天山中部不同海拔高度天山云杉林的生态学研究
|
摘要
树木的生长和立地环境密切相关并受多种气候因子的影响。一方面，大多数树木年轮的宽窄能够真实地记录下过去的气候变化，树木年轮资料可以用来重建过去几百年甚至上千年气候变化的代用资料；另一方面，一些有关林线动态的研究也证明林线种群的年龄结构也是表示气候变化的指示因子之一。本文应用种群生态学和树木年代学的方法并结合气象资料，研究了中部天山不同海拔高度上天山云杉(Picea schrenkiana)种群的年龄结构以及树木年轮宽度与气候变化的关系。主要结果归纳如下：
1)．分上、中、下三个海拔梯度研究了中部天山云杉林的年龄结构和种群动态沿海拔梯度的变化情况。森林下限接近干旱沙漠地带，土壤含水量低，温度比较高且降水量少，降水量可能是影响森林下限天山云杉生长和更新的主要的限制因子；在中海拔林区幼苗和幼树比较多，林内的个体间的竞争引起的自疏作用可能是限制林下更新主要原因；森林上限的天山云杉大多比较老，＜60a的天山云杉个体数目仅占上限云杉个体总数的14％；影响幼苗成活的原因如温度等可能是限制高海拔森林上限种群更新的主要原因。
2)．分三个不同的海拔梯度研究天山云杉年轮宽度与气候变化的关系，即低海拔森林下限(1600～1700 m a.s.l.)，中海拔内部林区(2100～2200 m a.s.l.)．高海拔森林上限(2600～2700 m a.s.l.)。研究证明不同海拔高度天山云杉的径向生长都与当年生长季及上年生长季末期的温度负相关，都与降水显著正相关；随着的海拔的降低，月均温升高，降水的重要性也随之加强，低海拔森林下限是树木生长对气候变化的“干旱敏感地带”；海拔越高，树木生长受上一年降水影响作用越大。
3)．不同年龄的天山云杉对气候变化的反应特征不相同：幼龄树木对当年生长季的温度和降水的响应比较敏感，而老龄树木则对生长季前期及上年生长
季末期的气候变化比较敏感;年表所包含的样本的年龄组不同，其对气候变化
的响应特征也不同;年表所包含的样本的年龄跨度大，则容易模糊不同年龄树
木对外界气候变化反应的特性。
4).气象资料和树木年代学研究结果都证明天山中部近几十年来的温度有
所升高，但高海拔林线处近几十年来的幼苗和幼树更新反而有所下降;林线处
树木年轮宽度主要和2月份温度正相关，而幼苗的存活则主要受年内或年际间
的温度变化的影响比较大。较高的温度不是引起高海拔林线上升的唯一的气候
因素;如果年季间的温度波动比较大，即使全球气温继续变暖，高海拔林线也
会因更新不良而不会有所明显的上升。在未来的几十年内，如果中部天山高山
林线地带的更新状况不能得到改变，林线将会在较长时间内保持稳定状态或稍
有下降。
5).天山云杉种群的存活曲线基本介于Dee\’e yH和Deet’eyIIl型之间，其
幼苗和幼树的因竞争光、水分和养分等而死亡率较高。70a以前的死亡率很高.
但从7Oa~1 40a之间天山云杉基本上进入稳定阶段，1 40a左右开始出现成熟后
死亡。中部天山上倒一J型的年龄结构分布曲线，以及随年龄增长而降低的密度
和生物量变化趋势，和基本介于DeeveyH和Deeve}’I11型之间的存活曲线.都
表明中部天山的天山云衫种群处于稳定发展和更新的时期。
Relationships between tree growth and environment are complicated. One hand, tree rings could provide reliable records of past climatic conditions, tree ring chronologies are therefore the most widely used proxy for reconstructing annual variations in climate that extend back several centuries to millennia. On the other hand, population structures in the treeline ecotones are also found to be good indicators of climate change by many studies on treeline dynamics. By using phytopopulological and dendroecological methods, this paper has studied the correlation between climate change and the age structure or tree-ring width from different altitudinal ecotones. Primary results of this paper were summarized as following:
1). To study the size distribution and age structure, the Picea schrenkianu (Fisch. et Mey.) forest of the central Tianshan Mountains was divided into three transects, i.e.. lower limit (1500-1700m). mid-altitude (1800-2400m) and upper treeline (2500-2700m). A reverse-J shape age structure was found in the mid-altitude transect, self-thinning and density dependent competition between trees was probably the most important influence factor in this ecotone. The low altitude transect was characterized by the dominance of young trees, precipitation may be the important factor to survival and population age structure of P. schrenkiana forest in this transect. However, a bell shape age structure was found with infrequent recruitments and the <60a age class accounted for 14% of total individuals in the cold high altitudinal treeline. Low temperature may be the major limiting factor to population dynamics of this high altitudinal ecotone.
2). Three chronologies were developed at three different altitudes, i.e., low
forest border (1600-1700m a.s.l.), interior forest (2100-2200m a.s.l.). and upper treeline (2600-2700m a.s.l.). to study the correlation between tree-ring width and climatic change. Trends in annual ring-width variations were similar among the three sites but variability was greatest at the low forest border site. The results showed that tree radial growth positively correlated with precipitation but negatively with temperature even at the cold high-elevation treeline site. With decreasing altitude, air temperature increased and the importance of precipitation on tree growth increased. Trees most sensitive to drought were found near the arid low forest border. Precipitation during the growing season also influenced tree-ring growth patterns, but the lag effect was the dominant limiting factor at sites of higher elevation.
3). P. schrenkiana from the treeline of central Tianshan Mountains were disaggregated into different age class to discuss the relationships between tree-ring width and climate by using correlation coefficients and response function. The results suggested that the radial growth of young P. schrenkiana were significantly correlated with temperature and precipitation from the current growth period: but the tree-ring width from the aging trees were more influenced by the climate of the end of previous growth period or by the temperature and precipitation prior to current growth period. Chronologies responsed to climate differently if they concluded different age-class tree ring cores. The wider age class of age-independent tree ring models one chronology contains, the less accurate reconstructions of past climate this chronology could give.
4). Both the climatic records and dendroecological data confirmed climatic warming in recent several decades in the central Tianshan Mountains, but the regeneration has decreased in the recent several decades. Tree radial growth was positively correlated with mean February temperature, whereas reproduction and establishment of seedlings were mainly influenced by climatic fluctuation of intra-year or interannual temperature. High temperature is not the only factor to cause treeline rising, it could not rise even with global warming if climatic fluctuation of intra-year or interannual temperature increased. It is inferred that if the regeneration
1)．分上、中、下三个海拔梯度研究了中部天山云杉林的年龄结构和种群动态沿海拔梯度的变化情况。森林下限接近干旱沙漠地带，土壤含水量低，温度比较高且降水量少，降水量可能是影响森林下限天山云杉生长和更新的主要的限制因子；在中海拔林区幼苗和幼树比较多，林内的个体间的竞争引起的自疏作用可能是限制林下更新主要原因；森林上限的天山云杉大多比较老，＜60a的天山云杉个体数目仅占上限云杉个体总数的14％；影响幼苗成活的原因如温度等可能是限制高海拔森林上限种群更新的主要原因。
2)．分三个不同的海拔梯度研究天山云杉年轮宽度与气候变化的关系，即低海拔森林下限(1600～1700 m a.s.l.)，中海拔内部林区(2100～2200 m a.s.l.)．高海拔森林上限(2600～2700 m a.s.l.)。研究证明不同海拔高度天山云杉的径向生长都与当年生长季及上年生长季末期的温度负相关，都与降水显著正相关；随着的海拔的降低，月均温升高，降水的重要性也随之加强，低海拔森林下限是树木生长对气候变化的“干旱敏感地带”；海拔越高，树木生长受上一年降水影响作用越大。
3)．不同年龄的天山云杉对气候变化的反应特征不相同：幼龄树木对当年生长季的温度和降水的响应比较敏感，而老龄树木则对生长季前期及上年生长
季末期的气候变化比较敏感;年表所包含的样本的年龄组不同，其对气候变化
的响应特征也不同;年表所包含的样本的年龄跨度大，则容易模糊不同年龄树
木对外界气候变化反应的特性。
4).气象资料和树木年代学研究结果都证明天山中部近几十年来的温度有
所升高，但高海拔林线处近几十年来的幼苗和幼树更新反而有所下降;林线处
树木年轮宽度主要和2月份温度正相关，而幼苗的存活则主要受年内或年际间
的温度变化的影响比较大。较高的温度不是引起高海拔林线上升的唯一的气候
因素;如果年季间的温度波动比较大，即使全球气温继续变暖，高海拔林线也
会因更新不良而不会有所明显的上升。在未来的几十年内，如果中部天山高山
林线地带的更新状况不能得到改变，林线将会在较长时间内保持稳定状态或稍
有下降。
5).天山云杉种群的存活曲线基本介于Dee\’e yH和Deet’eyIIl型之间，其
幼苗和幼树的因竞争光、水分和养分等而死亡率较高。70a以前的死亡率很高.
但从7Oa~1 40a之间天山云杉基本上进入稳定阶段，1 40a左右开始出现成熟后
死亡。中部天山上倒一J型的年龄结构分布曲线，以及随年龄增长而降低的密度
和生物量变化趋势，和基本介于DeeveyH和Deeve}’I11型之间的存活曲线.都
表明中部天山的天山云衫种群处于稳定发展和更新的时期。
Relationships between tree growth and environment are complicated. One hand, tree rings could provide reliable records of past climatic conditions, tree ring chronologies are therefore the most widely used proxy for reconstructing annual variations in climate that extend back several centuries to millennia. On the other hand, population structures in the treeline ecotones are also found to be good indicators of climate change by many studies on treeline dynamics. By using phytopopulological and dendroecological methods, this paper has studied the correlation between climate change and the age structure or tree-ring width from different altitudinal ecotones. Primary results of this paper were summarized as following:
1). To study the size distribution and age structure, the Picea schrenkianu (Fisch. et Mey.) forest of the central Tianshan Mountains was divided into three transects, i.e.. lower limit (1500-1700m). mid-altitude (1800-2400m) and upper treeline (2500-2700m). A reverse-J shape age structure was found in the mid-altitude transect, self-thinning and density dependent competition between trees was probably the most important influence factor in this ecotone. The low altitude transect was characterized by the dominance of young trees, precipitation may be the important factor to survival and population age structure of P. schrenkiana forest in this transect. However, a bell shape age structure was found with infrequent recruitments and the <60a age class accounted for 14% of total individuals in the cold high altitudinal treeline. Low temperature may be the major limiting factor to population dynamics of this high altitudinal ecotone.
2). Three chronologies were developed at three different altitudes, i.e., low
forest border (1600-1700m a.s.l.), interior forest (2100-2200m a.s.l.). and upper treeline (2600-2700m a.s.l.). to study the correlation between tree-ring width and climatic change. Trends in annual ring-width variations were similar among the three sites but variability was greatest at the low forest border site. The results showed that tree radial growth positively correlated with precipitation but negatively with temperature even at the cold high-elevation treeline site. With decreasing altitude, air temperature increased and the importance of precipitation on tree growth increased. Trees most sensitive to drought were found near the arid low forest border. Precipitation during the growing season also influenced tree-ring growth patterns, but the lag effect was the dominant limiting factor at sites of higher elevation.
3). P. schrenkiana from the treeline of central Tianshan Mountains were disaggregated into different age class to discuss the relationships between tree-ring width and climate by using correlation coefficients and response function. The results suggested that the radial growth of young P. schrenkiana were significantly correlated with temperature and precipitation from the current growth period: but the tree-ring width from the aging trees were more influenced by the climate of the end of previous growth period or by the temperature and precipitation prior to current growth period. Chronologies responsed to climate differently if they concluded different age-class tree ring cores. The wider age class of age-independent tree ring models one chronology contains, the less accurate reconstructions of past climate this chronology could give.
4). Both the climatic records and dendroecological data confirmed climatic warming in recent several decades in the central Tianshan Mountains, but the regeneration has decreased in the recent several decades. Tree radial growth was positively correlated with mean February temperature, whereas reproduction and establishment of seedlings were mainly influenced by climatic fluctuation of intra-year or interannual temperature. High temperature is not the only factor to cause treeline rising, it could not rise even with global warming if climatic fluctuation of intra-year or interannual temperature increased. It is inferred that if the regeneration
引文
1．毕晓丽．洪伟．吴承帧．闫淑君．蓝斌．2002．黄山松种群统计分析．林业科学．38(1)：61～67．
2．常进雄．杨龙．黄威廉．2002．贵州南部掌叶木种群生态研究．贵州科学．20：1～15．
3．迟彬．安红霞．郝敦元．2000．阿拉善荒漠区东部的残遗植物-四合木(Tetraenamongolica Maxim．)种群动态的分析-运用Leslie矩阵的讨论．干旱区资源与环境．14(2)：77～81．
4．丁岩钦．1980．昆虫种群数学生态学原理与应用．北京：科学出版社．
5．郭晋平．石会全．康日兰等．1997．涔山青扦天然林年龄结构及其动态的研究．生态学报．17(2)：185～189．
6．洪利兴．杜国坚．张庆荣．刘本同．1995，天然常绿阔叶异龄幼林胸径的Weibull分布及动态预测．植物生态学报．19(1)：29～42．
7．洪伟．郑仁华．1992．威布尔(Weibull)空间分布型模型的抽样式研究．福建林业科技，19(4)：47～50
8．胡玉佳．李玉杏．1990．海南岛热带雨林，广州：广东高等教育出版社．
9．黄家荣．2000．Weibull分布在(?)尾松人工林中的适用性研究．贵州林业科技．28(1)：7～13．
10．康兴成．张其花．2000．青海都(?)过去2000年来气候重建及其变迁．地球科学研究进展．15：215～221．
11．李江风．袁玉江．周文盛．1980．新疆年轮气候水文研究．北京：气象出版社．
12．李江风．张治家．袁玉江．徐瑞珍．1989．阿尔泰山南坡树木年表特征．见：李江风等著，《新疆气候年轮水文研究》．Pp1～8．北京：气象出版社．
13．李先琨．苏宗明．向悟生．宁世江．唐润琴．欧祖兰．李瑞棠．2002．濒危植物元宝山冷杉种群结构与分布格局．生态学报．22(12)：2246～2253．
14．刘金福，洪伟．1999．格氏拷种群生态学研究Ⅵ．格式拷种群空间格局分布的Weibull模型研究．福建林学院学报．19(3)：212～215
15．刘庆，钟章成．1997．斑苦竹(Pleioblastusmaculata)无性系种群的数量和年龄结构动态．生态学报．17(1)：66～70．
16．刘思跃．1993．天山中部雪岭云杉天然更新．林业科技开发．93(4)：2～3．
17．马增旺，李宗领，王林．吴祝(?)．1996．Weibull分布的参数估计在蒙古栎天然林真径分布研究中的应用．河北林业科技．2：23～26．
18．邱扬．杜建林．1997．森林种群年龄结构研究在森林生态学中的应用．山西大学学报(自然科学版)．20(1)：107～110．
19．唐光楚．新疆的天山云杉．1989．新疆农业科学．5：32～33．
20．王承义，胡杨斌．1996新疆伊犁地区近250年冷暖变化特征分析．干旱区地理，19：37～44
21．王涛．森林生态系统至关重要．2001．光明网(http://www.guxiang.com).2001年6月11日．
22．王燕，赵士洞．1999．天山云杉林生物量和生产力的研究．应用生态学报，10(4)：389～391．
23．吴承帧，洪伟．1997．观光木群落物种多度分布的Weibull模型研究．福建林学院学报，17(1)：20～24．
24．吴明作．刘玉萃．2000．栓皮栎种数量动态的谱分析与稳定性．生态学杂志．19(4)：23～26．
25．吴祥定．孙力．程志刚．1988．利用树木年轮资料重建西藏中部过去气候的初步尝试．科学通报，8：616～619．
26．伍业钢．韩进轩．1988．阔叶红松林红松种群动态的谱分析．生态学杂志，7(3)：19～23．
27．闫淑君．洪伟，吴承桢．2002．中亚热带常绿阔叶林林隙面积的Weibull分布模型研究．江西农业大学学报(自然科学版)．24(6)：802～805．
28．严赓雪．杨利普．1989．新疆森林的环境条件．见《新疆森林》编辑委员会编辑．新疆森林．乌鲁木齐：新疆人民出版社：北京：中国林业出版社．
29．杨一川．庄平．黎系荣．1994．峨眉山峨眉栲、华木荷群落研究．植物生态学报．18(2)：105～121．
30．叶玮，袁玉江．1999．新疆伊犁地区现代气候特征与300a来的干湿变化规律．中国沙漠，19(2)：97～103．
31．袁玉江，李江风．1994a．天山东端树轮年表的响应函数．干旱区研究，11(1)：27～34．
32．袁玉江，李江风．1995．天山西部树轮年表的响应函数．冰川冻土，17(2)：170～177．
33．袁玉江．李江风．1994b．天山西部云杉林年轮气候生长量与气候的关系．新疆大学学报(自然科学版)，11：93～98．
34．袁玉江．李江风．1993．新疆伊犁地区树轮年表特征初探．干旱区地理．16：49～50．
35．袁玉江．叶玮．2000．天山西部伊犁地区314a降水的重建与分析．冰川冻土．22：121～127．
36．岳春雷．汪洪．朱荫湄．2002．濒危植物南川升麻种群数量动态的分析．生态学报．22：793～796．
37．张连翔，曹报喜．刘宗相．1992．Weibull分布的参数估计及在油松人工林直径分布规律研究中的应用．辽宁林业科技．2：32～35．
38．张文辉．祖元刚．刘国彬．2002．十种濒危植物的种群生态学特征及致危因素分析．生态学报，22：1511～1520．
39．张瑛山．唐光楚．天山云杉林．1990．见《新疆森林》编辑委员会编辑，《新疆森林》．乌鲁木齐：新疆人民出版社：北京：中国林业出版社．Pp．121～149．
40．周纪伦．郑师章，杨持．1992．植物种群生态学．北京：高等教育出版社．
41．朱学雷．安树青，张立新．王峥峰．Campble．D．G．1999．海南五指山热带山地雨林主要种群结构特征分析．应用生态学报．10(6)：641～644．
42. Abrams, M. D., Orwig, D. A. & Dockry. M. J. 1997. Dendroecology and successional status of two contrasting old-growth oak forests in the Blue Ridge Mountains, USA.Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 27:994～1002.
43. Abrams, M. D.. Ruffher. C. M. & DeMeo. T. E. 1998b. Dendroecology and species co-existence in an old-growth Quercus-Acer-Tilia talus slope forest in the central Appalachians. USA. Forest Ecology and Management, 106: 9～18.
44. Abrams, M. D.. Ruffner. C. M. & Morgan. T. A. 1998a. Tree-ring responses to drought across species and contrasting sites in the ridge and valley of central Pennsylvania. Forest Science, 44: 550～558.
45. Agren, J. & Zackarisson. O. 1990. Age and size structure of Pinus sylvestris, populations on mires in Central and Northern Sweden. Journal of Ecology. 78: 1049～1062.
46. Akkem(?)k, (?). 2000. Dendroclimatology of umbrella pine (Pinus pine L.) in Istanbul. Turkey. Tree-Ring Bulletin. 56:17～20.
47. Archambault. S. & Bergeron. Y. 1902. A 802-year tree-ring chronology from Quebec boreal forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 22: 674～682.
48. Arseneault, D. & Payette S. 1997. Reconstruction of millennial forest dyamics from tree remains in a subarctic tree line peatland Ecology. 78(6): 1873～83.
49. Bailey. R.L. & Dell. T. R. 1973 Quantifying diameter distributions with the Weibull function. Forest Science. 19: 97～104.
50. Becker. M. 1989. The role of climate on present and past vitality of silver fir forests in the Vosges Mountains of northeastern France. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 19: 1110～1117.
51. Begon. M. & Mortimer. M. 1981. Population ecology: a unified study of animals and plants. 3rd Edition. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
52. Bhattarcharyya. A.. LaMarche. V. C. & Telewski. F. W. 1988. Dendrochronological reconnaissance of the conifers of northwest Indian. Tree-Ring Bulletin. 48:21～30.
53. Bigras, F.J. & Hebert. C. 1996. Freezing temperatures and exposure times during bud break and shoot elongation influence survival and growth of containerized black spruce (Picea mariana) seedlings. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 26:1481～1489.
54. Biasing, T. J.. Solomon. A.M. & Duvick. D.N. 1984. Response functions revisited.Tree-ring bulletin, 44:1～15.
55. Block, J. & Treter. U. 2001.The limiting factors at the upper and lower forest limits in the mountain-woodland steppe of Northwest Mongolia Joachim Block and Uwe Treter. In:Kaennel Dobbertin M.. Br(?)ker O.U. (editors). 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos. Pp. 22～26.
56. Bluemle. J. P. 1999. Global Warming: A Geological Perspective. NDGS Newsletter, 26(2):1～3.
57. Borgaonkar, H. P.. G. B. Pant & Kumar. K. R. 1999. Tree-ring chronologies from western Himalya and their dendroclimatic potential. International Association of Wood Anatomists.20:295～309.
58. Bradley, R.S. & Jones. R D. 1992.Climate since A.D. 1500. London: Routledge.
59. Bradshaw, R.H.W. 1993.Tree species dynamics and disturbance in three Swedish boreal forest stands during the last tmo thousands year. Journal of Vegetation Science,4:759～764.
60. Br(?)uning, A. 1999. Dendroclimatological potential of drought-sensitive tree stands in southern Tibet for tile reconstruction of monsoonal activity. International Association of Wood Anatomists. 20:325～338.
61. Briffa. K .R., Bartholin. T. S.. Eckstein. D.. Jones, R D.. Karl(?)n, W.. Schweingruber. F. H.& Zetterberg, P. A 1990. 1400-year tree-ring record of summer temperatures in Fennoscandia. Nature. 346:434～439.
62. Briffa. K. R. & Jones. P. D. 1990. Basic chronology statistics and assessment, In: Cook.E.R.. Kairiusktis. L.A (eds). Methods of Dendronology: Applications in the Environmental Sciences. 1990. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publushers. Pp137～152.
63. Brubaker. L.B. 1986. Responses of tree populations to climatic change. Vegetatio. 67:119～130.
64. Buckley, B.M.. Cook. E. R.. Peterson. M.J. & Barbetti. M. 1997. A changing temperature response with elevation for Lagarostrobus franklinii in Tasmania. Australia. Climatic Change. 36:477～498.
65. Byram. G. M. & Doolittle. W. T. 1950. A year of growth for a shortleaf pine. Ecology. 31:27～35.
66. Camarero. J.J. & Guti(?)rrez. E. 2004.Pace and pattern of recent treeline dynamics:reponse of ectone to climatic variability in the Spanish Pyenees. Climatic Change. 63(1):181～200.
67. Camarero. J.J. & Guti(?)rrez. E. 1999.Structure and recent recruitment at alpine forest-pasture ecotones in the Spanish central Pyrenees. Ecoscience. 6(3): 451～464.
68. Caritat. A., Gutierrez. E. & M. Molinas. 2000. Influence of weather on cork-ring width.Tree Physiology. 20:893～900.
69. Carrer, M. & Urbinati. C. 2004. Age-ependent tree-ring growth response to climate in Larix decidua and Pinus cembra. Ecology. 85(3): 730～740.
70. Ceulemans, R. & Mousseau. M. 1994. Effects of elevated atmospheric CO_2 on wood plants.New phytologist, 127: 425～446.
71. Chen. T. (陈拓). D. H. Qin (秦大河). J. F. Li (李江风), J. W. Ren (任贾文), X. H. Liu (刘晓宏) & W. Z. Sun(孙维贞).2000. Study on climatic signification of Fir tree-ring δ ~(13)C from Zhaosu Country of Xinjiang region, China. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology (冰川冻土)22: 347～352. (in Chinese with English abstract)
72. Cherubini, P., F. H. Schweingruber & Forester, T. 1997 Morphology and ecological significance of intra-annual radial cracks in living conifers. Trees, 11: 216～222.
73. Cienciala, E,, Lindroth, A., Cermak. J.. Hallgren, J-E. & Kucera, J. 1994. The effects of water availability on transpiration, water potential and growth of Picea abies during a
growing season. Journal of Hydrology. 155: 57～71.
74. Colenutt. M.E. 8: kuckman, B.H. 1991. Dendrochronological investigation of Larix luallii at Larch Valley, Albert. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 26: 232～243.
75. Cong. Z. (丛者福). 1995. The pattern of horizonal distribution of Piceu schrenkiana var.Tianshanica population. Journal of August 1st Agriculture College (八一农学院报), 18: 41～44, (in Chinese)
76. Cook, E. R. 1985. A time series approach to tree-ring standardization. Ph.D.Dissertation.University of Arizona. Tucson. AZ. USA.
77. Cook. E. R.. Briffia.K.R. Shiyatov. S.G. & Mazepa. V. S. 1990. Tree-ring standardization and growth trend estimation. In: Cook. E.R. & Kairiukstis. L.A.(eds). Methods of Dendrochronology: Applications in Enyironmental Sciences. Kluwer Academic Publishers.Dordrecht. Pp104～123.
78. Cook. E.R. & Holmes. R. L. 1986. Users manual for program ARSTAN. In: Holmes. R.L..Adams. R.K. and Fritts. H.C. (Eds.(?) Tree-ring chronologies of western North America:California. eastern Oregon a northern Great Basin. 1986. Chronology Series VI: S. 50～56. Tucson: University of Arizona.
79. Cook. E.R. & Kairiukstis. L. A. 1990.Methods of dendrochronology: applications in the environmental sciences. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht. Netherlands.
80. Cook, E.R., Bird. T.. Peterson. M.. Barbetti. M.. Buckley. B.. D'Arrigo. R.D., Francey. R. & Tans, P. 1991. Climatic change in Tasmania inferred from a 1089-year tree-ring chronology of huon pine. Science (Washington. D.C. ). 253:1266～1268.
81. Covington. W.W., Fule. P.Z.. Moore. M.M., Hart, S. C,, Kolb, T. E.. Mast, J. N.. Sackett. S. S. & Wagner. M. R, 1997. Restoration of ecosystem health in southwestern ponderosa pine forests. Journal of Forestry, 95:23～29.
82. Cullen, L. E,. Palmer. J.G., Duncan. R. P. & Stewart. G. H. 2001. Climate change and tree-ring relationships of Nothofagus menziesii tree-line forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 31:1981～1991.
83. D'Arrigo, R. D. & Jacoby. G. C. 1999. Northern North American tree-ring evidence for regional temperature changes after major volcanic events. Climatic Change, 41:1～15.
84. D'Arrigo, R. D.. Cook, E. R. & Jacoby.G.C. 1996. Annual to decadal-scale variations in northwest Atlantic sector temperatures inferred from Labrador tree rings. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 26:143～148.
85. D'Arrigo, R. D.. Jacoby, G, C. & Free. R. M. 1992. Tree-ring width and maximum latewood density at the North American tree line: parameters of climatic change. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 22:1290～1296.
86. D'Arrigo, R. D., Schuster. W. S. F.. Lawrence. D. M., Cook. E. R., Wiljanen, M. & Thetford, R,D. 2001. Climate-growth relationships of eastern hemlock and chestnut oak
from black rock forest in the highlands of southeastern New York. Tree-Ring Research 57(2): 183～190.
87. Dai, L.M.(代力民), W.Z. Sun(孙伟中), H.B. Deng,(邓红兵)&Y.H. Xiao(肖以华) 2002. Age structure of main tree species in community of tilibroadleaf Korean pine fores on northern slope of Changbai Mountains. Scientia Silvae Sinicae (林业科学). 38:73～77 (in Chinese with English abstract
88. Davis. M.B., Woods. K.D.. Webb. S.L.. Futyma, R.P. 1986. Dispersal versus climate:Expansion of Fagus and Tsuga into the Upper Great Lakes region. Vegetatio. 67:93～103.
89. Diaz. S., C. Mercado & S. Alvarez-Cardenas. 2000. Structure and population dynamics of Pinus lagunae M.-F Passini. Forest Ecology and Management. 134: 249～256.
90. Dong. M. (董鸣)1986. A preliminary demographic study of Pinus masoniana at Jinyun Mountain, Sichuan province. Acta Phytoecologica et Geobotanica Sinica (植物生态学与地植物学学报). 10(4): 283～293.
91. Douglass, A. E. 1914. A method for estimating rainfall by the growth of trees. In:Huntington E. ed. The climatic factors as illustrated in arid America. Lancaster,Pennsylvania: Carnegie Institute of Washington Publication. 192:101～121.
92. Douglass, A. E. 1920. Evidence of climatic effects in the annual rings of trees. Ecology. I: 24～32.
93. Duncan, R.P. 1993. Flood disturbance and the coexistence of species in lowland podocarp forest, south Westland Newland.Journal of Ecology 81:403～416.
94. Earle, C. J. 1993. Forest dynamics in a forest-tundra ecotone, Medicine Bow Mountains. Wyoming. Ph.D. thesis. University of Washington, Seattle.
95. Edwards. N. T. & Hanson, P. J. 1990. Stem respiration in closed canopy upland oak-forest.Tree Physiology. 16:433～439.
96. Emanuel. W. R.. Shugart.H. H. &Stevenson. M. L. 1985. Climatic change and the broad-scale distribution of terrestrial ecosystem complexes. Climatic Change. 7:29～43.
97. Frelich, L. E.& Graumlich. L.J. 1994, Age-class distribution and spatial patterns in an old-growth hemlock-hardwood forest. Canadian journal of forest research. 24: 1939～1947.
98. Fritts, H. C. & Guiot. J. 1989. Methods of calibration, verification and reconstruction, In:E.R. Cook and L.A. Kairiukstis (Eds.)"Methods of Dendrochronology". Dordrecht. Kluwer. pp. 163～218.
99. Fritts, H. C. 1969. Bristlecone pine in the White Mountains of California: growth and ring-width characteristics, In: Papers of the Laboratory of Tree-ring Research. University of Arizona, No. 4. Tucson. The University of Arizona Press..
100. Fritts, H. C. 1963. Computer programs for tree-ring research. Tree-Ring Bulletin. 25: 2～7.
101. Fritts, H. C. 1992. Dendrochrological modeling of the effects of climatic change on
tree-ring width chronologies from the Chaco Canyon area. southwestern United States.Tree-Ring Bulletin. 52:31～58.
102. Fritts, H. C. 1966. Growth-rings of trees: their correlation with climate. Science, 154:973～980.
103. Fritts, H. C. 1908. Quick help for PRECONK Version 5.17. Dendrochronological Modelling. Tucson. Arizona.
104. Frins, H. C. 1991. Rconstuction large-scale climate patterns from tree-ring data. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press.
105. Frins, H. C. 1974. Relationships of ring widths in arid-site confers to variations in monthly temperature and precipitation. Ecology Monograph. 44:411～440.
106. Fritts, H. C. 1976. Tree rings and climate. London: Academic Press. P534.
107. Fritts, H. C., Smith. D. G. & Stokes.M A. 1965a. The biological model for paleoclimatic interpretation of Mesa Verde tree-ring series.American Antiquity. 31:101～121.
108. Fritts. H. C., Smith. D. G.. Cardis. J.W. & Budelsky. C. A. 1965b. Tree-ring characteristics along a vegetation gradient in northern Arizona. Ecology. 46:393～401.
109. Ful(?) P. Z.. Covington. W.W.& Moore.M. M. 1997. Determining reference conditions for ecosystem management of southwestern ponderosa pine forests. Ecological Applications,7:895～908.
110. Gindl. W., Grabner. M. & Wimmer,R. 2000. The influence of temperature on latewood lignin content in treeline Norway spruce compared with maximum density and ring width. Trees. 14: 409～414.
111. Grace. J. & Norton. D.A. 1990. Chimate and growth of Pinus sylvestris at its upper limit in Scotland: evidence from growth-ring.Journal of Ecology. 78:601～610.
112. Graumlich, L. J. & Brubaker. L.B, 1986. Reconstruction of annual temperature (1590-1979)for Longmire. Washington. derived from tree rings. Quaternary Research. 25: 223～234.
113. Graumlich, L. J. 1993. A 1000-year record of temperature and precipitation in Sierra Nevada. Quaternary Research, 39: 249～255.
114. Graumlich. L. J. 1991. Subalpine tree growth, climate, and increasing CO_2: an assessment of recent growth trends. Ecology, 72:1～11.
115. Gray, B.M. 1982. Comment on transfer functions. In: Hughes, M,K., Kelly, J. R., P. M.. Pilcher, J. R. & LaMarche, V.C, (eds). Climate from tree rings. Pp. 56～58. Cambridge Cambridge, England. University Press.
116. Graybill, D. A. & Shiyatov. S. G. 1989. A 1009 year tree-ring reconstruction of mean June-July temperature deviations in the Polar Urals. In: Tree-Ring Bulletin. 1997. special issue (Reprinted from Nobel. R.D.. J. L. Martin & K.F. Jensen eds. 1989. Symposium on air pollution effects of vegetation. USDA forest service, northwestern forest experiment station. 37～42)
117. Green, K. & Wright, R. 1977. ,Field response of photosynthesis to CO_2 enhancement in ponderosa pine. Ecology, 58: 687～692.
118. Groisman, P. Y., Karl, T. R. & Knight, R. W. 1994. Observed impact of snow cover on the heat balance and the rise of continental spring temperatures. Science, 263: 198～200.
119. Guti(?)rrez, E. 1991. Climate tree-growth relationships for Pinus uncinata Ram. in the Spanish pre-Pyrenees. Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology, 12:213～225.
120. Hannerz, M. 1999. Evaluation of temperature models for predicting bud burst in Norway spruce. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 29:9～19.
121. Harcombe. P. A. & Marks, P. L. 1978. Tree diameter distributions and replacement processes and replacement processes in southeast Texas forests. Forest Science, 24:153 166.
122. Harcombe, P. A. 1987. Tree life tables: simple birth, growth, and death data encapsulate life histories and ecological roles. BioScience. 37: 557～568.
123. Harper.J.L. 1977. Population biology of plants. Academic Press Inc.. London.
124. Hett. J. M. & Loucks, O. L. 1976. Age structure models of balsarn fir and eastern hemlock. Journal of Ecology. 64: 1029～1044.
125. Hett. J. M. 1971. A dynamics analysis of age in sugar maple seedlings. Ecology.52:1071～1074.
126. Holla. T. A. & Knowles. P. 1988..Age structure analysis of a virgin white pine (Pinus strobus) population. Canadian Field Naturalist. 102:221～226.
127. Holmes,R.L., Stockton, C.W. & LaMaarche Jr.. V. C. 1979. Extension of river flow records in Argentina from living tree-ring chronologies. Water Resources Bulletin. 15:1081～1085.
128. Holmes. R. L. 1983. Computer-assisted quality control in tree-ring dating and mearesurement. Tree-Ring Bulletin, 43:69～78.
129. H(?)rnberg, G., Ohlson, M.& Zackrisson, O. 1995. Stand dynamics, regeneration patterns and long-term continuity in boreal old-growth Picea abies swamp forest. Journal of Vegetation Science. 6:291～298.
130. Hou, A. M. (侯爱敏) , S. L. Peng (彭少麟) & G. Y. Zhou (周国逸). 1999. The study of the reconstruction of tree rings to the climate change and its application. Ecologic Science(生态科学), 18:16～23.(in Chinese with English abstract)
131. Houghton, J.T., Meira Filho, L.G., Callander, B.A., Harris, N., Kattenberg, A. & Maskell, K. (Eds.). 1996. Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
132. Hughes, M. K. & Funkhouser, G. 2003. Frequency-dependent climate signal in upper and lower forest border tree rings in the mountains of the Great Basin. Climatic Change, 59:233～244.
133. Hughes, M. K., Kelly, P. M., Pilcher, J. R. & LaMarcher Jr, V. C. 1982. Climate from tree
rings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
134. Hughes, M. K., Schweingruber, F. H. 1984. Cartwright, D. & Kelly, P. M. July-August temperature at Edinburgh between 1721 and 1975 from tree-ring density and width data.Nature, 308:341～344.
135. Hughes. M. K., Wu, X. D.. Shao, X. M. & Garfin, G. M. 1994. A preliminary reconstruction of rainfall in North-central China since A. D. 1600 from tree-ring density and width. Quaternary Research. 42:88～99.
136. IGBP. 1990.The International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme: A Study of Global Change. The Initial Core Projects. Report 12. Stockjolm: IGBP.
137. Jacoby. G. C. & D'Arrige, R. 1989 Reconstructed northern hemisphere annual temperature since 1671 based on the high-latitude tree-ring data from the North America. Climatic Change. 14: 39～59.
138. Jacoby. G. C. & D'Arrigom R. D. 1997. Tree rings, carbon dioxide, and climate change.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 94: 8350～8353.
139. Jacoby. G. C., D'Arrigo, R. D. & Davaajamts, T. 1997. Mongolian tree rings and 20th-century warming. Science. 273:771～773.
140. Jenkins, M, A. & S. G. Pallardy. 1995.The influence of drought on red oak group species growth and mortality in the Missiuri Ozarks. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 25:1119～1127.
141. Jiang. G. M. (蒋高明). X. G. Han(韩兴国) & G. H. Lin(林光辉). 1997. Response of plant growth to elevated [CO2]: a review on the chief method sand basic conclusions based on experiments in the external countries in past decade. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica (植物生态学报). 21: 489～502. (in Chinese with English abstract)
142. Jiang. H. (江洪). 1992. The study on population ecology of Picea asperata. Beijing: Chinese Forestry Press. (in Chinese)
143. Johnson. E. A. & Fryer. G. I. 1989. Population dynamics in londgepole pine-Engelmann spruce forests. Ecology. 70: 1335～1345.
144. Johnson. E. A., Miyanishi, K. & Kleb. H. 1994. The hazards of interpretation of static age structures as shown by stand reconstructions in a Pinus contorta-Picea engelmannii forest. Journal of Ecology, 82:923～931.
145. Jones. P. D., Briffa, K. R. & Pilcher, J. R. 1984. River-flow reconstruction from tree rings in Southern Britain. Journal of Climatology, 4:461～472.
146. Kang, X. C. (康兴成), Graumlich, L. J. & Scheppard, P. 1997. The last 1835 years climates inferred from tree ring records in Dulan region. Qinghai. China. Quaternary Sciences (第四纪研究), 1: 70～75. (in Chinese with English abstract)
147. Kienast, F. & Luxmoore, R. J. 1988. Tree-ring analysis and conifer growth responses to increased atmospheric CO_2 levels. Oecologia, 76: 487～495.
148. Kienast. F.. Schweingruber, F. H., Br(?)ker, O. U. & Sch(?)r, E. 1987. Tree-ring studies on conifers along gradients and the potential of single-year analyses. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 17: 687～696.
149. Knowles. P. &Grant, M. C. 1983. Age and size structure analyses of Engelmann spruce, ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine, and limber pine in Colorado. Ecology. 64:1～9.
150. K(?)rner. Ch. & M. Diemer. 1987. In situ photosynthetic response to light, temperature and carbon dioxide in herbaceous plants from low and high latitude. Functional Ecology, 1:179～194.
151. K(?)rner. Ch. 1998. A re-assessment of high elevation treeline positions and their explanation. Oecologia, 115: 445～459.
152. Kullman. L. 2001.20th century climate warming and tree-limit rise in the southern Scandes of Sweden. Arnbio. 30: 72～80.
153. Kullman, L. 1990. Dynamics of altitudinal tree-limits in Sweden: A review. Norsk. Geografisk Tidsskrift, 44A: 103～116.
154. Kullman. L. 1987. Little Ice Age decline ora cold marginal Pinus sylvestris forest in the Swedish Scandes. New Phytologist. 106: 567～584.
155. Kullman, L. 1996a. Recent cooling and recession of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in the forest-alpine tundra ecotone of the Swedish Scandes. Journal of Biogeography. 23: 843～854.
156. Kullman. L. 2003. Recent reversal of Neoglacial climate cooling trend in the Swedish Scandes as evidenced by mountain birch tree-limit rise. Global and Planetary Change, 36:77～88.
157. Kullman, L. 1986. Recent tree-limit history of Picea abies in the southern Swedish Scandes. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 16:761～771.
158. Kullman, L. 1996b. Rise and demise of cold-climate Picea abies forest in Sweden. New Phytologist, 134:243～25
159. Kullman, L. 1993. Tree limit dynamics of Betula pubescens ssp. tortuosa in relation to climate variablity: evidence from central Sweden. Journal of Vegetation Science. 4:765 772.
160. Kullmam L. 1998. Tree-limits and montane forest in the Swedish Scandes: sensitive biomonitors of climate change and variability. Ambio, 27(4): 312～321.
161. LaDeau, S. L. & Clark, J. S. 2001. Rising CO_2 levels and the fecundity of forest trees.Science, 292: 95～98.
162. LaMarche, V. C. & Stockton, C.W. 1974.Chronologies from temperature-sensitive bristlecone pines at upper treeline in Western United States. Tree-Ring Bulletin, 34: 21～45.
163. LaMarche, V. C. Jr. & Hirschboeck, K. K. 1984b. Frost rings in trees as records of major
volcanic eruptions. Nature. 307:121～126.
164. LaMarche. V. C. Jr. 1974b. Frequency-dependent relationships between tree-ring series along an ecological gradient and some dendroclimatic implications, Tree-Ring Bulletin. 34:1～20.
165. LaMarche. V. C. Jr. 1974a. Paleoclimatic inferences from long tree-ring records. Science (Washington), 183:1043～1048.
166. LaMarche, V. C. Jr.. Graybill. D. A.. Fritts. H. C. & Rose. M. R. 1984a. Increasing atmospheric and carbon dioxide: tree ring evidence tbr growth enhancement in annual vegetation. Science. 225: 1019～1021.
167. Lan. T. (兰涛). B. Xia (夏冰) & S. A. He (贺善安). 1994. Tree ring analysis on relation of Pimts massoniunu growth to climate factors.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报), 5: 422～424. (in Chinese with English abstract)
168. Langvalla. O. Nilssonb. U. & (?)landera. G. 2001. Frost damage to planted Norway spruce seedlings-influence of site preparation and seedling type. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 141:223～235.
169. Larsen, C.P.S. & MacDonald. G.M. 1995. Relations between tree-ring widths, climate, and annual area burned in the boreal forest of Alberta. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 25:1746～1755.
170. Leak. A. B, 1975. Age distribution in Virgin Red and Northern Hardwoods. Ecology. 56:1451～1454.
171. Lemon. E. R. 1983. CO_2 and plants: the response of plants to rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Boulder. Colorado: Westview Press
172. Li. J. F. (李江风) & Y. J. Yuan (袁玉江). 1984. Affect of snow in the tree-ring. Journal of Xiujiang University(Nature Science)(新疆大学学报(自然科学版)). 2:85～92. (in Chinese with English abstract)
173. Li. J. F. (李江风). Y. J. Yuan (袁玉江) & X. Y. You (由希尧). 1997. 360 years runoff reconstruction in (?)r(?)mqi river basin using tree rings. Quaternary Sciences (第四纪研究). 2:131～146. (in Chinese with English abstract)
174. Li, J. F. (李江风), Y. J. Yuan (袁玉江) & X. Y. You (由希尧). 2000. The study on tree ring hydrology and its applications. Beijing: Science Press. (in Chinese)
175. Li, J. G. (李建(?)), C. D. Pan (潘存德), L. S. Zhou (周林生) & S. K. Peng (彭世揆). 2001a. Study on interspecific competition in Picea schrenkiana forest in Tianshan Mountain. Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University (新疆农业大学学报). 24: 1～6. (in Chinese with English abstract)
176. Li, J. G. (李建贵),C. D. Pan (潘存德). S. K. Peng (彭世揆) & C. S. Zhou (周林生). 2001b.Demography and survival analysis of Picea schrenkiana. Journal of Beijing Forest University (北京林业大学学报), 23: 84～86. (in Chinese with English abstract)
177. Liang, E. Y. 2001. A dendroecological study of Picea Meyeri. Ph.D dissertation. Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences. (in Chinese with English abstract)
178. Liang, E. Y., Shao, X. M., Hu. Y. X. & Lin, J. X. 2001. Dendroclimatic evaluation of climate-growth relationships of Meyer spruce (Picea meyeri) on a sandy substrate in semi-arid grassland, north China. Trees, 15: 230～235.
179. Lin. Z.G.(林之光). 1995. Terrain precipitation climatology. Beijing, Science Publishing House. (in Chinese)
180. Lipp. J.. Trimborn. P., Edwards, T. W. D.. Graf. W. & Becket. B. 1996 .Climate signals in ~2H and ~(13)C chronology (1882-1989) from tree rings of spruce (Piceu abies L.). schussbach forest. Germany. In: Dean. J. S.. M. Meko & T. W. Swetnam eds. Tree rings, environment and humanity. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 603～610.
181. Liu. H. B. (刘洪滨) & X. M. Shao (邵雪梅). 2000. Reconstruction of early-spring temperature at Zhen an from 1755 using tree ring chronology. Acta Meteorologica Sinica (气象学报). 58:223～233. (in Chinese with English abstract)
182. Liu. H.B.(刘洪滨) X.D.Wu(吴祥定)&X.M. Shao(邵雪梅).1996.A preliminary study on climate change research during historical time using image analysis of tree ring in Kangding area. Sichuan province. Geographical Research (地理研究). 15: 44～51. (in Chinese with English abstract)
183. Lloyd. A. H. & Graumlich. k. J. 1997. Holocene dynamics of treeline forests in the Sierra Nevada. Ecology. 78:1199～1210.
184. Lorimer. C. G. 1980..Age structure and disturbance history of a sounthern Appalachian virgin forest. Ecology. 61:1169～1184.
185. Lucier. A. A.. Warnick, W. L. & Hyink. D.M. 1989. Possible bias in tree ring time series due to mortality. F. For., 87:31～32.
186. M(?)kinen, H.. N(?)jd. P. & Mielikiiinen. K. 2001. Climatic signal in annual growth variation in damaged and healthy stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L) Karst.) in south Finland.Trees. 15: 177～185.
187. Marco. C. & Carlo. U. 2001. Spatial analysis of structural and tree-ring related parameters in a timberline forest in the Italian Alps. Journal of Vegetation Science. 12:643～652.
188. Mast, J. N.. Ful(?). P. Z., Moore, M. M., Covington, W. W. & Waltz, A. E. M. 1999. Restoration of presettlement age structure of an Arizona ponderosa pine forest. Ecological Applications, 9: 228～239.
189. McClenahen, J. R. 1995. Potential dendroecological approaches to understanding forest decline. In: Lewis, T. E. (ed.). Tree rings as indicators of ecosystem health. Florida: CRC Press. P59～79.
190. Meko, D. M. 1981. Applications of Box-Jenkins Methods of time series analysis to the reconstruction of drought from tree rings. PH.D. Dissertation. University of Arizona,
Tucson, AZ, USA.
191. Meko, D.M., Stockton, C.W. & Boggess, W.R. 1980. A tree-ring reconstruction of drought in southern California. Water Resources Bulletin, 16: 594～600.
192. Miles, J. 1979. Vegetation dynamics. London: Chapman and Hall.
193. Moiseev, P. A. 2002. ,Effect of Climatic Changes on Radial Increment and Age Structure Formation in High-Mountain Larch Forests of the Kuznetsk Ala Tau. Russian Journal of Ecology, 33(1):7～13. (Translated from Ekologiya, No. 1. 2002. pp. 10～17.)
194. Mooney, H. A.. Wright, R. D. & Strain. B. R. 1964. The gas exchange capacity of plants in relation to vegetation zonation in the White Mountains of California. American Midland Naturalist. 72:281～297.
195. Mueller-Dombois. D. 1987. Natural dieback in forests. BioScience. 37:575～583.
196. Nicolussi. K., Bortenschlager, S. & Korner. C. 1995. Increase in tree-ring width in subalpine Pinus cerebra from the central Alps that may be CO_2-related. Trees.9:181～189.
197. Norton. D. A. 1985. A dendrochronological study of Nothofagus solandri tree growth along an elevational gradient, South Island. New Zealand. In: Turner. H. & Tranquillini. W.(eds). Establishment and Tending of Subalpine Forest: Research and Management. Swiss Federal Institute of Forestry Research. Report 270. pp 159～171.
198. Norton. D.A. 1984. Tree-growth-climate relationships in subalpine Nothofagus forests.South Island. New Zealand. Zealand Journal of Botany. 22:471～481.
199. Nowack. G.J. & Abrams,M.D.1997 Radial-growth averaging criteria forr reconstructing disturbance histories from presettlement-origin oaks. Ecological Monographs.67:225～249.
200. Oberhuber. W.. Stumb(?)ck. M. & Kofler. W. 1998. Climate-tree-growth relationships of Scots pine stands (Pinus sylvestris L.) exposed to soil dryness. Trees. 13:19～27.
201. Oberhuber. W.. Stumb(?)ck, M. & Kofler. W. 1998. Climate-tree-growth relationships of Scots pine stands (Pinus sylvestris L.) exposed to soil dryness. Trees. 13: 19～27.
202. Odum, E. P. 1971. 《生态学基础》．北京：高等教育出版社
203. Overpeck. J., Hughen, K.. Hardy. D., Bradley. R.. Case. R.. Douglas. M.. Finney. B..Gajewski. K., Jacoby, G., Jennings. A., Lamoureux. S.. Lasca, A.. MacDonald. G.. Moore. J., Retelle, M., Smith, S., Wolfe, A. & Zielinski, G. 1997. Arctic environmental change of the last four centuries. Science, 278:1251～1256.
204. Parker, M. L. & Henoch, W. E. S. 1971. The use of Englishmann spruce latewood density for dendrochronological purposes. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 1: 90～98.
205. Payette, S. & Filion, L. 1985. White spruce expansion at the tree line and recent climatic change. Candinan Journal of Forest Research, 15:241～251.
206. Payette, S. & Lavoie, C. 1994. Recent fluctuations of the lichen-spruce forest limit in subarctic Quebec. Journal of Ecology, 82:725～734.
207. Peet, R.K., Christensen, N.L. 1987. Competition and tree death. BioScience, 37. 586～594.
208. Peterson, D.W. & Peterson, D.L. 1994. Effects of climates on radial growth of subalpine conifers in the North Cascade Mountains.Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 24:1921 1932.
209. Pittock. A.B. 1982. Climatic reconstruction from tree-rings. In: Hughes. M.K.. Kelly, J. R..P. M., Pilcher. J.R., and LaMarche, V.C. (eds). Climate from tree rings. Cambridge,England,Cambridge University Press. Pp. 247～258.
210. Polge H. 1970. The use of X-ray densitometric methods in dendrochronology. Tree-Ring Bulletin, 30:1～10.
211. Repo. T. 1992. Seasonal changes of frost hardiness in Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris in Finland. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 22:1949～1957.
212. Rogers. H. H., Thomas. J. F. & Bingham. G. E. 1983. Response of agronomic and forest species to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide. Science, 220:428～429.
213. Rolland. C. 1993. Tree-ring and climate relationships for Abies alba in the internal Alps.Tree-Ring Bulletin, 53:1～11.
214. Savva. Y.. Schweingruber. F.. Milyyutin. L.& Vaganov. E. 2002. Genetic and environmental signals in tree rings from different provenances of Pinus sylvestris L. planted in the southern taiga, central Siberia. Trees. 16:313～324.
215. Schulman. E. Dendroclimatic changes in semiarid America. 1956. Tucson. University of Arizona press. Pp1～195.
216. Schweingruber. F. H. 1996. Tree rings and environment: Dendroecology. Berne: Paul Haupt Publishers. Pp21～39.
217. Schweingruber. F. H. 1988. Tree rings: basics and applications of dendrochronology. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publisher.
218. Shao, X. M. (邵雪梅) & X. D. Wu.(吴祥定). 1994. Tree-ring chronologies for Pinus armandi Franch from Huashan. China. Acta Geographica Sinica (地理学报). 2:174～181.(in Chinese with English abstract)
219. Shao, X. M. (邵雪梅). 1997. Advancements in dendrochronology. Quaternary Sciences (第四纪研究), 3: 265～271. (in Chinese with English abstract)
220. Shao, X. M.(邵雪梅) & J. M. Fan(范金梅). 1999. Past climate oll west Sichuan Plateau as reconstructed from ring-width of dragon spruce. Quaternary Sciences (第四纪研究), 1: 81～89. (in Chinese with English abstract)
221. Shen, Z.H. (沈泽昊), J. Y. Fang (方精云). Z. L. Liu (刘增力) & J. Liu (伍杰). 2001.Structure and dynamics of Abies fabri population near the alpine timberline in Hailuo Clough of Gongga Mountain. Acta Botanica Sinica (植物学报), 43(12): 1288～1293. (in Chinese with English abstract)
222. Sheppard, P. R., Graumlich, L. J. & Conkey, L. E. 1996. Reflected-light image analysis of conifer tree rings for reconstructing climate. Holocene, 6:62～68.
223. Skoglund. J.& Verwijst. T. 1989.Age structure of woody species population in relation to seed. germination and establishment along the river Dal(?)lven. Sweden. Vegetatio.82:25～34.
224. Solomon.A.M.1986.Transient response of forests to CO_2-induced climate change: simulation modeling experiments in eastern North America. Oecologia (Berlin). 68: 567～579.
225. Stahle. D. W.. Cleaveland, M. K.. Blanton. D. B.. Therrell. M. D. & Gay. D. A. 1998. The lost colony and Jamestown droughts. Science. 280:564～567.
226. Stahle. D.W.. Cleaveland. M.K. & Hehr. J.G. 1985. A 450-year drought reconstruction for Arkansas. United States. Nature. 316: 530～532.
227. Steele. B. & Fiedler. C. 1996. Kalman filter analysis of growth-climate relations in old-growth Pondersa pine/Douglas-fir stands. In: Dean. J. S.. D. M. Meko & T. W. Swetnam (eds.). Tree rings, environment and humanity. Tucson: Department of Geoscience. the University of Arizona. Pp303～314.
228. Stewart. G. H. & Rose. A. B. 1989. Conifer regeneration failure in New Zealand. dynamics of montane Libocedrus bidwillii stands. Vegetatio. 79:41～49.
229. Stewart. G. H. & Rose. A. B. 1990. The significance of life history strategies in the development history of mixed beech (Nothofagus) forests. New Zealand. Vegetatio.87:101～114.
230. Stewart. G. H. 1986. Population dynamics of a montane conifer forest, western Cascade Range. Oregon. USA. Ecology. 67:534～544.
231. Stokes, M. A. & Smiley. T. L. 1968. An introduction to tree-ring dating. Chicago: the University of Chicago Press. Pp 37～46.
232. Svensson. J.S. & Jeglum. J.K. 2001. Structure and dynamics of an undisturbed old-growth Norway spruce forest on the rising Bothnian coastline. Forest Ecology and Management. 151: 67～79.
233. Swetnam. T. W. 1993. Fire history and climate chanoe in giant Sequoia Groves. Science. 262:885～889.
234. Szeicz. J. M. & Macdonald. G. M. 1996. A 930-year ring-width chronology from moisture-sensitive white spruce (Picea glauca Moench) in the northwestern Canada, The Holocene, 6:345～351.
235. Szeicz. J. M. & MacDonald, G. M. 1995b. Dendroclimatic reconstruction of summer temperatures in northwestern Canada since A.D. 1638 based on age-dependent modeling.Quaternary Research, 44: 257～266.
236. Szeicz, J. M. & Macdonald, G. M. 1995a. Recent white spruce dynamics at the subartic alpine treeline of north-western Canada. Journal of Ecology. 83:873～885.
237. Szeicz, J.M. & MacDonald, G. M. 1994. Aged-dependent growth responses of subartic white spruce to climate. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 24: 120～132.
238. Takahashi, K., Azuma, H. & Yasue, K. 2003.Effects of climate on the radial growth of tree species in the upper and lower distribution limits of an altitudinal ecotone on Mount Norikura, central Japan. Ecological Research. 18:549～558.
239. Tardif. J. & Bergeron, Y. 1997. Comparative dendroclimatological analysis of two blank ash and two white cedar population from contrasting sites in the lake Duparquet region,northwestern Quebec. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 27:108～116.
240. Tardif J. & Conciatori,F. 2001. Comparative analysis of the climatic response of seven boreal tree species from northwestern Quebec,Canada. Tree-ring Research.57(2):169～181.
241. Tessier. L. 1989. Spatio-temporal analysis of climate-tree ring relationships. New Phytologist. 11: 517～4529.
242. Thetford. R.D., D'Arrigo. D. & Jacoby. G.C. 1991.An image analysis for determining dendsitomotric and ring-width time series. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 21:544～549.
243. Vaganov. E. A. & Kachaev. A. 1992. Construction and usage of a complex model to illustrate the relationship between tree increment and wheat crop yield. Lundqua Report. 34: 327～330.
244. Vaganov. E. A. 1990. Method for forecasting grain yield with the aid of dendrochronological data. Soviet Journal of Ecology. 20: 139～146.
245. Vaganov. E. A., Hughes. M. K.. Kirdyanov. A. V., Schweingruber. F. H. & Silkin. P. P. 1999. Influence of snowfall and meh timing on tree growth in subarctic Eurasia. Nature. 400: 149～151.
246. van Andel. J. 1975. A study on the population dynamics of the perennial plant species Chamaenerion angustifolium(L.) Scop. Oecologia. 19:329～337.
247. Van Deusen. P. C. & Reams. G. A. 1996. Bayesian Procedures tbr reconstructing past climate. In: Dean. J. S., D. M. Meko & T. W. Swetnam (eds.) Tree rings, environment and humanity. Tucson: Department of Geoscience, the University of Arizona. Pp335～339.
248. Van Deusen, P. C. 1990. Evaluating time-dependent tree ring and climate relations. Journal of Environmental Quality, 19:481～488.
249. Veblen, T. T., Handley, K. S. & Reid. M. S. 1991a. Disturbance and stand development of a Colorado subalpine forest. Journal of Biogeography, 18:707～716.
250. Veblen, T. T., Handley, K. S., Reid, M. S. & Rebertus, A.J. 1991b. Methods of detecting past spruce beetle outbreaks in Rocky Mountain subalpine forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 21:242～254.
251. Villalba, R., Boninsegna, J.A., Veblen, T.T., Schmelter, A. & Rubulis. S. 1997. Recent trends in tree-ring records from high elevation sites in the Andes of northern Patagonia.Climatic Change, 36:425～454.
252. Wang, B.S. (王伯荪), M.G. Li (李鸣光), S.L. Peng (彭少麟). 1995. Phytopopulology (植
物种群学). Guangzhou: Guangdong Higher Eduacation Press.
253. Wang. M.(王淼),S.J. Bai(白淑菊).D.L. Tao(陶大立)&J.P. Shan (单建平).1995.Effect of rise in air-temperature on tree ring growth of forest on Changbai Moutain.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报)，6：128～132(in Chinese with English abstract)
254. Wang. Y. (王燕) & S. D. Zhao (赵士洞). 2000. Productivity pattern of Picea schrenkiana var. Tianshanica forest. Acta Phytoecologia Sinica (植物生态学报), 24 (2): 186～190. (in Chinese with English abstract)
255. Weisberg. P. J. & Baker, W. L. 1995. Spatial variation in tree regeneration in the forest-tundra ecotone. Rocky Mountain National Park. Colorado. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 25: 1326～1330.
256. Wigley, T.M.L., Briffa. K.R. & Jones. P.D. 1984. On the average values of correlated time series, with applications in dendroclimatology and Hydrometeorology. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology. 23:201～213.
257. Wiles. G. C.. D'Arrigo. R. D. & Jacoby. G. C. 1996. Temperature changes along the Gulf of Alaska and the Pacific northwest coast modeled from coastal tree rings. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 26:474～481.
258. Wimmer. R. & Grabner. M. 1997. Effects of climate on vertical resin duct density and radial growth of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Trees. 11:271～276.
259. Wimmer. R. &. Grabner. M 2000. A comparison of tree-ring features in Picea abies as correlated with climate. International Association of Wood Anatomists. 21:403～416.
260. Woodwell. G. M.. Hobble. J. E.. Houghton. R. A.. Melillo, J. M.. Moore. B.. Peterson B. J. & Shaver. G. R. 1983. Global deforestation: contribution to atmospheric carbon dioxide. Science. 222:1081～1086.
261. Wratten. S. D. & Fry. G. L. A. 1980. Field and laboratory exercises in ecology. London: Edward Arnold.
262. Wu. X. D. (吴祥定). 1990. Tree rings and climate change. Beijing: Meteorology Press. (in Chinese)
263. Xia. B. (夏冰), F. Deng (邓飞). K. Zhou (周康), Q. Wang (王谦) & X. Dong (董旭). 2001.A case study on the verification of density of forest disturbance through tree-ring analysis.Journal of Plant Resources and Environment (植物资源与环境学报). 10: 1～6, (in Chinese with English abstract)
264. Xia. B, (夏冰), S. A. He (贺善安) & T. Lan (兰涛). 1994. A preliminary study on the relationships between tree rings of Pinus massoniana Lamb. and local crop yield. Journal of Plant Resources and Environment (植物资源与环境), 3: 27～32. (in Chinese with English abstract)
265. Xie, K. Q. (谢昆青) & Z. Y. Li(李志尧). 2000. Method of scanning image analysis for
tree-ring research and its application in environmental change. Quaternary Sciences(第四纪研究), 20: 259～269. (in Chinese with English abstract)
266. Xie, Z.Q. (谢宗强), W.L. Chen (陈伟烈), P. Lu (路鹏), D. Hu (胡东). 1999. The demography and age structure of the endangered plant population of Cathaya argyrophylla. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 19 (4): 523～528. (in Chinese with English abstract)
267. Xiong. L, Okada, N & Fujiwara, T. 2000. The dendrochrnological potential of the species in the Three Gorges Reservoir region of China. International Association of Wood Anatomists. 21:181～196.
268. Xiong. L. & Palmer. J.G. 2000. Reconstruction of New Zealand temperatures back to AD 1720 using Libocedrus bidwillii tree rings. Climate Change. 45.339～359.
269. Yadav. R. R. & Singh, J. 2002. Tree-ring analysis of Taxus Baccat from the western Himalaya. India, and its dendroclimatic potential. Tree-ring research. 58 (1/2): 23～29.
270. Yamaguchi, D. K., Atwater, B. F., Buunker. D. E.. Benson, B. E. & Reid. M. S. 1997. Tree-ring dating the 1700 Cascadia earthquake. Nature. 389:822～823.
271. Yoder, B.J., Ryan. M.G., Waring. R.H., Schoettle. A.W. & Kaufinann. M.R. 1994.Evidence of reduced photosynthetic rates in old trees. Forest Science. 40:513～527.
272. Yuan Y. J. (袁玉江) & J. F. Li (李江风), 1999. Reconstruction and analysis of 450 years winter temperature series in the (?)r(?)mqi river source of Tianshan Mountains.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology (冰川冻土), 1: 64～70. (in Chinese with English abstract)
273. Yuan Y..I. (袁玉江). 1987. Forecasting climatic output of spring-wheat in Altay county by using of tree-ring chronologies. Bimonthly of Xinjiang meteorology (新疆气象),10:16～19. (in Chinese with English abstract)
274. Yuan. Y. J, (袁玉江). J. F. Li (李江风). R. J. Hu(胡汝骥). C. H. Liu (刘潮海). K.Q.Jiao (焦克勤) & Z.Q. Li (李忠勤). 2001. Reconstruction of precipitation in the recent 350a from tree-rings in the middle Tianshan Mountains. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology (冰川冻土), 23 (1): 34～40.
275. Zhang. Q. B., Cheng, G. D.. Yao, T.D., Kang. X.C & Huang, J.G. 2003. A 2.326-year tree-ring record of climate variability on the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Geophysical Research Letters, 30 (14): 1739～1742.
276. Zhang, Y. S. (张瑛山), X. L. Wang (王学兰) & L.S. Zhou (周林生). 1980. Primary study on biomass of Picea schrenkiana. Journal of Xinjiang August 1st Agriculture College (新疆八一农学院学报),3:19～25. (in Chinese)
277. Zhang, Z. H. (张志华), X. D. Wu (吴祥定) & J. Li (李骥).1996. Utilizing tree ring chronologies to reconstruct 300-year drought days in eastern Tianshan Mountains. Quarterly Journal of Applied Meteorology (应用气象学报)，7: 53～60. (in Chinese with English abstract)
2．常进雄．杨龙．黄威廉．2002．贵州南部掌叶木种群生态研究．贵州科学．20：1～15．
3．迟彬．安红霞．郝敦元．2000．阿拉善荒漠区东部的残遗植物-四合木(Tetraenamongolica Maxim．)种群动态的分析-运用Leslie矩阵的讨论．干旱区资源与环境．14(2)：77～81．
4．丁岩钦．1980．昆虫种群数学生态学原理与应用．北京：科学出版社．
5．郭晋平．石会全．康日兰等．1997．涔山青扦天然林年龄结构及其动态的研究．生态学报．17(2)：185～189．
6．洪利兴．杜国坚．张庆荣．刘本同．1995，天然常绿阔叶异龄幼林胸径的Weibull分布及动态预测．植物生态学报．19(1)：29～42．
7．洪伟．郑仁华．1992．威布尔(Weibull)空间分布型模型的抽样式研究．福建林业科技，19(4)：47～50
8．胡玉佳．李玉杏．1990．海南岛热带雨林，广州：广东高等教育出版社．
9．黄家荣．2000．Weibull分布在(?)尾松人工林中的适用性研究．贵州林业科技．28(1)：7～13．
10．康兴成．张其花．2000．青海都(?)过去2000年来气候重建及其变迁．地球科学研究进展．15：215～221．
11．李江风．袁玉江．周文盛．1980．新疆年轮气候水文研究．北京：气象出版社．
12．李江风．张治家．袁玉江．徐瑞珍．1989．阿尔泰山南坡树木年表特征．见：李江风等著，《新疆气候年轮水文研究》．Pp1～8．北京：气象出版社．
13．李先琨．苏宗明．向悟生．宁世江．唐润琴．欧祖兰．李瑞棠．2002．濒危植物元宝山冷杉种群结构与分布格局．生态学报．22(12)：2246～2253．
14．刘金福，洪伟．1999．格氏拷种群生态学研究Ⅵ．格式拷种群空间格局分布的Weibull模型研究．福建林学院学报．19(3)：212～215
15．刘庆，钟章成．1997．斑苦竹(Pleioblastusmaculata)无性系种群的数量和年龄结构动态．生态学报．17(1)：66～70．
16．刘思跃．1993．天山中部雪岭云杉天然更新．林业科技开发．93(4)：2～3．
17．马增旺，李宗领，王林．吴祝(?)．1996．Weibull分布的参数估计在蒙古栎天然林真径分布研究中的应用．河北林业科技．2：23～26．
18．邱扬．杜建林．1997．森林种群年龄结构研究在森林生态学中的应用．山西大学学报(自然科学版)．20(1)：107～110．
19．唐光楚．新疆的天山云杉．1989．新疆农业科学．5：32～33．
20．王承义，胡杨斌．1996新疆伊犁地区近250年冷暖变化特征分析．干旱区地理，19：37～44
21．王涛．森林生态系统至关重要．2001．光明网(http://www.guxiang.com).2001年6月11日．
22．王燕，赵士洞．1999．天山云杉林生物量和生产力的研究．应用生态学报，10(4)：389～391．
23．吴承帧，洪伟．1997．观光木群落物种多度分布的Weibull模型研究．福建林学院学报，17(1)：20～24．
24．吴明作．刘玉萃．2000．栓皮栎种数量动态的谱分析与稳定性．生态学杂志．19(4)：23～26．
25．吴祥定．孙力．程志刚．1988．利用树木年轮资料重建西藏中部过去气候的初步尝试．科学通报，8：616～619．
26．伍业钢．韩进轩．1988．阔叶红松林红松种群动态的谱分析．生态学杂志，7(3)：19～23．
27．闫淑君．洪伟，吴承桢．2002．中亚热带常绿阔叶林林隙面积的Weibull分布模型研究．江西农业大学学报(自然科学版)．24(6)：802～805．
28．严赓雪．杨利普．1989．新疆森林的环境条件．见《新疆森林》编辑委员会编辑．新疆森林．乌鲁木齐：新疆人民出版社：北京：中国林业出版社．
29．杨一川．庄平．黎系荣．1994．峨眉山峨眉栲、华木荷群落研究．植物生态学报．18(2)：105～121．
30．叶玮，袁玉江．1999．新疆伊犁地区现代气候特征与300a来的干湿变化规律．中国沙漠，19(2)：97～103．
31．袁玉江，李江风．1994a．天山东端树轮年表的响应函数．干旱区研究，11(1)：27～34．
32．袁玉江，李江风．1995．天山西部树轮年表的响应函数．冰川冻土，17(2)：170～177．
33．袁玉江．李江风．1994b．天山西部云杉林年轮气候生长量与气候的关系．新疆大学学报(自然科学版)，11：93～98．
34．袁玉江．李江风．1993．新疆伊犁地区树轮年表特征初探．干旱区地理．16：49～50．
35．袁玉江．叶玮．2000．天山西部伊犁地区314a降水的重建与分析．冰川冻土．22：121～127．
36．岳春雷．汪洪．朱荫湄．2002．濒危植物南川升麻种群数量动态的分析．生态学报．22：793～796．
37．张连翔，曹报喜．刘宗相．1992．Weibull分布的参数估计及在油松人工林直径分布规律研究中的应用．辽宁林业科技．2：32～35．
38．张文辉．祖元刚．刘国彬．2002．十种濒危植物的种群生态学特征及致危因素分析．生态学报，22：1511～1520．
39．张瑛山．唐光楚．天山云杉林．1990．见《新疆森林》编辑委员会编辑，《新疆森林》．乌鲁木齐：新疆人民出版社：北京：中国林业出版社．Pp．121～149．
40．周纪伦．郑师章，杨持．1992．植物种群生态学．北京：高等教育出版社．
41．朱学雷．安树青，张立新．王峥峰．Campble．D．G．1999．海南五指山热带山地雨林主要种群结构特征分析．应用生态学报．10(6)：641～644．
42. Abrams, M. D., Orwig, D. A. & Dockry. M. J. 1997. Dendroecology and successional status of two contrasting old-growth oak forests in the Blue Ridge Mountains, USA.Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 27:994～1002.
43. Abrams, M. D.. Ruffher. C. M. & DeMeo. T. E. 1998b. Dendroecology and species co-existence in an old-growth Quercus-Acer-Tilia talus slope forest in the central Appalachians. USA. Forest Ecology and Management, 106: 9～18.
44. Abrams, M. D.. Ruffner. C. M. & Morgan. T. A. 1998a. Tree-ring responses to drought across species and contrasting sites in the ridge and valley of central Pennsylvania. Forest Science, 44: 550～558.
45. Agren, J. & Zackarisson. O. 1990. Age and size structure of Pinus sylvestris, populations on mires in Central and Northern Sweden. Journal of Ecology. 78: 1049～1062.
46. Akkem(?)k, (?). 2000. Dendroclimatology of umbrella pine (Pinus pine L.) in Istanbul. Turkey. Tree-Ring Bulletin. 56:17～20.
47. Archambault. S. & Bergeron. Y. 1902. A 802-year tree-ring chronology from Quebec boreal forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 22: 674～682.
48. Arseneault, D. & Payette S. 1997. Reconstruction of millennial forest dyamics from tree remains in a subarctic tree line peatland Ecology. 78(6): 1873～83.
49. Bailey. R.L. & Dell. T. R. 1973 Quantifying diameter distributions with the Weibull function. Forest Science. 19: 97～104.
50. Becker. M. 1989. The role of climate on present and past vitality of silver fir forests in the Vosges Mountains of northeastern France. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 19: 1110～1117.
51. Begon. M. & Mortimer. M. 1981. Population ecology: a unified study of animals and plants. 3rd Edition. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
52. Bhattarcharyya. A.. LaMarche. V. C. & Telewski. F. W. 1988. Dendrochronological reconnaissance of the conifers of northwest Indian. Tree-Ring Bulletin. 48:21～30.
53. Bigras, F.J. & Hebert. C. 1996. Freezing temperatures and exposure times during bud break and shoot elongation influence survival and growth of containerized black spruce (Picea mariana) seedlings. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 26:1481～1489.
54. Biasing, T. J.. Solomon. A.M. & Duvick. D.N. 1984. Response functions revisited.Tree-ring bulletin, 44:1～15.
55. Block, J. & Treter. U. 2001.The limiting factors at the upper and lower forest limits in the mountain-woodland steppe of Northwest Mongolia Joachim Block and Uwe Treter. In:Kaennel Dobbertin M.. Br(?)ker O.U. (editors). 2001. International Conference Tree Rings and People. Davos. Pp. 22～26.
56. Bluemle. J. P. 1999. Global Warming: A Geological Perspective. NDGS Newsletter, 26(2):1～3.
57. Borgaonkar, H. P.. G. B. Pant & Kumar. K. R. 1999. Tree-ring chronologies from western Himalya and their dendroclimatic potential. International Association of Wood Anatomists.20:295～309.
58. Bradley, R.S. & Jones. R D. 1992.Climate since A.D. 1500. London: Routledge.
59. Bradshaw, R.H.W. 1993.Tree species dynamics and disturbance in three Swedish boreal forest stands during the last tmo thousands year. Journal of Vegetation Science,4:759～764.
60. Br(?)uning, A. 1999. Dendroclimatological potential of drought-sensitive tree stands in southern Tibet for tile reconstruction of monsoonal activity. International Association of Wood Anatomists. 20:325～338.
61. Briffa. K .R., Bartholin. T. S.. Eckstein. D.. Jones, R D.. Karl(?)n, W.. Schweingruber. F. H.& Zetterberg, P. A 1990. 1400-year tree-ring record of summer temperatures in Fennoscandia. Nature. 346:434～439.
62. Briffa. K. R. & Jones. P. D. 1990. Basic chronology statistics and assessment, In: Cook.E.R.. Kairiusktis. L.A (eds). Methods of Dendronology: Applications in the Environmental Sciences. 1990. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publushers. Pp137～152.
63. Brubaker. L.B. 1986. Responses of tree populations to climatic change. Vegetatio. 67:119～130.
64. Buckley, B.M.. Cook. E. R.. Peterson. M.J. & Barbetti. M. 1997. A changing temperature response with elevation for Lagarostrobus franklinii in Tasmania. Australia. Climatic Change. 36:477～498.
65. Byram. G. M. & Doolittle. W. T. 1950. A year of growth for a shortleaf pine. Ecology. 31:27～35.
66. Camarero. J.J. & Guti(?)rrez. E. 2004.Pace and pattern of recent treeline dynamics:reponse of ectone to climatic variability in the Spanish Pyenees. Climatic Change. 63(1):181～200.
67. Camarero. J.J. & Guti(?)rrez. E. 1999.Structure and recent recruitment at alpine forest-pasture ecotones in the Spanish central Pyrenees. Ecoscience. 6(3): 451～464.
68. Caritat. A., Gutierrez. E. & M. Molinas. 2000. Influence of weather on cork-ring width.Tree Physiology. 20:893～900.
69. Carrer, M. & Urbinati. C. 2004. Age-ependent tree-ring growth response to climate in Larix decidua and Pinus cembra. Ecology. 85(3): 730～740.
70. Ceulemans, R. & Mousseau. M. 1994. Effects of elevated atmospheric CO_2 on wood plants.New phytologist, 127: 425～446.
71. Chen. T. (陈拓). D. H. Qin (秦大河). J. F. Li (李江风), J. W. Ren (任贾文), X. H. Liu (刘晓宏) & W. Z. Sun(孙维贞).2000. Study on climatic signification of Fir tree-ring δ ~(13)C from Zhaosu Country of Xinjiang region, China. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology (冰川冻土)22: 347～352. (in Chinese with English abstract)
72. Cherubini, P., F. H. Schweingruber & Forester, T. 1997 Morphology and ecological significance of intra-annual radial cracks in living conifers. Trees, 11: 216～222.
73. Cienciala, E,, Lindroth, A., Cermak. J.. Hallgren, J-E. & Kucera, J. 1994. The effects of water availability on transpiration, water potential and growth of Picea abies during a
growing season. Journal of Hydrology. 155: 57～71.
74. Colenutt. M.E. 8: kuckman, B.H. 1991. Dendrochronological investigation of Larix luallii at Larch Valley, Albert. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 26: 232～243.
75. Cong. Z. (丛者福). 1995. The pattern of horizonal distribution of Piceu schrenkiana var.Tianshanica population. Journal of August 1st Agriculture College (八一农学院报), 18: 41～44, (in Chinese)
76. Cook, E. R. 1985. A time series approach to tree-ring standardization. Ph.D.Dissertation.University of Arizona. Tucson. AZ. USA.
77. Cook. E. R.. Briffia.K.R. Shiyatov. S.G. & Mazepa. V. S. 1990. Tree-ring standardization and growth trend estimation. In: Cook. E.R. & Kairiukstis. L.A.(eds). Methods of Dendrochronology: Applications in Enyironmental Sciences. Kluwer Academic Publishers.Dordrecht. Pp104～123.
78. Cook. E.R. & Holmes. R. L. 1986. Users manual for program ARSTAN. In: Holmes. R.L..Adams. R.K. and Fritts. H.C. (Eds.(?) Tree-ring chronologies of western North America:California. eastern Oregon a northern Great Basin. 1986. Chronology Series VI: S. 50～56. Tucson: University of Arizona.
79. Cook. E.R. & Kairiukstis. L. A. 1990.Methods of dendrochronology: applications in the environmental sciences. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht. Netherlands.
80. Cook, E.R., Bird. T.. Peterson. M.. Barbetti. M.. Buckley. B.. D'Arrigo. R.D., Francey. R. & Tans, P. 1991. Climatic change in Tasmania inferred from a 1089-year tree-ring chronology of huon pine. Science (Washington. D.C. ). 253:1266～1268.
81. Covington. W.W., Fule. P.Z.. Moore. M.M., Hart, S. C,, Kolb, T. E.. Mast, J. N.. Sackett. S. S. & Wagner. M. R, 1997. Restoration of ecosystem health in southwestern ponderosa pine forests. Journal of Forestry, 95:23～29.
82. Cullen, L. E,. Palmer. J.G., Duncan. R. P. & Stewart. G. H. 2001. Climate change and tree-ring relationships of Nothofagus menziesii tree-line forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 31:1981～1991.
83. D'Arrigo, R. D. & Jacoby. G. C. 1999. Northern North American tree-ring evidence for regional temperature changes after major volcanic events. Climatic Change, 41:1～15.
84. D'Arrigo, R. D.. Cook, E. R. & Jacoby.G.C. 1996. Annual to decadal-scale variations in northwest Atlantic sector temperatures inferred from Labrador tree rings. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 26:143～148.
85. D'Arrigo, R. D.. Jacoby, G, C. & Free. R. M. 1992. Tree-ring width and maximum latewood density at the North American tree line: parameters of climatic change. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 22:1290～1296.
86. D'Arrigo, R. D., Schuster. W. S. F.. Lawrence. D. M., Cook. E. R., Wiljanen, M. & Thetford, R,D. 2001. Climate-growth relationships of eastern hemlock and chestnut oak
from black rock forest in the highlands of southeastern New York. Tree-Ring Research 57(2): 183～190.
87. Dai, L.M.(代力民), W.Z. Sun(孙伟中), H.B. Deng,(邓红兵)&Y.H. Xiao(肖以华) 2002. Age structure of main tree species in community of tilibroadleaf Korean pine fores on northern slope of Changbai Mountains. Scientia Silvae Sinicae (林业科学). 38:73～77 (in Chinese with English abstract
88. Davis. M.B., Woods. K.D.. Webb. S.L.. Futyma, R.P. 1986. Dispersal versus climate:Expansion of Fagus and Tsuga into the Upper Great Lakes region. Vegetatio. 67:93～103.
89. Diaz. S., C. Mercado & S. Alvarez-Cardenas. 2000. Structure and population dynamics of Pinus lagunae M.-F Passini. Forest Ecology and Management. 134: 249～256.
90. Dong. M. (董鸣)1986. A preliminary demographic study of Pinus masoniana at Jinyun Mountain, Sichuan province. Acta Phytoecologica et Geobotanica Sinica (植物生态学与地植物学学报). 10(4): 283～293.
91. Douglass, A. E. 1914. A method for estimating rainfall by the growth of trees. In:Huntington E. ed. The climatic factors as illustrated in arid America. Lancaster,Pennsylvania: Carnegie Institute of Washington Publication. 192:101～121.
92. Douglass, A. E. 1920. Evidence of climatic effects in the annual rings of trees. Ecology. I: 24～32.
93. Duncan, R.P. 1993. Flood disturbance and the coexistence of species in lowland podocarp forest, south Westland Newland.Journal of Ecology 81:403～416.
94. Earle, C. J. 1993. Forest dynamics in a forest-tundra ecotone, Medicine Bow Mountains. Wyoming. Ph.D. thesis. University of Washington, Seattle.
95. Edwards. N. T. & Hanson, P. J. 1990. Stem respiration in closed canopy upland oak-forest.Tree Physiology. 16:433～439.
96. Emanuel. W. R.. Shugart.H. H. &Stevenson. M. L. 1985. Climatic change and the broad-scale distribution of terrestrial ecosystem complexes. Climatic Change. 7:29～43.
97. Frelich, L. E.& Graumlich. L.J. 1994, Age-class distribution and spatial patterns in an old-growth hemlock-hardwood forest. Canadian journal of forest research. 24: 1939～1947.
98. Fritts, H. C. & Guiot. J. 1989. Methods of calibration, verification and reconstruction, In:E.R. Cook and L.A. Kairiukstis (Eds.)"Methods of Dendrochronology". Dordrecht. Kluwer. pp. 163～218.
99. Fritts, H. C. 1969. Bristlecone pine in the White Mountains of California: growth and ring-width characteristics, In: Papers of the Laboratory of Tree-ring Research. University of Arizona, No. 4. Tucson. The University of Arizona Press..
100. Fritts, H. C. 1963. Computer programs for tree-ring research. Tree-Ring Bulletin. 25: 2～7.
101. Fritts, H. C. 1992. Dendrochrological modeling of the effects of climatic change on
tree-ring width chronologies from the Chaco Canyon area. southwestern United States.Tree-Ring Bulletin. 52:31～58.
102. Fritts, H. C. 1966. Growth-rings of trees: their correlation with climate. Science, 154:973～980.
103. Fritts, H. C. 1908. Quick help for PRECONK Version 5.17. Dendrochronological Modelling. Tucson. Arizona.
104. Frins, H. C. 1991. Rconstuction large-scale climate patterns from tree-ring data. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press.
105. Frins, H. C. 1974. Relationships of ring widths in arid-site confers to variations in monthly temperature and precipitation. Ecology Monograph. 44:411～440.
106. Fritts, H. C. 1976. Tree rings and climate. London: Academic Press. P534.
107. Fritts, H. C., Smith. D. G. & Stokes.M A. 1965a. The biological model for paleoclimatic interpretation of Mesa Verde tree-ring series.American Antiquity. 31:101～121.
108. Fritts. H. C., Smith. D. G.. Cardis. J.W. & Budelsky. C. A. 1965b. Tree-ring characteristics along a vegetation gradient in northern Arizona. Ecology. 46:393～401.
109. Ful(?) P. Z.. Covington. W.W.& Moore.M. M. 1997. Determining reference conditions for ecosystem management of southwestern ponderosa pine forests. Ecological Applications,7:895～908.
110. Gindl. W., Grabner. M. & Wimmer,R. 2000. The influence of temperature on latewood lignin content in treeline Norway spruce compared with maximum density and ring width. Trees. 14: 409～414.
111. Grace. J. & Norton. D.A. 1990. Chimate and growth of Pinus sylvestris at its upper limit in Scotland: evidence from growth-ring.Journal of Ecology. 78:601～610.
112. Graumlich, L. J. & Brubaker. L.B, 1986. Reconstruction of annual temperature (1590-1979)for Longmire. Washington. derived from tree rings. Quaternary Research. 25: 223～234.
113. Graumlich, L. J. 1993. A 1000-year record of temperature and precipitation in Sierra Nevada. Quaternary Research, 39: 249～255.
114. Graumlich. L. J. 1991. Subalpine tree growth, climate, and increasing CO_2: an assessment of recent growth trends. Ecology, 72:1～11.
115. Gray, B.M. 1982. Comment on transfer functions. In: Hughes, M,K., Kelly, J. R., P. M.. Pilcher, J. R. & LaMarche, V.C, (eds). Climate from tree rings. Pp. 56～58. Cambridge Cambridge, England. University Press.
116. Graybill, D. A. & Shiyatov. S. G. 1989. A 1009 year tree-ring reconstruction of mean June-July temperature deviations in the Polar Urals. In: Tree-Ring Bulletin. 1997. special issue (Reprinted from Nobel. R.D.. J. L. Martin & K.F. Jensen eds. 1989. Symposium on air pollution effects of vegetation. USDA forest service, northwestern forest experiment station. 37～42)
117. Green, K. & Wright, R. 1977. ,Field response of photosynthesis to CO_2 enhancement in ponderosa pine. Ecology, 58: 687～692.
118. Groisman, P. Y., Karl, T. R. & Knight, R. W. 1994. Observed impact of snow cover on the heat balance and the rise of continental spring temperatures. Science, 263: 198～200.
119. Guti(?)rrez, E. 1991. Climate tree-growth relationships for Pinus uncinata Ram. in the Spanish pre-Pyrenees. Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology, 12:213～225.
120. Hannerz, M. 1999. Evaluation of temperature models for predicting bud burst in Norway spruce. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 29:9～19.
121. Harcombe. P. A. & Marks, P. L. 1978. Tree diameter distributions and replacement processes and replacement processes in southeast Texas forests. Forest Science, 24:153 166.
122. Harcombe, P. A. 1987. Tree life tables: simple birth, growth, and death data encapsulate life histories and ecological roles. BioScience. 37: 557～568.
123. Harper.J.L. 1977. Population biology of plants. Academic Press Inc.. London.
124. Hett. J. M. & Loucks, O. L. 1976. Age structure models of balsarn fir and eastern hemlock. Journal of Ecology. 64: 1029～1044.
125. Hett. J. M. 1971. A dynamics analysis of age in sugar maple seedlings. Ecology.52:1071～1074.
126. Holla. T. A. & Knowles. P. 1988..Age structure analysis of a virgin white pine (Pinus strobus) population. Canadian Field Naturalist. 102:221～226.
127. Holmes,R.L., Stockton, C.W. & LaMaarche Jr.. V. C. 1979. Extension of river flow records in Argentina from living tree-ring chronologies. Water Resources Bulletin. 15:1081～1085.
128. Holmes. R. L. 1983. Computer-assisted quality control in tree-ring dating and mearesurement. Tree-Ring Bulletin, 43:69～78.
129. H(?)rnberg, G., Ohlson, M.& Zackrisson, O. 1995. Stand dynamics, regeneration patterns and long-term continuity in boreal old-growth Picea abies swamp forest. Journal of Vegetation Science. 6:291～298.
130. Hou, A. M. (侯爱敏) , S. L. Peng (彭少麟) & G. Y. Zhou (周国逸). 1999. The study of the reconstruction of tree rings to the climate change and its application. Ecologic Science(生态科学), 18:16～23.(in Chinese with English abstract)
131. Houghton, J.T., Meira Filho, L.G., Callander, B.A., Harris, N., Kattenberg, A. & Maskell, K. (Eds.). 1996. Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
132. Hughes, M. K. & Funkhouser, G. 2003. Frequency-dependent climate signal in upper and lower forest border tree rings in the mountains of the Great Basin. Climatic Change, 59:233～244.
133. Hughes, M. K., Kelly, P. M., Pilcher, J. R. & LaMarcher Jr, V. C. 1982. Climate from tree
rings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
134. Hughes, M. K., Schweingruber, F. H. 1984. Cartwright, D. & Kelly, P. M. July-August temperature at Edinburgh between 1721 and 1975 from tree-ring density and width data.Nature, 308:341～344.
135. Hughes. M. K., Wu, X. D.. Shao, X. M. & Garfin, G. M. 1994. A preliminary reconstruction of rainfall in North-central China since A. D. 1600 from tree-ring density and width. Quaternary Research. 42:88～99.
136. IGBP. 1990.The International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme: A Study of Global Change. The Initial Core Projects. Report 12. Stockjolm: IGBP.
137. Jacoby. G. C. & D'Arrige, R. 1989 Reconstructed northern hemisphere annual temperature since 1671 based on the high-latitude tree-ring data from the North America. Climatic Change. 14: 39～59.
138. Jacoby. G. C. & D'Arrigom R. D. 1997. Tree rings, carbon dioxide, and climate change.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 94: 8350～8353.
139. Jacoby. G. C., D'Arrigo, R. D. & Davaajamts, T. 1997. Mongolian tree rings and 20th-century warming. Science. 273:771～773.
140. Jenkins, M, A. & S. G. Pallardy. 1995.The influence of drought on red oak group species growth and mortality in the Missiuri Ozarks. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 25:1119～1127.
141. Jiang. G. M. (蒋高明). X. G. Han(韩兴国) & G. H. Lin(林光辉). 1997. Response of plant growth to elevated [CO2]: a review on the chief method sand basic conclusions based on experiments in the external countries in past decade. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica (植物生态学报). 21: 489～502. (in Chinese with English abstract)
142. Jiang. H. (江洪). 1992. The study on population ecology of Picea asperata. Beijing: Chinese Forestry Press. (in Chinese)
143. Johnson. E. A. & Fryer. G. I. 1989. Population dynamics in londgepole pine-Engelmann spruce forests. Ecology. 70: 1335～1345.
144. Johnson. E. A., Miyanishi, K. & Kleb. H. 1994. The hazards of interpretation of static age structures as shown by stand reconstructions in a Pinus contorta-Picea engelmannii forest. Journal of Ecology, 82:923～931.
145. Jones. P. D., Briffa, K. R. & Pilcher, J. R. 1984. River-flow reconstruction from tree rings in Southern Britain. Journal of Climatology, 4:461～472.
146. Kang, X. C. (康兴成), Graumlich, L. J. & Scheppard, P. 1997. The last 1835 years climates inferred from tree ring records in Dulan region. Qinghai. China. Quaternary Sciences (第四纪研究), 1: 70～75. (in Chinese with English abstract)
147. Kienast, F. & Luxmoore, R. J. 1988. Tree-ring analysis and conifer growth responses to increased atmospheric CO_2 levels. Oecologia, 76: 487～495.
148. Kienast. F.. Schweingruber, F. H., Br(?)ker, O. U. & Sch(?)r, E. 1987. Tree-ring studies on conifers along gradients and the potential of single-year analyses. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 17: 687～696.
149. Knowles. P. &Grant, M. C. 1983. Age and size structure analyses of Engelmann spruce, ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine, and limber pine in Colorado. Ecology. 64:1～9.
150. K(?)rner. Ch. & M. Diemer. 1987. In situ photosynthetic response to light, temperature and carbon dioxide in herbaceous plants from low and high latitude. Functional Ecology, 1:179～194.
151. K(?)rner. Ch. 1998. A re-assessment of high elevation treeline positions and their explanation. Oecologia, 115: 445～459.
152. Kullman. L. 2001.20th century climate warming and tree-limit rise in the southern Scandes of Sweden. Arnbio. 30: 72～80.
153. Kullman, L. 1990. Dynamics of altitudinal tree-limits in Sweden: A review. Norsk. Geografisk Tidsskrift, 44A: 103～116.
154. Kullman. L. 1987. Little Ice Age decline ora cold marginal Pinus sylvestris forest in the Swedish Scandes. New Phytologist. 106: 567～584.
155. Kullman, L. 1996a. Recent cooling and recession of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in the forest-alpine tundra ecotone of the Swedish Scandes. Journal of Biogeography. 23: 843～854.
156. Kullman. L. 2003. Recent reversal of Neoglacial climate cooling trend in the Swedish Scandes as evidenced by mountain birch tree-limit rise. Global and Planetary Change, 36:77～88.
157. Kullman, L. 1986. Recent tree-limit history of Picea abies in the southern Swedish Scandes. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 16:761～771.
158. Kullman, L. 1996b. Rise and demise of cold-climate Picea abies forest in Sweden. New Phytologist, 134:243～25
159. Kullman, L. 1993. Tree limit dynamics of Betula pubescens ssp. tortuosa in relation to climate variablity: evidence from central Sweden. Journal of Vegetation Science. 4:765 772.
160. Kullmam L. 1998. Tree-limits and montane forest in the Swedish Scandes: sensitive biomonitors of climate change and variability. Ambio, 27(4): 312～321.
161. LaDeau, S. L. & Clark, J. S. 2001. Rising CO_2 levels and the fecundity of forest trees.Science, 292: 95～98.
162. LaMarche, V. C. & Stockton, C.W. 1974.Chronologies from temperature-sensitive bristlecone pines at upper treeline in Western United States. Tree-Ring Bulletin, 34: 21～45.
163. LaMarche, V. C. Jr. & Hirschboeck, K. K. 1984b. Frost rings in trees as records of major
volcanic eruptions. Nature. 307:121～126.
164. LaMarche. V. C. Jr. 1974b. Frequency-dependent relationships between tree-ring series along an ecological gradient and some dendroclimatic implications, Tree-Ring Bulletin. 34:1～20.
165. LaMarche. V. C. Jr. 1974a. Paleoclimatic inferences from long tree-ring records. Science (Washington), 183:1043～1048.
166. LaMarche, V. C. Jr.. Graybill. D. A.. Fritts. H. C. & Rose. M. R. 1984a. Increasing atmospheric and carbon dioxide: tree ring evidence tbr growth enhancement in annual vegetation. Science. 225: 1019～1021.
167. Lan. T. (兰涛). B. Xia (夏冰) & S. A. He (贺善安). 1994. Tree ring analysis on relation of Pimts massoniunu growth to climate factors.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报), 5: 422～424. (in Chinese with English abstract)
168. Langvalla. O. Nilssonb. U. & (?)landera. G. 2001. Frost damage to planted Norway spruce seedlings-influence of site preparation and seedling type. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 141:223～235.
169. Larsen, C.P.S. & MacDonald. G.M. 1995. Relations between tree-ring widths, climate, and annual area burned in the boreal forest of Alberta. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 25:1746～1755.
170. Leak. A. B, 1975. Age distribution in Virgin Red and Northern Hardwoods. Ecology. 56:1451～1454.
171. Lemon. E. R. 1983. CO_2 and plants: the response of plants to rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Boulder. Colorado: Westview Press
172. Li. J. F. (李江风) & Y. J. Yuan (袁玉江). 1984. Affect of snow in the tree-ring. Journal of Xiujiang University(Nature Science)(新疆大学学报(自然科学版)). 2:85～92. (in Chinese with English abstract)
173. Li. J. F. (李江风). Y. J. Yuan (袁玉江) & X. Y. You (由希尧). 1997. 360 years runoff reconstruction in (?)r(?)mqi river basin using tree rings. Quaternary Sciences (第四纪研究). 2:131～146. (in Chinese with English abstract)
174. Li, J. F. (李江风), Y. J. Yuan (袁玉江) & X. Y. You (由希尧). 2000. The study on tree ring hydrology and its applications. Beijing: Science Press. (in Chinese)
175. Li, J. G. (李建(?)), C. D. Pan (潘存德), L. S. Zhou (周林生) & S. K. Peng (彭世揆). 2001a. Study on interspecific competition in Picea schrenkiana forest in Tianshan Mountain. Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University (新疆农业大学学报). 24: 1～6. (in Chinese with English abstract)
176. Li, J. G. (李建贵),C. D. Pan (潘存德). S. K. Peng (彭世揆) & C. S. Zhou (周林生). 2001b.Demography and survival analysis of Picea schrenkiana. Journal of Beijing Forest University (北京林业大学学报), 23: 84～86. (in Chinese with English abstract)
177. Liang, E. Y. 2001. A dendroecological study of Picea Meyeri. Ph.D dissertation. Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences. (in Chinese with English abstract)
178. Liang, E. Y., Shao, X. M., Hu. Y. X. & Lin, J. X. 2001. Dendroclimatic evaluation of climate-growth relationships of Meyer spruce (Picea meyeri) on a sandy substrate in semi-arid grassland, north China. Trees, 15: 230～235.
179. Lin. Z.G.(林之光). 1995. Terrain precipitation climatology. Beijing, Science Publishing House. (in Chinese)
180. Lipp. J.. Trimborn. P., Edwards, T. W. D.. Graf. W. & Becket. B. 1996 .Climate signals in ~2H and ~(13)C chronology (1882-1989) from tree rings of spruce (Piceu abies L.). schussbach forest. Germany. In: Dean. J. S.. M. Meko & T. W. Swetnam eds. Tree rings, environment and humanity. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 603～610.
181. Liu. H. B. (刘洪滨) & X. M. Shao (邵雪梅). 2000. Reconstruction of early-spring temperature at Zhen an from 1755 using tree ring chronology. Acta Meteorologica Sinica (气象学报). 58:223～233. (in Chinese with English abstract)
182. Liu. H.B.(刘洪滨) X.D.Wu(吴祥定)&X.M. Shao(邵雪梅).1996.A preliminary study on climate change research during historical time using image analysis of tree ring in Kangding area. Sichuan province. Geographical Research (地理研究). 15: 44～51. (in Chinese with English abstract)
183. Lloyd. A. H. & Graumlich. k. J. 1997. Holocene dynamics of treeline forests in the Sierra Nevada. Ecology. 78:1199～1210.
184. Lorimer. C. G. 1980..Age structure and disturbance history of a sounthern Appalachian virgin forest. Ecology. 61:1169～1184.
185. Lucier. A. A.. Warnick, W. L. & Hyink. D.M. 1989. Possible bias in tree ring time series due to mortality. F. For., 87:31～32.
186. M(?)kinen, H.. N(?)jd. P. & Mielikiiinen. K. 2001. Climatic signal in annual growth variation in damaged and healthy stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L) Karst.) in south Finland.Trees. 15: 177～185.
187. Marco. C. & Carlo. U. 2001. Spatial analysis of structural and tree-ring related parameters in a timberline forest in the Italian Alps. Journal of Vegetation Science. 12:643～652.
188. Mast, J. N.. Ful(?). P. Z., Moore, M. M., Covington, W. W. & Waltz, A. E. M. 1999. Restoration of presettlement age structure of an Arizona ponderosa pine forest. Ecological Applications, 9: 228～239.
189. McClenahen, J. R. 1995. Potential dendroecological approaches to understanding forest decline. In: Lewis, T. E. (ed.). Tree rings as indicators of ecosystem health. Florida: CRC Press. P59～79.
190. Meko, D. M. 1981. Applications of Box-Jenkins Methods of time series analysis to the reconstruction of drought from tree rings. PH.D. Dissertation. University of Arizona,
Tucson, AZ, USA.
191. Meko, D.M., Stockton, C.W. & Boggess, W.R. 1980. A tree-ring reconstruction of drought in southern California. Water Resources Bulletin, 16: 594～600.
192. Miles, J. 1979. Vegetation dynamics. London: Chapman and Hall.
193. Moiseev, P. A. 2002. ,Effect of Climatic Changes on Radial Increment and Age Structure Formation in High-Mountain Larch Forests of the Kuznetsk Ala Tau. Russian Journal of Ecology, 33(1):7～13. (Translated from Ekologiya, No. 1. 2002. pp. 10～17.)
194. Mooney, H. A.. Wright, R. D. & Strain. B. R. 1964. The gas exchange capacity of plants in relation to vegetation zonation in the White Mountains of California. American Midland Naturalist. 72:281～297.
195. Mueller-Dombois. D. 1987. Natural dieback in forests. BioScience. 37:575～583.
196. Nicolussi. K., Bortenschlager, S. & Korner. C. 1995. Increase in tree-ring width in subalpine Pinus cerebra from the central Alps that may be CO_2-related. Trees.9:181～189.
197. Norton. D. A. 1985. A dendrochronological study of Nothofagus solandri tree growth along an elevational gradient, South Island. New Zealand. In: Turner. H. & Tranquillini. W.(eds). Establishment and Tending of Subalpine Forest: Research and Management. Swiss Federal Institute of Forestry Research. Report 270. pp 159～171.
198. Norton. D.A. 1984. Tree-growth-climate relationships in subalpine Nothofagus forests.South Island. New Zealand. Zealand Journal of Botany. 22:471～481.
199. Nowack. G.J. & Abrams,M.D.1997 Radial-growth averaging criteria forr reconstructing disturbance histories from presettlement-origin oaks. Ecological Monographs.67:225～249.
200. Oberhuber. W.. Stumb(?)ck. M. & Kofler. W. 1998. Climate-tree-growth relationships of Scots pine stands (Pinus sylvestris L.) exposed to soil dryness. Trees. 13:19～27.
201. Oberhuber. W.. Stumb(?)ck, M. & Kofler. W. 1998. Climate-tree-growth relationships of Scots pine stands (Pinus sylvestris L.) exposed to soil dryness. Trees. 13: 19～27.
202. Odum, E. P. 1971. 《生态学基础》．北京：高等教育出版社
203. Overpeck. J., Hughen, K.. Hardy. D., Bradley. R.. Case. R.. Douglas. M.. Finney. B..Gajewski. K., Jacoby, G., Jennings. A., Lamoureux. S.. Lasca, A.. MacDonald. G.. Moore. J., Retelle, M., Smith, S., Wolfe, A. & Zielinski, G. 1997. Arctic environmental change of the last four centuries. Science, 278:1251～1256.
204. Parker, M. L. & Henoch, W. E. S. 1971. The use of Englishmann spruce latewood density for dendrochronological purposes. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 1: 90～98.
205. Payette, S. & Filion, L. 1985. White spruce expansion at the tree line and recent climatic change. Candinan Journal of Forest Research, 15:241～251.
206. Payette, S. & Lavoie, C. 1994. Recent fluctuations of the lichen-spruce forest limit in subarctic Quebec. Journal of Ecology, 82:725～734.
207. Peet, R.K., Christensen, N.L. 1987. Competition and tree death. BioScience, 37. 586～594.
208. Peterson, D.W. & Peterson, D.L. 1994. Effects of climates on radial growth of subalpine conifers in the North Cascade Mountains.Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 24:1921 1932.
209. Pittock. A.B. 1982. Climatic reconstruction from tree-rings. In: Hughes. M.K.. Kelly, J. R..P. M., Pilcher. J.R., and LaMarche, V.C. (eds). Climate from tree rings. Cambridge,England,Cambridge University Press. Pp. 247～258.
210. Polge H. 1970. The use of X-ray densitometric methods in dendrochronology. Tree-Ring Bulletin, 30:1～10.
211. Repo. T. 1992. Seasonal changes of frost hardiness in Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris in Finland. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 22:1949～1957.
212. Rogers. H. H., Thomas. J. F. & Bingham. G. E. 1983. Response of agronomic and forest species to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide. Science, 220:428～429.
213. Rolland. C. 1993. Tree-ring and climate relationships for Abies alba in the internal Alps.Tree-Ring Bulletin, 53:1～11.
214. Savva. Y.. Schweingruber. F.. Milyyutin. L.& Vaganov. E. 2002. Genetic and environmental signals in tree rings from different provenances of Pinus sylvestris L. planted in the southern taiga, central Siberia. Trees. 16:313～324.
215. Schulman. E. Dendroclimatic changes in semiarid America. 1956. Tucson. University of Arizona press. Pp1～195.
216. Schweingruber. F. H. 1996. Tree rings and environment: Dendroecology. Berne: Paul Haupt Publishers. Pp21～39.
217. Schweingruber. F. H. 1988. Tree rings: basics and applications of dendrochronology. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publisher.
218. Shao, X. M. (邵雪梅) & X. D. Wu.(吴祥定). 1994. Tree-ring chronologies for Pinus armandi Franch from Huashan. China. Acta Geographica Sinica (地理学报). 2:174～181.(in Chinese with English abstract)
219. Shao, X. M. (邵雪梅). 1997. Advancements in dendrochronology. Quaternary Sciences (第四纪研究), 3: 265～271. (in Chinese with English abstract)
220. Shao, X. M.(邵雪梅) & J. M. Fan(范金梅). 1999. Past climate oll west Sichuan Plateau as reconstructed from ring-width of dragon spruce. Quaternary Sciences (第四纪研究), 1: 81～89. (in Chinese with English abstract)
221. Shen, Z.H. (沈泽昊), J. Y. Fang (方精云). Z. L. Liu (刘增力) & J. Liu (伍杰). 2001.Structure and dynamics of Abies fabri population near the alpine timberline in Hailuo Clough of Gongga Mountain. Acta Botanica Sinica (植物学报), 43(12): 1288～1293. (in Chinese with English abstract)
222. Sheppard, P. R., Graumlich, L. J. & Conkey, L. E. 1996. Reflected-light image analysis of conifer tree rings for reconstructing climate. Holocene, 6:62～68.
223. Skoglund. J.& Verwijst. T. 1989.Age structure of woody species population in relation to seed. germination and establishment along the river Dal(?)lven. Sweden. Vegetatio.82:25～34.
224. Solomon.A.M.1986.Transient response of forests to CO_2-induced climate change: simulation modeling experiments in eastern North America. Oecologia (Berlin). 68: 567～579.
225. Stahle. D. W.. Cleaveland, M. K.. Blanton. D. B.. Therrell. M. D. & Gay. D. A. 1998. The lost colony and Jamestown droughts. Science. 280:564～567.
226. Stahle. D.W.. Cleaveland. M.K. & Hehr. J.G. 1985. A 450-year drought reconstruction for Arkansas. United States. Nature. 316: 530～532.
227. Steele. B. & Fiedler. C. 1996. Kalman filter analysis of growth-climate relations in old-growth Pondersa pine/Douglas-fir stands. In: Dean. J. S.. D. M. Meko & T. W. Swetnam (eds.). Tree rings, environment and humanity. Tucson: Department of Geoscience. the University of Arizona. Pp303～314.
228. Stewart. G. H. & Rose. A. B. 1989. Conifer regeneration failure in New Zealand. dynamics of montane Libocedrus bidwillii stands. Vegetatio. 79:41～49.
229. Stewart. G. H. & Rose. A. B. 1990. The significance of life history strategies in the development history of mixed beech (Nothofagus) forests. New Zealand. Vegetatio.87:101～114.
230. Stewart. G. H. 1986. Population dynamics of a montane conifer forest, western Cascade Range. Oregon. USA. Ecology. 67:534～544.
231. Stokes, M. A. & Smiley. T. L. 1968. An introduction to tree-ring dating. Chicago: the University of Chicago Press. Pp 37～46.
232. Svensson. J.S. & Jeglum. J.K. 2001. Structure and dynamics of an undisturbed old-growth Norway spruce forest on the rising Bothnian coastline. Forest Ecology and Management. 151: 67～79.
233. Swetnam. T. W. 1993. Fire history and climate chanoe in giant Sequoia Groves. Science. 262:885～889.
234. Szeicz. J. M. & Macdonald. G. M. 1996. A 930-year ring-width chronology from moisture-sensitive white spruce (Picea glauca Moench) in the northwestern Canada, The Holocene, 6:345～351.
235. Szeicz. J. M. & MacDonald, G. M. 1995b. Dendroclimatic reconstruction of summer temperatures in northwestern Canada since A.D. 1638 based on age-dependent modeling.Quaternary Research, 44: 257～266.
236. Szeicz, J. M. & Macdonald, G. M. 1995a. Recent white spruce dynamics at the subartic alpine treeline of north-western Canada. Journal of Ecology. 83:873～885.
237. Szeicz, J.M. & MacDonald, G. M. 1994. Aged-dependent growth responses of subartic white spruce to climate. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 24: 120～132.
238. Takahashi, K., Azuma, H. & Yasue, K. 2003.Effects of climate on the radial growth of tree species in the upper and lower distribution limits of an altitudinal ecotone on Mount Norikura, central Japan. Ecological Research. 18:549～558.
239. Tardif. J. & Bergeron, Y. 1997. Comparative dendroclimatological analysis of two blank ash and two white cedar population from contrasting sites in the lake Duparquet region,northwestern Quebec. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 27:108～116.
240. Tardif J. & Conciatori,F. 2001. Comparative analysis of the climatic response of seven boreal tree species from northwestern Quebec,Canada. Tree-ring Research.57(2):169～181.
241. Tessier. L. 1989. Spatio-temporal analysis of climate-tree ring relationships. New Phytologist. 11: 517～4529.
242. Thetford. R.D., D'Arrigo. D. & Jacoby. G.C. 1991.An image analysis for determining dendsitomotric and ring-width time series. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 21:544～549.
243. Vaganov. E. A. & Kachaev. A. 1992. Construction and usage of a complex model to illustrate the relationship between tree increment and wheat crop yield. Lundqua Report. 34: 327～330.
244. Vaganov. E. A. 1990. Method for forecasting grain yield with the aid of dendrochronological data. Soviet Journal of Ecology. 20: 139～146.
245. Vaganov. E. A., Hughes. M. K.. Kirdyanov. A. V., Schweingruber. F. H. & Silkin. P. P. 1999. Influence of snowfall and meh timing on tree growth in subarctic Eurasia. Nature. 400: 149～151.
246. van Andel. J. 1975. A study on the population dynamics of the perennial plant species Chamaenerion angustifolium(L.) Scop. Oecologia. 19:329～337.
247. Van Deusen. P. C. & Reams. G. A. 1996. Bayesian Procedures tbr reconstructing past climate. In: Dean. J. S., D. M. Meko & T. W. Swetnam (eds.) Tree rings, environment and humanity. Tucson: Department of Geoscience, the University of Arizona. Pp335～339.
248. Van Deusen, P. C. 1990. Evaluating time-dependent tree ring and climate relations. Journal of Environmental Quality, 19:481～488.
249. Veblen, T. T., Handley, K. S. & Reid. M. S. 1991a. Disturbance and stand development of a Colorado subalpine forest. Journal of Biogeography, 18:707～716.
250. Veblen, T. T., Handley, K. S., Reid, M. S. & Rebertus, A.J. 1991b. Methods of detecting past spruce beetle outbreaks in Rocky Mountain subalpine forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 21:242～254.
251. Villalba, R., Boninsegna, J.A., Veblen, T.T., Schmelter, A. & Rubulis. S. 1997. Recent trends in tree-ring records from high elevation sites in the Andes of northern Patagonia.Climatic Change, 36:425～454.
252. Wang, B.S. (王伯荪), M.G. Li (李鸣光), S.L. Peng (彭少麟). 1995. Phytopopulology (植
物种群学). Guangzhou: Guangdong Higher Eduacation Press.
253. Wang. M.(王淼),S.J. Bai(白淑菊).D.L. Tao(陶大立)&J.P. Shan (单建平).1995.Effect of rise in air-temperature on tree ring growth of forest on Changbai Moutain.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报)，6：128～132(in Chinese with English abstract)
254. Wang. Y. (王燕) & S. D. Zhao (赵士洞). 2000. Productivity pattern of Picea schrenkiana var. Tianshanica forest. Acta Phytoecologia Sinica (植物生态学报), 24 (2): 186～190. (in Chinese with English abstract)
255. Weisberg. P. J. & Baker, W. L. 1995. Spatial variation in tree regeneration in the forest-tundra ecotone. Rocky Mountain National Park. Colorado. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 25: 1326～1330.
256. Wigley, T.M.L., Briffa. K.R. & Jones. P.D. 1984. On the average values of correlated time series, with applications in dendroclimatology and Hydrometeorology. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology. 23:201～213.
257. Wiles. G. C.. D'Arrigo. R. D. & Jacoby. G. C. 1996. Temperature changes along the Gulf of Alaska and the Pacific northwest coast modeled from coastal tree rings. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 26:474～481.
258. Wimmer. R. & Grabner. M. 1997. Effects of climate on vertical resin duct density and radial growth of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Trees. 11:271～276.
259. Wimmer. R. &. Grabner. M 2000. A comparison of tree-ring features in Picea abies as correlated with climate. International Association of Wood Anatomists. 21:403～416.
260. Woodwell. G. M.. Hobble. J. E.. Houghton. R. A.. Melillo, J. M.. Moore. B.. Peterson B. J. & Shaver. G. R. 1983. Global deforestation: contribution to atmospheric carbon dioxide. Science. 222:1081～1086.
261. Wratten. S. D. & Fry. G. L. A. 1980. Field and laboratory exercises in ecology. London: Edward Arnold.
262. Wu. X. D. (吴祥定). 1990. Tree rings and climate change. Beijing: Meteorology Press. (in Chinese)
263. Xia. B. (夏冰), F. Deng (邓飞). K. Zhou (周康), Q. Wang (王谦) & X. Dong (董旭). 2001.A case study on the verification of density of forest disturbance through tree-ring analysis.Journal of Plant Resources and Environment (植物资源与环境学报). 10: 1～6, (in Chinese with English abstract)
264. Xia. B, (夏冰), S. A. He (贺善安) & T. Lan (兰涛). 1994. A preliminary study on the relationships between tree rings of Pinus massoniana Lamb. and local crop yield. Journal of Plant Resources and Environment (植物资源与环境), 3: 27～32. (in Chinese with English abstract)
265. Xie, K. Q. (谢昆青) & Z. Y. Li(李志尧). 2000. Method of scanning image analysis for
tree-ring research and its application in environmental change. Quaternary Sciences(第四纪研究), 20: 259～269. (in Chinese with English abstract)
266. Xie, Z.Q. (谢宗强), W.L. Chen (陈伟烈), P. Lu (路鹏), D. Hu (胡东). 1999. The demography and age structure of the endangered plant population of Cathaya argyrophylla. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 19 (4): 523～528. (in Chinese with English abstract)
267. Xiong. L, Okada, N & Fujiwara, T. 2000. The dendrochrnological potential of the species in the Three Gorges Reservoir region of China. International Association of Wood Anatomists. 21:181～196.
268. Xiong. L. & Palmer. J.G. 2000. Reconstruction of New Zealand temperatures back to AD 1720 using Libocedrus bidwillii tree rings. Climate Change. 45.339～359.
269. Yadav. R. R. & Singh, J. 2002. Tree-ring analysis of Taxus Baccat from the western Himalaya. India, and its dendroclimatic potential. Tree-ring research. 58 (1/2): 23～29.
270. Yamaguchi, D. K., Atwater, B. F., Buunker. D. E.. Benson, B. E. & Reid. M. S. 1997. Tree-ring dating the 1700 Cascadia earthquake. Nature. 389:822～823.
271. Yoder, B.J., Ryan. M.G., Waring. R.H., Schoettle. A.W. & Kaufinann. M.R. 1994.Evidence of reduced photosynthetic rates in old trees. Forest Science. 40:513～527.
272. Yuan Y. J. (袁玉江) & J. F. Li (李江风), 1999. Reconstruction and analysis of 450 years winter temperature series in the (?)r(?)mqi river source of Tianshan Mountains.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology (冰川冻土), 1: 64～70. (in Chinese with English abstract)
273. Yuan Y..I. (袁玉江). 1987. Forecasting climatic output of spring-wheat in Altay county by using of tree-ring chronologies. Bimonthly of Xinjiang meteorology (新疆气象),10:16～19. (in Chinese with English abstract)
274. Yuan. Y. J, (袁玉江). J. F. Li (李江风). R. J. Hu(胡汝骥). C. H. Liu (刘潮海). K.Q.Jiao (焦克勤) & Z.Q. Li (李忠勤). 2001. Reconstruction of precipitation in the recent 350a from tree-rings in the middle Tianshan Mountains. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology (冰川冻土), 23 (1): 34～40.
275. Zhang. Q. B., Cheng, G. D.. Yao, T.D., Kang. X.C & Huang, J.G. 2003. A 2.326-year tree-ring record of climate variability on the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Geophysical Research Letters, 30 (14): 1739～1742.
276. Zhang, Y. S. (张瑛山), X. L. Wang (王学兰) & L.S. Zhou (周林生). 1980. Primary study on biomass of Picea schrenkiana. Journal of Xinjiang August 1st Agriculture College (新疆八一农学院学报),3:19～25. (in Chinese)
277. Zhang, Z. H. (张志华), X. D. Wu (吴祥定) & J. Li (李骥).1996. Utilizing tree ring chronologies to reconstruct 300-year drought days in eastern Tianshan Mountains. Quarterly Journal of Applied Meteorology (应用气象学报)，7: 53～60. (in Chinese with English abstract)