猪瘟病毒NS5A蛋白在病毒致病中作用的研究
|
摘要
猪瘟（Clssical swine fever，CFS）是猪的一种急性烈性的传染病，其传播迅速，造成的死亡率高，因而被世界动物卫生组织（OIE）列为必须上报的传染病之一，我国也将猪瘟列为一类动物疫病。目前，针对CSFV NS5A蛋白在病毒致病中作用的研究文献较少。本文以CSFV NS5A蛋白为研究对象，通过其在猪脐静脉血管内皮细胞（SUVEC）中表达，开展了NS5A蛋白的亚细胞定位、NS5A蛋白对宿主细胞氧化应激的影响、NS5A蛋白与细胞相互作用的蛋白及其对宿主细胞的与炎症相关因子的调控等方面的研究，获得了以下研究结果：
（1）以CSFV石门株感染的SUVEC的总mRNA为模板进行RT-PCR，成功的扩增了CSFV NS5A基因的DNA片段。经酶切鉴定和测序鉴定表明，所扩增片段即为CSFVNS5A基因，其全长为1491bp，共编码497个氨基酸。CSFV NS5A蛋白的分子质量约为60ku。生物信息学分析表明，CSFV NS5A蛋白没有信号肽序列，但是其在226～247位氨基酸之间可能存在膜结合区域。分析发现CSFV NS5A蛋白的氨基酸序列中含有一段低复杂性区域VVVDTTDVTVTVV，提示CSFV NS5A蛋白可能通过被该序列分为两个不同的蛋白功能区。此外，对CSFV NS5A蛋白的磷酸化分析表明该蛋白是一个磷酸化水平很高的蛋白，存在S15、S81、S92、T274、T401等多个重要的磷酸化位点。
（2）根据pEGFP-C1和pEGFP-N1的图谱信息，将CSFV NS5A基因成功克隆至真核表达载体pEGFP-C1和pEGFP-N1中，并将阳性质粒pEGFP-NS5A、pNS5A-EGFP和对照质粒pEGFP-C1转染SUVEC，通过含有1500μg/mLG418的抗性筛选，经过荧光观察、RT-PCR鉴定和Western blot鉴定，建立了稳定表达CSFV NS5A蛋白的细胞株。并通过激光共聚焦显微镜扫描观察，发现CSFV NS5A蛋白定位于细胞内的内质网上面。
（3）在建立了稳定表达CSFV NS5A蛋白的细胞株的基础上，通过荧光观察、流式细胞术检测和活性氧的原位比色的试剂盒检测了表达CSFV NS5A蛋白的SUVEC的ROS产生情况。结果表明，表达NS5AGFP和GFPNS5A的SUVEC产生大量的ROS，而只表达标签蛋白GFP的细胞ROS没有升高。Real-time RT-PCR检测结果表明，CSFV NS5A蛋白表达后，抗氧化应激蛋白PRDX-6mRNA水平升高9～10倍，Trx蛋白升高5～6倍，而HO-1的mRNA水平则下降4～5倍，可见CSFV NS5A蛋白的表达可以调节抗氧化应激蛋白的mRNA水平的变化；与氧化应激关系密切的抗炎蛋白COX-2和抑炎蛋白PPAR-γ的检测结果表明，CSFV NS5A蛋白可以促进COX-2的表达和抑制PPAR-γ的表达，说明CSFVNS5A蛋白对猪血管内皮细胞有明显的促炎作用。
（4）通过缺失表达的方法明确了CSFV NS5A蛋白的5个功能区在SUVEC内的分布，其中N端的NS5A/1-84的功能区和NS5A蛋白在内质网上的特异性分布有关。CSFVNS5A蛋白N端的NS5A/1-804功能区在NS5A蛋白引起的氧化应激中发挥主要作用。
（5）采用酵母双杂交的方法明确了CSFV NS5A蛋白在血管内皮细胞中的相互作用的胞内蛋白。结果表明，CSFV NS5A蛋白可以和宿主细胞28个胞内蛋白相互作用，其中包括ATP依赖的RNA解旋酶（DDX5）、锌指蛋白、热休克蛋白70、G蛋白、神经刺激因子1(NAV1)、RNA聚合酶1亚基39（hRPA39）等共19个涉及细胞的细胞周期、RNA转录、蛋白质的正确折叠、血管生成和细胞通透性等方面功能的蛋白。
（6）CSFV在感染SUVEC后，引起ROS水平的显著升高和抗氧化应激蛋白的水平明显变化，该现象说明CSFV自身可以引起SUVEC发生氧化应激。并且抗氧化剂NAC、GSH、BHA和姜黄素加入CSFV感染的SUVEC培养基后，CSFV基因的复制下降。
综上所述，本研究首次通过试验发现CSFV NS5A蛋白定位于细胞的内质网上，并且可以引起细胞发生氧化应激，并进一步明确了CSFV NS5A蛋白与氧化应激相关的功能区。通过体外试验揭示了该蛋白可以和宿主细胞28个胞内蛋白存在着相互作用，首次发现CSFV NS5A蛋白的表达有助于炎症因子相关蛋白COX-2和PPAR-γ的表达量发生变化，为明确CSFV NS5A蛋白的功能及其在病毒的致病过程中的作用提供了新的科学资料。
Classical swine fever (CSF) is a fatal disease of pigs worldwide and classified as anotifiable (previously list A) disease by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) dueto its potential for rapid spread across national borders and the considerable socio-economicimpact on the pig industry. The effects of CSFV nonstructural protein5A (NS5A) protein onhost cells are still unknown by now. To elucidate the function of CSFV NS5A, the CSFVNS5A protein was expressed in the swine umbilical vein endothelial cells (SUVEC) cells inthis present study. Then subcellular localization of CSFV NS5A protein, the effect of CSFVNS5A protein on the oxidative stress in SUVEC, the regulation of CSFV NS5A protein on theinflammatory response and the intracellular proteins interacting with CSFV NS5A wereextensively investigated. The results were shown as fellow:
(1) The CSFV NS5A gene was successfully amplified from the total RNA of CSFVinfected cells by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The analysis ofthe obtained sequences showed that, CSFV NS5A gene was1491bp encoding497aminoacids (aa). Bioinformatics analysis showed that there were no signal sequences and CSFVNS5A probably attached to the membranes by the sequences between the226th aa and247thaa. The analysis also showed that a low complexity region (LCR) VVVDTTDVTVTVV wasfound, it indicated that CSFV NS5A protein probably has two domains. Besides, CSFVNS5A protein was a phosphorylated protein and the position of Ser15, Ser81, S9er2, Thr27and Thr401showed great possibility of phosphorylation.
(2) CSFV NS5A gene was cloned into the pEGFP-C1and pEGFP-N1expression vectoraccording the vector information. the plasmids pEGFP-NS5A, pNS5A-EGFP and pEGFP-C1vector were transfected into SUVEC, then the resulting stably transfected cell linesexpressing fusion proteins GFPNS5A, NS5AGFP and GFP were established by adding theselective media containing1500μg/ml G418to each well. RT-PCR and western blot analysisshowed that CSFV NS5A gene is successfully expressed in SUVEC and the molecular weightof CSFV NS5A is approximately60ku. Co-localization suggested that CSFV NS5A proteinlocalizes in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by confocal laser scanning microscope detection.
(3) On the basic of the establishing of SUVEC cells expressing CSFV NS5A, the role ofCSFV NS5A on oxidative stress was explored. CSFV NS5A induces oxidative stressassociated with enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The expression of CSFVNS5A protein exerts different effects on the three major antioxidants. Particularly, it exhibits asignificant increase in transcriptional activities of antioxidant proteins thioredoxin (Trx) andperoxiredoxin-6(PRDX-6), but accompanied by a concomitant decrease of antioxidantprotein heme oxygenase-1(HO-1). Further studies showed that cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2), apro-inflammatory protein related to oxidative stress, is up-regulated while anti-inflammatoryprotein peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), an important mediator invascular functional regulation, is down-regulated in CSFV NS5A expressing cells. This studysuggested that CSFV NS5A plays important roles in the induction of oxidative stress andinflammatory response in vascular endothelial cells.
(4) Five cDNAs of the NS5A gene were amplified by the PCR deletion method andcloned into a eukaryotic expression vector, which was transfected into SUVEC. Subcellularlocalization of the NS5A protein was characterized by confocal microscopy, and westernblots were carried out to analyze protein expression. It showed that the peptide NS5A/1-84was in charge of the subcellular localization of CSFV NS5A. and the domain NS5A/1-804were the peptide which play a key role of oxidative stress induced in SUVEC.
(5) The intracellular proteins of SUVEC interacted with CSFV NS5A protein wereascertained by the yeast two-hybrid technique. The result showed that CSFV NS5A couldinteract with28proteins in SUVEC,19of them are known proteins, includingATP-dependent RNA helicase (DDX5), PHD finger protein5A, heat shock70, RNApolymerase I subunit39(hRPA39), G protein, neuron navigator1(NAV1) and so on, theseintracellular proteins may play roles in the cell cycle, RNA transcription, protein folding,angiopoiesis and cellular permeability.
(6) CSFV itself induces oxidative stress in SUVEC after the infection of CSFV onSUVEC. The level of ROS was significantly enhanced and the antioxidant proteins wereregulated by CSFV as the time went on after the infection. And it is found that the addition ofthe antioxidant NAC, GSH, BHA, and curcumin in the media of CSFV inhibit the replicationof CSFV.
In conclusion, we firstly found that the CSFV NS5A protein was located to ERmembrance and the level of ROS and antioxidants were significantly elevated in SUVECafter being transfected with NS5A expressing plasmids. The domain which plays a key rolein oxidative stress was indentified and28intracellular proteins interacted with CSFV NS5Awere explored. This is the first time to reveal the interaction of CSFV NS5A and its host cell, which might provide new evidences to the effect of NS5A protein in the pathogenesis andmechanism of CSFV.
（1）以CSFV石门株感染的SUVEC的总mRNA为模板进行RT-PCR，成功的扩增了CSFV NS5A基因的DNA片段。经酶切鉴定和测序鉴定表明，所扩增片段即为CSFVNS5A基因，其全长为1491bp，共编码497个氨基酸。CSFV NS5A蛋白的分子质量约为60ku。生物信息学分析表明，CSFV NS5A蛋白没有信号肽序列，但是其在226～247位氨基酸之间可能存在膜结合区域。分析发现CSFV NS5A蛋白的氨基酸序列中含有一段低复杂性区域VVVDTTDVTVTVV，提示CSFV NS5A蛋白可能通过被该序列分为两个不同的蛋白功能区。此外，对CSFV NS5A蛋白的磷酸化分析表明该蛋白是一个磷酸化水平很高的蛋白，存在S15、S81、S92、T274、T401等多个重要的磷酸化位点。
（2）根据pEGFP-C1和pEGFP-N1的图谱信息，将CSFV NS5A基因成功克隆至真核表达载体pEGFP-C1和pEGFP-N1中，并将阳性质粒pEGFP-NS5A、pNS5A-EGFP和对照质粒pEGFP-C1转染SUVEC，通过含有1500μg/mLG418的抗性筛选，经过荧光观察、RT-PCR鉴定和Western blot鉴定，建立了稳定表达CSFV NS5A蛋白的细胞株。并通过激光共聚焦显微镜扫描观察，发现CSFV NS5A蛋白定位于细胞内的内质网上面。
（3）在建立了稳定表达CSFV NS5A蛋白的细胞株的基础上，通过荧光观察、流式细胞术检测和活性氧的原位比色的试剂盒检测了表达CSFV NS5A蛋白的SUVEC的ROS产生情况。结果表明，表达NS5AGFP和GFPNS5A的SUVEC产生大量的ROS，而只表达标签蛋白GFP的细胞ROS没有升高。Real-time RT-PCR检测结果表明，CSFV NS5A蛋白表达后，抗氧化应激蛋白PRDX-6mRNA水平升高9～10倍，Trx蛋白升高5～6倍，而HO-1的mRNA水平则下降4～5倍，可见CSFV NS5A蛋白的表达可以调节抗氧化应激蛋白的mRNA水平的变化；与氧化应激关系密切的抗炎蛋白COX-2和抑炎蛋白PPAR-γ的检测结果表明，CSFV NS5A蛋白可以促进COX-2的表达和抑制PPAR-γ的表达，说明CSFVNS5A蛋白对猪血管内皮细胞有明显的促炎作用。
（4）通过缺失表达的方法明确了CSFV NS5A蛋白的5个功能区在SUVEC内的分布，其中N端的NS5A/1-84的功能区和NS5A蛋白在内质网上的特异性分布有关。CSFVNS5A蛋白N端的NS5A/1-804功能区在NS5A蛋白引起的氧化应激中发挥主要作用。
（5）采用酵母双杂交的方法明确了CSFV NS5A蛋白在血管内皮细胞中的相互作用的胞内蛋白。结果表明，CSFV NS5A蛋白可以和宿主细胞28个胞内蛋白相互作用，其中包括ATP依赖的RNA解旋酶（DDX5）、锌指蛋白、热休克蛋白70、G蛋白、神经刺激因子1(NAV1)、RNA聚合酶1亚基39（hRPA39）等共19个涉及细胞的细胞周期、RNA转录、蛋白质的正确折叠、血管生成和细胞通透性等方面功能的蛋白。
（6）CSFV在感染SUVEC后，引起ROS水平的显著升高和抗氧化应激蛋白的水平明显变化，该现象说明CSFV自身可以引起SUVEC发生氧化应激。并且抗氧化剂NAC、GSH、BHA和姜黄素加入CSFV感染的SUVEC培养基后，CSFV基因的复制下降。
综上所述，本研究首次通过试验发现CSFV NS5A蛋白定位于细胞的内质网上，并且可以引起细胞发生氧化应激，并进一步明确了CSFV NS5A蛋白与氧化应激相关的功能区。通过体外试验揭示了该蛋白可以和宿主细胞28个胞内蛋白存在着相互作用，首次发现CSFV NS5A蛋白的表达有助于炎症因子相关蛋白COX-2和PPAR-γ的表达量发生变化，为明确CSFV NS5A蛋白的功能及其在病毒的致病过程中的作用提供了新的科学资料。
Classical swine fever (CSF) is a fatal disease of pigs worldwide and classified as anotifiable (previously list A) disease by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) dueto its potential for rapid spread across national borders and the considerable socio-economicimpact on the pig industry. The effects of CSFV nonstructural protein5A (NS5A) protein onhost cells are still unknown by now. To elucidate the function of CSFV NS5A, the CSFVNS5A protein was expressed in the swine umbilical vein endothelial cells (SUVEC) cells inthis present study. Then subcellular localization of CSFV NS5A protein, the effect of CSFVNS5A protein on the oxidative stress in SUVEC, the regulation of CSFV NS5A protein on theinflammatory response and the intracellular proteins interacting with CSFV NS5A wereextensively investigated. The results were shown as fellow:
(1) The CSFV NS5A gene was successfully amplified from the total RNA of CSFVinfected cells by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The analysis ofthe obtained sequences showed that, CSFV NS5A gene was1491bp encoding497aminoacids (aa). Bioinformatics analysis showed that there were no signal sequences and CSFVNS5A probably attached to the membranes by the sequences between the226th aa and247thaa. The analysis also showed that a low complexity region (LCR) VVVDTTDVTVTVV wasfound, it indicated that CSFV NS5A protein probably has two domains. Besides, CSFVNS5A protein was a phosphorylated protein and the position of Ser15, Ser81, S9er2, Thr27and Thr401showed great possibility of phosphorylation.
(2) CSFV NS5A gene was cloned into the pEGFP-C1and pEGFP-N1expression vectoraccording the vector information. the plasmids pEGFP-NS5A, pNS5A-EGFP and pEGFP-C1vector were transfected into SUVEC, then the resulting stably transfected cell linesexpressing fusion proteins GFPNS5A, NS5AGFP and GFP were established by adding theselective media containing1500μg/ml G418to each well. RT-PCR and western blot analysisshowed that CSFV NS5A gene is successfully expressed in SUVEC and the molecular weightof CSFV NS5A is approximately60ku. Co-localization suggested that CSFV NS5A proteinlocalizes in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by confocal laser scanning microscope detection.
(3) On the basic of the establishing of SUVEC cells expressing CSFV NS5A, the role ofCSFV NS5A on oxidative stress was explored. CSFV NS5A induces oxidative stressassociated with enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The expression of CSFVNS5A protein exerts different effects on the three major antioxidants. Particularly, it exhibits asignificant increase in transcriptional activities of antioxidant proteins thioredoxin (Trx) andperoxiredoxin-6(PRDX-6), but accompanied by a concomitant decrease of antioxidantprotein heme oxygenase-1(HO-1). Further studies showed that cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2), apro-inflammatory protein related to oxidative stress, is up-regulated while anti-inflammatoryprotein peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), an important mediator invascular functional regulation, is down-regulated in CSFV NS5A expressing cells. This studysuggested that CSFV NS5A plays important roles in the induction of oxidative stress andinflammatory response in vascular endothelial cells.
(4) Five cDNAs of the NS5A gene were amplified by the PCR deletion method andcloned into a eukaryotic expression vector, which was transfected into SUVEC. Subcellularlocalization of the NS5A protein was characterized by confocal microscopy, and westernblots were carried out to analyze protein expression. It showed that the peptide NS5A/1-84was in charge of the subcellular localization of CSFV NS5A. and the domain NS5A/1-804were the peptide which play a key role of oxidative stress induced in SUVEC.
(5) The intracellular proteins of SUVEC interacted with CSFV NS5A protein wereascertained by the yeast two-hybrid technique. The result showed that CSFV NS5A couldinteract with28proteins in SUVEC,19of them are known proteins, includingATP-dependent RNA helicase (DDX5), PHD finger protein5A, heat shock70, RNApolymerase I subunit39(hRPA39), G protein, neuron navigator1(NAV1) and so on, theseintracellular proteins may play roles in the cell cycle, RNA transcription, protein folding,angiopoiesis and cellular permeability.
(6) CSFV itself induces oxidative stress in SUVEC after the infection of CSFV onSUVEC. The level of ROS was significantly enhanced and the antioxidant proteins wereregulated by CSFV as the time went on after the infection. And it is found that the addition ofthe antioxidant NAC, GSH, BHA, and curcumin in the media of CSFV inhibit the replicationof CSFV.
In conclusion, we firstly found that the CSFV NS5A protein was located to ERmembrance and the level of ROS and antioxidants were significantly elevated in SUVECafter being transfected with NS5A expressing plasmids. The domain which plays a key rolein oxidative stress was indentified and28intracellular proteins interacted with CSFV NS5Awere explored. This is the first time to reveal the interaction of CSFV NS5A and its host cell, which might provide new evidences to the effect of NS5A protein in the pathogenesis andmechanism of CSFV.
引文
Abdalla M Y, Ahmad I M, Spitz D R, Schmidt W N, Britigan B E.2005. Hepatitis C virus-core andnon structural proteins lead to different effects on cellular antioxidant defenses. J Med Virol,76(4):489-497.
Akude E, Zherebitskaya E, Roy Chowdhury S K, Girling K, Fernyhough P.2010.4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal induces mitochondrial dysfunction and aberrant axonal outgrowth in adult sensoryneurons that mimics features of diabetic neuropathy. Neurotox Res,17(1):28-38.
Allard J P, Aghdassi E, Chau J, Salit I, Walmsley S.1998. Oxidative stress and plasma antioxidantmicronutrients in humans with HIV infection. Am J Clin Nutr,67(1):143-147.
Antonetti D A, Barber A J, Khin S, Lieth E, Tarbell J M, Gardner T W.1998. Vascular permeability inexperimental diabetes is associated with reduced endothelial occludin content: vascular endothelial growthfactor decreases occludin in retinal endothelial cells. Penn State Retina Research Group. Diabetes,47(12):1953-1959.
Appel N, Pietschmann T, Bartenschlager R.2005. Mutational analysis of hepatitis C virusnonstructural protein5A: potential role of differential phosphorylation in RNA replication andidentification of a genetically flexible domain. J Virol,79(5):3187-3194.
Ariumi Y, Kuroki M, Abe K, Dansako H, Ikeda M, Wakita T, Kato N.2007. DDX3DEAD-box RNAhelicase is required for hepatitis C virus RNA replication. J Virol,81(24):13922-13926.
Aukrust P, Luna L, Ueland T, Johansen R F, Muller F, Froland S S, Seeberg E C, Bjoras M.2005.Impaired base excision repair and accumulation of oxidative base lesions in CD4+T cells of HIV-infectedpatients. Blood,105(12):4730-4735.
Barbieri S S, Eligini S, Brambilla M, Tremoli E, Colli S.2003. Reactive oxygen species mediatecyclooxygenase-2induction during monocyte to macrophage differentiation: critical role of NADPHoxidase. Cardiovasc Res,60(1):187-197.
Barry G, Fragkoudis R, Ferguson M C, Lulla A, Merits A, Kohl A, Fazakerley J K.2010. Semlikiforest virus-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress accelerates apoptotic death of mammalian cells. J Virol,84(14):7369-7377.
Bassaganya-Riera J, Song R, Roberts P C, Hontecillas R.2010. PPAR-gamma activation as ananti-inflammatory therapy for respiratory virus infections. Viral Immunol,23(4):343-352.
Bauhofer O, Summerfield A, Sakoda Y, Tratschin J D, Hofmann M A, Ruggli N.2007. Classical swinefever virus Npro interacts with interferon regulatory factor3and induces its proteasomal degradation. JVirol,81(7):3087-3096.
Bensaude E, Turner J L, Wakeley P R, Sweetman D A, Pardieu C, Drew T W, Wileman T, Powell P P.2004. Classical swine fever virus induces proinflammatory cytokines and tissue factor expression andinhibits apoptosis and interferon synthesis during the establishment of long-term infection of porcinevascular endothelial cells. J Gen Virol,85(Pt4):1029-1037.
Blight K J, Kolykhalov A A, Rice C M.2000. Efficient initiation of HCV RNA replication in cellculture. Science,290(5498):1972-1974.
Borca M V, Gudmundsdottir I, Fernandez-Sainz I J, Holinka L G, Risatti G R.2008. Patterns ofcellular gene expression in swine macrophages infected with highly virulent classical swine fever virusstrain Brescia. Virus Res,138(1-2):89-96.
Brass V, Bieck E, Montserret R, Wolk B, Hellings J A, Blum H E, Penin F, Moradpour D.2002. Anamino-terminal amphipathic alpha-helix mediates membrane association of the hepatitis C virusnonstructural protein5A. J Biol Chem,277(10):8130-8139.
Brass V, Pal Z, Sapay N, Deleage G, Blum H E, Penin F, Moradpour D.2007. Conserved determinantsfor membrane association of nonstructural protein5A from hepatitis C virus and related viruses. J Virol,81(6):2745-2757.
Cai H, Harrison D G.2000. Endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases: the role of oxidantstress. Circ Res,87(10):840-844.
Campos E, Revilla C, Chamorro S, Alvarez B, Ezquerra A, Dominguez J, Alonso F.2004. In vitroeffect of classical swine fever virus on a porcine aortic endothelial cell line. Vet Res,35(6):625-633.
Carbajal J M, Schaeffer R C, Jr.1998. H2O2and genistein differentially modulate protein tyrosinephosphorylation, endothelial morphology, and monolayer barrier function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun,249(2):461-466.
Castro L, Rodriguez M, Radi R.1994. Aconitase is readily inactivated by peroxynitrite, but not by itsprecursor, nitric oxide. J Biol Chem,269(47):29409-29415.
Chang H C, Samaniego F, Nair B C, Buonaguro L, Ensoli B.1997. HIV-1Tat protein exits from cellsvia a leaderless secretory pathway and binds to extracellular matrix-associated heparan sulfateproteoglycans through its basic region. AIDS,11(12):1421-1431.
Chang H Y, Chi J T, Dudoit S, Bondre C, van de Rijn M, Botstein D, Brown P O.2002. Diversity,topographic differentiation, and positional memory in human fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,99(20):12877-12882.
Chen K X, Lesburg C A, Vibulbhan B, Yang W, Chan T Y, Venkatraman S, Velazquez F, Zeng Q,Bennett F, Anilkumar G N, Duca J, Jiang Y, Pinto P, Wang L, Huang Y, Selyutin O, Gavalas S, Pu H,Agrawal S, Feld B, Huang H C, Li C, Cheng K C, Shih N Y, Kozlowski J A, Rosenblum S B, Njoroge F G.2012. A novel class of highly potent irreversible hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase inhibitors. J MedChem,55(5):2089-2101.
Chhunchha B, Fatma N, Bhargavan B, Kubo E, Kumar A, Singh D P.2011. Specificity protein,Sp1-mediated increased expression of Prdx6as a curcumin-induced antioxidant defense in lens epithelialcells against oxidative stress. Cell Death Dis,2: e234.
Chi J T, Chang H Y, Haraldsen G, Jahnsen F L, Troyanskaya O G, Chang D S, Wang Z, Rockson S G,van de Rijn M, Botstein D, Brown P O.2003. Endothelial cell diversity revealed by global expressionprofiling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,100(19):10623-10628.
Choi J.2012. Oxidative stress, endogenous antioxidants, alcohol, and hepatitis C: pathogenicinteractions and therapeutic considerations. Free Radic Biol Med,52(7):1135-1150.
Choi J, Lee K J, Zheng Y, Yamaga A K, Lai M M, Ou J H.2004. Reactive oxygen species suppresshepatitis C virus RNA replication in human hepatoma cells. Hepatology,39(1):81-89.
Choi J, Liu R M, Kundu R K, Sangiorgi F, Wu W, Maxson R, Forman H J.2000. Molecularmechanism of decreased glutathione content in human immunodeficiency virus type1Tat-transgenic mice.J Biol Chem,275(5):3693-3698.
Choi Y J, Lee S G.2012. The DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX3interacts with DDX5, co-localizes withit in the cytoplasm during the G2/M phase of the cycle, and affects its shuttling during mRNP export. JCell Biochem,113(3):985-996.
Chung Y L, Sheu M L, Yen S H.2003. Hepatitis C virus NS5A as a potential viral Bcl-2homologueinteracts with Bax and inhibits apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer,107(1):65-73.
Clapp B R, Hingorani A D, Kharbanda R K, Mohamed-Ali V, Stephens J W, Vallance P, MacAllister RJ.2004. Inflammation-induced endothelial dysfunction involves reduced nitric oxide bioavailability andincreased oxidant stress. Cardiovasc Res,64(1):172-178.
Collino M, Aragno M, Mastrocola R, Gallicchio M, Rosa A C, Dianzani C, Danni O, Thiemermann C,Fantozzi R.2006. Modulation of the oxidative stress and inflammatory response by PPAR-gamma agonistsin the hippocampus of rats exposed to cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Eur J Pharmacol,530(1-2):70-80.
Cory S, Adams J M.2002. The Bcl2family: regulators of the cellular life-or-death switch. Nat RevCancer,2(9):647-656.
Cosentino F, Eto M, De Paolis P, van der Loo B, Bachschmid M, Ullrich V, Kouroedov A, Delli GattiC, Joch H, Volpe M, Luscher T F.2003. High glucose causes upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2and altersprostanoid profile in human endothelial cells: role of protein kinase C and reactive oxygen species.Circulation,107(7):1017-1023.
Coyle C H, Kader K N.2007. Mechanisms of H2O2-induced oxidative stress in endothelial cellsexposed to physiologic shear stress. ASAIO J,53(1):17-22.
Cullinan S B, Diehl J A.2006. Coordination of ER and oxidative stress signaling: the PERK/Nrf2signaling pathway. Int J Biochem Cell Biol,38(3):317-332.
Dickie P, Roberts A, Lee R.2001. A defect in HIV-1transgenic murine macrophages results indeficient nitric oxide production. J Leukoc Biol,70(4):592-600.
Dionisio N, Garcia-Mediavilla M V, Sanchez-Campos S, Majano P L, Benedicto I, Rosado J A, SalidoG M, Gonzalez-Gallego J.2009. Hepatitis C virus NS5A and core proteins induce oxidativestress-mediated calcium signalling alterations in hepatocytes. J Hepatol,50(5):872-882.
Dreier S, Zimmermann B, Moennig V, Greiser-Wilke I.2007. A sequence database allowing automatedgenotyping of Classical swine fever virus isolates. J Virol Methods,140(1-2):95-99.
Ehringer W D, Yamany S, Steier K, Farag A, Roisen F J, Dozier A, Miller F N.1999. Quantitativeimage analysis of F-actin in endothelial cells. Microcirculation,6(4):291-303.
ElHefnawi M M, Zada S, El-Azab I A.2010. Prediction of prognostic biomarkers for interferon-basedtherapy to hepatitis C virus patients: a meta-analysis of the NS5A protein in subtypes1a,1b, and3a. VirolJ,7:130.
Esser S, Lampugnani M G, Corada M, Dejana E, Risau W.1998. Vascular endothelial growth factorinduces VE-cadherin tyrosine phosphorylation in endothelial cells. J Cell Sci,111(Pt13):1853-1865.
Evans M J, Rice C M, Goff S P.2004. Phosphorylation of hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein5Amodulates its protein interactions and viral RNA replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,101(35):13038-13043.
Fatma N, Singh P, Chhunchha B, Kubo E, Shinohara T, Bhargavan B, Singh D P.2011. Deficiency ofPrdx6in lens epithelial cells induces ER stress response-mediated impaired homeostasis and apoptosis. AmJ Physiol Cell Physiol,301(4): C954-967.
Ferro E, Goitre L, Retta S F, Trabalzini L.2012. The Interplay between ROS and Ras GTPases:Physiological and Pathological Implications. J Signal Transduct,2012:365769.
Finkel T.1998. Oxygen radicals and signaling. Curr Opin Cell Biol,10(2):248-253.
Finkel T, Holbrook N J.2000. Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of ageing. Nature,408(6809):239-247.
Foster T L, Belyaeva T, Stonehouse N J, Pearson A R, Harris M.2010. All three domains of thehepatitis C virus nonstructural NS5A protein contribute to RNA binding. J Virol,84(18):9267-9277.
Fraternale A, Paoletti M F, Casabianca A, Nencioni L, Garaci E, Palamara A T, Magnani M.2009.GSH and analogs in antiviral therapy. Mol Aspects Med,30(1-2):99-110.
Fridell R A, Qiu D, Wang C, Valera L, Gao M.2010. Resistance analysis of the hepatitis C virus NS5Ainhibitor BMS-790052in an in vitro replicon system. Antimicrob Agents Chemother,54(9):3641-3650.
Fridman J S, Lowe S W.2003. Control of apoptosis by p53. Oncogene,22(56):9030-9040.
Gale M J, Jr., Korth M J, Tang N M, Tan S L, Hopkins D A, Dever T E, Polyak S J, Gretch D R, KatzeM G.1997. Evidence that hepatitis C virus resistance to interferon is mediated through repression of thePKR protein kinase by the nonstructural5A protein. Virology,230(2):217-227.
Gallastegui N, Groll M.2010. The26S proteasome: assembly and function of a destructive machine.Trends Biochem Sci,35(11):634-642.
Gao M, Nettles R E, Belema M, Snyder L B, Nguyen V N, Fridell R A, Serrano-Wu M H, Langley DR, Sun J H, O'Boyle D R,2nd, Lemm J A, Wang C, Knipe J O, Chien C, Colonno R J, Grasela D M,Meanwell N A, Hamann L G.2010. Chemical genetics strategy identifies an HCV NS5A inhibitor with apotent clinical effect. Nature,465(7294):96-100.
Garaci E, Palamara A T, Di Francesco P, Favalli C, Ciriolo M R, Rotilio G.1992. Glutathione inhibitsreplication and expression of viral proteins in cultured cells infected with Sendai virus. Biochem BiophysRes Commun,188(3):1090-1096.
Garcia-Rio F, Romero D, Lores V, Casitas R, Hernanz A, Galera R, Alvarez-Sala R, Torres I.2011.Dynamic hyperinflation, arterial blood oxygen, and airway oxidative stress in stable patients with COPD.Chest,140(4):961-969.
Gaudernak E, Seipelt J, Triendl A, Grassauer A, Kuechler E.2002. Antiviral effects of pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate on human rhinoviruses. J Virol,76(12):6004-6015.
Gholami A, Kassis R, Real E, Delmas O, Guadagnini S, Larrous F, Obach D, Prevost M C, Jacob Y,Bourhy H.2008. Mitochondrial dysfunction in lyssavirus-induced apoptosis. J Virol,82(10):4774-4784.
Ghosh A K, Majumder M, Steele R, Meyer K, Ray R, Ray R B.2000. Hepatitis C virus NS5A proteinprotects against TNF-alpha mediated apoptotic cell death. Virus Res,67(2):173-178.
Gilbert M, Kirihara J, Mills J.1991. Enzyme-linked immunoassay for human immunodeficiency virustype1envelope glycoprotein120. J Clin Microbiol,29(1):142-147.
Gladue D P, Zhu J, Holinka L G, Fernandez-Sainz I, Carrillo C, Prarat M V, O'Donnell V, Borca M V.2010. Patterns of gene expression in swine macrophages infected with classical swine fever virus detectedby microarray. Virus Res,151(1):10-18.
Gong G, Waris G, Tanveer R, Siddiqui A.2001. Human hepatitis C virus NS5A protein altersintracellular calcium levels, induces oxidative stress, and activates STAT-3and NF-kappa B. Proc NatlAcad Sci U S A,98(17):9599-9604.
Gozin A, Franzini E, Andrieu V, Da Costa L, Rollet-Labelle E, Pasquier C.1998. Reactive oxygenspecies activate focal adhesion kinase, paxillin and p130cas tyrosine phosphorylation in endothelial cells.Free Radic Biol Med,25(9):1021-1032.
Greenspan H C, Aruoma O I.1994. Oxidative stress and apoptosis in HIV infection: a role forplant-derived metabolites with synergistic antioxidant activity. Immunol Today,15(5):209-213.
Griffith E C, Su Z, Niwayama S, Ramsay C A, Chang Y H, Liu J O.1998. Molecular recognition ofangiogenesis inhibitors fumagillin and ovalicin by methionine aminopeptidase2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,95(26):15183-15188.
Gu X H, Hao Y, Wang X L.2012. Overexpression of heat shock protein70and its relationship tointestine under acute heat stress in broilers:2. Intestinal oxidative stress. Poult Sci,91(4):790-799.
Guay J, Lambert H, Gingras-Breton G, Lavoie J N, Huot J, Landry J.1997. Regulation of actinfilament dynamics by p38map kinase-mediated phosphorylation of heat shock protein27. J Cell Sci,110(Pt3):357-368.
Hahn K, Robinson B, Anderson C, Li W, Pardo C A, Morgello S, Simpson D, Nath A.2008.Differential effects of HIV infected macrophages on dorsal root ganglia neurons and axons. Exp Neurol,210(1):30-40.
Hasegawa H, Takano H, Komuro I.2010. Therapeutic Implications of PPARgamma in CardiovascularDiseases. PPAR Res,2010.
He L, Zhang Y M, Lin Z, Li W W, Wang J, Li H L.2012. Classical swine fever virus NS5A proteinlocalizes to endoplasmic reticulum and induces oxidative stress in vascular endothelial cells. Virus Genes.
He Y, Nakao H, Tan S L, Polyak S J, Neddermann P, Vijaysri S, Jacobs B L, Katze M G.2002.Subversion of cell signaling pathways by hepatitis C virus nonstructural5A protein via interaction withGrb2and P85phosphatidylinositol3-kinase. J Virol,76(18):9207-9217.
Herzenberg L A, De Rosa S C, Dubs J G, Roederer M, Anderson M T, Ela S W, Deresinski S C.1997.Glutathione deficiency is associated with impaired survival in HIV disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,94(5):1967-1972.
Hong H X, Zhang Y M, Xu H, Su Z Y, Sun P.2007. Immortalization of swine umbilical veinendothelial cells with human telomerase reverse transcriptase. Mol Cells,24(3):358-363.
Hseu Y C, Chou C W, Senthil Kumar K J, Fu K T, Wang H M, Hsu L S, Kuo Y H, Wu C R, Chen S C,Yang H L.2012. Ellagic acid protects human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells against UVA-induced oxidativestress and apoptosis through the upregulation of the HO-1and Nrf-2antioxidant genes. Food ChemToxicol,50(5):1245-1255.
Hsiao H J, Liu P A, Yeh H I, Wang C Y.2010. Classical swine fever virus down-regulates endothelialconnexin43gap junctions. Arch Virol,155(7):1107-1116.
Hsieh Y H, Su I J, Wang H C, Chang W W, Lei H Y, Lai M D, Chang W T, Huang W.2004. Pre-Smutant surface antigens in chronic hepatitis B virus infection induce oxidative stress and DNA damage.Carcinogenesis,25(10):2023-2032.
Huang L, Hwang J, Sharma S D, Hargittai M R, Chen Y, Arnold J J, Raney K D, Cameron C E.2005.Hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein5A (NS5A) is an RNA-binding protein. J Biol Chem,280(43):36417-36428.
Huang Y, Staschke K, De Francesco R, Tan S L.2007. Phosphorylation of hepatitis C virus NS5Anonstructural protein: a new paradigm for phosphorylation-dependent viral RNA replication? Virology,364(1):1-9.
Hung C C, Chang S C.2004. Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on incidence andmanagement of human immunodeficiency virus-related opportunistic infections. J Antimicrob Chemother,54(5):849-853.
Huot J, Houle F, Marceau F, Landry J.1997. Oxidative stress-induced actin reorganization mediatedby the p38mitogen-activated protein kinase/heat shock protein27pathway in vascular endothelial cells.Circ Res,80(3):383-392.
Huot J, Houle F, Rousseau S, Deschesnes R G, Shah G M, Landry J.1998. SAPK2/p38-dependentF-actin reorganization regulates early membrane blebbing during stress-induced apoptosis. J Cell Biol,143(5):1361-1373.
Ishii J, Fukuda N, Tanaka T, Ogino C, Kondo A.2010. Protein-protein interactions and selection:yeast-based approaches that exploit guanine nucleotide-binding protein signaling. FEBS J,277(9):1982-1995.
Israel N, Gougerot-Pocidalo M A.1997. Oxidative stress in human immunodeficiency virus infection.Cell Mol Life Sci,53(11-12):864-870.
Jackson A C, Kammouni W, Fernyhough P.2011. Role of oxidative stress in rabies virus infection.Adv Virus Res,79:127-138.
Jackson A C, Kammouni W, Zherebitskaya E, Fernyhough P.2010. Role of oxidative stress in rabiesvirus infection of adult mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons. J Virol,84(9):4697-4705.
Johns H L, Bensaude E, La Rocca S A, Seago J, Charleston B, Steinbach F, Drew T W, Crooke H,Everett H.2010. Classical swine fever virus infection protects aortic endothelial cells from pIpC-mediatedapoptosis. J Gen Virol,91(Pt4):1038-1046.
Johnson C M, Perez D R, French R, Merrick W C, Donis R O.2001. The NS5A protein of bovine viraldiarrhoea virus interacts with the alpha subunit of translation elongation factor-1. J Gen Virol,82(Pt12):2935-2943.
Johnson M A, Gathe J C, Jr., Podzamczer D, Molina J M, Naylor C T, Chiu Y L, King M S,Podsadecki T J, Hanna G J, Brun S C.2006. A once-daily lopinavir/ritonavir-based regimen providesnoninferior antiviral activity compared with a twice-daily regimen. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr,43(2):153-160.
Joyce M A, Walters K A, Lamb S E, Yeh M M, Zhu L F, Kneteman N, Doyle J S, Katze M G, Tyrrell DL.2009. HCV induces oxidative and ER stress, and sensitizes infected cells to apoptosis in SCID/Alb-uPAmice. PLoS Pathog,5(2): e1000291.
Jubb H, Higueruelo A P, Winter A, Blundell T L.2012. Structural biology and drug discovery forprotein-protein interactions. Trends Pharmacol Sci,33(5):241-248.
Kamata H, Hirata H.1999. Redox regulation of cellular signalling. Cell Signal,11(1):1-14.
Kammouni W, Hasan L, Saleh A, Wood H, Fernyhough P, Jackson A C.2012. Role of NuclearFactor-kappaB in Oxidative Stress Associated with Rabies Virus Infection of Adult Rat Dorsal RootGanglion Neurons. J Virol,86(15):8139-8146.
Karagoz G E, Duarte A M, Ippel H, Uetrecht C, Sinnige T, van Rosmalen M, Hausmann J, Heck A J,Boelens R, Rudiger S G.2011. N-terminal domain of human Hsp90triggers binding to the cochaperonep23. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,108(2):580-585.
Kevil C G, Oshima T, Alexander B, Coe L L, Alexander J S.2000. H(2)O(2)-mediated permeability:role of MAPK and occludin. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol,279(1): C21-30.
Kim E H, Na H K, Kim D H, Park S A, Kim H N, Song N Y, Surh Y J.2008.15-Deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2induces COX-2expression through Akt-driven AP-1activation inhuman breast cancer cells: a potential role of ROS. Carcinogenesis,29(4):688-695.
Kim G S, Jung J E, Narasimhan P, Sakata H, Chan P H.2012. Induction of thioredoxin-interactingprotein is mediated by oxidative stress, calcium, and glucose after brain injury in mice. Neurobiol Dis,46(2):440-449.
Kinjo T, Ham-Terhune J, Peloponese J M, Jr., Jeang K T.2010. Induction of reactive oxygen speciesby human T-cell leukemia virus type1tax correlates with DNA damage and expression of cellularsenescence marker. J Virol,84(10):5431-5437.
Kline E R, Kleinhenz D J, Liang B, Dikalov S, Guidot D M, Hart C M, Jones D P, Sutliff R L.2008.Vascular oxidative stress and nitric oxide depletion in HIV-1transgenic rats are reversed by glutathionerestoration. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,294(6): H2792-2804.
Kobayashi H, Takeno M, Saito T, Takeda Y, Kirino Y, Noyori K, Hayashi T, Ueda A, Ishigatsubo Y.2006. Regulatory role of heme oxygenase1in inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum,54(4):1132-1142.
Konishi H, Tanaka M, Takemura Y, Matsuzaki H, Ono Y, Kikkawa U, Nishizuka Y.1997. Activation ofprotein kinase C by tyrosine phosphorylation in response to H2O2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,94(21):11233-11237.
Korenaga M, Wang T, Li Y, Showalter L A, Chan T, Sun J, Weinman S A.2005. Hepatitis C virus coreprotein inhibits mitochondrial electron transport and increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. JBiol Chem,280(45):37481-37488.
Kumthip K, Chusri P, Jilg N, Zhao L, Fusco D N, Zhao H, Goto K, Cheng D, Schaefer E A, Zhang L,Pantip C, Thongsawat S, O'Brien A, Peng L F, Maneekarn N, Chung R T, Lin W.2012. Hepatitis C VirusNS5A Disrupts STAT1Phosphorylation and Suppresses Type I Interferon Signaling. J Virol,86(16):8581-8591.
Lanke K, Krenn B M, Melchers W J, Seipelt J, van Kuppeveld F J.2007. PDTC inhibits picornaviruspolyprotein processing and RNA replication by transporting zinc ions into cells. J Gen Virol,88(Pt4):1206-1217.
Larrous F, Gholami A, Mouhamad S, Estaquier J, Bourhy H.2010. Two overlapping domains of alyssavirus matrix protein that acts on different cell death pathways. J Virol,84(19):9897-9906.
Le Guillou-Guillemette H, Vallet S, Gaudy-Graffin C, Payan C, Pivert A, Goudeau A, Lunel-Fabiani F.2007. Genetic diversity of the hepatitis C virus: impact and issues in the antiviral therapy. World JGastroenterol,13(17):2416-2426.
Lee C, Ma H, Hang J Q, Leveque V, Sklan E H, Elazar M, Klumpp K, Glenn J S.2011. The hepatitis Cvirus NS5A inhibitor (BMS-790052) alters the subcellular localization of the NS5A non-structural viralprotein. Virology,414(1):10-18.
Lee C, Okabe E.1995. Hydroxyl radical-mediated reduction of Ca(2+)-ATPase activity of massetermuscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. Jpn J Pharmacol,67(1):21-28.
Lee J C, Chen W C, Wu S F, Tseng C K, Chiou C Y, Chang F R, Hsu S H, Wu Y C.2011.Anti-hepatitis C virus activity of Acacia confusa extract via suppressing cyclooxygenase-2. Antiviral Res,89(1):35-42.
Lee W C, Wang C S, Chien M S.1999. Virus antigen expression and alterations in peripheral bloodmononuclear cell subpopulations after classical swine fever virus infection. Vet Microbiol,67(1):17-29.
Lemm J A, O'Boyle D,2nd, Liu M, Nower P T, Colonno R, Deshpande M S, Snyder L B, Martin S W,St Laurent D R, Serrano-Wu M H, Romine J L, Meanwell N A, Gao M.2010. Identification of hepatitis Cvirus NS5A inhibitors. J Virol,84(1):482-491.
Li D, Wang X Z, Yu J P, Chen Z X, Huang Y H, Tao Q M.2004. Cytochrome C oxidase III interactswith hepatitis B virus X protein in vivo by yeast two-hybrid system. World J Gastroenterol,10(19):2805-2808.
Li S, Qu H, Hao J, Sun J, Guo H, Guo C, Sun B, Tu C.2010. Proteomic analysis of primary porcineendothelial cells after infection by classical swine fever virus. Biochim Biophys Acta,1804(9):1882-1888.
Li Y, Boehning D F, Qian T, Popov V L, Weinman S A.2007. Hepatitis C virus core protein increasesmitochondrial ROS production by stimulation of Ca2+uniporter activity. FASEB J,21(10):2474-2485.
Liang Y, Kang C B, Yoon H S.2006. Molecular and structural characterization of the domain2ofhepatitis C virus non-structural protein5A. Mol Cells,22(1):13-20.
Lin M, Trottier E, Pasick J.2005. Antibody responses of pigs to defined Erns fragments after infectionwith classical swine fever virus. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol,12(1):180-186.
Lin M T, Beal M F.2006. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in neurodegenerativediseases. Nature,443(7113):787-795.
Lin W, Wu G, Li S, Weinberg E M, Kumthip K, Peng L F, Mendez-Navarro J, Chen W C, Jilg N, ZhaoH, Goto K, Zhang L, Brockman M A, Schuppan D, Chung R T.2011. HIV and HCV cooperativelypromote hepatic fibrogenesis via induction of reactive oxygen species and NFkappaB. J Biol Chem,286(4):2665-2674.
Lohse L, Nielsen J, Uttenthal A.2012. Early pathogenesis of classical swine fever virus (CSFV)strains in Danish pigs. Vet Microbiol.
Lonardo A, Adinolfi L E, Loria P, Carulli N, Ruggiero G, Day C P.2004. Steatosis and hepatitis Cvirus: mechanisms and significance for hepatic and extrahepatic disease. Gastroenterology,126(2):586-597.
Lu L, Wei L, Peng G, Mu Y, Wu K, Kang L, Yan X, Zhu Y, Wu J.2008. NS3protein of hepatitis Cvirus regulates cyclooxygenase-2expression through multiple signaling pathways. Virology,371(1):61-70.
Lum H, Roebuck K A.2001. Oxidant stress and endothelial cell dysfunction. Am J Physiol CellPhysiol,280(4): C719-741.
Luo X, Ling D, Li T, Wan C, Zhang C, Pan Z.2009. Classical swine fever virus Erns glycoproteinantagonizes induction of interferon-beta by double-stranded RNA. Can J Microbiol,55(6):698-704.
Lyle A N, Griendling K K.2006. Modulation of vascular smooth muscle signaling by reactive oxygenspecies. Physiology (Bethesda),21:269-280.
Macdonald A, Crowder K, Street A, McCormick C, Harris M.2004. The hepatitis C virus NS5Aprotein binds to members of the Src family of tyrosine kinases and regulates kinase activity. J Gen Virol,85(Pt3):721-729.
Macdonald A, Crowder K, Street A, McCormick C, Saksela K, Harris M.2003. The hepatitis C virusnon-structural NS5A protein inhibits activating protein-1function by perturbing ras-ERK pathwaysignaling. J Biol Chem,278(20):17775-17784.
Macdonald A, Harris M.2004. Hepatitis C virus NS5A: tales of a promiscuous protein. J Gen Virol,85(Pt9):2485-2502.
Machida K, Cheng K T, Sung V M, Lee K J, Levine A M, Lai M M.2004. Hepatitis C virus infectionactivates the immunologic (type II) isoform of nitric oxide synthase and thereby enhances DNA damageand mutations of cellular genes. J Virol,78(16):8835-8843.
Mahmood S, Kawanaka M, Kamei A, Izumi A, Nakata K, Niiyama G, Ikeda H, Hanano S, Suehiro M,Togawa K, Yamada G.2004. Immunohistochemical evaluation of oxidative stress markers in chronichepatitis C. Antioxid Redox Signal,6(1):19-24.
Majumder M, Ghosh A K, Steele R, Zhou X Y, Phillips N J, Ray R, Ray R B.2002. Hepatitis C virusNS5A protein impairs TNF-mediated hepatic apoptosis, but not by an anti-FAS antibody, in transgenicmice. Virology,294(1):94-105.
Mamiya N, Worman H J.1999. Hepatitis C virus core protein binds to a DEAD box RNA helicase. JBiol Chem,274(22):15751-15756.
Mandell B F, Calabrese L H.1998. Infections and systemic vasculitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol,10(1):51-57.
Mangan S, Clancy P, Golledge J.2008. Modulation of endothelial cell thrombomodulin by PPARligands--variation according to environment. Thromb Res,121(6):827-834.
Maniker A H, Hunt C D.1996. Cerebral aneurysm in the HIV patient: a report of six cases. SurgNeurol,46(1):49-54.
McCormick C J, Maucourant S, Griffin S, Rowlands D J, Harris M.2006. Tagging of NS5A expressedfrom a functional hepatitis C virus replicon. J Gen Virol,87(Pt3):635-640.
Melhem A, Stern M, Shibolet O, Israeli E, Ackerman Z, Pappo O, Hemed N, Rowe M, Ohana H,Zabrecky G, Cohen R, Ilan Y.2005. Treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection via antioxidants:results of a phase I clinical trial. J Clin Gastroenterol,39(8):737-742.
Miyasaka Y, Enomoto N, Kurosaki M, Sakamoto N, Kanazawa N, Kohashi T, Ueda E, Maekawa S,Watanabe H, Izumi N, Sato C, Watanabe M.2003. Hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein5A inhibitstumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated apoptosis in Huh7cells. J Infect Dis,188(10):1537-1544.
Moennig V.2000. Introduction to classical swine fever: virus, disease and control policy. VetMicrobiol,73(2-3):93-102.
Moradpour D, Evans M J, Gosert R, Yuan Z, Blum H E, Goff S P, Lindenbach B D, Rice C M.2004.Insertion of green fluorescent protein into nonstructural protein5A allows direct visualization of functionalhepatitis C virus replication complexes. J Virol,78(14):7400-7409.
Moradpour D, Penin F, Rice C M.2007. Replication of hepatitis C virus. Nat Rev Microbiol,5(6):453-463.
Moriya K, Nakagawa K, Santa T, Shintani Y, Fujie H, Miyoshi H, Tsutsumi T, Miyazawa T, IshibashiK, Horie T, Imai K, Todoroki T, Kimura S, Koike K.2001. Oxidative stress in the absence of inflammationin a mouse model for hepatitis C virus-associated hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Res,61(11):4365-4370.
Mougiakakos D, Johansson C C, Jitschin R, Bottcher M, Kiessling R.2011. Increased thioredoxin-1production in human naturally occurring regulatory T cells confers enhanced tolerance to oxidative stress.Blood,117(3):857-861.
Moulin H R, Seuberlich T, Bauhofer O, Bennett L C, Tratschin J D, Hofmann M A, Ruggli N.2007.Nonstructural proteins NS2-3and NS4A of classical swine fever virus: essential features for infectiousparticle formation. Virology,365(2):376-389.
Mukouyama Y S, Shin D, Britsch S, Taniguchi M, Anderson D J.2002. Sensory nerves determine thepattern of arterial differentiation and blood vessel branching in the skin. Cell,109(6):693-705.
Natarajan V.1995. Oxidants and signal transduction in vascular endothelium. J Lab Clin Med,125(1):26-37.
Nemoto S, Takeda K, Yu Z X, Ferrans V J, Finkel T.2000. Role for mitochondrial oxidants asregulators of cellular metabolism. Mol Cell Biol,20(19):7311-7318.
Nencioni L, Iuvara A, Aquilano K, Ciriolo M R, Cozzolino F, Rotilio G, Garaci E, Palamara A T.2003.Influenza A virus replication is dependent on an antioxidant pathway that involves GSH and Bcl-2. FASEBJ,17(6):758-760.
Nezames C D, Deng X W.2012. The COP9Signalosome: Its Regulation of Cullin-based E3UbiquitinLigases and Role in Photomorphogenesis. Plant Physiol.
Nickell S, Beck F, Scheres S H, Korinek A, Forster F, Lasker K, Mihalache O, Sun N, Nagy I, Sali A,Plitzko J M, Carazo J M, Mann M, Baumeister W.2009. Insights into the molecular architecture of the26Sproteasome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,106(29):11943-11947.
Nunez O, Fernandez-Martinez A, Majano P L, Apolinario A, Gomez-Gonzalo M, Benedicto I,Lopez-Cabrera M, Bosca L, Clemente G, Garcia-Monzon C, Martin-Sanz P.2004. Increased intrahepaticcyclooxygenase2, matrix metalloproteinase2, and matrix metalloproteinase9expression is associatedwith progressive liver disease in chronic hepatitis C virus infection: role of viral core and NS5A proteins.Gut,53(11):1665-1672.
Oh S K, Cruikshank W W, Raina J, Blanchard G C, Adler W H, Walker J, Kornfeld H.1992.Identification of HIV-1envelope glycoprotein in the serum of AIDS and ARC patients. J Acquir ImmuneDefic Syndr,5(3):251-256.
Okanoue T, Itoh Y, Hashimoto H, Yasui K, Minami M, Takehara T, Tanaka E, Onji M, Toyota J,Chayama K, Yoshioka K, Izumi N, Akuta N, Kumada H.2009. Predictive values of amino acid sequencesof the core and NS5A regions in antiviral therapy for hepatitis C: a Japanese multi-center study. JGastroenterol,44(9):952-963.
Okuda M, Li K, Beard M R, Showalter L A, Scholle F, Lemon S M, Weinman S A.2002.Mitochondrial injury, oxidative stress, and antioxidant gene expression are induced by hepatitis C viruscore protein. Gastroenterology,122(2):366-375.
Owsianka A M, Patel A H.1999. Hepatitis C virus core protein interacts with a human DEAD boxprotein DDX3. Virology,257(2):330-340.
Pal S, Polyak S J, Bano N, Qiu W C, Carithers R L, Shuhart M, Gretch D R, Das A.2010. Hepatitis Cvirus induces oxidative stress, DNA damage and modulates the DNA repair enzyme NEIL1. JGastroenterol Hepatol,25(3):627-634.
Palella F J, Jr., Delaney K M, Moorman A C, Loveless M O, Fuhrer J, Satten G A, Aschman D J,Holmberg S D.1998. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced humanimmunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. N Engl J Med,338(13):853-860.
Pendyala S, Gorshkova I A, Usatyuk P V, He D, Pennathur A, Lambeth J D, Thannickal V J, NatarajanV.2009. Role of Nox4and Nox2in hyperoxia-induced reactive oxygen species generation and migrationof human lung endothelial cells. Antioxid Redox Signal,11(4):747-764.
Penin F, Brass V, Appel N, Ramboarina S, Montserret R, Ficheux D, Blum H E, Bartenschlager R,Moradpour D.2004. Structure and function of the membrane anchor domain of hepatitis C virusnonstructural protein5A. J Biol Chem,279(39):40835-40843.
Pleiner J, Mittermayer F, Schaller G, Marsik C, MacAllister R J, Wolzt M.2003.Inflammation-induced vasoconstrictor hyporeactivity is caused by oxidative stress. J Am Coll Cardiol,42(9):1656-1662.
Pratt W B, Toft D O.2003. Regulation of signaling protein function and trafficking by thehsp90/hsp70-based chaperone machinery. Exp Biol Med (Maywood),228(2):111-133.
Price T O, Ercal N, Nakaoke R, Banks W A.2005. HIV-1viral proteins gp120and Tat induceoxidative stress in brain endothelial cells. Brain Res,1045(1-2):57-63.
Qadri I, Iwahashi M, Capasso J M, Hopken M W, Flores S, Schaack J, Simon F R.2004. Inducedoxidative stress and activated expression of manganese superoxide dismutase during hepatitis C virusreplication: role of JNK, p38MAPK and AP-1. Biochem J,378(Pt3):919-928.
Reddy P V, Gandhi N, Samikkannu T, Saiyed Z, Agudelo M, Yndart A, Khatavkar P, Nair M P.2011.HIV-1gp120induces antioxidant response element-mediated expression in primary astrocytes: Role inHIV associated neurocognitive disorder. Neurochem Int.
Reid W, Sadowska M, Denaro F, Rao S, Foulke J, Jr., Hayes N, Jones O, Doodnauth D, Davis H, Sill A,O'Driscoll P, Huso D, Fouts T, Lewis G, Hill M, Kamin-Lewis R, Wei C, Ray P, Gallo R C, Reitz M,Bryant J.2001. An HIV-1transgenic rat that develops HIV-related pathology and immunologic dysfunction.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,98(16):9271-9276.
Ren Z, Yao Q, Chen C.2002. HIV-1envelope glycoprotein120increases intercellular adhesionmolecule-1expression by human endothelial cells. Lab Invest,82(3):245-255.
Robinson L C, Marchant J S.2008. Enhanced Ca2+leak from ER Ca2+stores induced by hepatitis CNS5A protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun,368(3):593-599.
Rockwell P, Martinez J, Papa L, Gomes E.2004. Redox regulates COX-2upregulation and cell deathin the neuronal response to cadmium. Cell Signal,16(3):343-353.
Runchel C, Matsuzawa A, Ichijo H.2011. Mitogen-activated protein kinases in mammalian oxidativestress responses. Antioxid Redox Signal,15(1):205-218.
Saitoh M, Nishitoh H, Fujii M, Takeda K, Tobiume K, Sawada Y, Kawabata M, Miyazono K, Ichijo H.1998. Mammalian thioredoxin is a direct inhibitor of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK)1. EMBO J,17(9):2596-2606.
Samant R S, Seraj M J, Saunders M M, Sakamaki T S, Shevde L A, Harms J F, Leonard T O, GoldbergS F, Budgeon L, Meehan W J, Winter C R, Christensen N D, Verderame M F, Donahue H J, Welch D R.2000. Analysis of mechanisms underlying BRMS1suppression of metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis,18(8):683-693.
Sapay N, Montserret R, Chipot C, Brass V, Moradpour D, Deleage G, Penin F.2006. NMR structureand molecular dynamics of the in-plane membrane anchor of nonstructural protein5A from bovine viraldiarrhea virus. Biochemistry,45(7):2221-2233.
Satoh S, Hirota M, Noguchi T, Hijikata M, Handa H, Shimotohno K.2000. Cleavage of hepatitis Cvirus nonstructural protein5A by a caspase-like protease(s) in mammalian cells. Virology,270(2):476-487.
Scheel T K, Gottwein J M, Mikkelsen L S, Jensen T B, Bukh J.2011. Recombinant HCV variants withNS5A from genotypes1-7have different sensitivities to an NS5A inhibitor but not interferon-alpha.Gastroenterology,140(3):1032-1042.
Schwarz K B.1996. Oxidative stress during viral infection: a review. Free Radic Biol Med,21(5):641-649.
Schweizer M, Peterhans E.1999. Oxidative stress in cells infected with bovine viral diarrhoea virus: acrucial step in the induction of apoptosis. J Gen Virol,80(Pt5):1147-1155.
Serva S, Nagy P D.2006. Proteomics analysis of the tombusvirus replicase: Hsp70molecularchaperone is associated with the replicase and enhances viral RNA replication. J Virol,80(5):2162-2169.
Shankar S S, Dube M P.2004. Clinical aspects of endothelial dysfunction associated with humanimmunodeficiency virus infection and antiretroviral agents. Cardiovasc Toxicol,4(3):261-269.
Sharma-Walia N, Paul A G, Bottero V, Sadagopan S, Veettil M V, Kerur N, Chandran B.2010. Kaposi'ssarcoma associated herpes virus (KSHV) induced COX-2: a key factor in latency, inflammation,angiogenesis, cell survival and invasion. PLoS Pathog,6(2): e1000777.
Sheng C, Chen Y, Xiao J, Wang J, Li G, Chen J, Xiao M.2012. Classical swine fever virus NS5Aprotein interacts with3'-untranslated region and regulates viral RNA synthesis. Virus Res,163(2):636-643.
Sheng C, Wang J, Xiao J, Chen Y, Jia L, Zhi Y, Li G, Xiao M.2012. Classical swine fever virus NS5Bprotein suppresses the inhibitory effect of NS5A on viral translation by binding to NS5A. J Gen Virol,93(Pt5):939-950.
Sheng C, Zhu Z, Yu J, Wan L, Wang Y, Chen J, Gu F, Xiao M.2010. Characterization of NS3, NS5Aand NS5B of classical swine fever virus through mutation and complementation analysis. Vet Microbiol,140(1-2):72-80.
Shepard C W, Finelli L, Alter M J.2005. Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection. LancetInfect Dis,5(9):558-567.
Shi Z, Sun J, Guo H, Tu C.2009. Genomic expression profiling of peripheral blood leukocytes of pigsinfected with highly virulent classical swine fever virus strain Shimen. J Gen Virol,90(Pt7):1670-1680.
Siflinger-Birnboim A, Goligorsky M S, Del Vecchio P J, Malik A B.1992. Activation of protein kinaseC pathway contributes to hydrogen peroxide-induced increase in endothelial permeability. Lab Invest,67(1):24-30.
Stojanovski D, Johnston A J, Streimann I, Hoogenraad N J, Ryan M T.2003. Import ofnuclear-encoded proteins into mitochondria. Exp Physiol,88(1):57-64.
Street A, Macdonald A, Crowder K, Harris M.2004. The Hepatitis C virus NS5A protein activates aphosphoinositide3-kinase-dependent survival signaling cascade. J Biol Chem,279(13):12232-12241.
Sun J, Jiang Y, Shi Z, Yan Y, Guo H, He F, Tu C.2008. Proteomic alteration of PK-15cells afterinfection by classical swine fever virus. J Proteome Res,7(12):5263-5269.
Sun J, Shi Z, Guo H, Tu C.2010. Changes in the porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cell proteomeinduced by infection with highly virulent classical swine fever virus. J Gen Virol,91(Pt9):2254-2262.
Sun Y, Jiang Q, Tian D Y, Lin H, Li H, Han Q Y, Han W, Si C D, Hu S P, Zhang Z, Qu L D, Qiu H J.2011. Experimental infection of Bama miniature pigs with a highly virulent classical swine fever virus.Virol J,8:452.
Tan Y, Ichikawa T, Li J, Si Q, Yang H, Chen X, Goldblatt C S, Meyer C J, Li X, Cai L, Cui T.2011.Diabetic downregulation of Nrf2activity via ERK contributes to oxidative stress-induced insulin resistancein cardiac cells in vitro and in vivo. Diabetes,60(2):625-633.
Tanaka T, Hosoi F, Yamaguchi-Iwai Y, Nakamura H, Masutani H, Ueda S, Nishiyama A, Takeda S,Wada H, Spyrou G, Yodoi J.2002. Thioredoxin-2(TRX-2) is an essential gene regulatingmitochondria-dependent apoptosis. EMBO J,21(7):1695-1703.
Tang A M, Smit E.2000. Oxidative stress in HIV-1-infected injection drug users. J Acquir ImmuneDefic Syndr,25Suppl1: S12-18.
Tang Q, Guo K, Kang K, Zhang Y, He L, Wang J.2011. Classical swine fever virus NS2proteinpromotes interleukin-8expression and inhibits MG132-induced apoptosis. Virus Genes.
Tang Q H, Zhang Y M, Fan L, Tong G, He L, Dai C.2010. Classic swine fever virus NS2protein leadsto the induction of cell cycle arrest at S-phase and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Virol J,7:4.
Tang Q H, Zhang Y M, Xu Y Z, He L, Dai C, Sun P.2010. Up-regulation of integrin beta3expressionin porcine vascular endothelial cells cultured in vitro by classical swine fever virus. Vet ImmunolImmunopathol,133(2-4):237-242.
Tardif K D, Waris G, Siddiqui A.2005. Hepatitis C virus, ER stress, and oxidative stress. TrendsMicrobiol,13(4):159-163.
Targett-Adams P, Graham E J, Middleton J, Palmer A, Shaw S M, Lavender H, Brain P, Tran T D,Jones L H, Wakenhut F, Stammen B, Pryde D, Pickford C, Westby M.2011. Small molecules targetinghepatitis C virus-encoded NS5A cause subcellular redistribution of their target: insights into compoundmodes of action. J Virol,85(13):6353-6368.
Tavassoli A.2011. Targeting the protein-protein interactions of the HIV lifecycle. Chem Soc Rev,40(3):1337-1346.
Tellinghuisen T L, Foss K L, Treadaway J C, Rice C M.2008. Identification of residues required forRNA replication in domains II and III of the hepatitis C virus NS5A protein. J Virol,82(3):1073-1083.
Tellinghuisen T L, Marcotrigiano J, Gorbalenya A E, Rice C M.2004. The NS5A protein of hepatitis Cvirus is a zinc metalloprotein. J Biol Chem,279(47):48576-48587.
Tellinghuisen T L, Marcotrigiano J, Rice C M.2005. Structure of the zinc-binding domain of anessential component of the hepatitis C virus replicase. Nature,435(7040):374-379.
Tellinghuisen T L, Paulson M S, Rice C M.2006. The NS5A protein of bovine viral diarrhea viruscontains an essential zinc-binding site similar to that of the hepatitis C virus NS5A protein. J Virol,80(15):7450-7458.
Tellinghuisen T L, Rice C M.2002. Interaction between hepatitis C virus proteins and host cell factors.Curr Opin Microbiol,5(4):419-427.
Thoren F, Romero A, Lindh M, Dahlgren C, Hellstrand K.2004. A hepatitis C virus-encoded,nonstructural protein (NS3) triggers dysfunction and apoptosis in lymphocytes: role of NADPHoxidase-derived oxygen radicals. J Leukoc Biol,76(6):1180-1186.
Treitinger A, Spada C, Verdi J C, Miranda A F, Oliveira O V, Silveira M V, Moriel P, Abdalla D S.2000. Decreased antioxidant defence in individuals infected by the human immunodeficiency virus. Eur JClin Invest,30(5):454-459.
Troke P J, Lewis M, Simpson P, Gore K, Hammond J, Craig C, Westby M.2012. Characterization ofresistance to the nonnucleoside NS5B inhibitor filibuvir in hepatitis C virus-infected patients. AntimicrobAgents Chemother,56(3):1331-1341.
True A L, Rahman A, Malik A B.2000. Activation of NF-kappaB induced by H(2)O(2) and TNF-alphaand its effects on ICAM-1expression in endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol,279(2):L302-311.
Tu H, Gao L, Shi S T, Taylor D R, Yang T, Mircheff A K, Wen Y, Gorbalenya A E, Hwang S B, Lai MM.1999. Hepatitis C virus RNA polymerase and NS5A complex with a SNARE-like protein. Virology,263(1):30-41.
Uchide N, Ohyama K.2003. Antiviral function of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate against influenza virus:the inhibition of viral gene replication and transcription. J Antimicrob Chemother,52(1):8-10.
Valyi-Nagy T, Dermody T S.2005. Role of oxidative damage in the pathogenesis of viral infections ofthe nervous system. Histol Histopathol,20(3):957-967.
van der Valk M, Kastelein J J, Murphy R L, van Leth F, Katlama C, Horban A, Glesby M, Behrens G,Clotet B, Stellato R K, Molhuizen H O, Reiss P.2001. Nevirapine-containing antiretroviral therapy inHIV-1infected patients results in an anti-atherogenic lipid profile. AIDS,15(18):2407-2414.
Venturini D, Simao A N, Barbosa D S, Lavado E L, Narciso V E, Dichi I, Dichi J B.2010. Increasedoxidative stress, decreased total antioxidant capacity, and iron overload in untreated patients with chronichepatitis C. Dig Dis Sci,55(4):1120-1127.
Verin A D, Liu F, Bogatcheva N, Borbiev T, Hershenson M B, Wang P, Garcia J G.2000. Role ofras-dependent ERK activation in phorbol ester-induced endothelial cell barrier dysfunction. Am J PhysiolLung Cell Mol Physiol,279(2): L360-370.
Wachtel M, Frei K, Ehler E, Fontana A, Winterhalter K, Gloor S M.1999. Occludin proteolysis andincreased permeability in endothelial cells through tyrosine phosphatase inhibition. J Cell Sci,112(Pt23):4347-4356.
Wang C Y, Yeh H I, Chang T J, Hsiao H J, Tsai M S, Tsai S M, Liu P A.2011. Attenuation of nitricoxide bioavailability in porcine aortic endothelial cells by classical swine fever virus. Arch Virol,156(7):1151-1160.
Waris G, Tardif K D, Siddiqui A.2002. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress: hepatitis C virus inducesan ER-nucleus signal transduction pathway and activates NF-kappaB and STAT-3. Biochem Pharmacol,64(10):1425-1430.
Wen G, Xue J, Shen Y, Zhang C, Pan Z.2009. Characterization of classical swine fever virus (CSFV)nonstructural protein3(NS3) helicase activity and its modulation by CSFV RNA-dependent RNApolymerase. Virus Res,141(1):63-70.
Whisler R L, Goyette M A, Grants I S, Newhouse Y G.1995. Sublethal levels of oxidant stressstimulate multiple serine/threonine kinases and suppress protein phosphatases in Jurkat T cells. ArchBiochem Biophys,319(1):23-35.
Williams R, Yao H, Peng F, Yang Y, Bethel-Brown C, Buch S.2010. Cooperative induction ofCXCL10involves NADPH oxidase: Implications for HIV dementia. Glia,58(5):611-621.
Wolf G.2000. Free radical production and angiotensin. Curr Hypertens Rep,2(2):167-173.
Xia Y H, Chen L, Pan Z S, Zhang C Y.2007. A novel role of classical swine fever virus E(rns)glycoprotein in counteracting the newcastle disease virus (NDV)-mediated IFN-beta Induction. J BiochemMol Biol,40(5):611-616.
Xiao M, Wang Y, Zhu Z, Yu J, Wan L, Chen J.2009. Influence of NS5A protein of classical swinefever virus (CSFV) on CSFV internal ribosome entry site-dependent translation. J Gen Virol,90(Pt12):2923-2928.
Xu H, Hong H X, Zhang Y M, Guo K K, Deng X M, Ye G S, Yang X Y.2007. Cytopathic effect ofclassical swine fever virus NS3protein on PK-15cells. Intervirology,50(6):433-438.
Yamada T, Iwasaki Y, Nagata K, Fushiki S, Nakamura H, Marunaka Y, Yodoi J.2007. Thioredoxin-1protects against hyperoxia-induced apoptosis in cells of the alveolar walls. Pulm Pharmacol Ther,20(6):650-659.
Young J C, Hoogenraad N J, Hartl F U.2003. Molecular chaperones Hsp90and Hsp70deliverpreproteins to the mitochondrial import receptor Tom70. Cell,112(1):41-50.
Yuan Y, Meng F Y, Huang Q, Hawker J, Wu H M.1998. Tyrosine phosphorylation ofpaxillin/pp125FAK and microvascular endothelial barrier function. Am J Physiol,275(1Pt2): H84-93.
Zafari A M, Ushio-Fukai M, Akers M, Yin Q, Shah A, Harrison D G, Taylor W R, Griendling K K.1998. Role of NADH/NADPH oxidase-derived H2O2in angiotensin II-induced vascular hypertrophy.Hypertension,32(3):488-495.
Zahoor M A, Yamane D, Mohamed Y M, Suda Y, Kobayashi K, Kato K, Tohya Y, Akashi H.2010.Bovine viral diarrhea virus non-structural protein5A interacts with NIK-and IKKbeta-binding protein. JGen Virol,91(Pt8):1939-1948.
Zhang B, Kang M, Xie Q, Xu B, Sun C, Chen K, Wu Y.2011. Anthocyanins from Chinese bayberryextract protect beta cells from oxidative stress-mediated injury via HO-1upregulation. J Agric Food Chem,59(2):537-545.
Zhao L, Chen Y H, Wang H, Ji Y L, Ning H, Wang S F, Zhang C, Lu J W, Duan Z H, Xu D X.2008.Reactive oxygen species contribute to lipopolysaccharide-induced teratogenesis in mice. Toxicol Sci,103(1):149-157.
Zhu Q, Guo J T, Seeger C.2003. Replication of hepatitis C virus subgenomes in nonhepatic epithelialand mouse hepatoma cells. J Virol,77(17):9204-9210.
Zhu Z, Wilson A T, Mathahs M M, Wen F, Brown K E, Luxon B A, Schmidt W N.2008. Hemeoxygenase-1suppresses hepatitis C virus replication and increases resistance of hepatocytes to oxidantinjury. Hepatology,48(5):1430-1439.
Zou Q, Wang H Y, Zhou J, Lao Z Y, Xue J, Li M X, Li H M, Jin Y T, Gu Y, Zhang Y L.2007. Totalparathyroidectomy combined with partial auto-transplantation for the treatment of secondaryhyperparathyroidism. Chin Med J (Engl),120(20):1777-1782.
Akude E, Zherebitskaya E, Roy Chowdhury S K, Girling K, Fernyhough P.2010.4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal induces mitochondrial dysfunction and aberrant axonal outgrowth in adult sensoryneurons that mimics features of diabetic neuropathy. Neurotox Res,17(1):28-38.
Allard J P, Aghdassi E, Chau J, Salit I, Walmsley S.1998. Oxidative stress and plasma antioxidantmicronutrients in humans with HIV infection. Am J Clin Nutr,67(1):143-147.
Antonetti D A, Barber A J, Khin S, Lieth E, Tarbell J M, Gardner T W.1998. Vascular permeability inexperimental diabetes is associated with reduced endothelial occludin content: vascular endothelial growthfactor decreases occludin in retinal endothelial cells. Penn State Retina Research Group. Diabetes,47(12):1953-1959.
Appel N, Pietschmann T, Bartenschlager R.2005. Mutational analysis of hepatitis C virusnonstructural protein5A: potential role of differential phosphorylation in RNA replication andidentification of a genetically flexible domain. J Virol,79(5):3187-3194.
Ariumi Y, Kuroki M, Abe K, Dansako H, Ikeda M, Wakita T, Kato N.2007. DDX3DEAD-box RNAhelicase is required for hepatitis C virus RNA replication. J Virol,81(24):13922-13926.
Aukrust P, Luna L, Ueland T, Johansen R F, Muller F, Froland S S, Seeberg E C, Bjoras M.2005.Impaired base excision repair and accumulation of oxidative base lesions in CD4+T cells of HIV-infectedpatients. Blood,105(12):4730-4735.
Barbieri S S, Eligini S, Brambilla M, Tremoli E, Colli S.2003. Reactive oxygen species mediatecyclooxygenase-2induction during monocyte to macrophage differentiation: critical role of NADPHoxidase. Cardiovasc Res,60(1):187-197.
Barry G, Fragkoudis R, Ferguson M C, Lulla A, Merits A, Kohl A, Fazakerley J K.2010. Semlikiforest virus-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress accelerates apoptotic death of mammalian cells. J Virol,84(14):7369-7377.
Bassaganya-Riera J, Song R, Roberts P C, Hontecillas R.2010. PPAR-gamma activation as ananti-inflammatory therapy for respiratory virus infections. Viral Immunol,23(4):343-352.
Bauhofer O, Summerfield A, Sakoda Y, Tratschin J D, Hofmann M A, Ruggli N.2007. Classical swinefever virus Npro interacts with interferon regulatory factor3and induces its proteasomal degradation. JVirol,81(7):3087-3096.
Bensaude E, Turner J L, Wakeley P R, Sweetman D A, Pardieu C, Drew T W, Wileman T, Powell P P.2004. Classical swine fever virus induces proinflammatory cytokines and tissue factor expression andinhibits apoptosis and interferon synthesis during the establishment of long-term infection of porcinevascular endothelial cells. J Gen Virol,85(Pt4):1029-1037.
Blight K J, Kolykhalov A A, Rice C M.2000. Efficient initiation of HCV RNA replication in cellculture. Science,290(5498):1972-1974.
Borca M V, Gudmundsdottir I, Fernandez-Sainz I J, Holinka L G, Risatti G R.2008. Patterns ofcellular gene expression in swine macrophages infected with highly virulent classical swine fever virusstrain Brescia. Virus Res,138(1-2):89-96.
Brass V, Bieck E, Montserret R, Wolk B, Hellings J A, Blum H E, Penin F, Moradpour D.2002. Anamino-terminal amphipathic alpha-helix mediates membrane association of the hepatitis C virusnonstructural protein5A. J Biol Chem,277(10):8130-8139.
Brass V, Pal Z, Sapay N, Deleage G, Blum H E, Penin F, Moradpour D.2007. Conserved determinantsfor membrane association of nonstructural protein5A from hepatitis C virus and related viruses. J Virol,81(6):2745-2757.
Cai H, Harrison D G.2000. Endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases: the role of oxidantstress. Circ Res,87(10):840-844.
Campos E, Revilla C, Chamorro S, Alvarez B, Ezquerra A, Dominguez J, Alonso F.2004. In vitroeffect of classical swine fever virus on a porcine aortic endothelial cell line. Vet Res,35(6):625-633.
Carbajal J M, Schaeffer R C, Jr.1998. H2O2and genistein differentially modulate protein tyrosinephosphorylation, endothelial morphology, and monolayer barrier function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun,249(2):461-466.
Castro L, Rodriguez M, Radi R.1994. Aconitase is readily inactivated by peroxynitrite, but not by itsprecursor, nitric oxide. J Biol Chem,269(47):29409-29415.
Chang H C, Samaniego F, Nair B C, Buonaguro L, Ensoli B.1997. HIV-1Tat protein exits from cellsvia a leaderless secretory pathway and binds to extracellular matrix-associated heparan sulfateproteoglycans through its basic region. AIDS,11(12):1421-1431.
Chang H Y, Chi J T, Dudoit S, Bondre C, van de Rijn M, Botstein D, Brown P O.2002. Diversity,topographic differentiation, and positional memory in human fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,99(20):12877-12882.
Chen K X, Lesburg C A, Vibulbhan B, Yang W, Chan T Y, Venkatraman S, Velazquez F, Zeng Q,Bennett F, Anilkumar G N, Duca J, Jiang Y, Pinto P, Wang L, Huang Y, Selyutin O, Gavalas S, Pu H,Agrawal S, Feld B, Huang H C, Li C, Cheng K C, Shih N Y, Kozlowski J A, Rosenblum S B, Njoroge F G.2012. A novel class of highly potent irreversible hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase inhibitors. J MedChem,55(5):2089-2101.
Chhunchha B, Fatma N, Bhargavan B, Kubo E, Kumar A, Singh D P.2011. Specificity protein,Sp1-mediated increased expression of Prdx6as a curcumin-induced antioxidant defense in lens epithelialcells against oxidative stress. Cell Death Dis,2: e234.
Chi J T, Chang H Y, Haraldsen G, Jahnsen F L, Troyanskaya O G, Chang D S, Wang Z, Rockson S G,van de Rijn M, Botstein D, Brown P O.2003. Endothelial cell diversity revealed by global expressionprofiling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,100(19):10623-10628.
Choi J.2012. Oxidative stress, endogenous antioxidants, alcohol, and hepatitis C: pathogenicinteractions and therapeutic considerations. Free Radic Biol Med,52(7):1135-1150.
Choi J, Lee K J, Zheng Y, Yamaga A K, Lai M M, Ou J H.2004. Reactive oxygen species suppresshepatitis C virus RNA replication in human hepatoma cells. Hepatology,39(1):81-89.
Choi J, Liu R M, Kundu R K, Sangiorgi F, Wu W, Maxson R, Forman H J.2000. Molecularmechanism of decreased glutathione content in human immunodeficiency virus type1Tat-transgenic mice.J Biol Chem,275(5):3693-3698.
Choi Y J, Lee S G.2012. The DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX3interacts with DDX5, co-localizes withit in the cytoplasm during the G2/M phase of the cycle, and affects its shuttling during mRNP export. JCell Biochem,113(3):985-996.
Chung Y L, Sheu M L, Yen S H.2003. Hepatitis C virus NS5A as a potential viral Bcl-2homologueinteracts with Bax and inhibits apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer,107(1):65-73.
Clapp B R, Hingorani A D, Kharbanda R K, Mohamed-Ali V, Stephens J W, Vallance P, MacAllister RJ.2004. Inflammation-induced endothelial dysfunction involves reduced nitric oxide bioavailability andincreased oxidant stress. Cardiovasc Res,64(1):172-178.
Collino M, Aragno M, Mastrocola R, Gallicchio M, Rosa A C, Dianzani C, Danni O, Thiemermann C,Fantozzi R.2006. Modulation of the oxidative stress and inflammatory response by PPAR-gamma agonistsin the hippocampus of rats exposed to cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Eur J Pharmacol,530(1-2):70-80.
Cory S, Adams J M.2002. The Bcl2family: regulators of the cellular life-or-death switch. Nat RevCancer,2(9):647-656.
Cosentino F, Eto M, De Paolis P, van der Loo B, Bachschmid M, Ullrich V, Kouroedov A, Delli GattiC, Joch H, Volpe M, Luscher T F.2003. High glucose causes upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2and altersprostanoid profile in human endothelial cells: role of protein kinase C and reactive oxygen species.Circulation,107(7):1017-1023.
Coyle C H, Kader K N.2007. Mechanisms of H2O2-induced oxidative stress in endothelial cellsexposed to physiologic shear stress. ASAIO J,53(1):17-22.
Cullinan S B, Diehl J A.2006. Coordination of ER and oxidative stress signaling: the PERK/Nrf2signaling pathway. Int J Biochem Cell Biol,38(3):317-332.
Dickie P, Roberts A, Lee R.2001. A defect in HIV-1transgenic murine macrophages results indeficient nitric oxide production. J Leukoc Biol,70(4):592-600.
Dionisio N, Garcia-Mediavilla M V, Sanchez-Campos S, Majano P L, Benedicto I, Rosado J A, SalidoG M, Gonzalez-Gallego J.2009. Hepatitis C virus NS5A and core proteins induce oxidativestress-mediated calcium signalling alterations in hepatocytes. J Hepatol,50(5):872-882.
Dreier S, Zimmermann B, Moennig V, Greiser-Wilke I.2007. A sequence database allowing automatedgenotyping of Classical swine fever virus isolates. J Virol Methods,140(1-2):95-99.
Ehringer W D, Yamany S, Steier K, Farag A, Roisen F J, Dozier A, Miller F N.1999. Quantitativeimage analysis of F-actin in endothelial cells. Microcirculation,6(4):291-303.
ElHefnawi M M, Zada S, El-Azab I A.2010. Prediction of prognostic biomarkers for interferon-basedtherapy to hepatitis C virus patients: a meta-analysis of the NS5A protein in subtypes1a,1b, and3a. VirolJ,7:130.
Esser S, Lampugnani M G, Corada M, Dejana E, Risau W.1998. Vascular endothelial growth factorinduces VE-cadherin tyrosine phosphorylation in endothelial cells. J Cell Sci,111(Pt13):1853-1865.
Evans M J, Rice C M, Goff S P.2004. Phosphorylation of hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein5Amodulates its protein interactions and viral RNA replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,101(35):13038-13043.
Fatma N, Singh P, Chhunchha B, Kubo E, Shinohara T, Bhargavan B, Singh D P.2011. Deficiency ofPrdx6in lens epithelial cells induces ER stress response-mediated impaired homeostasis and apoptosis. AmJ Physiol Cell Physiol,301(4): C954-967.
Ferro E, Goitre L, Retta S F, Trabalzini L.2012. The Interplay between ROS and Ras GTPases:Physiological and Pathological Implications. J Signal Transduct,2012:365769.
Finkel T.1998. Oxygen radicals and signaling. Curr Opin Cell Biol,10(2):248-253.
Finkel T, Holbrook N J.2000. Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of ageing. Nature,408(6809):239-247.
Foster T L, Belyaeva T, Stonehouse N J, Pearson A R, Harris M.2010. All three domains of thehepatitis C virus nonstructural NS5A protein contribute to RNA binding. J Virol,84(18):9267-9277.
Fraternale A, Paoletti M F, Casabianca A, Nencioni L, Garaci E, Palamara A T, Magnani M.2009.GSH and analogs in antiviral therapy. Mol Aspects Med,30(1-2):99-110.
Fridell R A, Qiu D, Wang C, Valera L, Gao M.2010. Resistance analysis of the hepatitis C virus NS5Ainhibitor BMS-790052in an in vitro replicon system. Antimicrob Agents Chemother,54(9):3641-3650.
Fridman J S, Lowe S W.2003. Control of apoptosis by p53. Oncogene,22(56):9030-9040.
Gale M J, Jr., Korth M J, Tang N M, Tan S L, Hopkins D A, Dever T E, Polyak S J, Gretch D R, KatzeM G.1997. Evidence that hepatitis C virus resistance to interferon is mediated through repression of thePKR protein kinase by the nonstructural5A protein. Virology,230(2):217-227.
Gallastegui N, Groll M.2010. The26S proteasome: assembly and function of a destructive machine.Trends Biochem Sci,35(11):634-642.
Gao M, Nettles R E, Belema M, Snyder L B, Nguyen V N, Fridell R A, Serrano-Wu M H, Langley DR, Sun J H, O'Boyle D R,2nd, Lemm J A, Wang C, Knipe J O, Chien C, Colonno R J, Grasela D M,Meanwell N A, Hamann L G.2010. Chemical genetics strategy identifies an HCV NS5A inhibitor with apotent clinical effect. Nature,465(7294):96-100.
Garaci E, Palamara A T, Di Francesco P, Favalli C, Ciriolo M R, Rotilio G.1992. Glutathione inhibitsreplication and expression of viral proteins in cultured cells infected with Sendai virus. Biochem BiophysRes Commun,188(3):1090-1096.
Garcia-Rio F, Romero D, Lores V, Casitas R, Hernanz A, Galera R, Alvarez-Sala R, Torres I.2011.Dynamic hyperinflation, arterial blood oxygen, and airway oxidative stress in stable patients with COPD.Chest,140(4):961-969.
Gaudernak E, Seipelt J, Triendl A, Grassauer A, Kuechler E.2002. Antiviral effects of pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate on human rhinoviruses. J Virol,76(12):6004-6015.
Gholami A, Kassis R, Real E, Delmas O, Guadagnini S, Larrous F, Obach D, Prevost M C, Jacob Y,Bourhy H.2008. Mitochondrial dysfunction in lyssavirus-induced apoptosis. J Virol,82(10):4774-4784.
Ghosh A K, Majumder M, Steele R, Meyer K, Ray R, Ray R B.2000. Hepatitis C virus NS5A proteinprotects against TNF-alpha mediated apoptotic cell death. Virus Res,67(2):173-178.
Gilbert M, Kirihara J, Mills J.1991. Enzyme-linked immunoassay for human immunodeficiency virustype1envelope glycoprotein120. J Clin Microbiol,29(1):142-147.
Gladue D P, Zhu J, Holinka L G, Fernandez-Sainz I, Carrillo C, Prarat M V, O'Donnell V, Borca M V.2010. Patterns of gene expression in swine macrophages infected with classical swine fever virus detectedby microarray. Virus Res,151(1):10-18.
Gong G, Waris G, Tanveer R, Siddiqui A.2001. Human hepatitis C virus NS5A protein altersintracellular calcium levels, induces oxidative stress, and activates STAT-3and NF-kappa B. Proc NatlAcad Sci U S A,98(17):9599-9604.
Gozin A, Franzini E, Andrieu V, Da Costa L, Rollet-Labelle E, Pasquier C.1998. Reactive oxygenspecies activate focal adhesion kinase, paxillin and p130cas tyrosine phosphorylation in endothelial cells.Free Radic Biol Med,25(9):1021-1032.
Greenspan H C, Aruoma O I.1994. Oxidative stress and apoptosis in HIV infection: a role forplant-derived metabolites with synergistic antioxidant activity. Immunol Today,15(5):209-213.
Griffith E C, Su Z, Niwayama S, Ramsay C A, Chang Y H, Liu J O.1998. Molecular recognition ofangiogenesis inhibitors fumagillin and ovalicin by methionine aminopeptidase2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,95(26):15183-15188.
Gu X H, Hao Y, Wang X L.2012. Overexpression of heat shock protein70and its relationship tointestine under acute heat stress in broilers:2. Intestinal oxidative stress. Poult Sci,91(4):790-799.
Guay J, Lambert H, Gingras-Breton G, Lavoie J N, Huot J, Landry J.1997. Regulation of actinfilament dynamics by p38map kinase-mediated phosphorylation of heat shock protein27. J Cell Sci,110(Pt3):357-368.
Hahn K, Robinson B, Anderson C, Li W, Pardo C A, Morgello S, Simpson D, Nath A.2008.Differential effects of HIV infected macrophages on dorsal root ganglia neurons and axons. Exp Neurol,210(1):30-40.
Hasegawa H, Takano H, Komuro I.2010. Therapeutic Implications of PPARgamma in CardiovascularDiseases. PPAR Res,2010.
He L, Zhang Y M, Lin Z, Li W W, Wang J, Li H L.2012. Classical swine fever virus NS5A proteinlocalizes to endoplasmic reticulum and induces oxidative stress in vascular endothelial cells. Virus Genes.
He Y, Nakao H, Tan S L, Polyak S J, Neddermann P, Vijaysri S, Jacobs B L, Katze M G.2002.Subversion of cell signaling pathways by hepatitis C virus nonstructural5A protein via interaction withGrb2and P85phosphatidylinositol3-kinase. J Virol,76(18):9207-9217.
Herzenberg L A, De Rosa S C, Dubs J G, Roederer M, Anderson M T, Ela S W, Deresinski S C.1997.Glutathione deficiency is associated with impaired survival in HIV disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,94(5):1967-1972.
Hong H X, Zhang Y M, Xu H, Su Z Y, Sun P.2007. Immortalization of swine umbilical veinendothelial cells with human telomerase reverse transcriptase. Mol Cells,24(3):358-363.
Hseu Y C, Chou C W, Senthil Kumar K J, Fu K T, Wang H M, Hsu L S, Kuo Y H, Wu C R, Chen S C,Yang H L.2012. Ellagic acid protects human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells against UVA-induced oxidativestress and apoptosis through the upregulation of the HO-1and Nrf-2antioxidant genes. Food ChemToxicol,50(5):1245-1255.
Hsiao H J, Liu P A, Yeh H I, Wang C Y.2010. Classical swine fever virus down-regulates endothelialconnexin43gap junctions. Arch Virol,155(7):1107-1116.
Hsieh Y H, Su I J, Wang H C, Chang W W, Lei H Y, Lai M D, Chang W T, Huang W.2004. Pre-Smutant surface antigens in chronic hepatitis B virus infection induce oxidative stress and DNA damage.Carcinogenesis,25(10):2023-2032.
Huang L, Hwang J, Sharma S D, Hargittai M R, Chen Y, Arnold J J, Raney K D, Cameron C E.2005.Hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein5A (NS5A) is an RNA-binding protein. J Biol Chem,280(43):36417-36428.
Huang Y, Staschke K, De Francesco R, Tan S L.2007. Phosphorylation of hepatitis C virus NS5Anonstructural protein: a new paradigm for phosphorylation-dependent viral RNA replication? Virology,364(1):1-9.
Hung C C, Chang S C.2004. Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on incidence andmanagement of human immunodeficiency virus-related opportunistic infections. J Antimicrob Chemother,54(5):849-853.
Huot J, Houle F, Marceau F, Landry J.1997. Oxidative stress-induced actin reorganization mediatedby the p38mitogen-activated protein kinase/heat shock protein27pathway in vascular endothelial cells.Circ Res,80(3):383-392.
Huot J, Houle F, Rousseau S, Deschesnes R G, Shah G M, Landry J.1998. SAPK2/p38-dependentF-actin reorganization regulates early membrane blebbing during stress-induced apoptosis. J Cell Biol,143(5):1361-1373.
Ishii J, Fukuda N, Tanaka T, Ogino C, Kondo A.2010. Protein-protein interactions and selection:yeast-based approaches that exploit guanine nucleotide-binding protein signaling. FEBS J,277(9):1982-1995.
Israel N, Gougerot-Pocidalo M A.1997. Oxidative stress in human immunodeficiency virus infection.Cell Mol Life Sci,53(11-12):864-870.
Jackson A C, Kammouni W, Fernyhough P.2011. Role of oxidative stress in rabies virus infection.Adv Virus Res,79:127-138.
Jackson A C, Kammouni W, Zherebitskaya E, Fernyhough P.2010. Role of oxidative stress in rabiesvirus infection of adult mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons. J Virol,84(9):4697-4705.
Johns H L, Bensaude E, La Rocca S A, Seago J, Charleston B, Steinbach F, Drew T W, Crooke H,Everett H.2010. Classical swine fever virus infection protects aortic endothelial cells from pIpC-mediatedapoptosis. J Gen Virol,91(Pt4):1038-1046.
Johnson C M, Perez D R, French R, Merrick W C, Donis R O.2001. The NS5A protein of bovine viraldiarrhoea virus interacts with the alpha subunit of translation elongation factor-1. J Gen Virol,82(Pt12):2935-2943.
Johnson M A, Gathe J C, Jr., Podzamczer D, Molina J M, Naylor C T, Chiu Y L, King M S,Podsadecki T J, Hanna G J, Brun S C.2006. A once-daily lopinavir/ritonavir-based regimen providesnoninferior antiviral activity compared with a twice-daily regimen. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr,43(2):153-160.
Joyce M A, Walters K A, Lamb S E, Yeh M M, Zhu L F, Kneteman N, Doyle J S, Katze M G, Tyrrell DL.2009. HCV induces oxidative and ER stress, and sensitizes infected cells to apoptosis in SCID/Alb-uPAmice. PLoS Pathog,5(2): e1000291.
Jubb H, Higueruelo A P, Winter A, Blundell T L.2012. Structural biology and drug discovery forprotein-protein interactions. Trends Pharmacol Sci,33(5):241-248.
Kamata H, Hirata H.1999. Redox regulation of cellular signalling. Cell Signal,11(1):1-14.
Kammouni W, Hasan L, Saleh A, Wood H, Fernyhough P, Jackson A C.2012. Role of NuclearFactor-kappaB in Oxidative Stress Associated with Rabies Virus Infection of Adult Rat Dorsal RootGanglion Neurons. J Virol,86(15):8139-8146.
Karagoz G E, Duarte A M, Ippel H, Uetrecht C, Sinnige T, van Rosmalen M, Hausmann J, Heck A J,Boelens R, Rudiger S G.2011. N-terminal domain of human Hsp90triggers binding to the cochaperonep23. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,108(2):580-585.
Kevil C G, Oshima T, Alexander B, Coe L L, Alexander J S.2000. H(2)O(2)-mediated permeability:role of MAPK and occludin. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol,279(1): C21-30.
Kim E H, Na H K, Kim D H, Park S A, Kim H N, Song N Y, Surh Y J.2008.15-Deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2induces COX-2expression through Akt-driven AP-1activation inhuman breast cancer cells: a potential role of ROS. Carcinogenesis,29(4):688-695.
Kim G S, Jung J E, Narasimhan P, Sakata H, Chan P H.2012. Induction of thioredoxin-interactingprotein is mediated by oxidative stress, calcium, and glucose after brain injury in mice. Neurobiol Dis,46(2):440-449.
Kinjo T, Ham-Terhune J, Peloponese J M, Jr., Jeang K T.2010. Induction of reactive oxygen speciesby human T-cell leukemia virus type1tax correlates with DNA damage and expression of cellularsenescence marker. J Virol,84(10):5431-5437.
Kline E R, Kleinhenz D J, Liang B, Dikalov S, Guidot D M, Hart C M, Jones D P, Sutliff R L.2008.Vascular oxidative stress and nitric oxide depletion in HIV-1transgenic rats are reversed by glutathionerestoration. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,294(6): H2792-2804.
Kobayashi H, Takeno M, Saito T, Takeda Y, Kirino Y, Noyori K, Hayashi T, Ueda A, Ishigatsubo Y.2006. Regulatory role of heme oxygenase1in inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum,54(4):1132-1142.
Konishi H, Tanaka M, Takemura Y, Matsuzaki H, Ono Y, Kikkawa U, Nishizuka Y.1997. Activation ofprotein kinase C by tyrosine phosphorylation in response to H2O2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,94(21):11233-11237.
Korenaga M, Wang T, Li Y, Showalter L A, Chan T, Sun J, Weinman S A.2005. Hepatitis C virus coreprotein inhibits mitochondrial electron transport and increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. JBiol Chem,280(45):37481-37488.
Kumthip K, Chusri P, Jilg N, Zhao L, Fusco D N, Zhao H, Goto K, Cheng D, Schaefer E A, Zhang L,Pantip C, Thongsawat S, O'Brien A, Peng L F, Maneekarn N, Chung R T, Lin W.2012. Hepatitis C VirusNS5A Disrupts STAT1Phosphorylation and Suppresses Type I Interferon Signaling. J Virol,86(16):8581-8591.
Lanke K, Krenn B M, Melchers W J, Seipelt J, van Kuppeveld F J.2007. PDTC inhibits picornaviruspolyprotein processing and RNA replication by transporting zinc ions into cells. J Gen Virol,88(Pt4):1206-1217.
Larrous F, Gholami A, Mouhamad S, Estaquier J, Bourhy H.2010. Two overlapping domains of alyssavirus matrix protein that acts on different cell death pathways. J Virol,84(19):9897-9906.
Le Guillou-Guillemette H, Vallet S, Gaudy-Graffin C, Payan C, Pivert A, Goudeau A, Lunel-Fabiani F.2007. Genetic diversity of the hepatitis C virus: impact and issues in the antiviral therapy. World JGastroenterol,13(17):2416-2426.
Lee C, Ma H, Hang J Q, Leveque V, Sklan E H, Elazar M, Klumpp K, Glenn J S.2011. The hepatitis Cvirus NS5A inhibitor (BMS-790052) alters the subcellular localization of the NS5A non-structural viralprotein. Virology,414(1):10-18.
Lee C, Okabe E.1995. Hydroxyl radical-mediated reduction of Ca(2+)-ATPase activity of massetermuscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. Jpn J Pharmacol,67(1):21-28.
Lee J C, Chen W C, Wu S F, Tseng C K, Chiou C Y, Chang F R, Hsu S H, Wu Y C.2011.Anti-hepatitis C virus activity of Acacia confusa extract via suppressing cyclooxygenase-2. Antiviral Res,89(1):35-42.
Lee W C, Wang C S, Chien M S.1999. Virus antigen expression and alterations in peripheral bloodmononuclear cell subpopulations after classical swine fever virus infection. Vet Microbiol,67(1):17-29.
Lemm J A, O'Boyle D,2nd, Liu M, Nower P T, Colonno R, Deshpande M S, Snyder L B, Martin S W,St Laurent D R, Serrano-Wu M H, Romine J L, Meanwell N A, Gao M.2010. Identification of hepatitis Cvirus NS5A inhibitors. J Virol,84(1):482-491.
Li D, Wang X Z, Yu J P, Chen Z X, Huang Y H, Tao Q M.2004. Cytochrome C oxidase III interactswith hepatitis B virus X protein in vivo by yeast two-hybrid system. World J Gastroenterol,10(19):2805-2808.
Li S, Qu H, Hao J, Sun J, Guo H, Guo C, Sun B, Tu C.2010. Proteomic analysis of primary porcineendothelial cells after infection by classical swine fever virus. Biochim Biophys Acta,1804(9):1882-1888.
Li Y, Boehning D F, Qian T, Popov V L, Weinman S A.2007. Hepatitis C virus core protein increasesmitochondrial ROS production by stimulation of Ca2+uniporter activity. FASEB J,21(10):2474-2485.
Liang Y, Kang C B, Yoon H S.2006. Molecular and structural characterization of the domain2ofhepatitis C virus non-structural protein5A. Mol Cells,22(1):13-20.
Lin M, Trottier E, Pasick J.2005. Antibody responses of pigs to defined Erns fragments after infectionwith classical swine fever virus. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol,12(1):180-186.
Lin M T, Beal M F.2006. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in neurodegenerativediseases. Nature,443(7113):787-795.
Lin W, Wu G, Li S, Weinberg E M, Kumthip K, Peng L F, Mendez-Navarro J, Chen W C, Jilg N, ZhaoH, Goto K, Zhang L, Brockman M A, Schuppan D, Chung R T.2011. HIV and HCV cooperativelypromote hepatic fibrogenesis via induction of reactive oxygen species and NFkappaB. J Biol Chem,286(4):2665-2674.
Lohse L, Nielsen J, Uttenthal A.2012. Early pathogenesis of classical swine fever virus (CSFV)strains in Danish pigs. Vet Microbiol.
Lonardo A, Adinolfi L E, Loria P, Carulli N, Ruggiero G, Day C P.2004. Steatosis and hepatitis Cvirus: mechanisms and significance for hepatic and extrahepatic disease. Gastroenterology,126(2):586-597.
Lu L, Wei L, Peng G, Mu Y, Wu K, Kang L, Yan X, Zhu Y, Wu J.2008. NS3protein of hepatitis Cvirus regulates cyclooxygenase-2expression through multiple signaling pathways. Virology,371(1):61-70.
Lum H, Roebuck K A.2001. Oxidant stress and endothelial cell dysfunction. Am J Physiol CellPhysiol,280(4): C719-741.
Luo X, Ling D, Li T, Wan C, Zhang C, Pan Z.2009. Classical swine fever virus Erns glycoproteinantagonizes induction of interferon-beta by double-stranded RNA. Can J Microbiol,55(6):698-704.
Lyle A N, Griendling K K.2006. Modulation of vascular smooth muscle signaling by reactive oxygenspecies. Physiology (Bethesda),21:269-280.
Macdonald A, Crowder K, Street A, McCormick C, Harris M.2004. The hepatitis C virus NS5Aprotein binds to members of the Src family of tyrosine kinases and regulates kinase activity. J Gen Virol,85(Pt3):721-729.
Macdonald A, Crowder K, Street A, McCormick C, Saksela K, Harris M.2003. The hepatitis C virusnon-structural NS5A protein inhibits activating protein-1function by perturbing ras-ERK pathwaysignaling. J Biol Chem,278(20):17775-17784.
Macdonald A, Harris M.2004. Hepatitis C virus NS5A: tales of a promiscuous protein. J Gen Virol,85(Pt9):2485-2502.
Machida K, Cheng K T, Sung V M, Lee K J, Levine A M, Lai M M.2004. Hepatitis C virus infectionactivates the immunologic (type II) isoform of nitric oxide synthase and thereby enhances DNA damageand mutations of cellular genes. J Virol,78(16):8835-8843.
Mahmood S, Kawanaka M, Kamei A, Izumi A, Nakata K, Niiyama G, Ikeda H, Hanano S, Suehiro M,Togawa K, Yamada G.2004. Immunohistochemical evaluation of oxidative stress markers in chronichepatitis C. Antioxid Redox Signal,6(1):19-24.
Majumder M, Ghosh A K, Steele R, Zhou X Y, Phillips N J, Ray R, Ray R B.2002. Hepatitis C virusNS5A protein impairs TNF-mediated hepatic apoptosis, but not by an anti-FAS antibody, in transgenicmice. Virology,294(1):94-105.
Mamiya N, Worman H J.1999. Hepatitis C virus core protein binds to a DEAD box RNA helicase. JBiol Chem,274(22):15751-15756.
Mandell B F, Calabrese L H.1998. Infections and systemic vasculitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol,10(1):51-57.
Mangan S, Clancy P, Golledge J.2008. Modulation of endothelial cell thrombomodulin by PPARligands--variation according to environment. Thromb Res,121(6):827-834.
Maniker A H, Hunt C D.1996. Cerebral aneurysm in the HIV patient: a report of six cases. SurgNeurol,46(1):49-54.
McCormick C J, Maucourant S, Griffin S, Rowlands D J, Harris M.2006. Tagging of NS5A expressedfrom a functional hepatitis C virus replicon. J Gen Virol,87(Pt3):635-640.
Melhem A, Stern M, Shibolet O, Israeli E, Ackerman Z, Pappo O, Hemed N, Rowe M, Ohana H,Zabrecky G, Cohen R, Ilan Y.2005. Treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection via antioxidants:results of a phase I clinical trial. J Clin Gastroenterol,39(8):737-742.
Miyasaka Y, Enomoto N, Kurosaki M, Sakamoto N, Kanazawa N, Kohashi T, Ueda E, Maekawa S,Watanabe H, Izumi N, Sato C, Watanabe M.2003. Hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein5A inhibitstumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated apoptosis in Huh7cells. J Infect Dis,188(10):1537-1544.
Moennig V.2000. Introduction to classical swine fever: virus, disease and control policy. VetMicrobiol,73(2-3):93-102.
Moradpour D, Evans M J, Gosert R, Yuan Z, Blum H E, Goff S P, Lindenbach B D, Rice C M.2004.Insertion of green fluorescent protein into nonstructural protein5A allows direct visualization of functionalhepatitis C virus replication complexes. J Virol,78(14):7400-7409.
Moradpour D, Penin F, Rice C M.2007. Replication of hepatitis C virus. Nat Rev Microbiol,5(6):453-463.
Moriya K, Nakagawa K, Santa T, Shintani Y, Fujie H, Miyoshi H, Tsutsumi T, Miyazawa T, IshibashiK, Horie T, Imai K, Todoroki T, Kimura S, Koike K.2001. Oxidative stress in the absence of inflammationin a mouse model for hepatitis C virus-associated hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Res,61(11):4365-4370.
Mougiakakos D, Johansson C C, Jitschin R, Bottcher M, Kiessling R.2011. Increased thioredoxin-1production in human naturally occurring regulatory T cells confers enhanced tolerance to oxidative stress.Blood,117(3):857-861.
Moulin H R, Seuberlich T, Bauhofer O, Bennett L C, Tratschin J D, Hofmann M A, Ruggli N.2007.Nonstructural proteins NS2-3and NS4A of classical swine fever virus: essential features for infectiousparticle formation. Virology,365(2):376-389.
Mukouyama Y S, Shin D, Britsch S, Taniguchi M, Anderson D J.2002. Sensory nerves determine thepattern of arterial differentiation and blood vessel branching in the skin. Cell,109(6):693-705.
Natarajan V.1995. Oxidants and signal transduction in vascular endothelium. J Lab Clin Med,125(1):26-37.
Nemoto S, Takeda K, Yu Z X, Ferrans V J, Finkel T.2000. Role for mitochondrial oxidants asregulators of cellular metabolism. Mol Cell Biol,20(19):7311-7318.
Nencioni L, Iuvara A, Aquilano K, Ciriolo M R, Cozzolino F, Rotilio G, Garaci E, Palamara A T.2003.Influenza A virus replication is dependent on an antioxidant pathway that involves GSH and Bcl-2. FASEBJ,17(6):758-760.
Nezames C D, Deng X W.2012. The COP9Signalosome: Its Regulation of Cullin-based E3UbiquitinLigases and Role in Photomorphogenesis. Plant Physiol.
Nickell S, Beck F, Scheres S H, Korinek A, Forster F, Lasker K, Mihalache O, Sun N, Nagy I, Sali A,Plitzko J M, Carazo J M, Mann M, Baumeister W.2009. Insights into the molecular architecture of the26Sproteasome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,106(29):11943-11947.
Nunez O, Fernandez-Martinez A, Majano P L, Apolinario A, Gomez-Gonzalo M, Benedicto I,Lopez-Cabrera M, Bosca L, Clemente G, Garcia-Monzon C, Martin-Sanz P.2004. Increased intrahepaticcyclooxygenase2, matrix metalloproteinase2, and matrix metalloproteinase9expression is associatedwith progressive liver disease in chronic hepatitis C virus infection: role of viral core and NS5A proteins.Gut,53(11):1665-1672.
Oh S K, Cruikshank W W, Raina J, Blanchard G C, Adler W H, Walker J, Kornfeld H.1992.Identification of HIV-1envelope glycoprotein in the serum of AIDS and ARC patients. J Acquir ImmuneDefic Syndr,5(3):251-256.
Okanoue T, Itoh Y, Hashimoto H, Yasui K, Minami M, Takehara T, Tanaka E, Onji M, Toyota J,Chayama K, Yoshioka K, Izumi N, Akuta N, Kumada H.2009. Predictive values of amino acid sequencesof the core and NS5A regions in antiviral therapy for hepatitis C: a Japanese multi-center study. JGastroenterol,44(9):952-963.
Okuda M, Li K, Beard M R, Showalter L A, Scholle F, Lemon S M, Weinman S A.2002.Mitochondrial injury, oxidative stress, and antioxidant gene expression are induced by hepatitis C viruscore protein. Gastroenterology,122(2):366-375.
Owsianka A M, Patel A H.1999. Hepatitis C virus core protein interacts with a human DEAD boxprotein DDX3. Virology,257(2):330-340.
Pal S, Polyak S J, Bano N, Qiu W C, Carithers R L, Shuhart M, Gretch D R, Das A.2010. Hepatitis Cvirus induces oxidative stress, DNA damage and modulates the DNA repair enzyme NEIL1. JGastroenterol Hepatol,25(3):627-634.
Palella F J, Jr., Delaney K M, Moorman A C, Loveless M O, Fuhrer J, Satten G A, Aschman D J,Holmberg S D.1998. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced humanimmunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. N Engl J Med,338(13):853-860.
Pendyala S, Gorshkova I A, Usatyuk P V, He D, Pennathur A, Lambeth J D, Thannickal V J, NatarajanV.2009. Role of Nox4and Nox2in hyperoxia-induced reactive oxygen species generation and migrationof human lung endothelial cells. Antioxid Redox Signal,11(4):747-764.
Penin F, Brass V, Appel N, Ramboarina S, Montserret R, Ficheux D, Blum H E, Bartenschlager R,Moradpour D.2004. Structure and function of the membrane anchor domain of hepatitis C virusnonstructural protein5A. J Biol Chem,279(39):40835-40843.
Pleiner J, Mittermayer F, Schaller G, Marsik C, MacAllister R J, Wolzt M.2003.Inflammation-induced vasoconstrictor hyporeactivity is caused by oxidative stress. J Am Coll Cardiol,42(9):1656-1662.
Pratt W B, Toft D O.2003. Regulation of signaling protein function and trafficking by thehsp90/hsp70-based chaperone machinery. Exp Biol Med (Maywood),228(2):111-133.
Price T O, Ercal N, Nakaoke R, Banks W A.2005. HIV-1viral proteins gp120and Tat induceoxidative stress in brain endothelial cells. Brain Res,1045(1-2):57-63.
Qadri I, Iwahashi M, Capasso J M, Hopken M W, Flores S, Schaack J, Simon F R.2004. Inducedoxidative stress and activated expression of manganese superoxide dismutase during hepatitis C virusreplication: role of JNK, p38MAPK and AP-1. Biochem J,378(Pt3):919-928.
Reddy P V, Gandhi N, Samikkannu T, Saiyed Z, Agudelo M, Yndart A, Khatavkar P, Nair M P.2011.HIV-1gp120induces antioxidant response element-mediated expression in primary astrocytes: Role inHIV associated neurocognitive disorder. Neurochem Int.
Reid W, Sadowska M, Denaro F, Rao S, Foulke J, Jr., Hayes N, Jones O, Doodnauth D, Davis H, Sill A,O'Driscoll P, Huso D, Fouts T, Lewis G, Hill M, Kamin-Lewis R, Wei C, Ray P, Gallo R C, Reitz M,Bryant J.2001. An HIV-1transgenic rat that develops HIV-related pathology and immunologic dysfunction.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,98(16):9271-9276.
Ren Z, Yao Q, Chen C.2002. HIV-1envelope glycoprotein120increases intercellular adhesionmolecule-1expression by human endothelial cells. Lab Invest,82(3):245-255.
Robinson L C, Marchant J S.2008. Enhanced Ca2+leak from ER Ca2+stores induced by hepatitis CNS5A protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun,368(3):593-599.
Rockwell P, Martinez J, Papa L, Gomes E.2004. Redox regulates COX-2upregulation and cell deathin the neuronal response to cadmium. Cell Signal,16(3):343-353.
Runchel C, Matsuzawa A, Ichijo H.2011. Mitogen-activated protein kinases in mammalian oxidativestress responses. Antioxid Redox Signal,15(1):205-218.
Saitoh M, Nishitoh H, Fujii M, Takeda K, Tobiume K, Sawada Y, Kawabata M, Miyazono K, Ichijo H.1998. Mammalian thioredoxin is a direct inhibitor of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK)1. EMBO J,17(9):2596-2606.
Samant R S, Seraj M J, Saunders M M, Sakamaki T S, Shevde L A, Harms J F, Leonard T O, GoldbergS F, Budgeon L, Meehan W J, Winter C R, Christensen N D, Verderame M F, Donahue H J, Welch D R.2000. Analysis of mechanisms underlying BRMS1suppression of metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis,18(8):683-693.
Sapay N, Montserret R, Chipot C, Brass V, Moradpour D, Deleage G, Penin F.2006. NMR structureand molecular dynamics of the in-plane membrane anchor of nonstructural protein5A from bovine viraldiarrhea virus. Biochemistry,45(7):2221-2233.
Satoh S, Hirota M, Noguchi T, Hijikata M, Handa H, Shimotohno K.2000. Cleavage of hepatitis Cvirus nonstructural protein5A by a caspase-like protease(s) in mammalian cells. Virology,270(2):476-487.
Scheel T K, Gottwein J M, Mikkelsen L S, Jensen T B, Bukh J.2011. Recombinant HCV variants withNS5A from genotypes1-7have different sensitivities to an NS5A inhibitor but not interferon-alpha.Gastroenterology,140(3):1032-1042.
Schwarz K B.1996. Oxidative stress during viral infection: a review. Free Radic Biol Med,21(5):641-649.
Schweizer M, Peterhans E.1999. Oxidative stress in cells infected with bovine viral diarrhoea virus: acrucial step in the induction of apoptosis. J Gen Virol,80(Pt5):1147-1155.
Serva S, Nagy P D.2006. Proteomics analysis of the tombusvirus replicase: Hsp70molecularchaperone is associated with the replicase and enhances viral RNA replication. J Virol,80(5):2162-2169.
Shankar S S, Dube M P.2004. Clinical aspects of endothelial dysfunction associated with humanimmunodeficiency virus infection and antiretroviral agents. Cardiovasc Toxicol,4(3):261-269.
Sharma-Walia N, Paul A G, Bottero V, Sadagopan S, Veettil M V, Kerur N, Chandran B.2010. Kaposi'ssarcoma associated herpes virus (KSHV) induced COX-2: a key factor in latency, inflammation,angiogenesis, cell survival and invasion. PLoS Pathog,6(2): e1000777.
Sheng C, Chen Y, Xiao J, Wang J, Li G, Chen J, Xiao M.2012. Classical swine fever virus NS5Aprotein interacts with3'-untranslated region and regulates viral RNA synthesis. Virus Res,163(2):636-643.
Sheng C, Wang J, Xiao J, Chen Y, Jia L, Zhi Y, Li G, Xiao M.2012. Classical swine fever virus NS5Bprotein suppresses the inhibitory effect of NS5A on viral translation by binding to NS5A. J Gen Virol,93(Pt5):939-950.
Sheng C, Zhu Z, Yu J, Wan L, Wang Y, Chen J, Gu F, Xiao M.2010. Characterization of NS3, NS5Aand NS5B of classical swine fever virus through mutation and complementation analysis. Vet Microbiol,140(1-2):72-80.
Shepard C W, Finelli L, Alter M J.2005. Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection. LancetInfect Dis,5(9):558-567.
Shi Z, Sun J, Guo H, Tu C.2009. Genomic expression profiling of peripheral blood leukocytes of pigsinfected with highly virulent classical swine fever virus strain Shimen. J Gen Virol,90(Pt7):1670-1680.
Siflinger-Birnboim A, Goligorsky M S, Del Vecchio P J, Malik A B.1992. Activation of protein kinaseC pathway contributes to hydrogen peroxide-induced increase in endothelial permeability. Lab Invest,67(1):24-30.
Stojanovski D, Johnston A J, Streimann I, Hoogenraad N J, Ryan M T.2003. Import ofnuclear-encoded proteins into mitochondria. Exp Physiol,88(1):57-64.
Street A, Macdonald A, Crowder K, Harris M.2004. The Hepatitis C virus NS5A protein activates aphosphoinositide3-kinase-dependent survival signaling cascade. J Biol Chem,279(13):12232-12241.
Sun J, Jiang Y, Shi Z, Yan Y, Guo H, He F, Tu C.2008. Proteomic alteration of PK-15cells afterinfection by classical swine fever virus. J Proteome Res,7(12):5263-5269.
Sun J, Shi Z, Guo H, Tu C.2010. Changes in the porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cell proteomeinduced by infection with highly virulent classical swine fever virus. J Gen Virol,91(Pt9):2254-2262.
Sun Y, Jiang Q, Tian D Y, Lin H, Li H, Han Q Y, Han W, Si C D, Hu S P, Zhang Z, Qu L D, Qiu H J.2011. Experimental infection of Bama miniature pigs with a highly virulent classical swine fever virus.Virol J,8:452.
Tan Y, Ichikawa T, Li J, Si Q, Yang H, Chen X, Goldblatt C S, Meyer C J, Li X, Cai L, Cui T.2011.Diabetic downregulation of Nrf2activity via ERK contributes to oxidative stress-induced insulin resistancein cardiac cells in vitro and in vivo. Diabetes,60(2):625-633.
Tanaka T, Hosoi F, Yamaguchi-Iwai Y, Nakamura H, Masutani H, Ueda S, Nishiyama A, Takeda S,Wada H, Spyrou G, Yodoi J.2002. Thioredoxin-2(TRX-2) is an essential gene regulatingmitochondria-dependent apoptosis. EMBO J,21(7):1695-1703.
Tang A M, Smit E.2000. Oxidative stress in HIV-1-infected injection drug users. J Acquir ImmuneDefic Syndr,25Suppl1: S12-18.
Tang Q, Guo K, Kang K, Zhang Y, He L, Wang J.2011. Classical swine fever virus NS2proteinpromotes interleukin-8expression and inhibits MG132-induced apoptosis. Virus Genes.
Tang Q H, Zhang Y M, Fan L, Tong G, He L, Dai C.2010. Classic swine fever virus NS2protein leadsto the induction of cell cycle arrest at S-phase and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Virol J,7:4.
Tang Q H, Zhang Y M, Xu Y Z, He L, Dai C, Sun P.2010. Up-regulation of integrin beta3expressionin porcine vascular endothelial cells cultured in vitro by classical swine fever virus. Vet ImmunolImmunopathol,133(2-4):237-242.
Tardif K D, Waris G, Siddiqui A.2005. Hepatitis C virus, ER stress, and oxidative stress. TrendsMicrobiol,13(4):159-163.
Targett-Adams P, Graham E J, Middleton J, Palmer A, Shaw S M, Lavender H, Brain P, Tran T D,Jones L H, Wakenhut F, Stammen B, Pryde D, Pickford C, Westby M.2011. Small molecules targetinghepatitis C virus-encoded NS5A cause subcellular redistribution of their target: insights into compoundmodes of action. J Virol,85(13):6353-6368.
Tavassoli A.2011. Targeting the protein-protein interactions of the HIV lifecycle. Chem Soc Rev,40(3):1337-1346.
Tellinghuisen T L, Foss K L, Treadaway J C, Rice C M.2008. Identification of residues required forRNA replication in domains II and III of the hepatitis C virus NS5A protein. J Virol,82(3):1073-1083.
Tellinghuisen T L, Marcotrigiano J, Gorbalenya A E, Rice C M.2004. The NS5A protein of hepatitis Cvirus is a zinc metalloprotein. J Biol Chem,279(47):48576-48587.
Tellinghuisen T L, Marcotrigiano J, Rice C M.2005. Structure of the zinc-binding domain of anessential component of the hepatitis C virus replicase. Nature,435(7040):374-379.
Tellinghuisen T L, Paulson M S, Rice C M.2006. The NS5A protein of bovine viral diarrhea viruscontains an essential zinc-binding site similar to that of the hepatitis C virus NS5A protein. J Virol,80(15):7450-7458.
Tellinghuisen T L, Rice C M.2002. Interaction between hepatitis C virus proteins and host cell factors.Curr Opin Microbiol,5(4):419-427.
Thoren F, Romero A, Lindh M, Dahlgren C, Hellstrand K.2004. A hepatitis C virus-encoded,nonstructural protein (NS3) triggers dysfunction and apoptosis in lymphocytes: role of NADPHoxidase-derived oxygen radicals. J Leukoc Biol,76(6):1180-1186.
Treitinger A, Spada C, Verdi J C, Miranda A F, Oliveira O V, Silveira M V, Moriel P, Abdalla D S.2000. Decreased antioxidant defence in individuals infected by the human immunodeficiency virus. Eur JClin Invest,30(5):454-459.
Troke P J, Lewis M, Simpson P, Gore K, Hammond J, Craig C, Westby M.2012. Characterization ofresistance to the nonnucleoside NS5B inhibitor filibuvir in hepatitis C virus-infected patients. AntimicrobAgents Chemother,56(3):1331-1341.
True A L, Rahman A, Malik A B.2000. Activation of NF-kappaB induced by H(2)O(2) and TNF-alphaand its effects on ICAM-1expression in endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol,279(2):L302-311.
Tu H, Gao L, Shi S T, Taylor D R, Yang T, Mircheff A K, Wen Y, Gorbalenya A E, Hwang S B, Lai MM.1999. Hepatitis C virus RNA polymerase and NS5A complex with a SNARE-like protein. Virology,263(1):30-41.
Uchide N, Ohyama K.2003. Antiviral function of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate against influenza virus:the inhibition of viral gene replication and transcription. J Antimicrob Chemother,52(1):8-10.
Valyi-Nagy T, Dermody T S.2005. Role of oxidative damage in the pathogenesis of viral infections ofthe nervous system. Histol Histopathol,20(3):957-967.
van der Valk M, Kastelein J J, Murphy R L, van Leth F, Katlama C, Horban A, Glesby M, Behrens G,Clotet B, Stellato R K, Molhuizen H O, Reiss P.2001. Nevirapine-containing antiretroviral therapy inHIV-1infected patients results in an anti-atherogenic lipid profile. AIDS,15(18):2407-2414.
Venturini D, Simao A N, Barbosa D S, Lavado E L, Narciso V E, Dichi I, Dichi J B.2010. Increasedoxidative stress, decreased total antioxidant capacity, and iron overload in untreated patients with chronichepatitis C. Dig Dis Sci,55(4):1120-1127.
Verin A D, Liu F, Bogatcheva N, Borbiev T, Hershenson M B, Wang P, Garcia J G.2000. Role ofras-dependent ERK activation in phorbol ester-induced endothelial cell barrier dysfunction. Am J PhysiolLung Cell Mol Physiol,279(2): L360-370.
Wachtel M, Frei K, Ehler E, Fontana A, Winterhalter K, Gloor S M.1999. Occludin proteolysis andincreased permeability in endothelial cells through tyrosine phosphatase inhibition. J Cell Sci,112(Pt23):4347-4356.
Wang C Y, Yeh H I, Chang T J, Hsiao H J, Tsai M S, Tsai S M, Liu P A.2011. Attenuation of nitricoxide bioavailability in porcine aortic endothelial cells by classical swine fever virus. Arch Virol,156(7):1151-1160.
Waris G, Tardif K D, Siddiqui A.2002. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress: hepatitis C virus inducesan ER-nucleus signal transduction pathway and activates NF-kappaB and STAT-3. Biochem Pharmacol,64(10):1425-1430.
Wen G, Xue J, Shen Y, Zhang C, Pan Z.2009. Characterization of classical swine fever virus (CSFV)nonstructural protein3(NS3) helicase activity and its modulation by CSFV RNA-dependent RNApolymerase. Virus Res,141(1):63-70.
Whisler R L, Goyette M A, Grants I S, Newhouse Y G.1995. Sublethal levels of oxidant stressstimulate multiple serine/threonine kinases and suppress protein phosphatases in Jurkat T cells. ArchBiochem Biophys,319(1):23-35.
Williams R, Yao H, Peng F, Yang Y, Bethel-Brown C, Buch S.2010. Cooperative induction ofCXCL10involves NADPH oxidase: Implications for HIV dementia. Glia,58(5):611-621.
Wolf G.2000. Free radical production and angiotensin. Curr Hypertens Rep,2(2):167-173.
Xia Y H, Chen L, Pan Z S, Zhang C Y.2007. A novel role of classical swine fever virus E(rns)glycoprotein in counteracting the newcastle disease virus (NDV)-mediated IFN-beta Induction. J BiochemMol Biol,40(5):611-616.
Xiao M, Wang Y, Zhu Z, Yu J, Wan L, Chen J.2009. Influence of NS5A protein of classical swinefever virus (CSFV) on CSFV internal ribosome entry site-dependent translation. J Gen Virol,90(Pt12):2923-2928.
Xu H, Hong H X, Zhang Y M, Guo K K, Deng X M, Ye G S, Yang X Y.2007. Cytopathic effect ofclassical swine fever virus NS3protein on PK-15cells. Intervirology,50(6):433-438.
Yamada T, Iwasaki Y, Nagata K, Fushiki S, Nakamura H, Marunaka Y, Yodoi J.2007. Thioredoxin-1protects against hyperoxia-induced apoptosis in cells of the alveolar walls. Pulm Pharmacol Ther,20(6):650-659.
Young J C, Hoogenraad N J, Hartl F U.2003. Molecular chaperones Hsp90and Hsp70deliverpreproteins to the mitochondrial import receptor Tom70. Cell,112(1):41-50.
Yuan Y, Meng F Y, Huang Q, Hawker J, Wu H M.1998. Tyrosine phosphorylation ofpaxillin/pp125FAK and microvascular endothelial barrier function. Am J Physiol,275(1Pt2): H84-93.
Zafari A M, Ushio-Fukai M, Akers M, Yin Q, Shah A, Harrison D G, Taylor W R, Griendling K K.1998. Role of NADH/NADPH oxidase-derived H2O2in angiotensin II-induced vascular hypertrophy.Hypertension,32(3):488-495.
Zahoor M A, Yamane D, Mohamed Y M, Suda Y, Kobayashi K, Kato K, Tohya Y, Akashi H.2010.Bovine viral diarrhea virus non-structural protein5A interacts with NIK-and IKKbeta-binding protein. JGen Virol,91(Pt8):1939-1948.
Zhang B, Kang M, Xie Q, Xu B, Sun C, Chen K, Wu Y.2011. Anthocyanins from Chinese bayberryextract protect beta cells from oxidative stress-mediated injury via HO-1upregulation. J Agric Food Chem,59(2):537-545.
Zhao L, Chen Y H, Wang H, Ji Y L, Ning H, Wang S F, Zhang C, Lu J W, Duan Z H, Xu D X.2008.Reactive oxygen species contribute to lipopolysaccharide-induced teratogenesis in mice. Toxicol Sci,103(1):149-157.
Zhu Q, Guo J T, Seeger C.2003. Replication of hepatitis C virus subgenomes in nonhepatic epithelialand mouse hepatoma cells. J Virol,77(17):9204-9210.
Zhu Z, Wilson A T, Mathahs M M, Wen F, Brown K E, Luxon B A, Schmidt W N.2008. Hemeoxygenase-1suppresses hepatitis C virus replication and increases resistance of hepatocytes to oxidantinjury. Hepatology,48(5):1430-1439.
Zou Q, Wang H Y, Zhou J, Lao Z Y, Xue J, Li M X, Li H M, Jin Y T, Gu Y, Zhang Y L.2007. Totalparathyroidectomy combined with partial auto-transplantation for the treatment of secondaryhyperparathyroidism. Chin Med J (Engl),120(20):1777-1782.