基于排气门二次开启的可控自燃工质混合状态的模拟研究
摘要
本论文以ZS1105单缸试验机为基础,完成了几何建模和计算网格划分;利用商用软件STAR-CD对该发动机的进气及压缩过程进行了数值模拟;分析了发动机工作过程中缸内速度场、湍流动能、浓度场、温度场的状态变化规律,着重讨论了速度、配气相位及气门升程对工质分层的影响,同时得出了着火位置在缸内分布的统计规律。
模拟结果分析表明:CAI发动机的缸内流动分为大幅度掺混和弱流动混合两个阶段。在大幅度掺混阶段即进气混合阶段,缸内流体的流速和湍流动能较高。在弱流动混合阶段即进、排气门均关闭后缸内流动造成的新鲜工质与缸内残余废气进一步混合阶段,缸内流体的流速和湍流动能降低,活塞的挤气效应使缸内混合气流向燃烧室内,在燃烧室的纵向平面内形成挤流,同时燃烧室口处流体的流速提高。对转速、配气相位及气门升程的研究表明,转速越高,进气门关闭时刻越早,气门升程越小,缸内的浓度分层和温度分层越弱。
CAI燃烧的发生是在温度及燃料氧气浓度比均适宜的位置,因此,讨论不同转速和配气相位的组合,着火始点附近时刻温度适宜位置以及燃料氧气浓度适宜的位置可以预测着火始点的位置。研究表明,采用排气门二次开启策略实现CAI燃烧时,温度及燃料氧气浓度比均适宜的位置偏向排气门侧概率较大,故着火始点的位置偏向于排气门侧。
Internal combustion engine as the main power source of automobiles, motocycles, shipes, agricultural machinery, engineering machinery, and other mobile vehicles, is the main oil consumer. Internal combustion engine is also the main source of atmosphere environment pollution, especially metropolitan atmosphere environment. There are many combustion products in the emission including incomplete combustion and harmful products. Hence, more and more strigent emission regulations are enacted and put into practice all over the world.
Concerning the studies on the new internal combustion engine combustion theory, homogeneous charge compression ignition, are getting more and more attention, it has been validated that this new combustion theory can improve the thermal efficiency and decrease NOx and PM emission when the combustion mode is put into practice, which can decrease the dependency of the emission purification devices, therefore, the precious metals can be economized.
CAI (Controlled Auto Ignition) gasoline engines have been received a lot of attention from the world-wide automotive field due to their ultra-low NOx, emissions and high thermal efficiency. However, they are confronted with the problems in ignition timing control and operation range extension. Much of the previous experimental and simulation work related to the CAI engine process has been demonstrating that detailed chemical kinetics was the primary factor which influences on the CAI combustion while other possible effects could be ignored. However, recent research indicated that the charge stratification state played an important role in controlling the ignition timing and the rate of heat release for CAI engine. The flow field and mixture condition were found to be more complicated using the Exhaust Port Recirculation(EPR) to achieve CAI combustion. Preliminary simulation work was executed with CFD code STAR-CD with the overall objectives to understand the influence of spatial nonuniformities of tempe- rature and mixture on characteristics of ignition and subsequent combustion in an CAI-like environment and to provide information relevant to the optical research of CAI combustion.
Then, with modeling software the data file of CAD was employed to rebuild the outline of the port after dealing with the data from measuring. With the common tetra- hedron or polyhedron automatic gridding maker PRO-AM, the mesh of the intake port, exhaust port and chamber can be generated automatically. With the engine special moving mesh maker ES-ICE, the moving mesh was made with mapping method. Finally, usable computational mesh was finished by associating the intake port, exhaust port and chamber mesh with moving mesh.
In order to understand how speed, valve timing and valve lift affect the in-cylinder charge condition in intake and compress strokes, characteristics of the in-cylinder velocity field, turbulent kinetic energy field, mixture concentration field, temperature field and NOx concentration field were emphaticlly investigated .The items which results in the change of admixture state was also explored. Calculated results indicated that in-cylinder flow was divided into intensive mixing phase and weak flow mixing phase. The gas velocity and turbulent kinetic energy were higher in intensive mixing phase which has the potential to accelerate the mixture between fresh charge and residual gas and the spread of low temperature area, and in weak flow mixing phase, .the gas velocity and turbulent kinetic energy drop signifycantly, the squeezing effect of piston makes the mixture flow into the chamber. The squeezing flow shaped in the portrait plane of the chamber, at the same time, the velocity of flow increased.
In this paper, the CAI combustion was achieved with Exhaust Port Recirculation (EPR) strategy. The exhaust port recirculate during intake stroke, and the duration is longer than it of intake valve. The recirculate exhaust gas can accelerate the commix of fresh and residual gas. There are strong temperature and thickness distribution in the chamber at the end of compress stroke, and the distribution shape of them are opposite, therefore, the ignition point may between the two positions.
The results showed that the temperature distribution at the ignition timing became weaker as the speed raised , the IVC timing advanced and low valve lift.
The spatial location where ignition occurs first could be predicted by the investigation of the temperature above 1000k and feasible ratio of fule and oxygen location. The results showed that, with the strategy of Exhaust Port Recirculation (EPR), it is more probability that the ignition point bias in the exhaust valve side.
模拟结果分析表明:CAI发动机的缸内流动分为大幅度掺混和弱流动混合两个阶段。在大幅度掺混阶段即进气混合阶段,缸内流体的流速和湍流动能较高。在弱流动混合阶段即进、排气门均关闭后缸内流动造成的新鲜工质与缸内残余废气进一步混合阶段,缸内流体的流速和湍流动能降低,活塞的挤气效应使缸内混合气流向燃烧室内,在燃烧室的纵向平面内形成挤流,同时燃烧室口处流体的流速提高。对转速、配气相位及气门升程的研究表明,转速越高,进气门关闭时刻越早,气门升程越小,缸内的浓度分层和温度分层越弱。
CAI燃烧的发生是在温度及燃料氧气浓度比均适宜的位置,因此,讨论不同转速和配气相位的组合,着火始点附近时刻温度适宜位置以及燃料氧气浓度适宜的位置可以预测着火始点的位置。研究表明,采用排气门二次开启策略实现CAI燃烧时,温度及燃料氧气浓度比均适宜的位置偏向排气门侧概率较大,故着火始点的位置偏向于排气门侧。
Internal combustion engine as the main power source of automobiles, motocycles, shipes, agricultural machinery, engineering machinery, and other mobile vehicles, is the main oil consumer. Internal combustion engine is also the main source of atmosphere environment pollution, especially metropolitan atmosphere environment. There are many combustion products in the emission including incomplete combustion and harmful products. Hence, more and more strigent emission regulations are enacted and put into practice all over the world.
Concerning the studies on the new internal combustion engine combustion theory, homogeneous charge compression ignition, are getting more and more attention, it has been validated that this new combustion theory can improve the thermal efficiency and decrease NOx and PM emission when the combustion mode is put into practice, which can decrease the dependency of the emission purification devices, therefore, the precious metals can be economized.
CAI (Controlled Auto Ignition) gasoline engines have been received a lot of attention from the world-wide automotive field due to their ultra-low NOx, emissions and high thermal efficiency. However, they are confronted with the problems in ignition timing control and operation range extension. Much of the previous experimental and simulation work related to the CAI engine process has been demonstrating that detailed chemical kinetics was the primary factor which influences on the CAI combustion while other possible effects could be ignored. However, recent research indicated that the charge stratification state played an important role in controlling the ignition timing and the rate of heat release for CAI engine. The flow field and mixture condition were found to be more complicated using the Exhaust Port Recirculation(EPR) to achieve CAI combustion. Preliminary simulation work was executed with CFD code STAR-CD with the overall objectives to understand the influence of spatial nonuniformities of tempe- rature and mixture on characteristics of ignition and subsequent combustion in an CAI-like environment and to provide information relevant to the optical research of CAI combustion.
Then, with modeling software the data file of CAD was employed to rebuild the outline of the port after dealing with the data from measuring. With the common tetra- hedron or polyhedron automatic gridding maker PRO-AM, the mesh of the intake port, exhaust port and chamber can be generated automatically. With the engine special moving mesh maker ES-ICE, the moving mesh was made with mapping method. Finally, usable computational mesh was finished by associating the intake port, exhaust port and chamber mesh with moving mesh.
In order to understand how speed, valve timing and valve lift affect the in-cylinder charge condition in intake and compress strokes, characteristics of the in-cylinder velocity field, turbulent kinetic energy field, mixture concentration field, temperature field and NOx concentration field were emphaticlly investigated .The items which results in the change of admixture state was also explored. Calculated results indicated that in-cylinder flow was divided into intensive mixing phase and weak flow mixing phase. The gas velocity and turbulent kinetic energy were higher in intensive mixing phase which has the potential to accelerate the mixture between fresh charge and residual gas and the spread of low temperature area, and in weak flow mixing phase, .the gas velocity and turbulent kinetic energy drop signifycantly, the squeezing effect of piston makes the mixture flow into the chamber. The squeezing flow shaped in the portrait plane of the chamber, at the same time, the velocity of flow increased.
In this paper, the CAI combustion was achieved with Exhaust Port Recirculation (EPR) strategy. The exhaust port recirculate during intake stroke, and the duration is longer than it of intake valve. The recirculate exhaust gas can accelerate the commix of fresh and residual gas. There are strong temperature and thickness distribution in the chamber at the end of compress stroke, and the distribution shape of them are opposite, therefore, the ignition point may between the two positions.
The results showed that the temperature distribution at the ignition timing became weaker as the speed raised , the IVC timing advanced and low valve lift.
The spatial location where ignition occurs first could be predicted by the investigation of the temperature above 1000k and feasible ratio of fule and oxygen location. The results showed that, with the strategy of Exhaust Port Recirculation (EPR), it is more probability that the ignition point bias in the exhaust valve side.
引文
[1]http://www.newenergy.org.cn/news/2005-3/200535953.html
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[2]韦保仁,八木田浩史,中国汽车保有量及年产量预测模型研究,城市车辆,2004,4),21~24.
[3]郭连军,李莲花,我国汽车保有量预测方法浅析,鞍山科技大学学报,2000,23(1),55~60.
[4]Onishi S,Hong S,Katsuli S.Active thermo-atmosphere combustion (ATAC)-a new combustion process for internal combustion engines.SAE 790501.
[5]Masaaki Noguchi, Yukiyasu Tanaka and Yukihisa Takeuchi,“A Study on Gasoline Engine Combustion by Observation of Intermediate Reactive Products during Combustion”,SAE Paper 790840,1979.
[6]胡国栋.柴油机燃烧研究的展望.大连工学院学报,1982,Vol 21(4):71-80.
[7]Najt P M, Foster D E. Compression-Ignited Homogeneous Charge Combustion. SAE 830264.
[8]U.S. Department of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy office of Transportation Technologies,Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition(HCCI) Technology-A Report to the U.S.Congress,April 2001.
[9]M.Christensen,B.Johansson,P.Amneus,F.Mauss,Supercharged Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition,SAE 980787.
[10]S.Aceves,J.Martinez Frias,D.Flowers,J.Smith,A Decoupled Model of Detailed Fluid Mechanics for Prediction of Iso-Octane HCCI Combustion,SAE2001-01-3612.
[11]Jari Hyvoen,Goran Haraldsson,Bengt Johansson.Supercharging HCCI to Extend the Operating Range in a Multi-Cylinder VCR-HCCI Engine[C].SAE Paper 2003-01-3214.
[12]Olsson J,Ttnestal P,Johansson B,et al.Compression Ratio Influence On Maximum Load of a Natural Gas Fueled HCCI Engine[C].SAE Paper 2002-01-0111.
[13]尧命发,郑尊清,沈捷等.辛烷值对均质压燃发动机燃烧特性和性能的影响燃烧科学与技术,2004,10(3):244-249.
[14]Hrdeyuki Ogawa,Noboru Miyamoto,Naoya Kaneko,et al.Combustion Control and Operating Range Expansion in an HCCI Engine with Selective Use of Fuels with Different Low-Temperature Oxidation Characteristics[c].SAE Paper 2003-01-1827.
[15]Thring R H.Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignited (HCCI) Engine[C].SAE paper 892068,1989.
[16]Stockinger M,Schapertons H,Kuhlman P.Versuchean Einem Gemischan Sugenden Verbrennung -smotor Mit Selbstzundnung[J].MTZ,Motertechnisches Zeitchrift 1992,53:80～85.
[17]Thomas WR,Timothy J Callahan,Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition of Diesel Fuel [C]. SAE 961160.
[18]Magnus C,Bengt J,Patrik E.Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition(HCCI) Using Iso- octane, Ethanol and Natural Gas Acomparison With Spark Ignition Operation [C].SAE paper 972874.
[19]Magnus C,Bengt J,Per A,et al.Supercharged Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition [C]. SAE 980787.
[20]Magnus C,Anders H,Bengt J.Demonstrating the Multi Fuel Capability of a Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine with Variable Compression Ratio[C].SAE 1999-01-3679.
[21]Zheng JC.The Effect of Active Speciesin Internal EGR on Preignition Reactivity and on Reducing UHC and CO Emissionsin Homogeneous Charge Engine[C].SAE2003-01-1831.
[22]Song-Charng Kong,Rolf D.Reitz,Magnus Christensen,Bengt Johansson.Modelling the effects of geometry-generated turbulence on HCCI engine combustion.SAE 2003-01-1088.
[23]Andreas Vressner,Rolf Egnell,Bengt Johansson.Combustion Chamber Geometry Effects on the Performance of an Ethanol Fueled HCCI Engine.SAE 2008-01-1656.
[24]Sjoberg Magnus,Dec John E.Smoothing HCCI Heat-Release Rates Using Partial Fuel Stratification with Two-stage Ignition Fuels[C].SAE 2006-01-062.
[25]Dec John E,Hwang Wontae,Sjoberg Magnus.An Investigation of Thermal Stratification in HCCI Engine Using Chemiluminescence Imaging[C].SAE 2006-01-1518.
[26]Andreas W.Berntsson,Ingemar Denbratt.HCCI Combustion Using Charge Stratification for Combustion Control.SAE 2007-01-0210.
[27]Zhihua Li,Hui Xie,Hua Zhao.Studies of the Control of In-cylinder Inhomogeneities in a 4VVAS Gasoline Engine.SAE 2008-01-0052.
[28]Zhi Wang,Shi-Jin Shuai,Jian-Xin Wang.Multi-dimensional Simulation of HCCI Engine Using Parallel Computation and Chemical Kinetics.SAE 2008-01-0966.
[29]CHRISTENSEN M,JOHANSSON B,AMMJUSP,et al.Supercharged homogeneous charge com -pression ignition[A].SAE Paper 980787[R].Warrendele: SAE,1998.
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