含Nd耐热镁合金显微组织和性能的研究
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摘要
稀土元素是改善镁合金高温性能最有效的元素,在耐热镁合金中,稀土镁合金占有特殊的地位,目前世界各国含稀土铸造镁合金牌号已占镁合金总数50%以上。中国是镁、稀土资源大国,研究和开发价格适中和高性能的稀土镁合金具有非常有利的条件。本文以Mg-Nd二元合金和Mg-Al-Nd三元合金为主要研究对象,运用光学金相分析(OM),扫描电子显微分析(SEM),电子束微区分析(EDAX),X射线衍射分析(XRD),等离子耦合光谱(ICP),透射电子显微分析(TEM)等多种分析和测试手段,系统研究了不同稀土元素La和Nd以及Nd含量的变化对Mg-Nd二元合金和Mg-Al-Nd三元合金的显微组织、力学性能和抗蠕变性能的影响。
在Mg-La和Mg-Nd二元铸态合金中,La和Nd在合金中的分布形式明显不同。La主要存在于沿枝晶间界形成连续粗大的网状分布的共晶相(Mg+Mg17La2)中;而Nd则以部分存在于离异共晶Mg12Nd相中,其余则过饱和固溶于基体中。随着Nd含量的增加,Mg12Nd离异共晶的数量也逐渐增加,分布方式也从沿晶界上的点状逐渐过渡到网状分布。
利用SEM和TEM研究了N2合金固溶(525℃/8小时)时效(250℃)后的显微组织。结果表明,时效1小时后,带状排列的βˊ相和片状的β相先后从α-Mg基体中析出,βˊ相、β相和α-Mg基体都有一定的共格关系,其中βˊ相和α-Mg基体共格关系为(110)β’//(0001)Mg和[112 ]β’// [1100]Mg;β相和α-Mg基体的共格关系为(011)β//(2110)Mg和[100]β//[0001]Mg。两者的惯析面分别(1100)Mg和(2110)Mg面。时效6小时后,介稳的带状排列的βˊ相消失,平衡β相沿[0001] Mg方向长大。同时对N2合金的XRD分析表明,时效6小时后合金中的析出相只有β(Mg12Nd)。对时效合金的硬度测试表明,随时效时间的延长,合金的硬度先升高,达到峰值后随时效时间的延长,硬度下降。通过计算析出相βˊ相和β相与α-Mg基体在惯析面和底面上的原子错配程度,解释了两相形貌形成的原因。结果发现在惯析面上两相和基体之间有非常好的原子匹配,特别是βˊ相在惯析面上和Mg之间几乎没有错配度。通过析出过程中的热力学和动力学分析,分析了βˊ相和β相形成过程中的形核和长大的过程。
铸态Mg-Nd二元合金的室温拉伸性能相比Mg-Al基合金稍差,但是在高温下显示了优异的拉伸性能,而L2合金不论在室温和高温下,拉伸性能都非常差。固溶时效处理使Mg-Nd二元合金在室温和高温下的拉伸性能大大提高。热挤压后的N2合金具有非常优异的综合拉伸性能。
对断口的显微组织研究表明,在室温下铸态合金L2属于典型的沿晶脆性断裂;随着Nd含量的增加,Mg-Nd二元铸态合金从典型的解理断裂向沿晶断裂转化。在高温下,各铸态合金的断裂机理基本没有改变。而挤压后的N2合金的断裂为典型的塑性韧窝断裂,随着温度的提高,韧窝的深度加深,塑性增强。
对Mg-Nd二元合金在175℃/70MPa、200℃/70MPa和225℃/70MPa的蠕变性能研究表明,
Rare earth elements are the most effective elements on the improvement of the properties of magnesium alloy at high temperature. The as cast magnesium alloys containing rare earth take more than 50% in total magnesium alloys developed in the world, which makes the rare earth magnesium alloys take special place in the heat resistant magnesium alloys. China has the most plentiful magnesium and rare earth resources in the world, which provides advantages in researching and developing high properties rare earth magnesium alloys with the acceptable cost. In the present work, the microstructures, mechanical properties and creep resistance of Mg-Nd (La)binary alloys and Mg-Al-Nd(La) ternary alloys with different rare earth elements La and Nd, or different Nd additions have been investigated systematically by optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), Transmitting electron microscope (TEM) etc.
The existence form of La was quite different from that of Nd in the as cast Mg-Nd (La) binary alloy. La additions in the Mg-La binary alloy existed mostly in the eutectic phase(Mg+Mg17La2)which distributed along the interdentritic boundaries; however, Nd additions in the Mg-Nd alloy existed partly in the divorced eutectic phase Mg12Nd and partly solid solved in the oversaturatedα-Mg matrix. With the increase of Nd additions, the volume fraction of divorced eutectic phase Mg12Nd increased gradually and the existence form of Mg12Nd also changed from spotted to network formed along grain boundaries.
The microstructure of N2 alloy after solid solution (525℃/8h) and aging treatment (250℃) was investigated through SEM and TEM. The results showed that the ribbon-orderedβˊ phase and the small plate phaseβprecipitated fromα-Mg matrix subsequently. Both the phaseβˊ and the phaseβhad coherent relationship withα-Mg matrix, which were described as (110)β’//(0001)Mg and [11 2 ]β’// [1100]Mg,(011)β//(2110)Mg and [100]β//[0001]Mg. The habit planes of the phaseβˊ and the phaseβwere (1100)Mg and (2110)Mg respectively. The metastable phaseβˊ disappeared and the equilibrium phaseβgrown along the direction of [0001] Mg with the aging time increasing. The results of XRD also showed that there was onlyβphase (Mg12Nd) existed in the N2 alloy after 6 hours aging. The curves of hardness with aging time exhibited the hardness of the alloy N2 increased to the peak value and then decreased gradually with the aging time prolonging. The shape of two kinds of precipitatesβˊ&βduring aging was explained through the calculation of the misfit degree of atoms between the precipitatesβˊ&βand matrix on the habit plane and the basal plane ofα-Mg. The results also showed that the two precipitated phases had perfect atoms match withα-Mg matrix on each habit plane , especiallyβˊ phase nearly had no
在Mg-La和Mg-Nd二元铸态合金中,La和Nd在合金中的分布形式明显不同。La主要存在于沿枝晶间界形成连续粗大的网状分布的共晶相(Mg+Mg17La2)中;而Nd则以部分存在于离异共晶Mg12Nd相中,其余则过饱和固溶于基体中。随着Nd含量的增加,Mg12Nd离异共晶的数量也逐渐增加,分布方式也从沿晶界上的点状逐渐过渡到网状分布。
利用SEM和TEM研究了N2合金固溶(525℃/8小时)时效(250℃)后的显微组织。结果表明,时效1小时后,带状排列的βˊ相和片状的β相先后从α-Mg基体中析出,βˊ相、β相和α-Mg基体都有一定的共格关系,其中βˊ相和α-Mg基体共格关系为(110)β’//(0001)Mg和[112 ]β’// [1100]Mg;β相和α-Mg基体的共格关系为(011)β//(2110)Mg和[100]β//[0001]Mg。两者的惯析面分别(1100)Mg和(2110)Mg面。时效6小时后,介稳的带状排列的βˊ相消失,平衡β相沿[0001] Mg方向长大。同时对N2合金的XRD分析表明,时效6小时后合金中的析出相只有β(Mg12Nd)。对时效合金的硬度测试表明,随时效时间的延长,合金的硬度先升高,达到峰值后随时效时间的延长,硬度下降。通过计算析出相βˊ相和β相与α-Mg基体在惯析面和底面上的原子错配程度,解释了两相形貌形成的原因。结果发现在惯析面上两相和基体之间有非常好的原子匹配,特别是βˊ相在惯析面上和Mg之间几乎没有错配度。通过析出过程中的热力学和动力学分析,分析了βˊ相和β相形成过程中的形核和长大的过程。
铸态Mg-Nd二元合金的室温拉伸性能相比Mg-Al基合金稍差,但是在高温下显示了优异的拉伸性能,而L2合金不论在室温和高温下,拉伸性能都非常差。固溶时效处理使Mg-Nd二元合金在室温和高温下的拉伸性能大大提高。热挤压后的N2合金具有非常优异的综合拉伸性能。
对断口的显微组织研究表明,在室温下铸态合金L2属于典型的沿晶脆性断裂;随着Nd含量的增加,Mg-Nd二元铸态合金从典型的解理断裂向沿晶断裂转化。在高温下,各铸态合金的断裂机理基本没有改变。而挤压后的N2合金的断裂为典型的塑性韧窝断裂,随着温度的提高,韧窝的深度加深,塑性增强。
对Mg-Nd二元合金在175℃/70MPa、200℃/70MPa和225℃/70MPa的蠕变性能研究表明,
Rare earth elements are the most effective elements on the improvement of the properties of magnesium alloy at high temperature. The as cast magnesium alloys containing rare earth take more than 50% in total magnesium alloys developed in the world, which makes the rare earth magnesium alloys take special place in the heat resistant magnesium alloys. China has the most plentiful magnesium and rare earth resources in the world, which provides advantages in researching and developing high properties rare earth magnesium alloys with the acceptable cost. In the present work, the microstructures, mechanical properties and creep resistance of Mg-Nd (La)binary alloys and Mg-Al-Nd(La) ternary alloys with different rare earth elements La and Nd, or different Nd additions have been investigated systematically by optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), Transmitting electron microscope (TEM) etc.
The existence form of La was quite different from that of Nd in the as cast Mg-Nd (La) binary alloy. La additions in the Mg-La binary alloy existed mostly in the eutectic phase(Mg+Mg17La2)which distributed along the interdentritic boundaries; however, Nd additions in the Mg-Nd alloy existed partly in the divorced eutectic phase Mg12Nd and partly solid solved in the oversaturatedα-Mg matrix. With the increase of Nd additions, the volume fraction of divorced eutectic phase Mg12Nd increased gradually and the existence form of Mg12Nd also changed from spotted to network formed along grain boundaries.
The microstructure of N2 alloy after solid solution (525℃/8h) and aging treatment (250℃) was investigated through SEM and TEM. The results showed that the ribbon-orderedβˊ phase and the small plate phaseβprecipitated fromα-Mg matrix subsequently. Both the phaseβˊ and the phaseβhad coherent relationship withα-Mg matrix, which were described as (110)β’//(0001)Mg and [11 2 ]β’// [1100]Mg,(011)β//(2110)Mg and [100]β//[0001]Mg. The habit planes of the phaseβˊ and the phaseβwere (1100)Mg and (2110)Mg respectively. The metastable phaseβˊ disappeared and the equilibrium phaseβgrown along the direction of [0001] Mg with the aging time increasing. The results of XRD also showed that there was onlyβphase (Mg12Nd) existed in the N2 alloy after 6 hours aging. The curves of hardness with aging time exhibited the hardness of the alloy N2 increased to the peak value and then decreased gradually with the aging time prolonging. The shape of two kinds of precipitatesβˊ&βduring aging was explained through the calculation of the misfit degree of atoms between the precipitatesβˊ&βand matrix on the habit plane and the basal plane ofα-Mg. The results also showed that the two precipitated phases had perfect atoms match withα-Mg matrix on each habit plane , especiallyβˊ phase nearly had no
引文
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