摘要
臭氧-生物活性炭技术作为饮用水的深度处理技术之一在国内有着很好的应用前景,但针对我国的水质特点还缺乏相应成熟的经验,许多方面还有待进一步完善。本论文以黄浦江原水为处理对象,对臭氧-生物活性炭技术去除水中污染物的机理和性能进行了全面系统的研究,得到了以下主要结论:
改进和完善了三卤甲烷生成潜能及DOC构成测定方法,提出了测定微生物活性的新方法:呼吸势能法。
对臭氧化技术的研究表明,臭氧能够有效降低水体的有机负荷,并在一定程度上改善水质的可生化性。本文在国内首次采用DOC分类测定方法分析臭氧对水中溶解性有机物的影响以及对水质可生化性的改善情况,试验发现,砂滤出水中溶解性有机物80%以上都是NB&ADOC,B&ADOC约为10~13%,NA&BDOC和NRDOC的含量均不超过5%。臭氧后NB&ADOC,NA&BDOC和NRDOC均呈减少趋势,A&BDOC增加,而且提高的幅度随臭氧投加量和接触时间的增加而上升。在确定的最佳臭氧化条件下,臭氧氧化后水中B&ADOC的绝对含量增加了49%,BDOC的绝对含量增加了22%,但BDOC在总DOC中所占比例(BDOC/DOC)只增加了3~4%。首次将分子量分布测定与水质深度处理研究相结合,分析不同工艺单元出水分子量变化规律,得出前处理工艺对分子量在3kD以上的有机物有较好的去除效果。臭氧对分子量大于10kD的有机物氧化分解作用明显,臭氧化后水中分子质量在3kD~1kD以及<0.5kD区间的有机物增加。生物活性炭滤池主要去除分子量分布在10kD~3kD和3kD~1kD以及<0.5kD区间的有机物,炭池出水中分子量在100kD~10kD的有机物会明显增加。通过研究臭氧对三卤甲烷生成潜能的去除规律发现,臭氧对三氯甲烷和二氯一溴甲烷生成潜能都有很好的去除,对一氯二溴甲烷生成潜能的去除效果较差,对溴仿生成潜能基本没有去除。当水中溴化物含量较高时臭氧对溴仿的生成反而具有促进作用。首次结合紫外差分光谱和水中溴化物与臭氧及氯间的化学反应原理探讨了臭氧对三卤甲烷生成潜能的去除机理。在确定的最佳臭氧投加条件下,从降低水体污染负荷和提高水质可生化性两个方面比较分析了臭氧和充氧单元对水质的改变程度。
对生物活性炭滤池除污染能力的研究表明:空气和臭氧对后续生物活性炭滤池挂膜时间没有明显影响。臭氧后生物活性炭柱的运行效果略好于空气后生物活性炭柱。首次结合DOC分类测定和分子量分布测定研究炭池在不同运行阶段对溶解性有机物的去除机理及去除规律。考察了两生物活性炭滤池对三卤甲烷生成潜能去除规律的四季变化,发现炭池对氯仿生成潜能的去除效果较好,对溴代三卤甲烷生成潜能的去除效果较差,去除率随溴化程度的加深而降低。深入探讨了炭池的主要工艺参数(空床接触时间和滤速)和除污染能力间的关系,通过对大量数据的拟合分析,认为空床接触时间是炭池运行的关键参数,并建立了空床接触时间和炭池除污染能力间的相关关系。通过研究不同反冲洗方式、冲洗强度对炭池生物量、净水效能等多项指标的影响确定了炭池的最佳反冲洗模式,在此基础上进一步分析比较了反冲洗对两生物活性炭滤池的影响规律。
通过对“前处理工艺”,“前处理工艺+臭氧+BAC”,“前处理工艺+充氧+BAC”三种处理工艺出水水质的分析表明:两条深度处理工艺都能进一步改善前处理工艺的出水水质。“臭氧+BAC”工艺对CODMn的全年平均去除率为31%左右,“充氧+BAC”为21%左右,前者比后者高出10%左右。对UV254的去除,前者要比后者平均高出20%以上。对两条深度处理工艺出水的水质安全性分析表明:无论是在生物稳定性还是出水携带细菌总数上,“臭氧+BAC”都优于前者。GC/MS检测结果表明,“前处理工艺+臭氧+BAC+氯化消毒”工艺使原水中有机物的种类减少了46种,色谱峰总面积减少了33%。“前处理工艺+充氧+BAC+消毒”工艺使原水中有机物的种类减少了33种,色谱峰总面积减小了13%。进一步证明“臭氧+BAC”出水水质明显好于“充氧+BAC”工艺。
在国内首次利用紫外差分光谱分析了三卤甲烷氯化反应生成机理及生成规律,建立了三卤甲烷生成的预测模式。结合大量试验数据分析了TOC、CODMn和UV254三者间的关联性,建立了UV254来预测TOC的数学模式。
The process of ozone-biological activated carbon which is one of advanced treatment technologies will be applied on a large scale in our country in the future, but there is still no enough experience in using it according to Chinese water characters. Systematical research was done acording to the raw water quality of Huangpu River from the mechanism and performance to remove polutant in this article, and draw the following conclusions:
The analytical methods of trihalomethane formation potential(THMFP) and different kinds of DOC was improved, and a new method was established: respiration potential method.
The research on ozonation technology showed that ozonation can decrease effectively organic pollutant burden and improve biodegradability of water. It was the first time to analyze the effect of ozone on dssovled organic matter and the biodegradability of water by determining different sorts of DOC. The experiment results indicated that for effluent of sand filter there were above 80% of NOM is belong to NB&ADOC, B&ADOCis about 10~13%, the amout of NA&BDOC and NRDOC were both below 5%. After ozonation the content of NB&ADOC, NA&BDOC and NRDOC all decrease but the amount of A&BDOC increase,moreover,the extent of increase for A&BDOC went up with the ozone dosage and contaction time. Under the optimal ozone conditions, the absolute content of B&ADOC increased by 49% and BDOC increased by 22% after ozonation, but proportion of BDOC to the total DOC (BDOC/DOC) increased 3-4%. It was also the first time to combine the molecular weight distribution of organic matter with water advanced treatment research, the molecular weight distribution for different effluent was analyzed and concluded that pretreatment process can effectively remove those organic pollutant whose molecular weight were above 3kD, and those pollutant whose molecular weight were above 10kD would be decomposed and those whose molecular weight were 3kD~1kD and below 0.5kD would increase after ozonation. BAC filter has a good removal ability for those organic matter whose molecular weight were 10kD~3kD, 3kD~1kD and <0.5kD, but the content would increase for those pollutant whose molecular weight was 100kD~10kD after BAC filter.The reduction of trihalomethane formation potential(THMFP) was discussed, which indicated that ozonation has a good removal for chlorofom and bromodichloromethane formation potential, but for dibromochloromethane formation potential the removal efficiency was undesirable and there was almost no removal for bromoform forming potential, Furthermore, when there was enough bromide in water, ozonation would have a promotion effect for bromoform formation potential. For the first time the removal mechanism of THMFP for ozone was demonstrated Combining differential UV spectroscopy and chemical reaction principle of ozone and chlorine. Under the optimal conditions for ozonation,change of water quality before and after ozonation and air was discussed from the following aspects: reducing pollutant burden and improving biodegradablity.
The study on operational performance of BAC filter showed that there was no evident diference on biofilm forming time of BAC filters which following ozonation and air stage. BAC filter following ozone contacting column has a better performance than that following air contacting column. For the first time combining the analytical method of DOC composing and molecular weight distribution to study the removal mechanism and rule of organic matter for BAC filter in different runing phase. In addition, the removal mechanism and rule of THMFP for both of BAC filters in for seasons were discussed and found that BAC filter could reduce chloroform formation potential effectively, but couldn’t effectivly remove bromizing trihalomethane, and the removal efficiency decline with further bromizing. the ralationship of main parameters of BAC filter (EBCT and filtration rate) and the removal ability were discussed , according to the correlative analysis for lots of data, it was concluded that EBCT was the key parameterand the relationship between EBCT and removal ability of filter was founded. Based on the study for backwashing technology, the most optimal backwashing strategy was established, on the base of which to compare the effective rule of backwashing on both of BAC filters.
Effluent water quality of three treatment process which include“pretreatment process”,“pretreatment process + ozonation + BAC”and“pretreatment process + air+BAC”was dicussed, experimental results showed both of two advanced treatment process could improve water quality of pretreatment process. The process of“ozone + BAC”could averagely reduce about 31% of CODMn annually, and about 21% for the process of“air + BAC”. For CODMn the former has a higher removal than the latter by about 10% and for UV254 by about 20%. The security of effluent water quality for both two advanced treatment process was assessed and results showed that the process of“ozone+BAC”has a better performance no matter the biostability or bacteria population for effluent. GC/MS test showed that total organic species number was reduced 59.7% and total spectrum aera was reduced 33% after treatment by“pretreatment+ozone+BAC+chlorination”, on the other hand, total organic species number was reduced 44% and total spectrum aera was reduced 13% after treatment by“pretreatment+air+BAC+chlorination”. All these demonstrated that the process“ozone + BAC”could produce higher quality of water than that of“air + BAC”.
It is first time in our country to analyze the generating mechanics and rules of trihalomethane by utlizing differential UV spectroscopy and founded a predictive model of forming trihalomethane. On the base of lots of data, the correlative analysis for TOC, CODMn and UV254 were done, and a model is established that can rapidly calculate TOC on the base of UV254.
引文
1 张荣,田向红,刘保华.我国饮用水现状及卫生标准发展[J].中国卫生工程学,2004,3(3):185-187
2 蓝楠.创新我国饮用水资源保护之法律制度[J].中国环保产业,2004,1:9-11
3 丁增义.我们有多少清水可以期待[N].解放军报,2005-08-08(10)
4 国家环境保护总局.中国城市环境保护[EB/OL].http://chat.pep.com.cn,2005-06-05
5 付娟.生活饮用水—一个值得关注的问题[J].中国检验检疫,2004,11:22-23
6 朱延美,许宁,张文平.我国饮用水安全性研究现状[J].北方环境,2004,29(6):24-26
7. 周鸿,张晓建,王占生.水中内分泌干扰物在我国的研究进展[J].中国给水排水,2002,18(9):26-28
8 王占生.中国饮用水的污染及其控制[J].徐州建筑职业技术学院学报[J].2001,1(1):21-24
9. 王琳,王宝贞.饮用水深度处理技术[M].北京,化学工业出版社,2002
10. 齐文启,孙宗光,汪志国.环境荷尔蒙研究的现状及其检测分析[J].现代科学仪器,2000,4:32-38
11 Mahmoud A,Abu Zeid.Water and sustainable development: the vision for world water,life and the environment[J].Water Policy,1998,1(1):9-19
12 W.W Carmichael.Cyanobacterial blooms and health hazards-an overview[J].Toxicon,1996,34(3):299
13 马从容. 蚌埠市饮用水的生物稳定性研究[J].工业用水与废水,2001,32 (4) :16-21.
14 王占生,刘文君.微污染水源饮用水处理[M].北京,中国建筑工业出版社,1999
15 周云,何义亮.微污染水源净化技术及工程实例[M].北京,化学工业出版社,2003
16 王琳,王宝贞.优质饮用水净化技术[M].北京,科学出版社,1999
17 董祯恭.给水处理工程中的强化混凝技术[J].华东交通大学学报,2004,21(1):12-16
18 肖锦,周勤,孙伟,等.微污染原水强化混凝净化研究[J].给水排水,1999,25(12):14-17
19 王鹤立,肖数宏,赫俊国等.常规混凝沉淀给水处理工艺的强化[J].给水排水,1999,25(6):1-4
20 严子春,王小丽.沸石强化过滤的效果及其对水质的影响[J].重庆大学学报,2002,25(2):130-133
21 许国仁,李圭白.高锰酸钾复合药剂强化过滤微污染水质的效能研究[J].环境科学学报,2002,22(5):664-670
22 黄晓东,李德生,吴为中,等.生物活性滤池的强化过滤研究[J].中国给水排水,2001,17(8):10-13
23 尹军,谭学军,赵可,等.饮用水深度处理技术若干研究进展[J].吉林建筑工程学院学报,2004,21(2):7-13
24 吴宏海,黄瑞敏,胡勇有.东江河微污染原水生化预处理的试验研究[J].中山大学学报,2000,39(6):294-297
25 Prengle H W.Experimental rate constant and reactor considerations for the destruction of micropollutants and trihalomathane procursous by ozone with UV radiations[J].Environl Sci & Tech,1983,17(4):743-748
26 Glaze W H,Kang J W.Advanced oxidation processes description of a kinetic model for the oxidation of hazardous materials in auueous media with ozone and hydrogen peroxide in semi-batch reactor[J].Ind Eng Chem Rea,1989,28(8):1573-1582
27. 陈正夫,吕锡武.多氯联笨的环境污染及其防治[J].自然杂志,1991,14(9):22-25
28. 吕锡武,严煦世.光化学氧化饮用水中有机优先污染物[J].中国环境科学,1992,12(1):20-22
29 邹宗柏,吕锡武、孔青春.UV 微 O3 法去除饮用水中 CCl4 的研究[J].环境与健康杂志,1997,14(2):17-20
30 孙毅,吕锡武.BAC-UV-microO3 技术对饮用水深度处理的研究[J].净水技术,2000,18(1):23-25
31 Aieta E M,Regan K M,Lang J S.Advanced oxidation processes for treating groundwater contaminated with TCE and PCE: pilot scale evaluations[J].Journal AWWA,1998,80:64-75
32 Duguet J P.Application of combined ozone-hydrogen peroxide for removal of aromatic compounds from a groundwater[J].Ozone Sci & Eng ,1990,12(3):281-289
33 Zeff J D,Leitis E.Oxidation of organic compounds in water[P].US Patent,4792407.1988
34 钟里,严益群,吕扬效.高级氧化过程的研究与进展[J].现代化工,1997,12:16-19
35 马生明,王守伟,李志萍. 纳米光催化氧化水处理技术进展[J].中国给水排水,2002,18 (10) :30-32
36 李素芹,何亚明,崔鹏飞.颗粒活性炭负载TiO2薄膜的制备与性能研究[J].北京轻工业学院学报,2001,19(2):36~42
37 Yasumoto Magara,Shoichi Kunikane, Masaki Itoh.Advanced membrane technology for application to water treatment[J].Wat Sci Tech,1998,37 (10):91-99
38 Glucina K , Alvarez A , Laine J M . Assessment of an integrated membrane system for surface water treatment[J].Desalination,2000,132:73-82
39 刘萍,曾光明,黄瑾辉.膜技术在饮用水深度处理上的应用[J].环境科学与技术,2004,27(6):100-103
40 黄晓东,王占生.微污染水源水净化新技术[J].环境污染与防治,1998,20 (3):35-38
41 杨浅晶.国外膜过滤型净水处理现状[J].水环境学会志, 2001,18(2 ):10-14
42 Cipparone L A,Diehl A C,Gerald E S.Ozonation and BDOC removal effect on water quality[J].Journal AWWA,1997, 89(2):84-87
43 James P Malley Jr,Eighmy T T,Collins M R,et al.The performance and microbiology of ozone-Enhanced biological filtration[J].Journal AWWA,1993,85(12):47-57
44 Mohamed S Siddiquiq,Gary L Amy,Brian D Murphy.Ozone enhanced removal of natural organic matter from drinking water sources[J].Water Research,1997,31(12):3098-3106
45 Hu J Y,Wang Z S,Ng W J,et al.The effect of water treatment processes on the biological stability of potable water[J].Water Research,1999,33(11):2587-2592
46 Tasushi Takeuchi, Kazuhiro Mochiazuki,Noriyuki Matsunobu,et al.Removal of organic substances from water by ozone treatment followed by biological activated carbon treatment[J].Wat Sci Tech,1997,35(7):171-178
47 Woo Hang Kim,Wataru Nishijima,Eiji Shoto,et al.Competitive removal of dissolved organic carbon by adsorption and biodegradation on biological activated carbon[J].Wat Sci Tech,1997,35(7):147-153
48 Alex A Yavich,Kyung-Hyuk Lee,Kuan-Chung Chen,et al.Evaluation of biodegradability of NOM after ozonation[J].Water Research,2004,38:2839-2846
49 Nishijima Wataru,Fahmi,Mukaidani Tsukasa,Mitsumasa Okada.DOC removal by multi-stage ozonation-biological treatment[J].Water Reaearch,2003,37:150-154
50 Kenneth H Carlson,Gary L Amy.BOM removal during biofiltration[J].Journal AWWA,90(12):42-52
51 Carlson Gary,Silverstein Joann.Effect of ozonation on sorption of natural organic matter by biofilm[J].Water Research,1997,31(10):2467-2478
52 严煦世,吕锡武.生物活性炭法处理污染原水的研究简介[J].中国给水排水,1985,1(2):13-15
53 Yu M J,Kim Y H,Han I,et al.Ozonation of Han River humic substances[J].Water Science & Technology,2002,
46(11-12):21-26
54 Muramotot Shuichi,Nishino Jiro.An advanced purification system combining ozonation and BAC,developed by The Bureau of Waterworks, Tokyo Metropolitan Government[J].Desalination,1994,98:207-215
55 严煦世,吕锡武.应用生物活性炭法提高饮用水水质[J].重庆环境科学,1986,8(1):22-26
56 Sudha Gool,Raymond M Hozalski,Edward J Bouwer.Biodegradation of NOM: effect of NOM source and ozone dose[J].Journal AWWA,1995,87(1):90-105
57 Liu Xibo,Peter M Huck,Robin M Slawson.Factors affecting drinking water biofiltration[J].Journal AWWA,2001, 12:90-101
58 吕锡武.生物活性炭法处理受污染源水研究[J].环境导报,1986,2(2):3-6
59 吕锡武.污染源水深度净化中三氯甲烷形成能力的测试和计算[J].上海环境科学,1987,6(2):9-11
60 吕锡武,严煦世.生物活性炭去除氨氮的实践与机制[J].上海环境科学,1988,7(1):19-21
61 Woo Hang Kim,Wataru Nishijima,Eiji Shoto,et al.Pilot plant study on ozonation and biological activated carbon process for drinking water treatment[J].Water Science Technlogy,1997,35(8):21-28
62 Duk-Jin Kim,Takashi Miyahara,Tatsuya Noike.Effect of C/N ratio on the bioregeneration of biological activated carnon[J].Water Science Technology,1997,36(12):239-249
63 Wataru Nishijima,Eiji Shoto,Mitsumasa Okada.Improvement of biodegradation of organic substance by addition of phosphorus in biological activated carbon[J].Water Science Technology,1997,36(12):251-257
64 Wataru Nishijima,Gerald E Speitel Jr.Fate of biodegradable dissolved organic carbon produced by ozonation on biological activated carbon[J].Chemosphere,2004,56:113-119
65 Raymond M Hozalski,Edward J Bouwer,Sudha Goel.Removal of natural organic matter (NOM) from drinking watersupplies by ozone-biofiltration[J].Water Science Technology,1999,40(9):157-163
66 Muntisov M,Chapman M,Finlayson G,et al.A review of new drinking water treatment technology in Australia[J].Water,2003,2:20-22
67 Wayne Hill,Reg Mcmillan.Design and operation of an ozone/BAC water treatment palnt at Edenhope[C].61st annual water industry engineers and operators’ conference.Shepparton,1998.67-71
68 Rositano J,Newcombe G,Nicholson B,et al.Ozonation of NOM and algal toxins in four treated waters[J].Water Research,2001,35(1):23-32
69 Rachard J Miltner,Hiba M Shukairy,Scott Summers R.Disinfection by-product formaton and control by ozonation and biotreatment[J].Journal AWWA,1992,11:53-62
70 Morten Sondergaard,Jakob Worm.Measurement of biodegradable organic carbon (BDOC) in lake water with a bioreactor[J].Water Research,2001,35(10):2505-2513
71 Nicholas G Pizzi,Margaret L Rodgers.Preliminary testing for control of DBPs in Cleveland[J].Journal AWWA,1997, 89(8):78-87
72 Ritchelita P Galapate,Aloysius U Baes,Mitsumasa Okada.Transformation of dissolved organic matter during ozonation: effects on trihalomethane formation potential[J].Water Research,2001,35(9):2201-2206
73 Walker G M,Weatherley L R.A simplified predictive model for biologically activated carbon fixed beds[J].Process Biochemistry,1997,32(4):327-335
74 Patrick Laurent,Michele Prevost,Cigana John,et al.Biodegradable organic matter removal in biological filters: evaluation of the chabrol model[J].Water Research,1999,33(6):1387-1398
75 Graham A Gagaon,Huck M Peter.Removal of easily biodegradable organic compounds by drinkng water biofilms: analysis of kinetics and mass transfer[J].Water Research,2001,35(10):2554-2564
76 周云,李富生,汤浅晶.日本柴导净水厂深度处理工艺[J].净水技术,2002,21(3):25-28
77 Woo Hang Kim,Wataru Nishijima,Aloysius U Baes,et al.Micropollutant removal with saturated biological activated carbon (BAC) in ozonation-BAC process[J].Water Science Technology,1997,36(12):283-298
78 周云,罗启达.臭氧活性炭处理工艺在周家渡水厂的应用[J].给水排水,2003,29(9):5-9
79 季淑娟.臭氧-活性炭技术在给水厂中的应用[J].给水排水,2004,30(6):1-5
80 王登峰.煤质活性炭在饮用水净化中的应用[J].山西煤炭管理干部学院学报,2003,3:88-89
81 王欣泽,李冰,王宝贞,等.饮用水深度净化工程处理效果[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2004,36(3):398-405
82 Martinez Lagunes R,Rodriguez Tirado J.Water policies in Mexico[J].Water Policy,1998,1:103-114
83 Woo Hang Kim,Wataru Nishijima,Aloysius U Baes,et al.Micropollutant removal with saturated biological activated carbon (BAC) in ozonation-BAC process[J].Water Science Technology,1997,36(12):283-298
84 Woo Hang Kim,Wataru Nishijima,Eiji Shoto,et al.Competitive removal of dissolved organic carbon by adsorption and biodegradation on biological activated carbon[J].Water Science Technology,1997,35(7):147-153
85 徐新华,赵伟荣.水与废水的臭氧处理[M].北京,化学工业出版社,2003,44-83
86 雷东成,汪大翚.水处理高级氧化技术[M].北京,化学工业出版社,2001
87 王宝贞,王琳.水与废水的深度氧化处理技术[M].南京,河海大学出版社,2000
88 Hoigne J,Bader H.Rate constants of reactions of ozone with organic and inorganic and inorganic compounds in water Ⅱ. Dissociating organic compounds[J].Water Research,1983 b,17:185-194
89 Findlay R H, King G M,Watling L.Efficacy of phospholipd analysis in determining microbial biomass in sediments[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1989,55(11):2888-2893
90 Wang J Z, Summers R S,Miltner R J.Biofiltration performance: Part 1,relationship to biomass[J]. Journal AWWA. 1995,87(12):55-67
91 Servais P,Billen G,Bouillot P,et al.A pilot study of biological GAC filtration in drinking water treatment[J].J Water SRT-Aqua,1992,41(3):163-169
92 Servais P, Billen G,Ventresque C,et al. Microbial activity in GAC filters at the Choisy-Le-Roi treatment plant[J]. J AWWA,1991,83(2):62-70
93 Fonseca Cristina A,Summers Scott R,Hernandez Mark T.Comparative measurements of microbial activity in drinking water biofilters[J].Water Research,2001,35(16):3817-3824
94 Miltner R J,Summer R S,Dugan N R,et al.A comparative evaluation of biological filters[C].Proceedings of the AWWA WQTC,Boston MA.1996.32-38
95 Glaze W H,Peyton G R,Lin S,et al.Destruction of pollutants in water with ozone in combination with ultraviolet radiation 2. natural trihalomethane precursors[J].Environ Sci Technol,1982,16:454-458
96 Owen D M,Amy G L,Chowdhury Z K,et al.NOM characterizations and treatability[J].J Am Water Works Assoc,1995,87:46-63
97 Trussell R R,Umphres M D.The formation of THMs[J].J Am Wat Works Assoc,1978,70(11):156-164
98 李建渠,李灵芝,张淑琪.饮用水卤代消毒副产物的去除途径探讨[J].环境与开发,1998,13(2):33-35
99 Li Chi-Wang , Gregory V Korshin , Benjamin Mark M . Monitoring DBP formation with differential UV spectroscopy[J].Journal AWWA,1998,90(8):88-100
100 李志伟,李英春.臭氧化反应的研究与应用[J].化工纵横,2003,17(2):13-17
101 王晟,徐祖信,王晓昌.饮用水处理中臭氧-生物活性炭工艺机理[J].中国给水排水,2004,20(10):33-35
102 申石泉,叶恒朋,陆少鸣,等.给水深度处理中臭氧副产物的产生及控制[J].城市环境与城市生态,2003,16(6): 187-189
103 陈文,熊正为,娄金生,等.臭氧在水处理中副产物的论述[J].怀化学院学报,2003,22(2):37-40
104 Urs von Gunten.Ozonation of drinking water: Part Ⅱ.Disinfection and by-product formation in presence of bromide, iodide or chlorine[J].Water Research,2003,37:1469-1487
105 刘益萱 钟亮洁。粒状活性炭饮用水深度处理应用技术。北京市市政工程设计研究总院建院四十五周年论文集.2000,4-9
106 马峥,张振良,于惠芳.活性炭对水中有机物去除的研究[J].环境保护,1995,5:41-44
107 Marshall K C.Interfaces in microbial Ecology[M].Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1976.33-46
108 Ellwood D C.Adhession of microorganisms to surfaces[M]. London:Academic Press,1979.62-78
109 Bitton G,Marshall K C.Adsorption of microorganisms to surfaces[M].New York:John Wiley & Sons,1980.21-56
110 Savage D C,Fletcher M.Bacterial Adhesion: Mechanisms and physiological significance[M].New York :Plenum Press,1985.197-206
111 Ahmad R,Amirtharajah A.Detachment of particals during biofilter backwashing[J].Journal AWWA,1998,90(12):
74-85
112 Camper A K.Operational variables and release of colonized GAC particles in drinking water[J].Journal AWWA,1987, 79(5):70-79
113 Wilcox D P.Microbial growth associated with granular activated carbon in pilot water treatment facility[J].Appl & Envir Microbiol,1983,45:406-411
114 Rollinger Y,Doot W.Survival of selected bacterial species in sterilized activated carbon filters and biological activated carbon fillters[J].Appl & Envir Microbiol,1987,53(8):771-780
115 Van Loosdrecht,M C M.Electrophoretic mobility and hydrophobicity as a measure to predict the initial steps of bacterial adhesion[J].Appl & Envir Microbiol,1987,53(8):1898-1902
116 Wan J,Wilson J L.Colloid transport in unsaturated porous media[J].Water Resources Res, 1994,30(4):857-864
117 Lazarova V,Manem J.Biofilm characterization and activity analysis in water and wastewater treatment[J].Wat Res,1995,29(10):2227-2245
118 Robie Vestal J,David C White.Lipid analysis in microbial ecology[J].Bio Science,1989,39(8):535-541
119 乔铁军,张晓健,于鑫.反冲洗对饮用水生物活性滤池生物量的影响[J].给水排水,28(11):16-20
120 Wataru Nishijima,Woo Hang Kim,Eiji Shoto,et al.The performance of an ozonation-biological activated carbon process under long term operation[J].Wat Sci Tech,1998,38(6):163-169
121 Akio Imai,Kazuo Matsushige,Takashi Nagai.Trihalomethane formation potential of dissolved organic matter in a shallow eutrophic lake[J].Water Research,2003,37:4284-4294
122 Joanne Sketchell,Peterson Hanas G,Christofi Nike.Disinfection by-product formation after biologically assisted GAC treatment of water supplies with different bromide and DOC content[J].Water Researcch,1995,29(12):2635-2642
123 Rathbun R E.Bromine incorporation factors for trihalomethane formation for the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio Rivers[J].The Science of the Total Environment,1996,192:111-118
124 Vahala R,Langvik V A,Laukkanen R.Controlling adsorbable organic halogens(AOX) and trihallomethanes(THM) formation by ozonation and two-step granule antivated carbon(GAC) filtration[J].Wat Sci Tech,1999,40(9):249-256
125 Chaiket Thom,Singer Philip C,Amy Miles,et al.Effectiveness of coagulation, ozonation, and biofiltration in controlling DBPs[J].Journal AWWA,2002,94(12):81-95
126 Namkung E,Rittman B E.Soluble microbial products (SMPs) formation kinetics by biofilms[]J.Wat Res 1986,20(6):795-806
127 Boero V J,Eckenfelder W W,Bowers A R.Soluble microbial product formation in biological systems[J]. Wat Sci Tech,1990,23:1067-1080
128 Rittman B E.A critical evaluation of microbial product formation in biological processes[J].Wat Sci Tech, 1987,19:517-528
129 Duncan J B,David C S.A review of soluble microbial products (SMP) in wastewater treatment systems[J].Water Research,1999,33 (14):3063-3082
130 Woolschlager J,Rittman B E.Determining the actual amount of biodegradable organic matter in drinking water supplies[C].Proceedings of the 1995 AWWA Annual Conference.Anaheim CA,1995.132-141
131 Kenneth H Carlson,Gary L Amy.The importance of soulable microbial products (SMPS) in biological drinking water treatment[J].Water Research,2000,34(4):1386-1396
132 Scholz M,Martin R J.Ecological equilibrium on biological activated carbon[J].Water Research,1997,31(12):2959-2968
133 Rasheed Ahmad,Amirtharaiah A,Al-Shawwa A,et al.Effects of backwashing on biological filters[J].Journal AWWA,1998,90(12):62-73
134 Patrick Niquette,Michele Prevost,Pierre Servais,et al.Shutdown of BAC filters:effects on water quality[J].Journal AWWA,1998,90(12):53-61
135 Chipps M J,Bauer M J,Bayley R G.Achieving enhanced filter backwashing with combined air acour and sub-fluidising water at pilot and operational scale[J].Filtration & Separation,1995,1:55-62
136 Amirtharajah A.Optimum Backwashing of Sand filters[J].Jour Envir Engrg – ASCE,1978,104(5):917-924
137 Raveendran P,Amirtharajan A.Role of shortrange forces in particle detachment during filter backwashing[J].Jour envir Engrg – ASCE,1995,121(12):860-873
138 Israelachvili J,Pashley R.Hydrophobic interaction is long range, decaying exponentially with distance[J].Nature,1982,300:341-350
139 Van Loosdrecht M C.M,et al.Bacterial adhesion: a physicochemical approach[J]. Microbial Ecol, 1989,17(1): 113-119
140 Norde W , Lyklema J . Protein adsorption and bacterial adhesion to solid surfaces: a colloid-chemical approach[J].Colloids & Surfaces,1989,38(1):104-111
141 Weiss L,Woodbridge R F,Some biophysical aspects of cell contacts[J].Federation Amer Societies for Experimental Biol,1967,26:88-92
142 Gregory J.Interaction of unequal double layers at constant charge[J].Jour Colloid & Interface Sci,1975,51:44-51
143 Ruckenstein E,Prieve D C.Adsorption and desorption of particles and their chromatographic separation[J].Jour AIChE,1976,25:737-745
144 Churaev N V,Derjaguin B V.Inclusion of structural forces in the theory of stability of colloids and films[J].Jour Colloid & Interface Sci,1985,103(2):542-551
145 Raveendran P.Mechanisms of particle detachment during filter backwashing[D]:[Doctoral Dissertation].Atlanda:Georgia Institute of Technology,1993
146 丁英峰,王启山.自来水加氯消毒副产物及其前提物(THMFP)的研究与发展[J].天津城市建设学院学报 ,2001,7(2):128-131
147 孙卫龄,温丽丽,朱珺,等.饮用水中三卤甲烷的形成与控制技术回顾与展望[J].应用基础与工程科学学报 ,2003,11(4):361-369
148 张金松,董文艺,张红亮,等.臭氧化-生物活性炭深度处理工艺安全性研究[J].给水排水,2003,29(9):1~ 4
149 USEPA ,Office of Science and Technology,Office of Water.Health risk assessment/characterization of the drinking water disinfection by-product bromate[J].the Federal Register,1998,63(61):15673-15692
150 李延平,蔡祖根.生活饮用水卫生标准实用指南[M].南京,东南大学出版社,2002
151 王晓昌.臭氧处理的副产物[J].给水排水,1998,24(12):75-77
152 Catherine Galey,Veronique Mary-Dile,Dominique Gatel,et al.Controlling bromate formation[J].Journal AWWA,2001,93(8):105-115
153 Mary Jo Kirisits,Vernon L Snoeyink.Reduction of bromate in a BAC filter[J].Journal AWWA,1999,91(8):74-84
154 Rengao Song,Paul Westerhoff,Roger Minear,et al.Bromate minimization during ozonation[J].Journal AWWA,1997,89(6):69-78
155 Jaffe H H,Orchin M.Theory and applications of ultraviolet spectroscopy[M].New York:John Wiley & Sons,1962
156 Scott A I. Interpretation of the ultraviolet spectra of natural products[M].New York :Pergamon Press,1964
157 Rook J J.Chlorination Reactions of fulvic acids in natural waters[J].Envir Sci & Technol,1977,11:478-484
158 Boyce S D,Hornig J F.Reaction pathways of trihalomehthane formation from the halogenation of dihydroxyaromatic model compounds for humic acid[J].Envir Sci & Technol 1983,17:202-211
159 Korshin G V,Li Chi-Wang,Benjamin M.M.Decrease of UV absorbance as an indicator of TOX formation[J].Water Res,1997,31(4):946-952
160 Korshin G V,Li Chi-Wang,Benjamin M.M.Use of UV spectroscopy to study chlorination of natural organic matter. Disinfection by-products and NOM precursors: Chemistry, characterization, control[M].Washington:ACS,1996
161 Larson R A,Weber E J,Reaction mechanisms in environmental organic chemistry[M].Boca Raton,Fla Lewis publishers,1994
162 Tretyakova NY,Lebedev A T,Petrosyan V S.Degradative pathways for aqueous chlorination of orcinol[J].Envir Sci & Technol,1994,28:606-611