海上风力机流体载荷研究
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摘要
随着风力发电技术和产业的发展,海上风力发电场建设将逐步成为重点。目前,国内对海上风电机组及其海上风电场建设的一系列相关技术的研究和装备的研制尚处于起步阶段,支撑风力机的基础结构设计就是其中的关键技术之一。在海上风电场风机基础结构设计中,环境载荷的预报方法和设计准则是首要解决的问题。
本文以海上大型风力发电机组基础及相关设施研究和设计为背景,研究海上风力机的环境载荷及其分析方法,包括风载荷、波浪载荷、海流载荷和冰载荷。主要工作内容如下：
1.分析了海上风力机的风载荷特性,研究了不同工况下海上风力机叶轮气动力载荷和塔架风载荷的贡献,给出了作业工况和极限工况设计的推荐方法。
2.依据Stokes波理论求解了单桩基础的非线性波浪载荷。基于MORISON方程,分别使用SESAM软件和FORTRAN语言计算了频域和时域中的不规则波浪载荷。应用波浪砰击理论计算了破碎波对于桩基础的作用。采用统计学方法对比分析了频域和时域中的结果。
3.根据海流分布规律研究了海流作用对桩基础的影响,计算了海流引起的涡激振动频率。
4.根据相关的规范要求预报了海上风力机的静冰力和动冰力载荷。
本文的研究对海上风力机的环境载荷设计提供了理论基础。
With the development of wind power technology and its industry, the offshore wind power station will gradually become the priority in the future. Presently, The research of a series of related technology of Offshore Wind Turbines (OWT) and the constructing of offshore wind power station and the equipment development are just on the threshold in our nation. And technology of designing the foundation structure which is used to support the wind turbines is among the critical ones. The forecast method of environmental loads and the design criteria are the first problem to be solved during the design of the foundation structures of OWT.
The background of this thesis was the research and design project of the foundation of large-scale offshore wind turbines and the related establishments. (?) Environmental loads on pile foundation of OWT and its analysis method including wind, wave, current and ice loads were mainly studied. The main work of this paper is as follows:
1. A practices of the operating and limit conditions were offered for the design of wind load on offshore wind turbine through the aerodynamics analysis of the different contribution between wind turbine and tower on different conditions.
2. The nonlinear wave load of mono-pile foundation structure was worked out based on the Stokes wave theory. The irregular wave loads in the frequency and time domain were calculated by using the software SESAM and FORTRAN program based on the Morison equation. And the compare of the results in frequency and time domain were done by statistics.
3. The effect of current to the mono-pile foundation was done according to the rule of current distribution, and the vortex induced vibration frequency was calculated.
4. The static and dynamic performance of ice loads were forecasted based on offshore standards.
Theoretical foundation for the analysis of environmental loads of offshore wind turbines was offered in this study.
本文以海上大型风力发电机组基础及相关设施研究和设计为背景,研究海上风力机的环境载荷及其分析方法,包括风载荷、波浪载荷、海流载荷和冰载荷。主要工作内容如下：
1.分析了海上风力机的风载荷特性,研究了不同工况下海上风力机叶轮气动力载荷和塔架风载荷的贡献,给出了作业工况和极限工况设计的推荐方法。
2.依据Stokes波理论求解了单桩基础的非线性波浪载荷。基于MORISON方程,分别使用SESAM软件和FORTRAN语言计算了频域和时域中的不规则波浪载荷。应用波浪砰击理论计算了破碎波对于桩基础的作用。采用统计学方法对比分析了频域和时域中的结果。
3.根据海流分布规律研究了海流作用对桩基础的影响,计算了海流引起的涡激振动频率。
4.根据相关的规范要求预报了海上风力机的静冰力和动冰力载荷。
本文的研究对海上风力机的环境载荷设计提供了理论基础。
With the development of wind power technology and its industry, the offshore wind power station will gradually become the priority in the future. Presently, The research of a series of related technology of Offshore Wind Turbines (OWT) and the constructing of offshore wind power station and the equipment development are just on the threshold in our nation. And technology of designing the foundation structure which is used to support the wind turbines is among the critical ones. The forecast method of environmental loads and the design criteria are the first problem to be solved during the design of the foundation structures of OWT.
The background of this thesis was the research and design project of the foundation of large-scale offshore wind turbines and the related establishments. (?) Environmental loads on pile foundation of OWT and its analysis method including wind, wave, current and ice loads were mainly studied. The main work of this paper is as follows:
1. A practices of the operating and limit conditions were offered for the design of wind load on offshore wind turbine through the aerodynamics analysis of the different contribution between wind turbine and tower on different conditions.
2. The nonlinear wave load of mono-pile foundation structure was worked out based on the Stokes wave theory. The irregular wave loads in the frequency and time domain were calculated by using the software SESAM and FORTRAN program based on the Morison equation. And the compare of the results in frequency and time domain were done by statistics.
3. The effect of current to the mono-pile foundation was done according to the rule of current distribution, and the vortex induced vibration frequency was calculated.
4. The static and dynamic performance of ice loads were forecasted based on offshore standards.
Theoretical foundation for the analysis of environmental loads of offshore wind turbines was offered in this study.
引文
[1]战培国,于虹,候波.海上风力发电技术综述[J].电力设备.2005：42-44页
[1]赵旺初.特大型近海风电场[J].发电设备.2004(6)：373页
[2]薛清梅,王金柱.大型海上风力发电的开发[J].发电设备.‘2007(2)：161-163页
[3]郭雁珩,易越春.海上风力发电[J].世界电力.2004(7)：40-42页
[4]宋础,刘汉中.海上风力发电场开发现状及趋势[J].电力勘测设计.2006,2(2)：55-58页
[5]李晓燕,余志.海上风力发电进展.太阳能学报.2004(2)：78-84页
[6]杨昌达.海上风能技术[J].新能源.1996,18(10)：35-38页
[7]K D Jespersen著,王世槐译,庚辰校.世界第一座近海风电场[J].新能源.1992,14(9)：21-23页
[8]邢作霞,郑琼林,姚兴佳.近海风力发电技术的现状及展望[J].电机与控制应用.2005,32(9)：55-60页
[9]胡其颖.欧洲海上风电技术的发展现状[J].可再生能源.2005(2)：67-69页
[10]鲍亦和.漂浮式海上风电场[J].上海电力.2007(2)：158-160页
[11]刘琦,许移庆.我国海上风电发展的若干问题初探[J].2007(2)：144-148页
[12]张蓓文.Horns Rev海上风电场探析[J].华东电力.2006,34(6)：86-89页
[13]Andrew R.Henderson, Michiel B.Zaaiier, Tim R.Camp. Hydrodynamic Loading on Offshore Wind Turbines [J]. OWEMES Conference 2003, Naples
[14]Andrew R.Henderson, Tim R.Camp. Hydrodynamic Loading on Slender Offshore Wind Turbines[J]. Gloabal Windpower Conference 2002, Naples
[15]Andrew R.Henderson, Po Wen Cheng. Wave Loads on Sleder Offshore Structures Comparison of Theory&Measuremen[J]. Germany,2002.10
[16]Po Wen Cheng. A Reliabilitu Based Design Methodology for Extreme Responses of Offshore Wind Turbines[D]. Delft:Technische University Delft,2002.
[17]Jan Wienke, Uwe Sparboom, Hocine Oumeraci. Theoretical Formulae for Wave Slamming Loads on Slender Circular Cylinders and Appliocation for Support Structures of Wind Turbines [J]
[18]Leen De Vos, Peter Frigaard, Julien De Rouck. Wave run-up on cylindrical and cone shaped foundations for offshore wind turbines [J]. Coastal Engineering 54 (2007) 17-29P
[19]DNV-OS-J101, Design of Offshore Wind Turbine Structures[S]. Norske Veritas:2004
[20]王珏.砂土中大型单柱式风能结构物在循环力作用下的研究[J].太原理工大学学报.2006：637-641页
[21]林毅峰,李健英,沈达,宋础.东海大桥海上风电场风机地基基础特性及设计[J].上海电力.2007：153-157页
[22]蔡安民.近海风力机风波联合作用下的载荷分析研究[D].汕头：汕头大学.2007
[23]刘胜祥.海上风力发电机组塔架在风波联合作用下的动力分析及疲劳分析[D].广州：广州工业大学.2007
[24]刘琳.特定海区海上风电单立柱结构动力耦合合特性研究[D].青岛：中国海洋大学.2007
[25]王承煦,张源.风力发电[M].北京：中国电力出版社,2003：48-56页
[26]张希良.风能开发利用[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2005：12-26页
[27]D·勒古里雷斯.风力机的理论与设计[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1987-122-150页
[28]JB／T10300-2001,风力发电机组设计要求[S].北京：中国机械工业联合会.2001
[29]风力发电机组规范[S].北京：中国船级社,2008
[30]Wheeler J D, Method for Calculating Forces Produced by Irregular Waves, J. Petr.Techn.,.359-367, March 1970
[31]李远林.波浪理论及波浪载荷[M].广州：华南理工大学出版社,1994：137页
[32]李润培,王志农.海洋平台强度分析[M].上海：上海交通大学出版社,1992：16-31页
[33]邱大洪.波浪理论及其在工程上的应用[M].北京：高等教育出版社,1985：347-361页
[34]SY／T 10030-2004.海上固定平台规划、设计和建造的推荐做法[S].北京：国家发展和改革委员会.2004
[35]API RP 2A-WSD, API Recommended Practices for Planning, Designing and Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms-Working Stress Design[S]
Washington:API Publishing Services,2002
[36]中国船级社海上移动平台入级与建造规范[S].北京：人民交通出版社,2005
[37]JTJ 213-98.海港水文规范[S].北京：中华人民共和国交通部.1998
[39]董胜,石湘.海洋工程数值计算方法[M].青岛：中国海洋大学出版社,2007：236-240页
[40]S.Yan,Q.W.Ma.Numerical simulation of fully nonlinear interaction between steep waves and 2D floating bodies using the QALE-FEM method[J]. Journal of Computational Physis 221 (2007):666-692P
[41]J.M.J.Journee. Theoretical Manual of SEAWAY[J]. Delft University of Technology Ship hydromechanics Laboratory 2001
[42]Gudmestad O T, Measured and Predicted Deep Water Wave Kinematics in Regularand Irregular Seas, Marine Structures, Vol.6, pp.1-73,1993
[43]Erik Damgaard Christensen, Lars Yde, Helge Gravesen, Erik Asp Hansen, Niels Jacob Tarp-Johansen and Mathilde Lindhardt Damsgaard.Wave loads on offshore wind turbine foundations in shallow water Engineering models vs. refined flow modeling
[44]黄祥鹿,陆鑫森.海洋工程流体力学及结构动力响应[M].上海：上海交通大学出版社,1992：24-26页
[45]罗传信.海洋桩基平台[M].天津：天津大学出版社,1988：18-44页
[46]潘斌.移动式平台设计[M].上海：上海交通大学出版社,1996：50-77页
[47]卢鹏,李志军.现行规范中计算桩柱冰荷载的比较[J].冰川冻土,2003,25：356-359页
[48]SY／T 10031-2000.寒冷条件下结构和海管规划设计和建造的推荐做法.[S].北京：国家石油和化学工业局,2000
[1]赵旺初.特大型近海风电场[J].发电设备.2004(6)：373页
[2]薛清梅,王金柱.大型海上风力发电的开发[J].发电设备.‘2007(2)：161-163页
[3]郭雁珩,易越春.海上风力发电[J].世界电力.2004(7)：40-42页
[4]宋础,刘汉中.海上风力发电场开发现状及趋势[J].电力勘测设计.2006,2(2)：55-58页
[5]李晓燕,余志.海上风力发电进展.太阳能学报.2004(2)：78-84页
[6]杨昌达.海上风能技术[J].新能源.1996,18(10)：35-38页
[7]K D Jespersen著,王世槐译,庚辰校.世界第一座近海风电场[J].新能源.1992,14(9)：21-23页
[8]邢作霞,郑琼林,姚兴佳.近海风力发电技术的现状及展望[J].电机与控制应用.2005,32(9)：55-60页
[9]胡其颖.欧洲海上风电技术的发展现状[J].可再生能源.2005(2)：67-69页
[10]鲍亦和.漂浮式海上风电场[J].上海电力.2007(2)：158-160页
[11]刘琦,许移庆.我国海上风电发展的若干问题初探[J].2007(2)：144-148页
[12]张蓓文.Horns Rev海上风电场探析[J].华东电力.2006,34(6)：86-89页
[13]Andrew R.Henderson, Michiel B.Zaaiier, Tim R.Camp. Hydrodynamic Loading on Offshore Wind Turbines [J]. OWEMES Conference 2003, Naples
[14]Andrew R.Henderson, Tim R.Camp. Hydrodynamic Loading on Slender Offshore Wind Turbines[J]. Gloabal Windpower Conference 2002, Naples
[15]Andrew R.Henderson, Po Wen Cheng. Wave Loads on Sleder Offshore Structures Comparison of Theory&Measuremen[J]. Germany,2002.10
[16]Po Wen Cheng. A Reliabilitu Based Design Methodology for Extreme Responses of Offshore Wind Turbines[D]. Delft:Technische University Delft,2002.
[17]Jan Wienke, Uwe Sparboom, Hocine Oumeraci. Theoretical Formulae for Wave Slamming Loads on Slender Circular Cylinders and Appliocation for Support Structures of Wind Turbines [J]
[18]Leen De Vos, Peter Frigaard, Julien De Rouck. Wave run-up on cylindrical and cone shaped foundations for offshore wind turbines [J]. Coastal Engineering 54 (2007) 17-29P
[19]DNV-OS-J101, Design of Offshore Wind Turbine Structures[S]. Norske Veritas:2004
[20]王珏.砂土中大型单柱式风能结构物在循环力作用下的研究[J].太原理工大学学报.2006：637-641页
[21]林毅峰,李健英,沈达,宋础.东海大桥海上风电场风机地基基础特性及设计[J].上海电力.2007：153-157页
[22]蔡安民.近海风力机风波联合作用下的载荷分析研究[D].汕头：汕头大学.2007
[23]刘胜祥.海上风力发电机组塔架在风波联合作用下的动力分析及疲劳分析[D].广州：广州工业大学.2007
[24]刘琳.特定海区海上风电单立柱结构动力耦合合特性研究[D].青岛：中国海洋大学.2007
[25]王承煦,张源.风力发电[M].北京：中国电力出版社,2003：48-56页
[26]张希良.风能开发利用[M].北京：化学工业出版社,2005：12-26页
[27]D·勒古里雷斯.风力机的理论与设计[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1987-122-150页
[28]JB／T10300-2001,风力发电机组设计要求[S].北京：中国机械工业联合会.2001
[29]风力发电机组规范[S].北京：中国船级社,2008
[30]Wheeler J D, Method for Calculating Forces Produced by Irregular Waves, J. Petr.Techn.,.359-367, March 1970
[31]李远林.波浪理论及波浪载荷[M].广州：华南理工大学出版社,1994：137页
[32]李润培,王志农.海洋平台强度分析[M].上海：上海交通大学出版社,1992：16-31页
[33]邱大洪.波浪理论及其在工程上的应用[M].北京：高等教育出版社,1985：347-361页
[34]SY／T 10030-2004.海上固定平台规划、设计和建造的推荐做法[S].北京：国家发展和改革委员会.2004
[35]API RP 2A-WSD, API Recommended Practices for Planning, Designing and Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms-Working Stress Design[S]
Washington:API Publishing Services,2002
[36]中国船级社海上移动平台入级与建造规范[S].北京：人民交通出版社,2005
[37]JTJ 213-98.海港水文规范[S].北京：中华人民共和国交通部.1998
[39]董胜,石湘.海洋工程数值计算方法[M].青岛：中国海洋大学出版社,2007：236-240页
[40]S.Yan,Q.W.Ma.Numerical simulation of fully nonlinear interaction between steep waves and 2D floating bodies using the QALE-FEM method[J]. Journal of Computational Physis 221 (2007):666-692P
[41]J.M.J.Journee. Theoretical Manual of SEAWAY[J]. Delft University of Technology Ship hydromechanics Laboratory 2001
[42]Gudmestad O T, Measured and Predicted Deep Water Wave Kinematics in Regularand Irregular Seas, Marine Structures, Vol.6, pp.1-73,1993
[43]Erik Damgaard Christensen, Lars Yde, Helge Gravesen, Erik Asp Hansen, Niels Jacob Tarp-Johansen and Mathilde Lindhardt Damsgaard.Wave loads on offshore wind turbine foundations in shallow water Engineering models vs. refined flow modeling
[44]黄祥鹿,陆鑫森.海洋工程流体力学及结构动力响应[M].上海：上海交通大学出版社,1992：24-26页
[45]罗传信.海洋桩基平台[M].天津：天津大学出版社,1988：18-44页
[46]潘斌.移动式平台设计[M].上海：上海交通大学出版社,1996：50-77页
[47]卢鹏,李志军.现行规范中计算桩柱冰荷载的比较[J].冰川冻土,2003,25：356-359页
[48]SY／T 10031-2000.寒冷条件下结构和海管规划设计和建造的推荐做法.[S].北京：国家石油和化学工业局,2000