特殊结构铜系单质及复合物纳米材料的液相制备与理论研究
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摘要
我们从简单Cu纳米粒子入手,系统的研究了包括Cu单质、Cu及其氧化物复合物、二元金属复合物等多个体系的简单液相合成及相应的反应机理。在室温还原制备Cu单质的反应中,通过采用引入痕量Ni以稳定Cu的方法制备出了纯度高、稳定性好的Cu微纳米粉体。并且通过提高Ni加入量得到了均相的Cu-Ni双金纳米粒子。在研究了金属粒子的稳定性之后,具有特殊方形笼状结构的Cu纳米材料则被用一种简单快速的水相合成方法所制备出来。同时,通过对反应机理的深入研究可知该特殊结构得于其自模板形貌遗传过程,并受动力学控制。在对Cu系复合材料的研究中,首先利用原位沉积方法合成得到了Cu_2O/SiO_2八面体核壳纳米材料,并且该材料在其核壳界面处形成了新的化学键Cu-O-Si键。在对其反应机理进行研究之后,我们准确的描述出该核壳结构形成过程。并且利用Cu_2O自身的歧化反应,也得到了具有可动多核核壳结构的Cu/SiO_2复合材料。对Cu_2O/SiO_2体系进行扩展,采用液相水解沉积的方法,经历预水解及主体水解过程,又合成出厚度可控的Cu_2O/TiO_2八面体核壳材料。作为对Cu金属纳米材料的补充,双金复合材料的合成工作也被扩展。除了前面的Cu-Ni双金纳米粒子,又尝试利用金属间置换反应对方形Cu纳米笼进行处理来制备Cu-Ag二元金属纳米复合材料。
In the work of this paper, we synthesized a series of copper and cuprous composites nanomaterials by using a simple solution chemical method. The reaction systems we studied include Ni stabilized Cu micro-nanoparticles, cubic Cu nanocages, Cu_2O/SiO_2 and Cu/SiO_2 octahedral core-shell nanocomposites, Cu_2O/TiO_2 and Cu/TiO_2 core-shell materials and Cu-Ag bimetallic nanocomposites. And on the basis of experiment and characterization, we also did an in-depth study on the mechanism of each reaction system.
First, High purity Cu micro-nano powders have been synthesized by addition of trace Ni in aqueous-phase at room temperature. On the basis of electrode reactions, this trace Ni used as seeds to accelerate the reduction of Cu and as anodic protection agent to keep Cu products pure and stable. The obtained Ni stabilized Cu particles were about 300 nm in size with a high purity and stability. Moreover, Cu-Ni alloy nanoparticles with a size of about 50 nm have been synthesized under the similar reaction system and it was found that the formation of alloy nanoparticles was affected much by the adding order of agents.
Second, we show a fast approach to the synthesis of cubic Cu nanocages in higher yield through a wet chemical reductive procedure. The performing reductive reactions from Cu (II) to Cu (0) in the aqueous phase can be finished in few minutes at the low temperature of 80°C. The resultant cubic Cu cages are aggregates of Cu nanoparticles with 200 nm in edge lengths and the inclusive nanoparticles are about 20 nm in size. According to the inspection of the Cu nanostructure-forming mechanism, we suggest that the reduction intermediate of roughly solid Cu_2O cubes formed in this strategy served as a spontaneous shape-controlled template and the cubic structure of the Cu nanostructures was evolved by morphology heredity from them. And this process is kinetically controlled growth, as the collaborated performance of Kirkendall effect and Ostwald ripening. In our work, we suggest that cubic Cu nanocages transform to hollow spheres if the reaction time is long enough, and the result of long time experiment has also support our viewpoint. Though, the cubic Cu cage is a structure metastable toward hollow spherical materials, the rapidly formed Cu products are stable in morphology both in solution and as powders in restrained reaction time.
Third, Cu_2O/SiO_2 core–shell nanocomposites have been synthesized in water solution. During an in situ deposition process, a compact SiO_2 shell 9 nm in thickness is located at the surfaces of Cu_2O octahedral. On the basis of zeta potential study and IR character we presumed, dynamic absorbing and disengaging of Na+ at the interface of Cu_2O octahedra and the solution made it possible for the deposition of SiO_2 and dehydration of molecules made the formation of Cu–O–Si bonds between core and shell in the composites. This is the reason why the SiO_2 shell is so compact and uniform. As a result of reaction time-dependent and concentration-dependent experiments, it can be said that the thickness of the SiO_2 shell in our strategy is controllable in a determined range by adjusting the reaction time or the concentration of Na2SiO3. Moreover, these Cu_2O/SiO_2 core–shell octahedra were further used as precursors, depending on a simple disproportionation reaction of Cu_2O in acid, to easily achieve Cu/SiO_2 movable multicore–shell octahedral nanocomposites. The reaction was also controlled Kirkendall effect, and the thin SiO_2 octahedral shell was held in the final Cu/SiO_2 core–shell composite, inside of which formed several free Cu nanoparticles 50–80 nm in size.
As an extension of Cu_2O/SiO_2 core-shell composites system, we also synthesized Cu_2O/TiO_2 octahedral core-shell composites in ethanol phase. In this system, fresh synthesized Cu_2O octahedra were used as precursors and the deposited process composed two hydrolyzing step: the primary hydrolyzing by surface absorbed water on the surface of Cu_2O octahedra and the follow main hydrolyzing by adding water/ethanol solution. This method is favor for formation of uniform integrated TiO_2 shells and their thickness can be controlled by adjusting the ratio of water/ethanol (W/E). According to the surface photovoltage spectroscopy of the Cu_2O/TiO_2 composites, we think the material would have a potential application in photocatalysis and photoelectric transition. Furthermore, Cu/TiO_2 composites have also been obtained by us.
Last, we studied the system of Cu-Ag metallic nanocomposites. Cubic Cu nanocages were used here as precursor, and we synthesized Cu-Ag nanocomposites with uniform unit structure by simple replacement reaction between metals. We also studied the effect of method used on morphology of products. Inside, we showed a new method of using spontaneous separation process, instead of centrifuge or leaching, which can avoid the congregate of particles and make the resultants more uniform during the further displacement reaction.
It can be said the 5 systems contracted with each other, which consummated the study of copper and cuprous composites nanomaterials. Beside the products were obtained, our work also showed a theoretical significance on the solution synthesis of nanomaterials. The synthesized methods used here were simple and the obtained copper and cuprous composites nanomaterials can be potential applied in areas as electronic devices, molecular catalysis and energy conversion.
In the work of this paper, we synthesized a series of copper and cuprous composites nanomaterials by using a simple solution chemical method. The reaction systems we studied include Ni stabilized Cu micro-nanoparticles, cubic Cu nanocages, Cu_2O/SiO_2 and Cu/SiO_2 octahedral core-shell nanocomposites, Cu_2O/TiO_2 and Cu/TiO_2 core-shell materials and Cu-Ag bimetallic nanocomposites. And on the basis of experiment and characterization, we also did an in-depth study on the mechanism of each reaction system.
First, High purity Cu micro-nano powders have been synthesized by addition of trace Ni in aqueous-phase at room temperature. On the basis of electrode reactions, this trace Ni used as seeds to accelerate the reduction of Cu and as anodic protection agent to keep Cu products pure and stable. The obtained Ni stabilized Cu particles were about 300 nm in size with a high purity and stability. Moreover, Cu-Ni alloy nanoparticles with a size of about 50 nm have been synthesized under the similar reaction system and it was found that the formation of alloy nanoparticles was affected much by the adding order of agents.
Second, we show a fast approach to the synthesis of cubic Cu nanocages in higher yield through a wet chemical reductive procedure. The performing reductive reactions from Cu (II) to Cu (0) in the aqueous phase can be finished in few minutes at the low temperature of 80°C. The resultant cubic Cu cages are aggregates of Cu nanoparticles with 200 nm in edge lengths and the inclusive nanoparticles are about 20 nm in size. According to the inspection of the Cu nanostructure-forming mechanism, we suggest that the reduction intermediate of roughly solid Cu_2O cubes formed in this strategy served as a spontaneous shape-controlled template and the cubic structure of the Cu nanostructures was evolved by morphology heredity from them. And this process is kinetically controlled growth, as the collaborated performance of Kirkendall effect and Ostwald ripening. In our work, we suggest that cubic Cu nanocages transform to hollow spheres if the reaction time is long enough, and the result of long time experiment has also support our viewpoint. Though, the cubic Cu cage is a structure metastable toward hollow spherical materials, the rapidly formed Cu products are stable in morphology both in solution and as powders in restrained reaction time.
Third, Cu_2O/SiO_2 core–shell nanocomposites have been synthesized in water solution. During an in situ deposition process, a compact SiO_2 shell 9 nm in thickness is located at the surfaces of Cu_2O octahedral. On the basis of zeta potential study and IR character we presumed, dynamic absorbing and disengaging of Na+ at the interface of Cu_2O octahedra and the solution made it possible for the deposition of SiO_2 and dehydration of molecules made the formation of Cu–O–Si bonds between core and shell in the composites. This is the reason why the SiO_2 shell is so compact and uniform. As a result of reaction time-dependent and concentration-dependent experiments, it can be said that the thickness of the SiO_2 shell in our strategy is controllable in a determined range by adjusting the reaction time or the concentration of Na2SiO3. Moreover, these Cu_2O/SiO_2 core–shell octahedra were further used as precursors, depending on a simple disproportionation reaction of Cu_2O in acid, to easily achieve Cu/SiO_2 movable multicore–shell octahedral nanocomposites. The reaction was also controlled Kirkendall effect, and the thin SiO_2 octahedral shell was held in the final Cu/SiO_2 core–shell composite, inside of which formed several free Cu nanoparticles 50–80 nm in size.
As an extension of Cu_2O/SiO_2 core-shell composites system, we also synthesized Cu_2O/TiO_2 octahedral core-shell composites in ethanol phase. In this system, fresh synthesized Cu_2O octahedra were used as precursors and the deposited process composed two hydrolyzing step: the primary hydrolyzing by surface absorbed water on the surface of Cu_2O octahedra and the follow main hydrolyzing by adding water/ethanol solution. This method is favor for formation of uniform integrated TiO_2 shells and their thickness can be controlled by adjusting the ratio of water/ethanol (W/E). According to the surface photovoltage spectroscopy of the Cu_2O/TiO_2 composites, we think the material would have a potential application in photocatalysis and photoelectric transition. Furthermore, Cu/TiO_2 composites have also been obtained by us.
Last, we studied the system of Cu-Ag metallic nanocomposites. Cubic Cu nanocages were used here as precursor, and we synthesized Cu-Ag nanocomposites with uniform unit structure by simple replacement reaction between metals. We also studied the effect of method used on morphology of products. Inside, we showed a new method of using spontaneous separation process, instead of centrifuge or leaching, which can avoid the congregate of particles and make the resultants more uniform during the further displacement reaction.
It can be said the 5 systems contracted with each other, which consummated the study of copper and cuprous composites nanomaterials. Beside the products were obtained, our work also showed a theoretical significance on the solution synthesis of nanomaterials. The synthesized methods used here were simple and the obtained copper and cuprous composites nanomaterials can be potential applied in areas as electronic devices, molecular catalysis and energy conversion.
引文
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