住宅厨房卫生间环境质量评价与改善研究
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摘要
随着人们生活水平的提高,各种新型建筑装饰材料的出现,这些给我们的生活带来很大的方便,同时产生了有害于人身体健康的各种污染物。而住宅内厨房、卫生间的环境与人们的生活密切相关,所以全面评价厨卫环境质量对人们身体及生活的影响十分重要,对于更好的保护环境、创建更舒适的生活具有更重要的意义。厨房卫生间产生的主要污染物包括油烟、甲醛、二氧化硫、二氧化碳、苯并芘、氨等,长期吸入对人身体健康构成威胁,对此,了解厨房卫生间内各种污染因子的危害值及对身体的影响十分重要。
本课题围绕室内空气保障技术这一课题,对厨房、卫生间环境进行了全面的评价。首先介绍了厨房、卫生间产生的主要污染物种类,不同种类的污染物产生的来源,对人体产生的影响等。其次,通过环境质量评价和健康风险评价两个方面来评价厨房、卫生间的环境现状。并对冬季采暖地区的住户和冬季不采暖地区住户进行了问卷调查。问卷有电子版和现场版两种,共收到236份问卷,其中有效问卷为230份,问卷的问题围绕导致厨房、卫生间内环境污染的各种不利因素进行的,并通过对两地环境的对比分析了解由于人们的不同生活习惯、不同的外界环境、不同的建筑格局对住宅厨房、卫生间环境的不同影响。在冬季门窗紧闭的情况下,挑选了沈阳地区两户典型的住宅,对典型的污染物进行了实测,测得了厨房在使用时、不使用时厨房内不同位置及客厅内主要污染物的浓度。厨房、卫生间内的影响因素的权重确定是通过层次分析方法,并采用综合指数方法对已测得的厨卫环境污染因子进行了分析。针对室内空气污染中的暴露风险、健康风险这两个主要内容研究,并对已测得的几种典型的污染因子可能对人体健康造成的影响进行了暴露量评估。最后,根据厨房、卫生间环境特点,提出了几种改善环境质量的措施和控制几种典型污染物的方法。
本课题研究说明,厨房、卫生间的环境污染不可忽视,而且影响因素复杂。环境质量评价及健康风险评价的研究为深入进行室内空气环境质量技术保障的研究提供了一定的依据和参考。
As people living standard rise, all sorts of new-style building decoration materials, the emergence of these bring to our lives very convenient, and also produced harmful to human body health of pollutants. And the residence in kitchen, toilet environment is closely related to people's lives, so comprehensive evaluation hutch defends environment quality for people body and the influence of life is very important, for better protection of the environment and create more comfortable life is more important significance. The main pollutants generated kitchen toilet includes lampblack, formaldehyde, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, benzopyrene, ammonia, long-term inhalation threat to human body health, regarding this, understanding the kitchen inside toilet all kinds of pollution factor harm value and effects on the body is very important.
This topic around indoor air security technology on the subject, kitchen, toilet environment carries on the comprehensive evaluation. First, introduced the kitchen, toilet produce the main pollutants types, the source of different kinds of pollutants, human body to produce the effect, etc. Secondly, through the environment quality evaluation and health risk assessment two aspects to evaluate kitchen, toilet status of environment. And on the winter heating area of residents and winter is not heating area household survey. Questionnaire quarterly and on-site edition two kinds, has received 236 questionnaire, including valid questionnaires for 230 copies, questionnaire problems around lead to kitchen, toilet inside the environmental pollution of various unfavorable factors, and through the comparative analysis of two environment because of people's different understanding life habit, the different external environment, different building structure of residential kitchen, toilet the different environmental impact. In winter Windows closed cases, chose the two families in shenyang, typical of the residence of the typical pollutants, the measured were measured in the kitchen when using, when not in use different positions inside the kitchen and sitting room inside main pollutant concentration. Kitchen, toilet inside the influencing factors of determining weight is through level analysis method, and an integrated index method for measurement of hutch defends already pollution of the environment factors are analyzed. According to indoor air pollution from exposure risk, health risks these two major contents of research, and already measurement of several typical pollution factor may be injurious to health influence of exposure quantity evaluation. Finally, according to the environmental features of the kitchen, toilet, and proposed several measures to improve the environment quality control and some typical pollutants method.
The research shows, kitchen, bathroom environmental pollution can not be ignored, and the impact of complex factors. Evaluation of environmental quality and health risk assessment study in-depth technical support indoor air quality studies provide some basis and reference.
本课题围绕室内空气保障技术这一课题,对厨房、卫生间环境进行了全面的评价。首先介绍了厨房、卫生间产生的主要污染物种类,不同种类的污染物产生的来源,对人体产生的影响等。其次,通过环境质量评价和健康风险评价两个方面来评价厨房、卫生间的环境现状。并对冬季采暖地区的住户和冬季不采暖地区住户进行了问卷调查。问卷有电子版和现场版两种,共收到236份问卷,其中有效问卷为230份,问卷的问题围绕导致厨房、卫生间内环境污染的各种不利因素进行的,并通过对两地环境的对比分析了解由于人们的不同生活习惯、不同的外界环境、不同的建筑格局对住宅厨房、卫生间环境的不同影响。在冬季门窗紧闭的情况下,挑选了沈阳地区两户典型的住宅,对典型的污染物进行了实测,测得了厨房在使用时、不使用时厨房内不同位置及客厅内主要污染物的浓度。厨房、卫生间内的影响因素的权重确定是通过层次分析方法,并采用综合指数方法对已测得的厨卫环境污染因子进行了分析。针对室内空气污染中的暴露风险、健康风险这两个主要内容研究,并对已测得的几种典型的污染因子可能对人体健康造成的影响进行了暴露量评估。最后,根据厨房、卫生间环境特点,提出了几种改善环境质量的措施和控制几种典型污染物的方法。
本课题研究说明,厨房、卫生间的环境污染不可忽视,而且影响因素复杂。环境质量评价及健康风险评价的研究为深入进行室内空气环境质量技术保障的研究提供了一定的依据和参考。
As people living standard rise, all sorts of new-style building decoration materials, the emergence of these bring to our lives very convenient, and also produced harmful to human body health of pollutants. And the residence in kitchen, toilet environment is closely related to people's lives, so comprehensive evaluation hutch defends environment quality for people body and the influence of life is very important, for better protection of the environment and create more comfortable life is more important significance. The main pollutants generated kitchen toilet includes lampblack, formaldehyde, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, benzopyrene, ammonia, long-term inhalation threat to human body health, regarding this, understanding the kitchen inside toilet all kinds of pollution factor harm value and effects on the body is very important.
This topic around indoor air security technology on the subject, kitchen, toilet environment carries on the comprehensive evaluation. First, introduced the kitchen, toilet produce the main pollutants types, the source of different kinds of pollutants, human body to produce the effect, etc. Secondly, through the environment quality evaluation and health risk assessment two aspects to evaluate kitchen, toilet status of environment. And on the winter heating area of residents and winter is not heating area household survey. Questionnaire quarterly and on-site edition two kinds, has received 236 questionnaire, including valid questionnaires for 230 copies, questionnaire problems around lead to kitchen, toilet inside the environmental pollution of various unfavorable factors, and through the comparative analysis of two environment because of people's different understanding life habit, the different external environment, different building structure of residential kitchen, toilet the different environmental impact. In winter Windows closed cases, chose the two families in shenyang, typical of the residence of the typical pollutants, the measured were measured in the kitchen when using, when not in use different positions inside the kitchen and sitting room inside main pollutant concentration. Kitchen, toilet inside the influencing factors of determining weight is through level analysis method, and an integrated index method for measurement of hutch defends already pollution of the environment factors are analyzed. According to indoor air pollution from exposure risk, health risks these two major contents of research, and already measurement of several typical pollution factor may be injurious to health influence of exposure quantity evaluation. Finally, according to the environmental features of the kitchen, toilet, and proposed several measures to improve the environment quality control and some typical pollutants method.
The research shows, kitchen, bathroom environmental pollution can not be ignored, and the impact of complex factors. Evaluation of environmental quality and health risk assessment study in-depth technical support indoor air quality studies provide some basis and reference.
引文
1.李祚泳,丁晶.环境质量评价原理与方法.北京:化学工业出版社,2006,36-54
2.金腊华,邓家泉.环境评价方法与实践.北京:化学工业出版社,2004
3. GB/T 18883—2002《室内空气质量标准》
4.徐东群.居住环境空气污染与健康.北京:化学工业出版社,2004
5.吴忠标,赵伟荣.室内空气污染及净化技术.北京:化学工业出版社,2004
6.国家住宅与居住环境工程技术研究中心.居住与健康.北京:中国水利水电出版社
7.张从.环境评价教程.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002
8.周中平,赵寿堂.室内污染检测与控制.北京:化学工业出版社,2002
9.浦跃朴.烹调油烟对大鼠肺细胞的氧化损伤作用,卫生研究,2002,31(2):85-87
10.中华人民共和国国家环境保护局. GB3096-93中华人民共和国城市区域环境噪声标准[S].北京:国家环保出版社,1993
11.宋广生.室内环境质量评价及检测手册.北京:机械工业出版社,2002,10-35
12.张征.环境评价学.北京:高等教育出版社,2004
13.伏晴艳,阚海东.城市大气污染健康危险度评价的方法,环境与健康杂志,2004,21(6):253-254
14.杨天池.烹调油烟对暴露人群免疫损伤作用的Meta分析,现代预防医学,2007,34(15):2842-2844
15.国家质量监督检验检疫总局/国家环保局/卫生部. GB/T18883-2002室内空气质量标准
16.常彪.北京市民居室内气态多环芳烃呼吸暴露评价,环境科学,2008,29(3):557-561
17.张莉等.城市空气质量健康风险评估研究进展,地理科学进展,2006,25(3):39-48
18.崔九思.室内空气污染监测方法.北京:化学工业出版社,2002
19.胡二邦.环境风险评价实用技术和方法.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1999
20.王显军阜新市居住区大气环境质量评价与健康风险分析:[硕士学位论文]辽宁:辽宁工程技术大学,2000
21.林维维住宅厨房电磁污染分析与评价:[硕士学位论文]辽宁:沈阳建筑大学,2009
22.王宗爽,武婷,段小丽.环境健康风险评价中我国居民呼吸速率暴露参数研究,环境科学研究,2009,22(10):1171-1175
23.Matullo G,Dunning AM,Guarrera S,DNA repair polymorphisms and cancer risk in nonsmokers in a cohort study,Carcinogenesis,2006,27(5):997-1007
24.De Ruyck K, Szaumkessel M,De Rudder I,et a1.Polymorphisms in base—excision repair and nucleotide-excision repair genes in relation to lung cancer risk Mutat Res,2007,63 1(2):10l—ll0
25.Tao S,Liu Y N,Xu W。et al.2007.Calibration of a passive sampler for both gaseous andparticulate phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons[J].Environ Sci Technol,2007,41:568—573.
26.王蕾.室内空气品质与新风量关系的模拟研究与探讨,四川建材,2010,36(2)
27.刘玉峰,沈晋明,王明红.室内空气品质主客观评价指标间的相关性研究,建筑科学,2006,22(6)
28.田琳,路小婷.基准剂量在危险度评价中的应用及发展.中华劳动卫生职业病,2004,22(4)
29.李丽娜上海市多介质环境中持久性毒害污染物的健康风险评价:[博士学位论文]上海:华东师范大学,2007
30.涂玉峰室内空气环境综合评估指标之探讨-以台湾南部工业区办公大楼为例:[硕士学位论文]台湾:国立成功大学研究所,18-22
31.李会娟,于文博.城市二氧化氮、悬浮颗粒物、二氧化硫健康危险度评价,国外医学,2007,28(3)
32.李伟东,赵东风,赵朝成.环境与安全风险评价理论上的相关性,环境与可持续发展,2007,2
33.中华人民共和国建设部.JGJ/T184住宅整体厨房.北京:中国计划出版社,2006
34.中华人民共和国建设部.GB/11228住宅厨房及相关设备基本参数,北京:中国计划出版社,2007
35. Mage DT , Gammage RB.Evaluation of changes in indoor air quality occurring over the past several decades.In : Gammage RB, Kaye SV .Indoor air and human health[J].Michigan:Lewis Publisher,1985.5-7
36.DAVID L HANSEN.Indoor air quality issue.Library of Congress Cataloging-inPublication Data
37.王春室内空气中挥发性有机污染物的呼吸道有害作用研究:[硕士学位论文]上海:复旦大学,2004
38.吴铭权.室内噪声的危害与控制[J].环境与健康杂志,2006,23(2)
39. GB50325—2001《民用建筑工程室内环境污染控制规范》
40. GB8702-88《电磁辐射防护规定》
41.金招芬,朱颖心.建筑环境学.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001:62-67
42. Bennett, Anthony.Strategies and technologies: Controlling indoor air quality. Filtration and Separation, 2008,
43.Umarji, Govindraj S. Patil, Rashmi S. Indoor air quality measurements in commercial kitchens. 2007
44. Li, Jiaming, et al.Indoor air quality control of HVAC system.2010
45. Kim, Sunyoung, Paulos, Eric .InAir: Measuring and visualizing indoor air quality
46.李鸣川.XRCC1基因单核苷酸多态,环境暴露因素与非吸烟女性肺癌关系的研究:[博士学位论文]:中国医科大学,2008
2.金腊华,邓家泉.环境评价方法与实践.北京:化学工业出版社,2004
3. GB/T 18883—2002《室内空气质量标准》
4.徐东群.居住环境空气污染与健康.北京:化学工业出版社,2004
5.吴忠标,赵伟荣.室内空气污染及净化技术.北京:化学工业出版社,2004
6.国家住宅与居住环境工程技术研究中心.居住与健康.北京:中国水利水电出版社
7.张从.环境评价教程.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002
8.周中平,赵寿堂.室内污染检测与控制.北京:化学工业出版社,2002
9.浦跃朴.烹调油烟对大鼠肺细胞的氧化损伤作用,卫生研究,2002,31(2):85-87
10.中华人民共和国国家环境保护局. GB3096-93中华人民共和国城市区域环境噪声标准[S].北京:国家环保出版社,1993
11.宋广生.室内环境质量评价及检测手册.北京:机械工业出版社,2002,10-35
12.张征.环境评价学.北京:高等教育出版社,2004
13.伏晴艳,阚海东.城市大气污染健康危险度评价的方法,环境与健康杂志,2004,21(6):253-254
14.杨天池.烹调油烟对暴露人群免疫损伤作用的Meta分析,现代预防医学,2007,34(15):2842-2844
15.国家质量监督检验检疫总局/国家环保局/卫生部. GB/T18883-2002室内空气质量标准
16.常彪.北京市民居室内气态多环芳烃呼吸暴露评价,环境科学,2008,29(3):557-561
17.张莉等.城市空气质量健康风险评估研究进展,地理科学进展,2006,25(3):39-48
18.崔九思.室内空气污染监测方法.北京:化学工业出版社,2002
19.胡二邦.环境风险评价实用技术和方法.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1999
20.王显军阜新市居住区大气环境质量评价与健康风险分析:[硕士学位论文]辽宁:辽宁工程技术大学,2000
21.林维维住宅厨房电磁污染分析与评价:[硕士学位论文]辽宁:沈阳建筑大学,2009
22.王宗爽,武婷,段小丽.环境健康风险评价中我国居民呼吸速率暴露参数研究,环境科学研究,2009,22(10):1171-1175
23.Matullo G,Dunning AM,Guarrera S,DNA repair polymorphisms and cancer risk in nonsmokers in a cohort study,Carcinogenesis,2006,27(5):997-1007
24.De Ruyck K, Szaumkessel M,De Rudder I,et a1.Polymorphisms in base—excision repair and nucleotide-excision repair genes in relation to lung cancer risk Mutat Res,2007,63 1(2):10l—ll0
25.Tao S,Liu Y N,Xu W。et al.2007.Calibration of a passive sampler for both gaseous andparticulate phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons[J].Environ Sci Technol,2007,41:568—573.
26.王蕾.室内空气品质与新风量关系的模拟研究与探讨,四川建材,2010,36(2)
27.刘玉峰,沈晋明,王明红.室内空气品质主客观评价指标间的相关性研究,建筑科学,2006,22(6)
28.田琳,路小婷.基准剂量在危险度评价中的应用及发展.中华劳动卫生职业病,2004,22(4)
29.李丽娜上海市多介质环境中持久性毒害污染物的健康风险评价:[博士学位论文]上海:华东师范大学,2007
30.涂玉峰室内空气环境综合评估指标之探讨-以台湾南部工业区办公大楼为例:[硕士学位论文]台湾:国立成功大学研究所,18-22
31.李会娟,于文博.城市二氧化氮、悬浮颗粒物、二氧化硫健康危险度评价,国外医学,2007,28(3)
32.李伟东,赵东风,赵朝成.环境与安全风险评价理论上的相关性,环境与可持续发展,2007,2
33.中华人民共和国建设部.JGJ/T184住宅整体厨房.北京:中国计划出版社,2006
34.中华人民共和国建设部.GB/11228住宅厨房及相关设备基本参数,北京:中国计划出版社,2007
35. Mage DT , Gammage RB.Evaluation of changes in indoor air quality occurring over the past several decades.In : Gammage RB, Kaye SV .Indoor air and human health[J].Michigan:Lewis Publisher,1985.5-7
36.DAVID L HANSEN.Indoor air quality issue.Library of Congress Cataloging-inPublication Data
37.王春室内空气中挥发性有机污染物的呼吸道有害作用研究:[硕士学位论文]上海:复旦大学,2004
38.吴铭权.室内噪声的危害与控制[J].环境与健康杂志,2006,23(2)
39. GB50325—2001《民用建筑工程室内环境污染控制规范》
40. GB8702-88《电磁辐射防护规定》
41.金招芬,朱颖心.建筑环境学.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001:62-67
42. Bennett, Anthony.Strategies and technologies: Controlling indoor air quality. Filtration and Separation, 2008,
43.Umarji, Govindraj S. Patil, Rashmi S. Indoor air quality measurements in commercial kitchens. 2007
44. Li, Jiaming, et al.Indoor air quality control of HVAC system.2010
45. Kim, Sunyoung, Paulos, Eric .InAir: Measuring and visualizing indoor air quality
46.李鸣川.XRCC1基因单核苷酸多态,环境暴露因素与非吸烟女性肺癌关系的研究:[博士学位论文]:中国医科大学,2008