重要植物疫害的检测鉴定及分子系统学研究
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摘要
有害生物入侵已成为对生物多样性构成严重威胁的第二大因素,仅次于生态环境的破坏,引起世界各国普遍关注。我国是农产品贸易的第四大进口国和第五大出口国,是全球受外来生物入侵影响最大的国家之一,随着我国对外贸易的进一步扩大,植物及其产品的调运日趋频繁,伴随着旅游业的大发展,外来有害生物入侵的形势愈加严峻,已经成为危害我国生物多样性、生态环境和国民经济的一个十分重要和紧迫的问题。加强口岸检疫,构筑防范外来疫害入侵的第一道屏障,对保障我国农业生产安全,服务于农产品的出口和国内贸易具有重大的现实意义。
近年来,顺应城市园林绿化和农牧业的需求,国外大量草种进入我国,尤其早熟禾、黑麦草、雀麦、紫羊茅和翦股颖等禾本科草种进口量大,它们是腥黑粉菌的重要寄主,腥黑粉菌严重影响其产量和品质,其中小麦矮腥黑穗病(Tilletia controversa Kuhn, TCK)是我国规定禁止进境的植物检疫性有害生物,既为害小麦,又感染多种禾本科草种。这些草种还传带其它在我国尚未发生的腥黑粉菌,作为土传种带真菌病害,一旦传入,防治、根除非常困难。本研究建立了黑麦草上3种具网纹状、冬孢子形态相似的腥黑粉菌TCK、T. lolii及T. vankyi的三重PCR检测方法,用于检测菌丝和冬孢子基因组DNA,实现对三种腥黑粉菌的同时检测,降低了检测成本,便于口岸推广应用；建立了雀麦上T.bromi的分子检测方法,用于检测菌丝和冬孢子基因组DNA；建立了翦股颖上T. sphaerococca和TCT菌丝的双重PCR和冬孢子的套式双重PCR检测方法；建立了紫羊茅上T. vankyi分子检测方法,用于检测菌丝和冬孢子基因组DNA；建立了早熟禾上T.sp.和T. fusca菌丝的双重PCR和冬孢子的套式双重PCR检测方法,并基于IGS1基因的Tilletia属的系统进化分析显示T.sp.与T. bromi的亲缘关系较近,与T. fusca亲缘关系相对较远；针对禾本科草籽上2种腥黑粉菌新种T. vankyi和T. puccinelliae进行了形态学及萌发生理特性的研究。研究结果被纳入2篇新种发布的文献；并进行了2个新种基于IGS1基因序列的系统进化分析,结果与2篇新种发布文献的结论一致；建立了黑麦草、雀麦、翦股颖、紫羊茅和早熟禾5类禾本科草种上腥黑粉菌的检疫鉴定程序。
大豆是我国重要的粮食作物,近年来进口量激增。菜豆荚斑驳病毒(Bean pod mottle virus,bpMV)是我国规定禁止进境的植物检疫性病毒,能导致大豆品质降低和产量下降,可随种子进行远距离传播,是大豆上一种非常重要的种传病害,我国未分布。本研究针对进口大豆BPMV的检测,建立了一步法RT-PCR和一步法实时荧光RT-PCR检测方法。依据BPMV的外壳蛋白编码基因设计了特异引物和特异Taqman探针,特异引物的扩增片段约为500bp,阳性质粒的实时荧光PCR方法的检测下限为20fg/μL,是一步法RT-PCR方法的100倍,检测时间由至少8h缩短至4h,一步法实时荧光RT-PCR方法具有快捷、灵敏、准确和简便的特点,适于口岸检测；种脐色斑与病毒携带相关性分析表明,种脐褐色斑驳的大豆种子BPMV检测呈阳性,大豆花叶病毒(Soybean mosaic virus, SMV)检测呈阴性,种脐黑色斑驳的大豆种子SMV检测呈阳性,BPMV检测呈阴性,种脐褐色斑驳的大豆种子DAS-ELISA检测表明不携带其它8种大豆种传病毒；基于BPMV的外壳蛋白编码基因的系统进化分析表明从进境美国大豆截获的BPMV分离物可能归属于亚组Ⅱ。
美国白蛾(Hypantria cunea Drury)是世界性检疫害虫,适应性强,食性杂,给森林树种、园林绿化树种及果树造成严重危害。线粒体基因组具有基因组小、基因组成稳定、普遍为母性遗传和较少发生重组等特点,成为基因组学和进化研究的理想材料。相对于鳞翅目庞大的类群,已测定的鳞翅目线粒体基因组的种类非常有限,因此,对鳞翅目线粒体基因组进行测序和分析,对揭示鳞翅目线粒体基因组的进化以及研究鳞翅目超家族间复杂的系统发育关系具有重要意义。本研究对美国白蛾进行了线粒体基因组全序列的测定,其线粒体全基因组序列为15481bp,环状双链,具有鳞翅目线粒体基因组典型的基因构成和顺序；其tRNAMet基因易位到tRNAIle基因的5′端上游位置,与果蝇中推定的昆虫祖先基因排列存在差异；mtDNA组成偏好于碱基A和T,AT含量高达80.38%,其AT组成偏好性呈现出弱阳性(0.010),表明AT碱基中偏好使用A；13个蛋白编码基因中,除COI之外的所有蛋白编码基因均以典型的ATN作为起始密码子,美国白蛾的COI基因起始密码子暂定为CGA,13个蛋白编码基因中有4个采用了不完整的T或者TA作为终止密码子；tRNASer(AGN)的二氢尿嘧啶臂(DHU)不能形成稳定的茎环结构,其他所有的tRNAs都具有线粒体tRNA典型的三叶草二级结构；在tRNASer(AGN)和ND1之间的基因间隔区序列具有鳞翅目保守的ATACTAA模序；美国白蛾357bp的A+T富集区由非重复性序列构成,其特征序列包括ATAGA模序后紧随18bp的poly-T stretch, ATTTA模序后紧随的微卫星样的(AT)8单元,最后是一个11bp的poly-A位于tRNAMet基因上游；根据已有鳞翅目昆虫线粒体基因组序列进行的系统发育分析表明,三种夜蛾总科昆虫中,美国白蛾与舞毒蛾亲缘关系较近,与大袋蛾亲缘关系较远,结果还支持夜蛾总科(美国白蛾、舞毒蛾和大袋蛾)与尺蛾总科(桑尺蠖)是单系发生的假说,然而凤蝶总科(褐脉粉蝶、苎麻珍蝶和纹蝶)处于鳞翅目单系的基部,这一结果与传统分类结论不同。
高梁属中有重要的粮食作物和优良牧草,也有我国规定禁止进境的三种检疫性杂草假高粱、黑高粱和丝克高粱。根据GenBank中高粱Sorghum bicolor的adh1全基因设计引物,扩增并测定了8个植物材料约2000bp的adhl基因部分序列,结合GenBank中24个Sorghum属种的同源序列,分别构建了MP、ML和NJ三种分子进化树,得到了基本相同的拓扑结构,结果表明：(1)高梁属可明显分为三大支,一支是Eusorghum亚属,一支是Chaetosorghum和Heterosorghum两个亚属,这两个分支包含2n=20、40,染色体较小的种类,另一分支包括Parasorghum和Stiposorghum两个亚属,包含2n=10的种类和它们的多倍体近缘种,染色体相对较大；(2)Eusorghum亚属中,三种检疫性杂草S. halepense、S. almum、S. silk与其它形态近似种S. bicolor及其亚种S. arundinaceum、S.sudanense、S. propinquum聚为一类,与形态学的研究结论一致,S. silk、S. sudanense和S. almum表现出较近的亲缘关系；(3)S. almum的Adh1基因表现出明显的地理分化；(4)Parasorghum亚属的S. purpureosericeum和S. versicolor、S. nitidum和S. leiocladum聚在一起,而该亚属中的S. matarankense、S. grande、S. timorense却与亚属Stiposorghum的种聚在一起,表现出更近的亲缘关系；(5)S. macrospermum和S. laxiflorum之间具有最近的亲缘关系。
本研究建立了口岸经常截获、已对我国农业生产造成现实威胁的5类禾本科草种上腥黑粉菌、大豆种传菜豆荚斑驳病毒的分子检测技术,用于口岸近缘种及株系的甄别、国内田间病害早期诊断和疫情动态监测,并对网状腥黑粉菌、菜豆荚斑驳病毒、美国白蛾、高粱属中3种检疫性杂草进行了分子系统学研究。研究结果有助于从分子水平阐明种间的系统进化关系及病毒的株系分化,不仅具有重大的理论意义,同时在农业植保实践中也具有重要的应用价值,以明确其分类地位,补充和完善传统分类方法,为检疫提供分子水平依据。本研究对于增强我国防范农业植物外来疫害入侵和扩散的检疫监控能力,提高我国农业植物疫害生物检验检疫整体水平,确保农产品的生产安全,促进农产品顺利出口具有重要的政治意义和经济意义。
Pest invasion has been becoming a hot research field all over the world, because it has been the second most severe threat to biodiversity. China has grown up to be the fourth largest importer and the fifth largest exporter of agricultural trade, and one of the countries which are affected most by biological invasion. As the further expansion of foreign trade, import and export of plants and their products have become more and more frequent. Then, the controlling of invasive species has been becoming an important and urgent issue which is severe hazards to biological diversity, ecological environment and the national economy. To solve this big issue, the first barrier is to strengthen customs inspection and quarantine to protect the safety of agricultural production. Therefore, new techniques with higher accuracy and efficiency developed for this purpose will be great practical significance to our agricultural domestic trade and export.
In recent years, with the need of urban landscape and animal husbandry, a large quantity of Gramineae grass seeds has been imported from abroad, especially bluegrass, ryegrass, brome, red fescue and bentgrass, which are one of the most important hosts of smut fungi. The yield and quality of agriculture products are seriously affected by Tilletia fungi, of which wheat dwarf bunt Tilletia controversa is a quarantine pest prohibited to enter China. T. controversa endangers the wheat and infects many Gramineae grass seeds which may carry Tilletia species without occurring in my homeland. As soil-borne and seed-infected fungi pathogens, Once introduced it will be very difficult to prevent and eradicate them. To strengthen the port inspection and quarantine to smut fungi, we developed a more sensitive and efficient technique—triple PCR—to detect three Tilletia species infecting ryegrass T. controversa、T. lolii and T. vankyi which are very similar in reticulate-spored morphology. This technique can be applied to detect three smut fungi at the same time, which significantly reduces the cost in distinguishing them. Also, the molecular diagnostic methods were developed to identify T. bromi on brome grasses and T. vankyi on red fescue by using the DNA samples from either the mycelia or the teliospores isolated from grasses. Novel techniques of double PCR for hyphal genomic DNA and nested-double PCR for teliospores were developed to identify T. sphaerococca and TCT on bent grasses. Furthermore, the Novel techniques of double PCR and nested-double PCR were applied to successfully distinguish the T. sp. and T. fusca on bluegrasses. Moreover, we did the phylogenetic analysis based on the Tilletia IGS1 gene, which shows that T. sp. has closer genetic distance to T. Bromi, but farther genetic distance to T. fusca relatively. The morphological and physiological characteristics of germination of teliospores of two new Tilletia species T. vankyi and T. puccinelliae were studied and the results were brought into two papers about the two new species. And the phylogenetic analysis based on the Tilletia IGS1 gene were carried out to characteristic the two new species. Our results showed that they are consistent with the conclusion from two papers about the two new species. In conclusion, the identification protocols are successfully developed to identify the smut fungi from these five Gramineae grasses.
Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) is a very important crop and has been imported into China on a large scale recently. Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV, Genus: Comovirus, Family:Comoviridae) is an important seedborne virus in soybean, causing quality and yield loss seriously due to seed coat mottling and seed weight reduction. Therefore, it is an important quarantine pest for China. BPMV is not original from China, but has been intercepted frequently from imported soybean from USA. For detection of BPMV in imported soybean, the specific primers and Taqman probe were designed based on the coding gene of BPMV coat protein (cp) and one step RT-PCR and one step real-time fluorescent RT-PCR methods were developed. The aplicon of one step RT-PCR was about 500bp, and the detection limit for real-time fluorescent PCR was 20fg/μL of positive cloning plasmid, while that was 100-fold higher than that of RT-PCR, and the detection duration shortened from at least 8h to 4h. The quick, sensitive, accutate and convenient detection method of one step real-time fluorescent RT-PCR for BPMV has been successfully established in this study and it is adaptive greatly to port detection. In addition, the relationship between hilum pigmentation and the virus infection was carried out with above molecular method and DAS-ELISA assay. Our results suggest that the color of hilum is correlated with virus infection, and BPMV was detected from soybean with brown hilum, but not black hilum. Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) was detected from soybean with black, not brown hilum. Also, other eight viruses were not detected from the soybean with brown hilum with DAS-ELISA test. The phylogenetic analysis based on the BPMV cp gene was carried out to study the strain differentiation. The result suggests that the BPMV isolates infected imported soybean from USA may be belong to subgroup II.
The fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea Drury (Lepidoptera:Arctiidae), is a severe invasive and quarantine pest all over the world which has a wide range of habitats. It is a polyphagus pest that feeds on about 175 species of broad leaf trees in China, which has caused serious damage to forest trees throughout its range and appears to be continuing to spread. It also damages the roadside and garden trees around urban areas. Mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) is usually used for determining population structure, phylogenetic relationships and general evolutionary events because of its small genome size, stable gene content, uniparental inheritance, and lack of extensive recombination and the accelerated rate of nucleotide substitution. However, limited mitogenomes, representing only a few families in this species-rich insect order, have been sequenced. Therefore, characterization of more lepidopteran mitogenomes is needed to address evolutionary questions and traits, and to probe into the phylogenetic relationships among the lepidopteran superfamilies. In this study, the complete mitogenome of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera:Arctiidae) was determined. The genome is a circular molecule 15 481bp. It presents a typical gene organization and order for completely sequenced lepidopteran mitogenomes. As found in all sequenced lepidopteran mitogenomes, by the translocation of tRNAMet to a position 5'upstream of tRNAIle, the placement of tRNAMet of H. cunea differs from that of Drosophila yakuba, the hypothesized ancestral gene order of insects. The nucleotide composition of the genome is also highly A+T biased, accounting for 80.38%, with a slightly positive AT skewness (0.010), indicating the occurrence of more As than Ts, as found in the Noctuoidea species. All protein-coding genes (PCGs) are initiated by ATN codons, except for COI, which is tentatively designated by the CGA codon as observed in other lepidopterans. Four of 13 PCGs harbor the incomplete termination codon, T or TA. All tRNAs have a typical clover-leaf structure of mitochondrial tRNAs, except for tRNASer (AGN), the DHU arm of which could not form a stable stem-loop structure. The intergenic spacer sequence between tRNASer(AGN) and ND1 also contains the ATACTAA motif, which is conserved across the Lepidoptera order. The H. cunea A+T-rich region of 357bp is comprised of non-repetitive sequences, but harbors several features common to the Lepidoptera insects, including the motif ATAGA followed by an 18bp poly-T stretch, a microsatellite-like (AT)8 element preceded by the ATTTA motif, Finally, an llbp poly-A present immediately upstream tRNAMet. The phylogentic analyses of the available lepidopteran species support view that the H. cunea is closer related to the Lymantria dispar than Ochrogaster lunifer, and support the hypothesis that Noctuoidea (H. cunea, L. dispar, and O. lunifer) and Geometroidea (Phthonandria atrilineata) are monophyletic. However, in the phylogenetic trees based on mitogenome sequences among the lepidopteran superfamilies, Papillonoidea (Artogeia melete, Acraea issoria, and Coreana raphaelis) joined basally within the monophyly of Lepidoptera, which is different to the traditional classification.
In the genus Sorghum, there are some important grain crops and economically and ecologically important forage grasses together with three agricultural quarantine weed pests which are S. halepense, S. almum and S. silk. In the present study, Total DNA from the seeds of eight plant materials was extracted, and the Adh1 gene analogues about 2 OOObp long were obtained by PCR strategy using specific primers designed from conserved regions of Adh1 gene reported in the GenBank (AF050456). All PCR products were cloned and sequenced. Based on these sequences and 24 sequences registered in the GenBank, the phylogenetic trees constructed by multiple methods (MP, ML and NJ) supported nearly the same topology. Our molecular results show that:(1) there are obviously three lineages for genus Sorghum. One including two subgenera Chaetosorghum and Heterosorghum, and the second being subgenus Eusorghum, consist of 2n=20 and 2n=40 species with small chromosomes, and the third containing two subgenera Parasorghum and Stiposorghum comprises 2n=10 species and their polyploid relatives with relatively large chromosomes; (2) In subgenus Eusorghum, three quarantine weed pests S. halepense, S. almum and S. silk stay together with morphologically similar species such as S. bicolor and its subspecies S. arundinaceum, S. sudanense and S. propinquum, which is in accordance with the results of morphological study. And S. silk is closer to S. sudanense and S. almum. (3) there lies geographical divergence between the S. almum populations obviously; (4) S. purpureosericeum, S. versicolor, S. nitidum and S. leiocladum belonging to subgenus Parasorghum clust together, but S. matarankense, S. grande and S. timorense belonging to the same subgenus clust with the species of subgenus Stiposorghum and have shown closer relationship to subgenus Stiposorghum; (5) S. macrospermum shows more closely related to S. laxiflorum than the other species of the genus Sorghum. These relationships between Sorghum species provide an important guide for plant breeders to exploit wider Sorghum genepool through crosses between wild and cultivated species in an effort to improve Sorghum production, and are helpful in port detections of the three quarantine weed pests.
In this study, molecular detection techniques were developed to detect smut fungi on five kinds of imported Gramineae grasses, and BPMV infecting soybean. These techniques could be applied to port-related species and trains sreening, early diagnosis of diseases of the domestic field and dynamic monitoring of the epidemic in agriculture. And molecular systematic analyses of reticulate-spored Tilletia spp, BPMV, fall webworm and three quarantine weeds in sorghum were carried out. These pests have interceptd regularly in port detection and so have caused a real threat to agriculture. Our results help to clarify the molecular level phylogenetic relationships among species and strain differentiation of virus, not only of great theoretical significance, also of practice significance in plant protection in agriculture. Our techniques and results have important applications in clarifying taxonomic status, supplementing and improving the traditional morphological classification at molecular level. This study will improve our agricultural plants against harmful alien invasion and spread of epidemic and quarantine monitoring capabilities. Also it can improve agricultural inspection and quarantine of plant quarantine pests overall level of agricultural production to ensure safety and promote the smooth export of agricultural products. This has important political significance and economic significance to our agriculture development.
近年来,顺应城市园林绿化和农牧业的需求,国外大量草种进入我国,尤其早熟禾、黑麦草、雀麦、紫羊茅和翦股颖等禾本科草种进口量大,它们是腥黑粉菌的重要寄主,腥黑粉菌严重影响其产量和品质,其中小麦矮腥黑穗病(Tilletia controversa Kuhn, TCK)是我国规定禁止进境的植物检疫性有害生物,既为害小麦,又感染多种禾本科草种。这些草种还传带其它在我国尚未发生的腥黑粉菌,作为土传种带真菌病害,一旦传入,防治、根除非常困难。本研究建立了黑麦草上3种具网纹状、冬孢子形态相似的腥黑粉菌TCK、T. lolii及T. vankyi的三重PCR检测方法,用于检测菌丝和冬孢子基因组DNA,实现对三种腥黑粉菌的同时检测,降低了检测成本,便于口岸推广应用；建立了雀麦上T.bromi的分子检测方法,用于检测菌丝和冬孢子基因组DNA；建立了翦股颖上T. sphaerococca和TCT菌丝的双重PCR和冬孢子的套式双重PCR检测方法；建立了紫羊茅上T. vankyi分子检测方法,用于检测菌丝和冬孢子基因组DNA；建立了早熟禾上T.sp.和T. fusca菌丝的双重PCR和冬孢子的套式双重PCR检测方法,并基于IGS1基因的Tilletia属的系统进化分析显示T.sp.与T. bromi的亲缘关系较近,与T. fusca亲缘关系相对较远；针对禾本科草籽上2种腥黑粉菌新种T. vankyi和T. puccinelliae进行了形态学及萌发生理特性的研究。研究结果被纳入2篇新种发布的文献；并进行了2个新种基于IGS1基因序列的系统进化分析,结果与2篇新种发布文献的结论一致；建立了黑麦草、雀麦、翦股颖、紫羊茅和早熟禾5类禾本科草种上腥黑粉菌的检疫鉴定程序。
大豆是我国重要的粮食作物,近年来进口量激增。菜豆荚斑驳病毒(Bean pod mottle virus,bpMV)是我国规定禁止进境的植物检疫性病毒,能导致大豆品质降低和产量下降,可随种子进行远距离传播,是大豆上一种非常重要的种传病害,我国未分布。本研究针对进口大豆BPMV的检测,建立了一步法RT-PCR和一步法实时荧光RT-PCR检测方法。依据BPMV的外壳蛋白编码基因设计了特异引物和特异Taqman探针,特异引物的扩增片段约为500bp,阳性质粒的实时荧光PCR方法的检测下限为20fg/μL,是一步法RT-PCR方法的100倍,检测时间由至少8h缩短至4h,一步法实时荧光RT-PCR方法具有快捷、灵敏、准确和简便的特点,适于口岸检测；种脐色斑与病毒携带相关性分析表明,种脐褐色斑驳的大豆种子BPMV检测呈阳性,大豆花叶病毒(Soybean mosaic virus, SMV)检测呈阴性,种脐黑色斑驳的大豆种子SMV检测呈阳性,BPMV检测呈阴性,种脐褐色斑驳的大豆种子DAS-ELISA检测表明不携带其它8种大豆种传病毒；基于BPMV的外壳蛋白编码基因的系统进化分析表明从进境美国大豆截获的BPMV分离物可能归属于亚组Ⅱ。
美国白蛾(Hypantria cunea Drury)是世界性检疫害虫,适应性强,食性杂,给森林树种、园林绿化树种及果树造成严重危害。线粒体基因组具有基因组小、基因组成稳定、普遍为母性遗传和较少发生重组等特点,成为基因组学和进化研究的理想材料。相对于鳞翅目庞大的类群,已测定的鳞翅目线粒体基因组的种类非常有限,因此,对鳞翅目线粒体基因组进行测序和分析,对揭示鳞翅目线粒体基因组的进化以及研究鳞翅目超家族间复杂的系统发育关系具有重要意义。本研究对美国白蛾进行了线粒体基因组全序列的测定,其线粒体全基因组序列为15481bp,环状双链,具有鳞翅目线粒体基因组典型的基因构成和顺序；其tRNAMet基因易位到tRNAIle基因的5′端上游位置,与果蝇中推定的昆虫祖先基因排列存在差异；mtDNA组成偏好于碱基A和T,AT含量高达80.38%,其AT组成偏好性呈现出弱阳性(0.010),表明AT碱基中偏好使用A；13个蛋白编码基因中,除COI之外的所有蛋白编码基因均以典型的ATN作为起始密码子,美国白蛾的COI基因起始密码子暂定为CGA,13个蛋白编码基因中有4个采用了不完整的T或者TA作为终止密码子；tRNASer(AGN)的二氢尿嘧啶臂(DHU)不能形成稳定的茎环结构,其他所有的tRNAs都具有线粒体tRNA典型的三叶草二级结构；在tRNASer(AGN)和ND1之间的基因间隔区序列具有鳞翅目保守的ATACTAA模序；美国白蛾357bp的A+T富集区由非重复性序列构成,其特征序列包括ATAGA模序后紧随18bp的poly-T stretch, ATTTA模序后紧随的微卫星样的(AT)8单元,最后是一个11bp的poly-A位于tRNAMet基因上游；根据已有鳞翅目昆虫线粒体基因组序列进行的系统发育分析表明,三种夜蛾总科昆虫中,美国白蛾与舞毒蛾亲缘关系较近,与大袋蛾亲缘关系较远,结果还支持夜蛾总科(美国白蛾、舞毒蛾和大袋蛾)与尺蛾总科(桑尺蠖)是单系发生的假说,然而凤蝶总科(褐脉粉蝶、苎麻珍蝶和纹蝶)处于鳞翅目单系的基部,这一结果与传统分类结论不同。
高梁属中有重要的粮食作物和优良牧草,也有我国规定禁止进境的三种检疫性杂草假高粱、黑高粱和丝克高粱。根据GenBank中高粱Sorghum bicolor的adh1全基因设计引物,扩增并测定了8个植物材料约2000bp的adhl基因部分序列,结合GenBank中24个Sorghum属种的同源序列,分别构建了MP、ML和NJ三种分子进化树,得到了基本相同的拓扑结构,结果表明：(1)高梁属可明显分为三大支,一支是Eusorghum亚属,一支是Chaetosorghum和Heterosorghum两个亚属,这两个分支包含2n=20、40,染色体较小的种类,另一分支包括Parasorghum和Stiposorghum两个亚属,包含2n=10的种类和它们的多倍体近缘种,染色体相对较大；(2)Eusorghum亚属中,三种检疫性杂草S. halepense、S. almum、S. silk与其它形态近似种S. bicolor及其亚种S. arundinaceum、S.sudanense、S. propinquum聚为一类,与形态学的研究结论一致,S. silk、S. sudanense和S. almum表现出较近的亲缘关系；(3)S. almum的Adh1基因表现出明显的地理分化；(4)Parasorghum亚属的S. purpureosericeum和S. versicolor、S. nitidum和S. leiocladum聚在一起,而该亚属中的S. matarankense、S. grande、S. timorense却与亚属Stiposorghum的种聚在一起,表现出更近的亲缘关系；(5)S. macrospermum和S. laxiflorum之间具有最近的亲缘关系。
本研究建立了口岸经常截获、已对我国农业生产造成现实威胁的5类禾本科草种上腥黑粉菌、大豆种传菜豆荚斑驳病毒的分子检测技术,用于口岸近缘种及株系的甄别、国内田间病害早期诊断和疫情动态监测,并对网状腥黑粉菌、菜豆荚斑驳病毒、美国白蛾、高粱属中3种检疫性杂草进行了分子系统学研究。研究结果有助于从分子水平阐明种间的系统进化关系及病毒的株系分化,不仅具有重大的理论意义,同时在农业植保实践中也具有重要的应用价值,以明确其分类地位,补充和完善传统分类方法,为检疫提供分子水平依据。本研究对于增强我国防范农业植物外来疫害入侵和扩散的检疫监控能力,提高我国农业植物疫害生物检验检疫整体水平,确保农产品的生产安全,促进农产品顺利出口具有重要的政治意义和经济意义。
Pest invasion has been becoming a hot research field all over the world, because it has been the second most severe threat to biodiversity. China has grown up to be the fourth largest importer and the fifth largest exporter of agricultural trade, and one of the countries which are affected most by biological invasion. As the further expansion of foreign trade, import and export of plants and their products have become more and more frequent. Then, the controlling of invasive species has been becoming an important and urgent issue which is severe hazards to biological diversity, ecological environment and the national economy. To solve this big issue, the first barrier is to strengthen customs inspection and quarantine to protect the safety of agricultural production. Therefore, new techniques with higher accuracy and efficiency developed for this purpose will be great practical significance to our agricultural domestic trade and export.
In recent years, with the need of urban landscape and animal husbandry, a large quantity of Gramineae grass seeds has been imported from abroad, especially bluegrass, ryegrass, brome, red fescue and bentgrass, which are one of the most important hosts of smut fungi. The yield and quality of agriculture products are seriously affected by Tilletia fungi, of which wheat dwarf bunt Tilletia controversa is a quarantine pest prohibited to enter China. T. controversa endangers the wheat and infects many Gramineae grass seeds which may carry Tilletia species without occurring in my homeland. As soil-borne and seed-infected fungi pathogens, Once introduced it will be very difficult to prevent and eradicate them. To strengthen the port inspection and quarantine to smut fungi, we developed a more sensitive and efficient technique—triple PCR—to detect three Tilletia species infecting ryegrass T. controversa、T. lolii and T. vankyi which are very similar in reticulate-spored morphology. This technique can be applied to detect three smut fungi at the same time, which significantly reduces the cost in distinguishing them. Also, the molecular diagnostic methods were developed to identify T. bromi on brome grasses and T. vankyi on red fescue by using the DNA samples from either the mycelia or the teliospores isolated from grasses. Novel techniques of double PCR for hyphal genomic DNA and nested-double PCR for teliospores were developed to identify T. sphaerococca and TCT on bent grasses. Furthermore, the Novel techniques of double PCR and nested-double PCR were applied to successfully distinguish the T. sp. and T. fusca on bluegrasses. Moreover, we did the phylogenetic analysis based on the Tilletia IGS1 gene, which shows that T. sp. has closer genetic distance to T. Bromi, but farther genetic distance to T. fusca relatively. The morphological and physiological characteristics of germination of teliospores of two new Tilletia species T. vankyi and T. puccinelliae were studied and the results were brought into two papers about the two new species. And the phylogenetic analysis based on the Tilletia IGS1 gene were carried out to characteristic the two new species. Our results showed that they are consistent with the conclusion from two papers about the two new species. In conclusion, the identification protocols are successfully developed to identify the smut fungi from these five Gramineae grasses.
Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) is a very important crop and has been imported into China on a large scale recently. Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV, Genus: Comovirus, Family:Comoviridae) is an important seedborne virus in soybean, causing quality and yield loss seriously due to seed coat mottling and seed weight reduction. Therefore, it is an important quarantine pest for China. BPMV is not original from China, but has been intercepted frequently from imported soybean from USA. For detection of BPMV in imported soybean, the specific primers and Taqman probe were designed based on the coding gene of BPMV coat protein (cp) and one step RT-PCR and one step real-time fluorescent RT-PCR methods were developed. The aplicon of one step RT-PCR was about 500bp, and the detection limit for real-time fluorescent PCR was 20fg/μL of positive cloning plasmid, while that was 100-fold higher than that of RT-PCR, and the detection duration shortened from at least 8h to 4h. The quick, sensitive, accutate and convenient detection method of one step real-time fluorescent RT-PCR for BPMV has been successfully established in this study and it is adaptive greatly to port detection. In addition, the relationship between hilum pigmentation and the virus infection was carried out with above molecular method and DAS-ELISA assay. Our results suggest that the color of hilum is correlated with virus infection, and BPMV was detected from soybean with brown hilum, but not black hilum. Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) was detected from soybean with black, not brown hilum. Also, other eight viruses were not detected from the soybean with brown hilum with DAS-ELISA test. The phylogenetic analysis based on the BPMV cp gene was carried out to study the strain differentiation. The result suggests that the BPMV isolates infected imported soybean from USA may be belong to subgroup II.
The fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea Drury (Lepidoptera:Arctiidae), is a severe invasive and quarantine pest all over the world which has a wide range of habitats. It is a polyphagus pest that feeds on about 175 species of broad leaf trees in China, which has caused serious damage to forest trees throughout its range and appears to be continuing to spread. It also damages the roadside and garden trees around urban areas. Mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) is usually used for determining population structure, phylogenetic relationships and general evolutionary events because of its small genome size, stable gene content, uniparental inheritance, and lack of extensive recombination and the accelerated rate of nucleotide substitution. However, limited mitogenomes, representing only a few families in this species-rich insect order, have been sequenced. Therefore, characterization of more lepidopteran mitogenomes is needed to address evolutionary questions and traits, and to probe into the phylogenetic relationships among the lepidopteran superfamilies. In this study, the complete mitogenome of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera:Arctiidae) was determined. The genome is a circular molecule 15 481bp. It presents a typical gene organization and order for completely sequenced lepidopteran mitogenomes. As found in all sequenced lepidopteran mitogenomes, by the translocation of tRNAMet to a position 5'upstream of tRNAIle, the placement of tRNAMet of H. cunea differs from that of Drosophila yakuba, the hypothesized ancestral gene order of insects. The nucleotide composition of the genome is also highly A+T biased, accounting for 80.38%, with a slightly positive AT skewness (0.010), indicating the occurrence of more As than Ts, as found in the Noctuoidea species. All protein-coding genes (PCGs) are initiated by ATN codons, except for COI, which is tentatively designated by the CGA codon as observed in other lepidopterans. Four of 13 PCGs harbor the incomplete termination codon, T or TA. All tRNAs have a typical clover-leaf structure of mitochondrial tRNAs, except for tRNASer (AGN), the DHU arm of which could not form a stable stem-loop structure. The intergenic spacer sequence between tRNASer(AGN) and ND1 also contains the ATACTAA motif, which is conserved across the Lepidoptera order. The H. cunea A+T-rich region of 357bp is comprised of non-repetitive sequences, but harbors several features common to the Lepidoptera insects, including the motif ATAGA followed by an 18bp poly-T stretch, a microsatellite-like (AT)8 element preceded by the ATTTA motif, Finally, an llbp poly-A present immediately upstream tRNAMet. The phylogentic analyses of the available lepidopteran species support view that the H. cunea is closer related to the Lymantria dispar than Ochrogaster lunifer, and support the hypothesis that Noctuoidea (H. cunea, L. dispar, and O. lunifer) and Geometroidea (Phthonandria atrilineata) are monophyletic. However, in the phylogenetic trees based on mitogenome sequences among the lepidopteran superfamilies, Papillonoidea (Artogeia melete, Acraea issoria, and Coreana raphaelis) joined basally within the monophyly of Lepidoptera, which is different to the traditional classification.
In the genus Sorghum, there are some important grain crops and economically and ecologically important forage grasses together with three agricultural quarantine weed pests which are S. halepense, S. almum and S. silk. In the present study, Total DNA from the seeds of eight plant materials was extracted, and the Adh1 gene analogues about 2 OOObp long were obtained by PCR strategy using specific primers designed from conserved regions of Adh1 gene reported in the GenBank (AF050456). All PCR products were cloned and sequenced. Based on these sequences and 24 sequences registered in the GenBank, the phylogenetic trees constructed by multiple methods (MP, ML and NJ) supported nearly the same topology. Our molecular results show that:(1) there are obviously three lineages for genus Sorghum. One including two subgenera Chaetosorghum and Heterosorghum, and the second being subgenus Eusorghum, consist of 2n=20 and 2n=40 species with small chromosomes, and the third containing two subgenera Parasorghum and Stiposorghum comprises 2n=10 species and their polyploid relatives with relatively large chromosomes; (2) In subgenus Eusorghum, three quarantine weed pests S. halepense, S. almum and S. silk stay together with morphologically similar species such as S. bicolor and its subspecies S. arundinaceum, S. sudanense and S. propinquum, which is in accordance with the results of morphological study. And S. silk is closer to S. sudanense and S. almum. (3) there lies geographical divergence between the S. almum populations obviously; (4) S. purpureosericeum, S. versicolor, S. nitidum and S. leiocladum belonging to subgenus Parasorghum clust together, but S. matarankense, S. grande and S. timorense belonging to the same subgenus clust with the species of subgenus Stiposorghum and have shown closer relationship to subgenus Stiposorghum; (5) S. macrospermum shows more closely related to S. laxiflorum than the other species of the genus Sorghum. These relationships between Sorghum species provide an important guide for plant breeders to exploit wider Sorghum genepool through crosses between wild and cultivated species in an effort to improve Sorghum production, and are helpful in port detections of the three quarantine weed pests.
In this study, molecular detection techniques were developed to detect smut fungi on five kinds of imported Gramineae grasses, and BPMV infecting soybean. These techniques could be applied to port-related species and trains sreening, early diagnosis of diseases of the domestic field and dynamic monitoring of the epidemic in agriculture. And molecular systematic analyses of reticulate-spored Tilletia spp, BPMV, fall webworm and three quarantine weeds in sorghum were carried out. These pests have interceptd regularly in port detection and so have caused a real threat to agriculture. Our results help to clarify the molecular level phylogenetic relationships among species and strain differentiation of virus, not only of great theoretical significance, also of practice significance in plant protection in agriculture. Our techniques and results have important applications in clarifying taxonomic status, supplementing and improving the traditional morphological classification at molecular level. This study will improve our agricultural plants against harmful alien invasion and spread of epidemic and quarantine monitoring capabilities. Also it can improve agricultural inspection and quarantine of plant quarantine pests overall level of agricultural production to ensure safety and promote the smooth export of agricultural products. This has important political significance and economic significance to our agriculture development.
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