摘要
黄顶菊[Flaveria bidentis(L)Kuntze]是一种典型的恶性入侵杂草,已对许多国家和地区造成了严重的经济损失和生念危害。本研究从黄顶菊与土壤的互作关系出发,通过野外取样和温室盆栽试验,分别从黄顶菊根系分泌物对不同生境地土壤理化性质和生物活性的影响、黄顶菊茎叶浸提液对土壤微生物数量和土壤活性的影响等方面研究了黄顶菊入侵的土壤生态学机制。主要结果如下:
1.黄顶菊的根系分泌物改变了部分土壤理化性质。开花期,显著提升了土壤全盐含量,对5种供试土壤分别提升了298.8%、435.3%、40.0%、175.7%、226.9%:略提升了土壤全氮含量,全氮含量在5种供试土壤中分别提升20.7%、18.7%、5.1%、57.0%、60.0%;降低了土壤速效钾含量,5种供试土壤均为对照的50%左右;pH在5种供试土壤都有所提高,仅衡水玉米土除外。总之,通过对黄顶菊入侵后不同生长期土壤理化性质的比较,得出黄顶菊根系分泌物改变了土壤理化性质,显著提升了土壤全盐含量,提高了土壤pH、全氮,降低了土壤速效钾含量,使其至原来的50%。
2.通过对黄顶菊入侵后不同生长期微生物群落数量动态变化的研究,得出黄顶菊根系分泌物对土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌数量影响一致,均是苗期繁殖激增,随着生长期,数量下降,维持到对照水平。但不同生境地在苗期增长幅度不同,细菌在献县枣林土高达对照的21.0倍,而在献县玉米土仅为对照的1.3倍;真菌在几种土壤中增幅为对照1.5-2.9倍:放线菌在献县枣林土高达对照的28.8倍,衡水棉花土为对照的3.1倍,其他三种土为对照1倍多。
利用黄顶菊茎叶水浸提液施洒盆栽玉米,浸提液的添加,根际土中的微生物总数均显著减少,非根际土中的微生物总数有所增加:根际土中放线菌数量在微生物总数中所占比例有所增加,说明黄顶菊茎叶浸提液改变了微生物的群落结构和组成。非根际土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌随着浸提液浓度的增加,数量减少,随着浓度的增加,受根际效应影响越来越大。R/S真菌值最大,真菌受根际影响最大。
3.通过对黄顶菊入侵后不同生长期土壤酶活性的比较,得出黄顶菊根系分泌物改变了土壤酶活性。开花期,黄顶菊根系分泌物提高了土壤脲酶活性、土壤过氧化氢酶活性,降低了土壤碱性磷酸酶活性;土壤蛋白酶活性在土壤养分状况不同时表现有所差异,本底蛋白酶活性高则表现为下降趋势,低则表现为上升趋势。
施洒浸提液开始阶段,浸提液浓度越高,对玉米根系土壤脲酶活性、碱性磷酸酶活性抑制作用越强,对玉米根系土壤过氧化氢酶活性反而有促进作用。一段时间后,玉米根系土壤过氧化氢酶活性仍呈促进作用;玉米根系土壤脲酶活性在高浓度仍表现为抑制作用,而低浓度时表现为促进作用;玉米根系土壤碱性磷酸酶活性随浓度的增加促进作用减弱。
4.通过相关性分析,得出不同生境地下黄顶菊根系分泌物对土壤微生物、酶活性与土壤养分含量影响存在密切相关关系,故土壤微生物数量、酶活性可作为评价黄顶菊入侵土壤的指标,可为黄顶菊入侵对环境的影响提供参考。
通过聚类分析,得出黄顶菊入侵主要与土壤理化性质有关,而和植被、地区没有很大关系。
通过主成份分析,得出可以用土壤脲酶活性反应土壤总体生物活性水平。脲酶经添加浸提液后,随浓度显著下降。脲酶与土壤有机质含量呈正相关。而在黄顶菊入侵试验中,黄顶菊根系分泌物刺激土壤脲酶活性增长,有利于黄顶菊生长,黄顶菊的入侵对土壤环境影响属于自我加强型。
Top Huang[Flaveria bidentis(L) Kuntze]is a typical vicious invasion of weeds.It has resulted in serious economic and ecological losses in many countries and regions. This research based on the interaction between Top Huang and soil.Through the field sampling and greenhouse experiments,we study the soil mechanism of the invasion of Top Huang,different from the effects of Top Huang root's allelopathy on different habitat soil's physical,chemical properties and biological activity,the effects of the extracts of stems and leaves on the number of soil microbes and the activity of soil enzyme.The main results are summarized as follows:
1.The exudates of Top Huang root changes the physical and chemical properties of soil partly.In flowering period,it significantly improved the soil salinity content. The soil salinity content respectively improved 298.8%、435.3%、40.0%、175.7%、226.9%on 5 tested soil.In flowering period,it improved the nitrogen content.The nitrogen content respectively improved 20.7%、18.7%、5.1%、57.0%、60.0%on 5 tested soil.In flowering period,it reduced the available K content.The available K content all reduced 50%on each tested soil.The soil pH all improved on each tested soil except Hengshui corn soil.In short,comparing with the physical and chemical properties of soil in different period after the invasion of Top Huang,we found that, the exudates of Top Huang root significantly improved the soil salinity content, improved the soil pH,nitrogen,reducing the soil available Potassium content,half of it to the original.
2.Comparing with the number of soil microbes community in different periods after the invasion of Top Huang,we found that the exudates of Top Huang root changed in soil microorganisms dynamics.The change of bacteria,fungi, actinomycete's number is accordant.The number of microbes surged in the seedling stage.Along with the growth period,the number dropped,maintain to the level of contrast.But different soil has different seedling growth rate.Soil bacteria in Xianxian jujube soil are up to contrast 21.0 times and that in Xianxian corn soil are only 1.3 times to contrast.The number of soil fungi in tested soil is 1.5-2.9 times to contrast. The number of actinomycosis in Xianxian jujube soil is up to contrast 28.8 times and in Hengshui cotton soil is 3.1 times to the contrast.The number of actinomycosis in the other three soils is more than one times to contrast.
Spraying corn with the extracts of Top Huang's stems and leaves,total number of microbes in the rhizosphere soil significantly reduced,while non-rhizosphere soil increased;the actinomycosis proportion in the total number of microbes of rhizosphere soil increased.It showed that the extracts of Top Huang stems and leaves changed the microbial community structure and composition.The number of the non-rhizosphere soil bacteria,fungi,actinomycetes decreased with the increasing of the concentration of the extracts,and along with the rhizosphere.The largest R / S is fungi,fungi is most affected by the rhizosphere.
3.Comparing with the soil enzyme activity in different periods after the invasion of Top Huang,we found that the exudates of Top Huang root changed the activity of soil enzyme.In flowering period,the exudates of Top Huang root increased soil urease activity,catalase activity,decreased the soil alkaline phosphatase activity.The soil protease activity is different in different nutritious condition.It increased in poor nutritious condition,decreased in well nutritious condition.
In the beginning stage after spraying the extracts of Top Huang's stems and leaves, the higher concentration of extracts,the inhibited effect to soil urease activity and soil alkaline phosphatase activity is stronger.But the extracts improved the soil catalase activity.After a time,the extracts to the soil catalase activity still had promoter action. The extracts to the soil urease activity still had inhibited effect in high concentration: had promoter action in low concentration.The extracts performed to promote soil alkaline phosphatase activity.
4.Through the relevant analysis,we obtained root exudates of Top Huang to different soil has close correlation among the number of soil microorganisms,soil enzyme activity and soil nutrient content.We can use the number of soil microorganisms,soil enzyme activity as soil indicators of Top Huang invasion.It can offer reference of Top Huang invasion for the environmental impact. Through the cluster analysis,Top Huang invasion was main due to physical and chemical properties of the soil,it did not have great relationship with vegetation and region.
Through the principal component analysis,we can use soil urease activity for the overall response of soil biological activity level.After adding the extracts,the soil urease activity with concentration dropped significantly.Soil Urease activity and soil organic matter content was positively correlated.In the experiment of Top Huang invasion,the exudates of Top Huang root stimulated soil urease activity.Top Huang's invasion to soil environmental is belong to self-reinforcing.
引文
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