从认知的角度论证口音在英中口译过程中的负迁移现象
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摘要
口译作为各领域内国际交流与合作的重要途径和桥梁,在当今世界起着越来越重要的作用。口译是互不通晓对方语言的双方得以交流思想、进行和完成交谈活动的不可或缺的媒介与手段,是一种跨语际的言语行为。同时,口译还是保证交流、质量、速度、效果等重要元素的不可或缺的杠杆。口译活动由三方合作共同完成,口译员是双方反馈机制的启动者和调节者,更是双方合作机制的实际操控者。由于民族、宗教、文化、社会地位等方面的差异引起的地方口音负迁移的现象,来自不同英语国家的一方持有的母语口音在口译过程中产生负迁移,都给通过口译的交流带来了极大的障碍与难度。因此,要求口译员在极短的时间内完成高质量的口译活动,除了解决口译的技术问题以及存在的心理障碍外,消除口音在交际活动中造成的沟通障碍是关键。
时代的发展使得人们越来越清楚地认识到,现代科学是一个庞大的网络结构,任何一门学科都处在这个网络结构的某一个结点上。认知与语言之间的关系是深层机制与表层表现的关系,两者互为表里。前者重思维,后者重形式。研究口译中的种种问题通常与思维关系密切。认知是个庞大的知识体系,据笔者所进行的文献检索,从认知角度着手的研究,其运用的理论不够系统,说服力不足。笔者在运用认知知识论证课题时,对认知解释口译的理论或模式进行了系统化的梳理与归纳,为日后研究口译的学者们提供一个可供参考的理论体系。
在口译的研究方面,罕见前人从口音这个角度做文章。口音体系非常复杂,对口音进行详尽的梳理和归纳有很大难度。为解决这一问题,笔者根据Kachru的“三个同心圈理论”,挑选了五大洲中最具代表性的口音进行剖析与整理。此外,口译需要客观实践,研究口译就须在实践中寻求方法。通过对口译员及带有口音的话语者案例及其各项测试的数据进行分析,笔者试图寻找并确定影响口译的原因,同时为消除口译传播障碍提供简单的解决方法,给此领域的未来研究提供一定的思路与借鉴。
As an important way and bridge of global communication and cooperation, interpretation plays a more and more critical role in the world. It is an indispensable medium and means of conducting and finishing converse between two sides to exchange message and thoughts. It belongs to interlingual language performance. Meanwhile, interpretation is an essential leverage for ensuring the major concerns such as communication, quality, speed, effects, etc. Three sides fulfill interpretation. Interpreter is a starter and adjuster of bilateral feedback system, and even the operator of mechanism of cooperation. Negative transfer of accent, caused by the differences of location, religion, tradition and social status, is a great barrier and difficulty to the success of interpretation. It is shown that the negative transfer of English speakers with various accents occurs in interpretation.
It is increasing realized that modern science is a huge network linking any science, with no exception of cognition. The relationships between cognition and language relate to deep mechanism and superficial performance, interacting with each other. According to my literature reviewing, previous researchers have applied fewer systematical theories on studies in view of interpretation. Conducting this paper from cognition, the author discusses and summarizes the interpretative theories or models systematically.
On studying interpretation, rare researchers touch upon the aspect of accent. Owing to the complicated system of accent, it is very hard to conclude the detailed rules. To solve this problem, the author chooses five countries with representatives in English accents from five continents according to Kachru's'Three Concentric Circles'. In addition, considering that interpretation requires objective practice, the author makes a case study on accents to find out factors of the negative transfer by analyzing statistics. And finally, some feasible solutions are provided to eliminate the obstacles of accents and it hoped that my efforts will throw some light on future research in the field.
时代的发展使得人们越来越清楚地认识到,现代科学是一个庞大的网络结构,任何一门学科都处在这个网络结构的某一个结点上。认知与语言之间的关系是深层机制与表层表现的关系,两者互为表里。前者重思维,后者重形式。研究口译中的种种问题通常与思维关系密切。认知是个庞大的知识体系,据笔者所进行的文献检索,从认知角度着手的研究,其运用的理论不够系统,说服力不足。笔者在运用认知知识论证课题时,对认知解释口译的理论或模式进行了系统化的梳理与归纳,为日后研究口译的学者们提供一个可供参考的理论体系。
在口译的研究方面,罕见前人从口音这个角度做文章。口音体系非常复杂,对口音进行详尽的梳理和归纳有很大难度。为解决这一问题,笔者根据Kachru的“三个同心圈理论”,挑选了五大洲中最具代表性的口音进行剖析与整理。此外,口译需要客观实践,研究口译就须在实践中寻求方法。通过对口译员及带有口音的话语者案例及其各项测试的数据进行分析,笔者试图寻找并确定影响口译的原因,同时为消除口译传播障碍提供简单的解决方法,给此领域的未来研究提供一定的思路与借鉴。
As an important way and bridge of global communication and cooperation, interpretation plays a more and more critical role in the world. It is an indispensable medium and means of conducting and finishing converse between two sides to exchange message and thoughts. It belongs to interlingual language performance. Meanwhile, interpretation is an essential leverage for ensuring the major concerns such as communication, quality, speed, effects, etc. Three sides fulfill interpretation. Interpreter is a starter and adjuster of bilateral feedback system, and even the operator of mechanism of cooperation. Negative transfer of accent, caused by the differences of location, religion, tradition and social status, is a great barrier and difficulty to the success of interpretation. It is shown that the negative transfer of English speakers with various accents occurs in interpretation.
It is increasing realized that modern science is a huge network linking any science, with no exception of cognition. The relationships between cognition and language relate to deep mechanism and superficial performance, interacting with each other. According to my literature reviewing, previous researchers have applied fewer systematical theories on studies in view of interpretation. Conducting this paper from cognition, the author discusses and summarizes the interpretative theories or models systematically.
On studying interpretation, rare researchers touch upon the aspect of accent. Owing to the complicated system of accent, it is very hard to conclude the detailed rules. To solve this problem, the author chooses five countries with representatives in English accents from five continents according to Kachru's'Three Concentric Circles'. In addition, considering that interpretation requires objective practice, the author makes a case study on accents to find out factors of the negative transfer by analyzing statistics. And finally, some feasible solutions are provided to eliminate the obstacles of accents and it hoped that my efforts will throw some light on future research in the field.
引文
[1]Algeo, John. British or American English?[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2006.
[2]Bragg, Melvyn. The Adventure of English,500AD to 2000:The Biography of a Language[M]. London:Hodder & Stoughton,2003.
[3]Carrol D, W. Psychology of Language Foreign[M]. Beijing:Language Teaching and Research Press,2000.
[4]Carol A. G. and Ronald S. H. The conservation of American war memorials made of zinc[J]. Journal of the American Institute for Conservation,2000
[5]Crystal, D. Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge University Press,1995.
[6]Gile, Daniel. Basic Concepts and Models for Interpreter and Translator Training [M]. Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John Benjamins Publishing Co.,1995.
[7]Halliday, M. A. K. Anti-languages[M]. UEA Papers in Linguistics,1976.
[8]Harrington, J., F. Cox, and Z. Evans. An acoustic phonetic study of broad, general, and cultivated Australian English vowels[J]. Australian Journal of Linguistics,1997.
[9]Hattori, Shiro. Japanese Language. Encyclopaedia Britannica (15th Edition) [M], 1979.
[10]Herlofsky, William. Phonetic Symbolism in Japanese Onomatopoeia[M]. Master's Thesis. University of Minnesota,1981.
[11]Hughes, Robert. The Fatal Shore[M]. London:Harvill,1986.
[12]J. D. Connor. Better English Pronunciation[M]. Cambridge University Press,1967.
[13]Miller, Roy Japanese and the other Altaic Languages[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1971.
[14]Miller, Roy Origins of the Japanese Language[M]. Seattle:University of Washington Press,1980.
[15]Milroy, James; and Lesley Milroy. Authority in Language:Investigating Standard English[M]. London:Routledge,2005
[16]Moore, B. Speaking our language:the story of Australian English, Oxford University Press, Melbourne,2008.
[17]Peccei, Jean Stilwell. Pragmatics. Beijing Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000.
[18]Reed, S.K. Cognition:Theory and Application Fourth Edition[M]. Pacific Grove, Ca:Brooks/Cole Pblishing Company,1992.
[19]Rogers, E. M. & Steinfatt, T. M. International Communication[M]. Pen and Booth, Washington,1978.
[20]Rumelhart, D and Norman, D. Cognitive skills and their acquisition. Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum,1981.
[21]Seleskovitch & Lederer. Interpreter Pour Traduire[M]. Beijing:Tourism and Education,1990
[22]Shitara, Yuko (1993). A survey of American pronunciation preferences[J]. Speech Hearing and Language 7,1993.
[23]Solso, R.L., MacLin, M. K., MacLin, O. H. Cognitive Psychology senvernth Edition[M]. Beijing:Beijing University Press,2005.
[24]Sperber, D & Wilson, D. Relevance:Communication and Cognition, Second Edition[M]. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2001.
[25]Wells, J C. Accents of English 3:Beyond the British Isles[M]. Cambridge University Press,1982.
[26]Wilson, D. Discourse, Coherence and Relevance[J], Journal of Pragmatics,1998(29).
[27]鲍刚.口译理论概述[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,2005.
[28]蔡小红. 职业化口译三步曲：技能意识,技巧掌握,职业反应[C].口译研究新探—新方法、新观念、新趋势[M].香港：开益出版社,2002.
[29]常赢生.日语读音指南[M].北京：知识出版社,1984.
[30]戴元光,金冠华.传播学通论[M].上海：上海交通大学出版社,2000.
[31]古今明.英汉翻译基础[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社,1997.
[32]洪德厚.记忆心理学[M].北京：科学普及出版社,1988.
[33]金惠康.跨文化交际翻译[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,2002.
[34]李怀墉.日语语音问答[M].商务印书馆,1996.
[35]李逵六.口译：理论与实践,语言与交际[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1994.
[36]刘和平.口译技巧一思维科学与口译推理教学法[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,2001.
[37]刘宓庆.新编当代翻译理论[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,2005.
[38]刘宓庆.口笔译理论研究[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,2006.
[39]刘正仪.英语音位学指南[M].江苏教育出版社,1984.
[40]陆国芬.英语口译的临场发挥[J]. 中国科技翻译,1995(2).
[41]梅德明.高级口译教程[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社,2000.
[42]芮敏.关联理论与口译理解策略[J].四川外语学院学报,2000(3).
[43]萨列文.口头翻译研究[M]. 北京：北京师范大学,2004.
[44]孙昂.关联理论与翻译[J]. 南京师范大学外国语学院,2002.
[45]田建国.口译理论初探[J]. 中国翻译,1985(7).
[46]王苏,汪安圣.认知心理学[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1992.
[47]伍铁平.语言与思维关系折探.上海：上海教育出版社,1986.
[48]肖晓燕.西方口译研究：历史与现状[J].外国语,2002(4).
[49]张清平.英语口译基本技能[M]. 北京：对外经济贸易出版社,1999.
[50]张维为.英汉同声传译,北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,1999.
[51]赵媛.口译过程中的听力障碍[J]. 西南师范大学硕士学位论文,2002.
[52]赵彦春.关联理论对翻译标准的解释力[J].现代汉语,1993(3).
[53]钟述孔.实用口语手册(修订版).北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,2000.
[2]Bragg, Melvyn. The Adventure of English,500AD to 2000:The Biography of a Language[M]. London:Hodder & Stoughton,2003.
[3]Carrol D, W. Psychology of Language Foreign[M]. Beijing:Language Teaching and Research Press,2000.
[4]Carol A. G. and Ronald S. H. The conservation of American war memorials made of zinc[J]. Journal of the American Institute for Conservation,2000
[5]Crystal, D. Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge University Press,1995.
[6]Gile, Daniel. Basic Concepts and Models for Interpreter and Translator Training [M]. Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John Benjamins Publishing Co.,1995.
[7]Halliday, M. A. K. Anti-languages[M]. UEA Papers in Linguistics,1976.
[8]Harrington, J., F. Cox, and Z. Evans. An acoustic phonetic study of broad, general, and cultivated Australian English vowels[J]. Australian Journal of Linguistics,1997.
[9]Hattori, Shiro. Japanese Language. Encyclopaedia Britannica (15th Edition) [M], 1979.
[10]Herlofsky, William. Phonetic Symbolism in Japanese Onomatopoeia[M]. Master's Thesis. University of Minnesota,1981.
[11]Hughes, Robert. The Fatal Shore[M]. London:Harvill,1986.
[12]J. D. Connor. Better English Pronunciation[M]. Cambridge University Press,1967.
[13]Miller, Roy Japanese and the other Altaic Languages[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1971.
[14]Miller, Roy Origins of the Japanese Language[M]. Seattle:University of Washington Press,1980.
[15]Milroy, James; and Lesley Milroy. Authority in Language:Investigating Standard English[M]. London:Routledge,2005
[16]Moore, B. Speaking our language:the story of Australian English, Oxford University Press, Melbourne,2008.
[17]Peccei, Jean Stilwell. Pragmatics. Beijing Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2000.
[18]Reed, S.K. Cognition:Theory and Application Fourth Edition[M]. Pacific Grove, Ca:Brooks/Cole Pblishing Company,1992.
[19]Rogers, E. M. & Steinfatt, T. M. International Communication[M]. Pen and Booth, Washington,1978.
[20]Rumelhart, D and Norman, D. Cognitive skills and their acquisition. Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum,1981.
[21]Seleskovitch & Lederer. Interpreter Pour Traduire[M]. Beijing:Tourism and Education,1990
[22]Shitara, Yuko (1993). A survey of American pronunciation preferences[J]. Speech Hearing and Language 7,1993.
[23]Solso, R.L., MacLin, M. K., MacLin, O. H. Cognitive Psychology senvernth Edition[M]. Beijing:Beijing University Press,2005.
[24]Sperber, D & Wilson, D. Relevance:Communication and Cognition, Second Edition[M]. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2001.
[25]Wells, J C. Accents of English 3:Beyond the British Isles[M]. Cambridge University Press,1982.
[26]Wilson, D. Discourse, Coherence and Relevance[J], Journal of Pragmatics,1998(29).
[27]鲍刚.口译理论概述[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,2005.
[28]蔡小红. 职业化口译三步曲：技能意识,技巧掌握,职业反应[C].口译研究新探—新方法、新观念、新趋势[M].香港：开益出版社,2002.
[29]常赢生.日语读音指南[M].北京：知识出版社,1984.
[30]戴元光,金冠华.传播学通论[M].上海：上海交通大学出版社,2000.
[31]古今明.英汉翻译基础[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社,1997.
[32]洪德厚.记忆心理学[M].北京：科学普及出版社,1988.
[33]金惠康.跨文化交际翻译[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,2002.
[34]李怀墉.日语语音问答[M].商务印书馆,1996.
[35]李逵六.口译：理论与实践,语言与交际[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1994.
[36]刘和平.口译技巧一思维科学与口译推理教学法[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,2001.
[37]刘宓庆.新编当代翻译理论[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,2005.
[38]刘宓庆.口笔译理论研究[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,2006.
[39]刘正仪.英语音位学指南[M].江苏教育出版社,1984.
[40]陆国芬.英语口译的临场发挥[J]. 中国科技翻译,1995(2).
[41]梅德明.高级口译教程[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社,2000.
[42]芮敏.关联理论与口译理解策略[J].四川外语学院学报,2000(3).
[43]萨列文.口头翻译研究[M]. 北京：北京师范大学,2004.
[44]孙昂.关联理论与翻译[J]. 南京师范大学外国语学院,2002.
[45]田建国.口译理论初探[J]. 中国翻译,1985(7).
[46]王苏,汪安圣.认知心理学[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1992.
[47]伍铁平.语言与思维关系折探.上海：上海教育出版社,1986.
[48]肖晓燕.西方口译研究：历史与现状[J].外国语,2002(4).
[49]张清平.英语口译基本技能[M]. 北京：对外经济贸易出版社,1999.
[50]张维为.英汉同声传译,北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,1999.
[51]赵媛.口译过程中的听力障碍[J]. 西南师范大学硕士学位论文,2002.
[52]赵彦春.关联理论对翻译标准的解释力[J].现代汉语,1993(3).
[53]钟述孔.实用口语手册(修订版).北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,2000.