytb)均以不完全终止密码子T作为终止密码子。光泽黄颡鱼和鲇与上述四种鱼有所不同,其中光泽黄颡鱼NDl以TAG作为终止密码子,鲇ND5以TAG作为终止密码子,ND2以不完全终止密码子T作为终止密码子,ATPase6和Cytb以TA作为终止密码子
4.成功鉴别出六种鲇形目鱼类的终止序列区、中央保守区和保守区的相关序列ETAS、CSB-D、CSB-E、CSB-F、CSB-1、CSB-2和CSB-3。
5.六种鲇形目鱼类重叠核苷酸总长度为25bp～28bp,间隔区域总长度为59bp～62bp,其中黄颡鱼、光泽黄颡鱼、长须黄颡鱼和南方大口鲇重叠长度相同(28bp),间隔区域长度光泽黄颡鱼和长须黄颡鱼、黄颡鱼和瓦氏黄颡鱼、南方大口鲇和鲇两两相同,分别为59bp、60bp和62bp。大部分基因间隔和重叠都很短,仅为几个碱基,最长的基因间隔约为30bp,最长的基因重叠为10bp。重叠最长的序列位于ATPase6与ATPase8之间(10bp),间隔最长的序列位于tRNA-Cys和tRNA-Asn之间(约30bp)。
6.对鲇形目鱼类系统发育分析表明,黄颡鱼与长须黄颡鱼亲缘关系较近,瓦氏黄颡鱼与光泽黄颡鱼亲缘关系较近。
7.从分厂进化的角度,短尾尼拟鲿、切尾拟鲿、乌苏拟鲿可能被划归为鮠属更为合理,分别称为短尾鮠、切尾鮠和乌苏鮠。
8.拟鲿属和黄颡鱼属不是单系群,长臀鮠科与叉尾鮰科形成姐妹群关系。
As one of the most important economic species of freshwater fish, the Siluriformes is widely distributed in China and accounting for almost one-third numbers of the entire freshwater for its prominent adaptability to environment. Recent decades, researchers had done lots of works to clarify the relationship among species of Siluriformes, however, the phylogenetic relationship are still unkown in species and intergeneric of Siluriformes. Accordingly, the phylogenetic relationship of Siluriformes has become one challenging and attractive problem to evolutionary biologists and taxonomists.
So far, the phylogenetic relationship of Siluriformes in family and genus have some controversy.The early phylogenetic studies of Pelteobagrus and Silurus were mainly based on partial genes and fragments of the mitochondrial genome such as Cytb, ND4and D-loop in which information is very limited. In order to clarify the phylogeny relationship within Siluriformes, the complete mitochondrial genomes were used to do the phylogenetic analysis. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, Pelteobagrus vachellii, Pelteobagrus nitidus, Pelteobagrus eupogon, Silurus meridionails and Silurus asotus were determined by using PCR and analyzed using some bioinformatics software. Compared newly obtain mitochondrial DNA sequences with other Siluriformes in the public databases, we expected to elucidate the phylogenetic relationship among different species of Siluriformes.. The main results of our study are as followed:
1.The complete mitochondrial genomes of Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, Pelteobagrus vachellii, Pelteobagrus nitidus, Pelteobagrus eupogon, Silurus meridionails and Silurus asotus were16527bp,16527bp,16532bp,16562bp,16527bp and16523bp in length, respectively. These mitochondrial genomes consist of thirteen protein-coding genes (ND1、 ND2、ND3、ND4、ND4L、ND5、ND6、COX1、CoX2、COX3、ATPase6、ATPase8and Cytb), and twenty-two tRNA genes, two rRNA genes(12SrRNA and16SrRNA) and one noncoding region(D-Loop). These genes arrangements in the six catfishes mitochondrial genones were consistent to that of others known Siluriformes.
2. Base composition of six siluriformes fish in the mitochondrial genome are shown AT bias. The average A+T content is57.4%which is higher than G+C. In the six catfishes, the highest of A+T content is Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (59.1%), and the lowest is Silurus meridionails (57.4%). The average of A+T content in thirteen protein genes is56.84%, the highest is Pelteobagrus nitidus (58.95%) and the lowest is Silurus meridionails (54.97%) The A+T content were the highest in the third position than that of the first and second position, and that of Pelteobagrus nitidus is the highest in these six catfishes. The G content is the lowest in four bases (A, T, G and C), especially Pelteobagrus eupogon was8.73%only.
3. The total length of thirteen peotein-coding genes in the six catfishes (Siluriformes) range from11404(Silurus asotus) to11411bp (Silurus meridionails). Four catfishes (Pelteobagrus) have same length (11408bp). ND5is the longest gene in the13protein-coding genes,which is1824bp in five catfishes except Silurus asotus, and ATPase8is the shortest one, which is168bp in length. All protein-coding genes in Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, Pelteobagrus vachellii, Pelteobagrus eupogon and Silurus meridionails share the same start codon ATG except COX1, which begins with GTG. Eight protein-coding genes in these catfishes used TAA as complete stop condons TAA (ND1、COX1、ATPase6、ATPase8、ND4L、ND5and ND6), but ND2with TAG. The rest five genes end with incomplete stop codons T (COX2, COX3, ND3, ND4and Cytb). And the differcnc in Pelteobagrus nitidus and Silurus asotus, ND2, ATPase6and Cytb end with incomplete stop codons T or TA. NDI gene in Pelteobagrus nitidus and ND5gene in Silurus asotus end with codon TAG.
4. Several other conservative sequence elements which occurred in some other fish taxa were identified in the control region of six catfishes (Siluriformes) which containing termination associated sequence(ETAS), conserved sequence blocks (CSB-D、CSB-E、 CSB-F、CSB-1、 CSB-2and CSB-3).
5. The intergenic overlaps and spacers range from25bp to28bp and59bp to62bp in length, respectively. The overlaps with a total of28bp is same with that in Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, Pelteobagrus nitidus and Pelteobagrus eupogon. The intergenic spacers were also present in Pelteobagrus nitidus and Pelteobagrus eupogon, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco and pelteobagrus vachellii, Silurus meridionails and Silurus asotus genomes, and involved in a total of59bp,59bp,60bp,60bp,62bp and62bp, respectively. Most of the intergenic overlaps and spacers are very short which is only few nucleotides. The longest spacer with30bp was located between tRNA-Cys and tRNA-Asn and the longest overlapps with10bp was located between ATPase6and ATPase8.
6. Based on the three datasets and those phylogenetic analysis results of Siluriformes, the Pelteobagrus fulvidraco and Pelteobagrus eupogon have more close relationships, and the Pelteobagrus vachellii and Pelteobagrus nitidus have the same status.
7. According to the phylogeny results, Pseudobagrus brevicaudatus, Pseudobagrus truncatus and Pseudobagrus ussuriensis may belong to Leiocassis which named is Leiocassis brevicaudatus, Leiocassis truncatus and Leiocassis ussuriensis respectively. Pseudobagrus and pelteobagrus were not monophyletic group. The Cranoglanididae and Ictaluridae were sister taxon.
1.成功克隆了黄颡鱼、瓦氏黄颡鱼、光泽黄颡鱼、长须黄颡鱼、南方大口鲇和鲇六种鲇形目鱼类的线粒体全基因组,全长分别为16527bp、16527bp、16532bp、16562bp.16527bp和16523bp,其基因排列顺序与已己知鲇形目鱼类线粒体基因组一致,均包括13个蛋白质编码基因、22个tRNA基因、2个rRNA基因(12SrRNA和16SrRNA)和一个非编码区(D-Loop区)。
2.六种鲇形目鱼类的线粒体基因组的碱基组成均表现出AT碱基的偏倚性,A+T含量平均值为57.4%,明显高于G+C含量,A+T含量最高的是黄颡鱼(59.1%),最低的是南方大口鲇(55.3%)。13个蛋白质编码基因的碱基组成中A+T碱基含量平均值为56.84%,其中最高的是光泽黄颡鱼(58.95%)、最低的是南方大口鲇(54.97%)、均为第三密码子位置A+T碱基含量最高,光泽黄颡鱼高达64.68%,四种碱基中G碱基含量最低,特别是第三密码子位置,在长须黄颡鱼中含量仪为8.73%。
3.六种鲇形目鱼类的13个蛋白质编码基因全长为11404bp(鲇)～11411bp(南方大口鲇),四种,黄颡鱼的编码序列长度相同,为11408bp。在13个蛋白质编码基因中,6种鲇形目鱼类最长的均为ND5基因,且除鲇为1824bp以外,其余五种鱼均为1827bp,最短的基因为ATPase8,长度均为168bp。黄颡鱼、瓦氏黄颡鱼、长须黄颡鱼和南方大口鲇四种鱼的蛋白编码基因中除COX1基因以GTG作为起始密码子外,其余的12个蛋白编码基因均以ATG作为起始密码子。ND2基因以TAG作为终止密码子,ND1、COX1、ATPase6、ATPase8、ND4L、ND5和ND6七个蛋白编码基因均以TAA作为终止密码子,其余的五个基因(COX2、COX3、ND3、ND4和Cytb)均以不完全终止密码子T作为终止密码子。光泽黄颡鱼和鲇与上述四种鱼有所不同,其中光泽黄颡鱼NDl以TAG作为终止密码子,鲇ND5以TAG作为终止密码子,ND2以不完全终止密码子T作为终止密码子,ATPase6和Cytb以TA作为终止密码子
4.成功鉴别出六种鲇形目鱼类的终止序列区、中央保守区和保守区的相关序列ETAS、CSB-D、CSB-E、CSB-F、CSB-1、CSB-2和CSB-3。
5.六种鲇形目鱼类重叠核苷酸总长度为25bp～28bp,间隔区域总长度为59bp～62bp,其中黄颡鱼、光泽黄颡鱼、长须黄颡鱼和南方大口鲇重叠长度相同(28bp),间隔区域长度光泽黄颡鱼和长须黄颡鱼、黄颡鱼和瓦氏黄颡鱼、南方大口鲇和鲇两两相同,分别为59bp、60bp和62bp。大部分基因间隔和重叠都很短,仅为几个碱基,最长的基因间隔约为30bp,最长的基因重叠为10bp。重叠最长的序列位于ATPase6与ATPase8之间(10bp),间隔最长的序列位于tRNA-Cys和tRNA-Asn之间(约30bp)。
6.对鲇形目鱼类系统发育分析表明,黄颡鱼与长须黄颡鱼亲缘关系较近,瓦氏黄颡鱼与光泽黄颡鱼亲缘关系较近。
7.从分厂进化的角度,短尾尼拟鲿、切尾拟鲿、乌苏拟鲿可能被划归为鮠属更为合理,分别称为短尾鮠、切尾鮠和乌苏鮠。
8.拟鲿属和黄颡鱼属不是单系群,长臀鮠科与叉尾鮰科形成姐妹群关系。
As one of the most important economic species of freshwater fish, the Siluriformes is widely distributed in China and accounting for almost one-third numbers of the entire freshwater for its prominent adaptability to environment. Recent decades, researchers had done lots of works to clarify the relationship among species of Siluriformes, however, the phylogenetic relationship are still unkown in species and intergeneric of Siluriformes. Accordingly, the phylogenetic relationship of Siluriformes has become one challenging and attractive problem to evolutionary biologists and taxonomists.
So far, the phylogenetic relationship of Siluriformes in family and genus have some controversy.The early phylogenetic studies of Pelteobagrus and Silurus were mainly based on partial genes and fragments of the mitochondrial genome such as Cytb, ND4and D-loop in which information is very limited. In order to clarify the phylogeny relationship within Siluriformes, the complete mitochondrial genomes were used to do the phylogenetic analysis. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, Pelteobagrus vachellii, Pelteobagrus nitidus, Pelteobagrus eupogon, Silurus meridionails and Silurus asotus were determined by using PCR and analyzed using some bioinformatics software. Compared newly obtain mitochondrial DNA sequences with other Siluriformes in the public databases, we expected to elucidate the phylogenetic relationship among different species of Siluriformes.. The main results of our study are as followed:
1.The complete mitochondrial genomes of Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, Pelteobagrus vachellii, Pelteobagrus nitidus, Pelteobagrus eupogon, Silurus meridionails and Silurus asotus were16527bp,16527bp,16532bp,16562bp,16527bp and16523bp in length, respectively. These mitochondrial genomes consist of thirteen protein-coding genes (ND1、 ND2、ND3、ND4、ND4L、ND5、ND6、COX1、CoX2、COX3、ATPase6、ATPase8and Cytb), and twenty-two tRNA genes, two rRNA genes(12SrRNA and16SrRNA) and one noncoding region(D-Loop). These genes arrangements in the six catfishes mitochondrial genones were consistent to that of others known Siluriformes.
2. Base composition of six siluriformes fish in the mitochondrial genome are shown AT bias. The average A+T content is57.4%which is higher than G+C. In the six catfishes, the highest of A+T content is Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (59.1%), and the lowest is Silurus meridionails (57.4%). The average of A+T content in thirteen protein genes is56.84%, the highest is Pelteobagrus nitidus (58.95%) and the lowest is Silurus meridionails (54.97%) The A+T content were the highest in the third position than that of the first and second position, and that of Pelteobagrus nitidus is the highest in these six catfishes. The G content is the lowest in four bases (A, T, G and C), especially Pelteobagrus eupogon was8.73%only.
3. The total length of thirteen peotein-coding genes in the six catfishes (Siluriformes) range from11404(Silurus asotus) to11411bp (Silurus meridionails). Four catfishes (Pelteobagrus) have same length (11408bp). ND5is the longest gene in the13protein-coding genes,which is1824bp in five catfishes except Silurus asotus, and ATPase8is the shortest one, which is168bp in length. All protein-coding genes in Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, Pelteobagrus vachellii, Pelteobagrus eupogon and Silurus meridionails share the same start codon ATG except COX1, which begins with GTG. Eight protein-coding genes in these catfishes used TAA as complete stop condons TAA (ND1、COX1、ATPase6、ATPase8、ND4L、ND5and ND6), but ND2with TAG. The rest five genes end with incomplete stop codons T (COX2, COX3, ND3, ND4and Cytb). And the differcnc in Pelteobagrus nitidus and Silurus asotus, ND2, ATPase6and Cytb end with incomplete stop codons T or TA. NDI gene in Pelteobagrus nitidus and ND5gene in Silurus asotus end with codon TAG.
4. Several other conservative sequence elements which occurred in some other fish taxa were identified in the control region of six catfishes (Siluriformes) which containing termination associated sequence(ETAS), conserved sequence blocks (CSB-D、CSB-E、 CSB-F、CSB-1、 CSB-2and CSB-3).
5. The intergenic overlaps and spacers range from25bp to28bp and59bp to62bp in length, respectively. The overlaps with a total of28bp is same with that in Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, Pelteobagrus nitidus and Pelteobagrus eupogon. The intergenic spacers were also present in Pelteobagrus nitidus and Pelteobagrus eupogon, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco and pelteobagrus vachellii, Silurus meridionails and Silurus asotus genomes, and involved in a total of59bp,59bp,60bp,60bp,62bp and62bp, respectively. Most of the intergenic overlaps and spacers are very short which is only few nucleotides. The longest spacer with30bp was located between tRNA-Cys and tRNA-Asn and the longest overlapps with10bp was located between ATPase6and ATPase8.
6. Based on the three datasets and those phylogenetic analysis results of Siluriformes, the Pelteobagrus fulvidraco and Pelteobagrus eupogon have more close relationships, and the Pelteobagrus vachellii and Pelteobagrus nitidus have the same status.
7. According to the phylogeny results, Pseudobagrus brevicaudatus, Pseudobagrus truncatus and Pseudobagrus ussuriensis may belong to Leiocassis which named is Leiocassis brevicaudatus, Leiocassis truncatus and Leiocassis ussuriensis respectively. Pseudobagrus and pelteobagrus were not monophyletic group. The Cranoglanididae and Ictaluridae were sister taxon.
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