永安竹类植物生物多样性及其保护研究
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摘要
竹亚科是植物分类系统中较为复杂的类群,也是生物多样性保护体系中的重要环节,并具有重要的经济价值。国内外对竹类植物生物多样性及其保护研究的专题报道极少,由此可见,竹类植物生物多样性是我国生物多样性及其保护研究中的薄弱环节。本研究在对竹类植物生物多样性的研究进行回顾的基础上,选择县级区域——永安,对竹类植物生物多样性进行了较为系统的研究。
经过调查,永安天然分布的竹类植物有11属63种(含变种、变型),属种分别占中国数的28.2%和11.4%,占全省数的64.7%和48.8%。其中红舌唐竹、湖南箬竹、毛箨茶秆竹、黄槽毛竹4种,为福建省竹类分布新记录。珍稀竹类植物种类较多,稀有竹种有永安少穗竹、橄榄竹、黄槽毛竹、绿槽毛竹、斑苦竹。渐危竹种有早园竹、花毛竹、少穗竹、糙花少穗竹、毛箨茶秆竹、薄箨茶秆竹、湖南箬竹、红舌唐竹。
经过类群分析表明,永安的竹类植物以单轴散生和复轴混生的竹种为主,分别占本区竹类植物总种数的49.2%和39.7%。有明显的由丛生竹向散生竹过渡特性,是散生竹类和混生竹类的分布中心。除了箣竹属、唐竹属、寒竹属、玉山竹属种类较少外,其余7个属种数都超过全省种数的50%以上,特别是茶秆竹属、箬竹属、倭竹属的种数达到全省种数的80%以上,可以认为永安是福建省竹类植物重要的基因库。
区系地理分析表明,永安竹类植物有5个分布区类型(含亚型)。其中东亚成分占首位,占本区总属数的54.6%,占总种数的68.3%,具有明显的温带分布性质,兼有少量热带性质,寓意着竹类区系的过渡性质。
经过类群分析,永安天然分布竹种中,单轴散生型竹类和复轴混生型竹类所占比例明显高于全国及福建省水平,表明本区竹类区系是一个较为年轻的区系。
永安天然分布的竹类植物特有成份较高,不但竹种的特有成份较为丰富,而且属的特有性也较高。南平倭竹、福建倭竹、福建酸竹、少穗竹、福建茶秆竹、薄箨茶秆竹、永安少穗竹为福建特有种。特别是永安少穗竹,目前仅发现分布于永安个别乡镇,为永安特有种。含有若干个华东及邻近地区的特有属,有少穗竹属、酸竹属、玉山竹属等3个,占全省属数的17.6%,占全国竹类特有属总数的30%。
对不同类型毛竹林植物物种多样性的研究,发现毛竹林内物种是丰富的,但较大部分物种易受人为干扰影响。经过调查发现,群落不同层次,不同的干扰强度,物种多样性指数水平是不一样的;木本植物物种多样性指数,竹阔混交林＞竹针混交林＞毛竹纯林,人类干扰强度小的竹林＞干扰强度中等的竹林＞干扰强度大的竹林;林下草本植物物种多样性指数,竹针混交林＞毛竹纯林＞竹阔混交林,干扰强度中等的竹林＞干扰强度小的竹林＞干扰强度大的竹林;竹阔混交林向毛竹纯林转型时,林下木本植物部分丧失,而草本植物可能增加,也可能减少。
本区原生竹林主要有暖性竹林和温性竹林2种类型,共有23个群系。
Bambusoideae is a much more complicated type in plant classification system, it is also an important link in biodiversity protective system, and has important value of economy. The special report of the bamboo biodiversity and its protection research was very few in domestic and overseas, and it is the weak link of our country's biological diversity and its protection research. This topic based on the review of the research of bamboo biodiversity, it was selected the county region ~ Yong'an city and carried on a systematic research of the bamboo biodiversity.
By the investigation, the natural distribution of bambusoideae in Yong'an city have 11 genus and 63 species(included changed variety and form), in which the genus and species account for 28.2 % and 11.4% of China, and in which the genus and species account for 64.7% and 48.8% of the whole province. Among them, four species of Sinobambusa rubroligula, Indocalamus hunanensis, Pseudosasa maculifera var. hirsuta and Phyllostachys heterocycla cv. Luteosulcata are the new record of bamboo distribution in Fujian province. The category of rare bamboo plant is much more, the rare bamboo including Oligostachyum yonganensis, Acidosasa gigantean, Phyllostachys heterocycla cv. Luteosulcata, Ph. heterocycla cv viridisulcata, Pleioblastus maculatus, the threatened bamboo including Ph. propinqua,Ph. heterocycla cv. Tao Kiang, Oligostachyum sulcatum , O. scabriflorum , Pseudosasa maculifera var. hirsuta, Ps. amabilis var. tenuis , Indocalamus hunanensis and Sinobambusa rubroligula.
By the analysis of types, it can be indicated that the major bamboo plant in Yong'an city are monopodial—scattered and sympodial—mixed species,they respectively account for 49.2% and 39.7% of the total number of this area's bamboo plant. Obviously, having an transitive characteristic from cluster bamboo to scattered bamboo is the distributive center of cluster bamboo and mixed bamboo. Excepting for the less species of Bambusa、Sinobambusa、Chimomobambusa and Yushania, the rest 7 genus are more than 50% of the whole province, especially the Pseudosasa、Indocalamus and Shibataea are more than 80% of the whole province, thus we can say the Yong'an city is the important bamboo plant's gene bank in Fujian province.
Floristic analysis indicated that there are 5 distributive types of Bambusoideae in Yong'an city.(contains a sub-type).Among them, the East Asia shares the first position, accounted for 54.6% of this area's total number, accounted for 68.3%of the total species, it obviously has the property of distribution in temperate zone, and has a little property of tropical zone, it means the property of the transition in Bambusoideae.
By the analysis of types, it can be indicated that in the natural bamboo distribution of Yong'an city , monopodial—scattered and sympodial—mixed species have obviously high ratio in the level of the whole country and Fujian province, it shows that the flora of bambusoideae in Yong'an city is a younger flora.
The natural distribution of Bambusoideae in Yong'an city has a higher specific element, not only has much abundant specific element of bambusoideae species,but also has a higher specific element of bambusoideae genus. Shibataea lanceifilia var. nanpingtnsis, Sh. fujianica, Acidosasa notata, Oligostachyum sulcatum,Pseudosasa amabilis var. convexa、Ps. amabilis var. tenuis, and Oligostachyum yonganensis were endemic elements in Fujian, especially Oligostachyum yonganensis,it was only founded in some villages of Yong'an city, it was endemic genus of Yong'an city. Including some endemic genera in east of china and nearby areas, there are three genera of Oligostachyum, Acidosasa and Yushania.They account for 17.6% of the total gengra in Fujian province and account for 30% of the total endemic gengra in china.
The species diversity of different moso bamboo stands were researched at Yong'an, Fujian Province, which was main distribution region of moso bamboo. The results were showed as follows:(l) the species species in moso bamboo stands was abandant but lots of species were endangered; (2) Has been investigated to discover, different layers of community, different management have different species diversity level; (3)The numerical relationship of species diversity index at moso bamboo stands of different type were bamboo mixed stand with hardwood > bamboo mixed stand with conifer > pure bamboo stand, and extensive management bamboo stand >mid-intensive management bamboo stand > intensive management bamboo stand at the tree and shrub layer;(4)The numerical relationship of species diversity at herbage layer were bamboo mixed stand with conifer > pure bamboo stand > bamboo mixed stand with hardwood and mid-intensive mangament bamboo stand > extensive management bamboo stand > intensive management bamboo stand;(5) When bamboo mixed stands with hardwood were turned into pure bamboo stands, lots of tree species under canopy would be lost easily, but the amount of herbage species under canopy might be inceased or decreased too.
The dominant original bamboo in Yong'an city are warm temperate and cold temperate bamboo forest, and have 23 growth forms in common.
经过调查,永安天然分布的竹类植物有11属63种(含变种、变型),属种分别占中国数的28.2%和11.4%,占全省数的64.7%和48.8%。其中红舌唐竹、湖南箬竹、毛箨茶秆竹、黄槽毛竹4种,为福建省竹类分布新记录。珍稀竹类植物种类较多,稀有竹种有永安少穗竹、橄榄竹、黄槽毛竹、绿槽毛竹、斑苦竹。渐危竹种有早园竹、花毛竹、少穗竹、糙花少穗竹、毛箨茶秆竹、薄箨茶秆竹、湖南箬竹、红舌唐竹。
经过类群分析表明,永安的竹类植物以单轴散生和复轴混生的竹种为主,分别占本区竹类植物总种数的49.2%和39.7%。有明显的由丛生竹向散生竹过渡特性,是散生竹类和混生竹类的分布中心。除了箣竹属、唐竹属、寒竹属、玉山竹属种类较少外,其余7个属种数都超过全省种数的50%以上,特别是茶秆竹属、箬竹属、倭竹属的种数达到全省种数的80%以上,可以认为永安是福建省竹类植物重要的基因库。
区系地理分析表明,永安竹类植物有5个分布区类型(含亚型)。其中东亚成分占首位,占本区总属数的54.6%,占总种数的68.3%,具有明显的温带分布性质,兼有少量热带性质,寓意着竹类区系的过渡性质。
经过类群分析,永安天然分布竹种中,单轴散生型竹类和复轴混生型竹类所占比例明显高于全国及福建省水平,表明本区竹类区系是一个较为年轻的区系。
永安天然分布的竹类植物特有成份较高,不但竹种的特有成份较为丰富,而且属的特有性也较高。南平倭竹、福建倭竹、福建酸竹、少穗竹、福建茶秆竹、薄箨茶秆竹、永安少穗竹为福建特有种。特别是永安少穗竹,目前仅发现分布于永安个别乡镇,为永安特有种。含有若干个华东及邻近地区的特有属,有少穗竹属、酸竹属、玉山竹属等3个,占全省属数的17.6%,占全国竹类特有属总数的30%。
对不同类型毛竹林植物物种多样性的研究,发现毛竹林内物种是丰富的,但较大部分物种易受人为干扰影响。经过调查发现,群落不同层次,不同的干扰强度,物种多样性指数水平是不一样的;木本植物物种多样性指数,竹阔混交林＞竹针混交林＞毛竹纯林,人类干扰强度小的竹林＞干扰强度中等的竹林＞干扰强度大的竹林;林下草本植物物种多样性指数,竹针混交林＞毛竹纯林＞竹阔混交林,干扰强度中等的竹林＞干扰强度小的竹林＞干扰强度大的竹林;竹阔混交林向毛竹纯林转型时,林下木本植物部分丧失,而草本植物可能增加,也可能减少。
本区原生竹林主要有暖性竹林和温性竹林2种类型,共有23个群系。
Bambusoideae is a much more complicated type in plant classification system, it is also an important link in biodiversity protective system, and has important value of economy. The special report of the bamboo biodiversity and its protection research was very few in domestic and overseas, and it is the weak link of our country's biological diversity and its protection research. This topic based on the review of the research of bamboo biodiversity, it was selected the county region ~ Yong'an city and carried on a systematic research of the bamboo biodiversity.
By the investigation, the natural distribution of bambusoideae in Yong'an city have 11 genus and 63 species(included changed variety and form), in which the genus and species account for 28.2 % and 11.4% of China, and in which the genus and species account for 64.7% and 48.8% of the whole province. Among them, four species of Sinobambusa rubroligula, Indocalamus hunanensis, Pseudosasa maculifera var. hirsuta and Phyllostachys heterocycla cv. Luteosulcata are the new record of bamboo distribution in Fujian province. The category of rare bamboo plant is much more, the rare bamboo including Oligostachyum yonganensis, Acidosasa gigantean, Phyllostachys heterocycla cv. Luteosulcata, Ph. heterocycla cv viridisulcata, Pleioblastus maculatus, the threatened bamboo including Ph. propinqua,Ph. heterocycla cv. Tao Kiang, Oligostachyum sulcatum , O. scabriflorum , Pseudosasa maculifera var. hirsuta, Ps. amabilis var. tenuis , Indocalamus hunanensis and Sinobambusa rubroligula.
By the analysis of types, it can be indicated that the major bamboo plant in Yong'an city are monopodial—scattered and sympodial—mixed species,they respectively account for 49.2% and 39.7% of the total number of this area's bamboo plant. Obviously, having an transitive characteristic from cluster bamboo to scattered bamboo is the distributive center of cluster bamboo and mixed bamboo. Excepting for the less species of Bambusa、Sinobambusa、Chimomobambusa and Yushania, the rest 7 genus are more than 50% of the whole province, especially the Pseudosasa、Indocalamus and Shibataea are more than 80% of the whole province, thus we can say the Yong'an city is the important bamboo plant's gene bank in Fujian province.
Floristic analysis indicated that there are 5 distributive types of Bambusoideae in Yong'an city.(contains a sub-type).Among them, the East Asia shares the first position, accounted for 54.6% of this area's total number, accounted for 68.3%of the total species, it obviously has the property of distribution in temperate zone, and has a little property of tropical zone, it means the property of the transition in Bambusoideae.
By the analysis of types, it can be indicated that in the natural bamboo distribution of Yong'an city , monopodial—scattered and sympodial—mixed species have obviously high ratio in the level of the whole country and Fujian province, it shows that the flora of bambusoideae in Yong'an city is a younger flora.
The natural distribution of Bambusoideae in Yong'an city has a higher specific element, not only has much abundant specific element of bambusoideae species,but also has a higher specific element of bambusoideae genus. Shibataea lanceifilia var. nanpingtnsis, Sh. fujianica, Acidosasa notata, Oligostachyum sulcatum,Pseudosasa amabilis var. convexa、Ps. amabilis var. tenuis, and Oligostachyum yonganensis were endemic elements in Fujian, especially Oligostachyum yonganensis,it was only founded in some villages of Yong'an city, it was endemic genus of Yong'an city. Including some endemic genera in east of china and nearby areas, there are three genera of Oligostachyum, Acidosasa and Yushania.They account for 17.6% of the total gengra in Fujian province and account for 30% of the total endemic gengra in china.
The species diversity of different moso bamboo stands were researched at Yong'an, Fujian Province, which was main distribution region of moso bamboo. The results were showed as follows:(l) the species species in moso bamboo stands was abandant but lots of species were endangered; (2) Has been investigated to discover, different layers of community, different management have different species diversity level; (3)The numerical relationship of species diversity index at moso bamboo stands of different type were bamboo mixed stand with hardwood > bamboo mixed stand with conifer > pure bamboo stand, and extensive management bamboo stand >mid-intensive management bamboo stand > intensive management bamboo stand at the tree and shrub layer;(4)The numerical relationship of species diversity at herbage layer were bamboo mixed stand with conifer > pure bamboo stand > bamboo mixed stand with hardwood and mid-intensive mangament bamboo stand > extensive management bamboo stand > intensive management bamboo stand;(5) When bamboo mixed stands with hardwood were turned into pure bamboo stands, lots of tree species under canopy would be lost easily, but the amount of herbage species under canopy might be inceased or decreased too.
The dominant original bamboo in Yong'an city are warm temperate and cold temperate bamboo forest, and have 23 growth forms in common.
引文
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