外来植物黄顶菊入侵对土壤理化性质及生物活性的影响
|
摘要
黄顶菊[Flaveria bidentis(L)Kuntze]是一种典型的恶性入侵杂草,已对许多国家和地区造成了严重的经济损失和生念危害。本研究从黄顶菊与土壤的互作关系出发,通过野外取样和温室盆栽试验,分别从黄顶菊根系分泌物对不同生境地土壤理化性质和生物活性的影响、黄顶菊茎叶浸提液对土壤微生物数量和土壤活性的影响等方面研究了黄顶菊入侵的土壤生态学机制。主要结果如下:
1.黄顶菊的根系分泌物改变了部分土壤理化性质。开花期,显著提升了土壤全盐含量,对5种供试土壤分别提升了298.8%、435.3%、40.0%、175.7%、226.9%:略提升了土壤全氮含量,全氮含量在5种供试土壤中分别提升20.7%、18.7%、5.1%、57.0%、60.0%;降低了土壤速效钾含量,5种供试土壤均为对照的50%左右;pH在5种供试土壤都有所提高,仅衡水玉米土除外。总之,通过对黄顶菊入侵后不同生长期土壤理化性质的比较,得出黄顶菊根系分泌物改变了土壤理化性质,显著提升了土壤全盐含量,提高了土壤pH、全氮,降低了土壤速效钾含量,使其至原来的50%。
2.通过对黄顶菊入侵后不同生长期微生物群落数量动态变化的研究,得出黄顶菊根系分泌物对土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌数量影响一致,均是苗期繁殖激增,随着生长期,数量下降,维持到对照水平。但不同生境地在苗期增长幅度不同,细菌在献县枣林土高达对照的21.0倍,而在献县玉米土仅为对照的1.3倍;真菌在几种土壤中增幅为对照1.5-2.9倍:放线菌在献县枣林土高达对照的28.8倍,衡水棉花土为对照的3.1倍,其他三种土为对照1倍多。
利用黄顶菊茎叶水浸提液施洒盆栽玉米,浸提液的添加,根际土中的微生物总数均显著减少,非根际土中的微生物总数有所增加:根际土中放线菌数量在微生物总数中所占比例有所增加,说明黄顶菊茎叶浸提液改变了微生物的群落结构和组成。非根际土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌随着浸提液浓度的增加,数量减少,随着浓度的增加,受根际效应影响越来越大。R/S真菌值最大,真菌受根际影响最大。
3.通过对黄顶菊入侵后不同生长期土壤酶活性的比较,得出黄顶菊根系分泌物改变了土壤酶活性。开花期,黄顶菊根系分泌物提高了土壤脲酶活性、土壤过氧化氢酶活性,降低了土壤碱性磷酸酶活性;土壤蛋白酶活性在土壤养分状况不同时表现有所差异,本底蛋白酶活性高则表现为下降趋势,低则表现为上升趋势。
施洒浸提液开始阶段,浸提液浓度越高,对玉米根系土壤脲酶活性、碱性磷酸酶活性抑制作用越强,对玉米根系土壤过氧化氢酶活性反而有促进作用。一段时间后,玉米根系土壤过氧化氢酶活性仍呈促进作用;玉米根系土壤脲酶活性在高浓度仍表现为抑制作用,而低浓度时表现为促进作用;玉米根系土壤碱性磷酸酶活性随浓度的增加促进作用减弱。
4.通过相关性分析,得出不同生境地下黄顶菊根系分泌物对土壤微生物、酶活性与土壤养分含量影响存在密切相关关系,故土壤微生物数量、酶活性可作为评价黄顶菊入侵土壤的指标,可为黄顶菊入侵对环境的影响提供参考。
通过聚类分析,得出黄顶菊入侵主要与土壤理化性质有关,而和植被、地区没有很大关系。
通过主成份分析,得出可以用土壤脲酶活性反应土壤总体生物活性水平。脲酶经添加浸提液后,随浓度显著下降。脲酶与土壤有机质含量呈正相关。而在黄顶菊入侵试验中,黄顶菊根系分泌物刺激土壤脲酶活性增长,有利于黄顶菊生长,黄顶菊的入侵对土壤环境影响属于自我加强型。
Top Huang[Flaveria bidentis(L) Kuntze]is a typical vicious invasion of weeds.It has resulted in serious economic and ecological losses in many countries and regions. This research based on the interaction between Top Huang and soil.Through the field sampling and greenhouse experiments,we study the soil mechanism of the invasion of Top Huang,different from the effects of Top Huang root's allelopathy on different habitat soil's physical,chemical properties and biological activity,the effects of the extracts of stems and leaves on the number of soil microbes and the activity of soil enzyme.The main results are summarized as follows:
1.The exudates of Top Huang root changes the physical and chemical properties of soil partly.In flowering period,it significantly improved the soil salinity content. The soil salinity content respectively improved 298.8%、435.3%、40.0%、175.7%、226.9%on 5 tested soil.In flowering period,it improved the nitrogen content.The nitrogen content respectively improved 20.7%、18.7%、5.1%、57.0%、60.0%on 5 tested soil.In flowering period,it reduced the available K content.The available K content all reduced 50%on each tested soil.The soil pH all improved on each tested soil except Hengshui corn soil.In short,comparing with the physical and chemical properties of soil in different period after the invasion of Top Huang,we found that, the exudates of Top Huang root significantly improved the soil salinity content, improved the soil pH,nitrogen,reducing the soil available Potassium content,half of it to the original.
2.Comparing with the number of soil microbes community in different periods after the invasion of Top Huang,we found that the exudates of Top Huang root changed in soil microorganisms dynamics.The change of bacteria,fungi, actinomycete's number is accordant.The number of microbes surged in the seedling stage.Along with the growth period,the number dropped,maintain to the level of contrast.But different soil has different seedling growth rate.Soil bacteria in Xianxian jujube soil are up to contrast 21.0 times and that in Xianxian corn soil are only 1.3 times to contrast.The number of soil fungi in tested soil is 1.5-2.9 times to contrast. The number of actinomycosis in Xianxian jujube soil is up to contrast 28.8 times and in Hengshui cotton soil is 3.1 times to the contrast.The number of actinomycosis in the other three soils is more than one times to contrast.
Spraying corn with the extracts of Top Huang's stems and leaves,total number of microbes in the rhizosphere soil significantly reduced,while non-rhizosphere soil increased;the actinomycosis proportion in the total number of microbes of rhizosphere soil increased.It showed that the extracts of Top Huang stems and leaves changed the microbial community structure and composition.The number of the non-rhizosphere soil bacteria,fungi,actinomycetes decreased with the increasing of the concentration of the extracts,and along with the rhizosphere.The largest R / S is fungi,fungi is most affected by the rhizosphere.
3.Comparing with the soil enzyme activity in different periods after the invasion of Top Huang,we found that the exudates of Top Huang root changed the activity of soil enzyme.In flowering period,the exudates of Top Huang root increased soil urease activity,catalase activity,decreased the soil alkaline phosphatase activity.The soil protease activity is different in different nutritious condition.It increased in poor nutritious condition,decreased in well nutritious condition.
In the beginning stage after spraying the extracts of Top Huang's stems and leaves, the higher concentration of extracts,the inhibited effect to soil urease activity and soil alkaline phosphatase activity is stronger.But the extracts improved the soil catalase activity.After a time,the extracts to the soil catalase activity still had promoter action. The extracts to the soil urease activity still had inhibited effect in high concentration: had promoter action in low concentration.The extracts performed to promote soil alkaline phosphatase activity.
4.Through the relevant analysis,we obtained root exudates of Top Huang to different soil has close correlation among the number of soil microorganisms,soil enzyme activity and soil nutrient content.We can use the number of soil microorganisms,soil enzyme activity as soil indicators of Top Huang invasion.It can offer reference of Top Huang invasion for the environmental impact. Through the cluster analysis,Top Huang invasion was main due to physical and chemical properties of the soil,it did not have great relationship with vegetation and region.
Through the principal component analysis,we can use soil urease activity for the overall response of soil biological activity level.After adding the extracts,the soil urease activity with concentration dropped significantly.Soil Urease activity and soil organic matter content was positively correlated.In the experiment of Top Huang invasion,the exudates of Top Huang root stimulated soil urease activity.Top Huang's invasion to soil environmental is belong to self-reinforcing.
1.黄顶菊的根系分泌物改变了部分土壤理化性质。开花期,显著提升了土壤全盐含量,对5种供试土壤分别提升了298.8%、435.3%、40.0%、175.7%、226.9%:略提升了土壤全氮含量,全氮含量在5种供试土壤中分别提升20.7%、18.7%、5.1%、57.0%、60.0%;降低了土壤速效钾含量,5种供试土壤均为对照的50%左右;pH在5种供试土壤都有所提高,仅衡水玉米土除外。总之,通过对黄顶菊入侵后不同生长期土壤理化性质的比较,得出黄顶菊根系分泌物改变了土壤理化性质,显著提升了土壤全盐含量,提高了土壤pH、全氮,降低了土壤速效钾含量,使其至原来的50%。
2.通过对黄顶菊入侵后不同生长期微生物群落数量动态变化的研究,得出黄顶菊根系分泌物对土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌数量影响一致,均是苗期繁殖激增,随着生长期,数量下降,维持到对照水平。但不同生境地在苗期增长幅度不同,细菌在献县枣林土高达对照的21.0倍,而在献县玉米土仅为对照的1.3倍;真菌在几种土壤中增幅为对照1.5-2.9倍:放线菌在献县枣林土高达对照的28.8倍,衡水棉花土为对照的3.1倍,其他三种土为对照1倍多。
利用黄顶菊茎叶水浸提液施洒盆栽玉米,浸提液的添加,根际土中的微生物总数均显著减少,非根际土中的微生物总数有所增加:根际土中放线菌数量在微生物总数中所占比例有所增加,说明黄顶菊茎叶浸提液改变了微生物的群落结构和组成。非根际土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌随着浸提液浓度的增加,数量减少,随着浓度的增加,受根际效应影响越来越大。R/S真菌值最大,真菌受根际影响最大。
3.通过对黄顶菊入侵后不同生长期土壤酶活性的比较,得出黄顶菊根系分泌物改变了土壤酶活性。开花期,黄顶菊根系分泌物提高了土壤脲酶活性、土壤过氧化氢酶活性,降低了土壤碱性磷酸酶活性;土壤蛋白酶活性在土壤养分状况不同时表现有所差异,本底蛋白酶活性高则表现为下降趋势,低则表现为上升趋势。
施洒浸提液开始阶段,浸提液浓度越高,对玉米根系土壤脲酶活性、碱性磷酸酶活性抑制作用越强,对玉米根系土壤过氧化氢酶活性反而有促进作用。一段时间后,玉米根系土壤过氧化氢酶活性仍呈促进作用;玉米根系土壤脲酶活性在高浓度仍表现为抑制作用,而低浓度时表现为促进作用;玉米根系土壤碱性磷酸酶活性随浓度的增加促进作用减弱。
4.通过相关性分析,得出不同生境地下黄顶菊根系分泌物对土壤微生物、酶活性与土壤养分含量影响存在密切相关关系,故土壤微生物数量、酶活性可作为评价黄顶菊入侵土壤的指标,可为黄顶菊入侵对环境的影响提供参考。
通过聚类分析,得出黄顶菊入侵主要与土壤理化性质有关,而和植被、地区没有很大关系。
通过主成份分析,得出可以用土壤脲酶活性反应土壤总体生物活性水平。脲酶经添加浸提液后,随浓度显著下降。脲酶与土壤有机质含量呈正相关。而在黄顶菊入侵试验中,黄顶菊根系分泌物刺激土壤脲酶活性增长,有利于黄顶菊生长,黄顶菊的入侵对土壤环境影响属于自我加强型。
Top Huang[Flaveria bidentis(L) Kuntze]is a typical vicious invasion of weeds.It has resulted in serious economic and ecological losses in many countries and regions. This research based on the interaction between Top Huang and soil.Through the field sampling and greenhouse experiments,we study the soil mechanism of the invasion of Top Huang,different from the effects of Top Huang root's allelopathy on different habitat soil's physical,chemical properties and biological activity,the effects of the extracts of stems and leaves on the number of soil microbes and the activity of soil enzyme.The main results are summarized as follows:
1.The exudates of Top Huang root changes the physical and chemical properties of soil partly.In flowering period,it significantly improved the soil salinity content. The soil salinity content respectively improved 298.8%、435.3%、40.0%、175.7%、226.9%on 5 tested soil.In flowering period,it improved the nitrogen content.The nitrogen content respectively improved 20.7%、18.7%、5.1%、57.0%、60.0%on 5 tested soil.In flowering period,it reduced the available K content.The available K content all reduced 50%on each tested soil.The soil pH all improved on each tested soil except Hengshui corn soil.In short,comparing with the physical and chemical properties of soil in different period after the invasion of Top Huang,we found that, the exudates of Top Huang root significantly improved the soil salinity content, improved the soil pH,nitrogen,reducing the soil available Potassium content,half of it to the original.
2.Comparing with the number of soil microbes community in different periods after the invasion of Top Huang,we found that the exudates of Top Huang root changed in soil microorganisms dynamics.The change of bacteria,fungi, actinomycete's number is accordant.The number of microbes surged in the seedling stage.Along with the growth period,the number dropped,maintain to the level of contrast.But different soil has different seedling growth rate.Soil bacteria in Xianxian jujube soil are up to contrast 21.0 times and that in Xianxian corn soil are only 1.3 times to contrast.The number of soil fungi in tested soil is 1.5-2.9 times to contrast. The number of actinomycosis in Xianxian jujube soil is up to contrast 28.8 times and in Hengshui cotton soil is 3.1 times to the contrast.The number of actinomycosis in the other three soils is more than one times to contrast.
Spraying corn with the extracts of Top Huang's stems and leaves,total number of microbes in the rhizosphere soil significantly reduced,while non-rhizosphere soil increased;the actinomycosis proportion in the total number of microbes of rhizosphere soil increased.It showed that the extracts of Top Huang stems and leaves changed the microbial community structure and composition.The number of the non-rhizosphere soil bacteria,fungi,actinomycetes decreased with the increasing of the concentration of the extracts,and along with the rhizosphere.The largest R / S is fungi,fungi is most affected by the rhizosphere.
3.Comparing with the soil enzyme activity in different periods after the invasion of Top Huang,we found that the exudates of Top Huang root changed the activity of soil enzyme.In flowering period,the exudates of Top Huang root increased soil urease activity,catalase activity,decreased the soil alkaline phosphatase activity.The soil protease activity is different in different nutritious condition.It increased in poor nutritious condition,decreased in well nutritious condition.
In the beginning stage after spraying the extracts of Top Huang's stems and leaves, the higher concentration of extracts,the inhibited effect to soil urease activity and soil alkaline phosphatase activity is stronger.But the extracts improved the soil catalase activity.After a time,the extracts to the soil catalase activity still had promoter action. The extracts to the soil urease activity still had inhibited effect in high concentration: had promoter action in low concentration.The extracts performed to promote soil alkaline phosphatase activity.
4.Through the relevant analysis,we obtained root exudates of Top Huang to different soil has close correlation among the number of soil microorganisms,soil enzyme activity and soil nutrient content.We can use the number of soil microorganisms,soil enzyme activity as soil indicators of Top Huang invasion.It can offer reference of Top Huang invasion for the environmental impact. Through the cluster analysis,Top Huang invasion was main due to physical and chemical properties of the soil,it did not have great relationship with vegetation and region.
Through the principal component analysis,we can use soil urease activity for the overall response of soil biological activity level.After adding the extracts,the soil urease activity with concentration dropped significantly.Soil Urease activity and soil organic matter content was positively correlated.In the experiment of Top Huang invasion,the exudates of Top Huang root stimulated soil urease activity.Top Huang's invasion to soil environmental is belong to self-reinforcing.
引文
[1]万方浩,郭建英,王德辉.中国外来入侵生物的危害与管理[J].生物多样性,2002,10(1):119-125
[2]Pimental D.,Lach L.,Zuniga R.,Morrision D.,Environmental and economic costs of nonindigenous species in the United States[J].BioScience 2000,50:53-65。
[3]Perrings C.,Williamson M.,Cheltenhams S.D.,The Economics of Biological Invasions [J].UK,Edward Elgar 2000,145-151
[4]万方浩,郭建英,王德辉.中国外来入侵生物的现状、管理对策及风险分析体系.生物多样性与外来入侵物种管理国际研讨会论文集.北京:环境科学出版社,2002,77-102
[5]Elton C,S.The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants[M].London:Metheun,1958
[6]Vila M.,Weiner J.,Are invasive plant species better competitors than native plant species?-evidence from pair-wise experiments[J].Oikos 2004,105:229-238
[7]Alpert P.,Bone E.,Holzapfel C.,Invasiveness,invisibility and the role of environmental stress in the spread of nonnative plants[J].Perspectives in Plant Ecology,Evolution and Systematics 2000,3:52-66
[8]郭水良,方芳,黄华,强胜.外来入侵植物北美车前繁殖及光合生理生态学研究[J].植物生态学报,2004,28(6):787-793
[9]Rejmanek M.,Richardson D.M.,What attributes make some plant species more invasive?[J].Ecology 1996,77(6):1655-1661
[10]Greene D.E.,Johnson E.Aa.,Estimating the mean annual seed production of trees[J].Ecology 1994,75:642-647
[11]Holmes T.H.,Rice K.J.,Patterns of growth and soil-water utilization in some exotic annuals and native perennial bunchgrasses of California[J].Annals of Botany 1996,78:233-243
[12]Smith C.,Waiters L.J.,Fragmentation as a strategy for Caulerpa sprcies:fates of fragments and implications for management of an invasive weed[J].Marine Ecology 1999,20(3-4):307-319
[13]Hertling U.M.,Lubke R.A.,Assessing the potential for biological invasion-the case of Ammophila arenaria in South Africa[J].South African Journal of Science 2000,96(9-10):520-527
[14]Radford I,J.,Cousens R.D.,Invasiveness and comparative life-hisrory traits of exotic and indigenous Senecio species in Australia[J].Oecologia 2000,125(4)531-542
[15]赵广琦,张利权,梁霞.芦苇于入侵植物互米花草的光合特性比较[J].生态学报,2005,25(7):1605-1611
[16]徐正浩,王一平.外来入侵植物成灾的机制及防除对策[J].生态学杂志,2004,23(3):124-127
[17]高雷,李博.入侵植物凤眼莲研究现状及存在的问题[J].植物生态学报,2004,28(6):735-745
[18]马瑞燕,王韧.喜旱莲子草在中国的入侵机理及其生物防治[J].应用与环境生物学报,2005,13(4):347-356
[19]Marler M.J.,Zabinski C.A.,Callaway R.M.,Mycorrhizae indirectly enhance competitive effects of an invasive forb on a native bunchgrass[J].Ecology 1999,80(4):1180-1186
[20]Davis M.A.,Bier L.,Bushelle E.,Diegel C.,Hohnson A.,Kujala B.,Non-indigenous grasses impede woody succession[J].Plant Ecology 2005,178:249-264
[21]Lake J.C.,Leishman M.R.,Invasion success of exotiv in natural ecosystems:the role of disturbance,plant attributes and freedom from herbivores[J].Biological Conservation 2004,117:215-226
[22]Lloret F.,Medail F.,Brundu G..,Camarda I.,Moragues E.,Rita J.,Lambdon P.,Hulme P.,Species attributes and invasion success by alien plants on Mediterranean islands[J].Journal of Ecology 2005,93:512-520
[23]Williamson M.,Biological Invasions[M].London,Chapman & Hall,1996,425-427
[24]Mack R.N.,Simberloff D.,Lonsdale W.M.,Evans H.,Clout M.,Bazzaz F.A.,Biotic invasions:causes,epidemiology,global consequences,and control[J].Ecological Applications 2000,10:689-710
[25]Turnbull L,A.,Crawley M.J.,Rees M.,Are plant polulations seed-limited? Areview of seed sowing experments[J].Oikos 2000,88:225-238
[26]Baker H.G.,The evolution of weeds[J].Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1974,5:1-24
[27]Mack R.N.,Simberloff D.,Lonsdale W.M.,Evans H.,Clout M.,Bazzaz F.A.,Biotic invasions:causes,epidemiology,global consequences,and control[J].Ecological Applications 2000,10:689-710
[28]Lonsdale W.M.,Global patterns of plants invasions and the concept of invisibility[J].Ecology 1999,80:1522-1536
[29]Mack R N,Simberloff D,Lonsdale W M,et al.Biotic invasion:causes,epidemiology,global consequences,and control[J].Iss Ecol,No.5,2000
[30]Davis M A,Grime J P,Thomposon K.Fluctuation resources in plant communities:a general theory of invisibility[J].J Ecol,2000(88):528-534
[31]Shea K,Chesson P.Community ecology theory as a framework for biological invasions[J].Trends Ecol Evol,2002 17(4):170-176
[32]Rice EL.1984.Allelopathy.2nd ed[M].Orlando,FL:Academic Press
[33]孔垂华.植物化感作用研究中应注意的问题[J].应用生态学报,1998,9(3):332-336
[34]于兴军,于丹,马克平.不同生境条件下紫茎泽兰化感作用的变化与入侵力关系的研究[J].植物生态学报,2004,28(6):773-780
[35]Vivanco J.M.,Bais H.P.,Stermitz ER.,Thelen G.C.,Callaway R.M.,Biogeographical cariation in community response to root allelochemistry:novel weapons and exotic invasion[J].Ecology letters 2004,7:285-292
[36]Vaughn S.F.,Berhow M.A.,Allelochemicals isolated from tissues of the invasive weed garlic mustard(Alliaria petiolata)[J].Journal of Chemical Ecology 1999,25:2495-2504
[37]Hofmann E.& Seegerer A.Soil enzymes as a measure of biological activity[J].Biochem.1950.32I:97
[38]周礼恺.土壤酶学[M].科学出版社,1987
[39]廖铁军,黄云.紫色于脲酶活性与土壤营养的研究[J].西南农业大学学报,1995(17):72-75
[40]万淑婉.双季稻高产田的土壤微生物及土壤酶生物学指标[J].江西农业大学学报.1993,15(4):351-355
[41]McGill,W,B.Cole,C.V.Cooperative aspects of cycling of organic C,N,S and P through soil organic matter[J].Geoderma,1981(26):267
[42]Schlestinger,W.H.Biogeochemistory:an analysis of global change[M].Academic Press.New York,USA,1991
[43]孙波,赵其国,张桃林,俞慎.土壤质量与持续环境(Ⅲ.土壤质量评价的生物学指标)[J].土壤,1997(5):225-234
[44]Bandick,A.K.,Dick,R.P.,Field management effects on soil enzyme activities[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry 1999(31):1471-1479
[45]Groffman,P.M.,McDowellb,W.H.,Myerse,J.C.,Merriamb,J.L.,Soil microbial biomass and activity in tropical riparaian forests[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry 2001(33):1339-1348
[46]Taylor,J.P.,Wilson,B.,Mills,M.S.,Burns,R,G.,Comparison of microbial numbers and enzymatic activies in surface and subsoils using various techniques[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry 2002(34):387-401
[47]Glenn,J.K.,Gold,M.H.,Purification and characterization of an extracellular Mn(Ⅱ)-dependent peroxidase from the lignin-degrading basidiomycetes,Phancerochaete chrysosporium[J].Arch Biochem Biophys 1985(242):329-341
[48]Sariaslani,F.S.,Microbial enzymes for oxidation of organic molecules[J].Crit Rev Biotechn 1989(9):171-257
[49]Magnuson,M.,Crawford,D.L.,Comparison of extracellular peroxidase and esterase-deficient mutants of Streptomyces viridosporus T7A[J].Appl Envir Microbiol 1992(58):1070-1072
[50]Dari,K.,Bechet,M.,Blondeau,R.,Isolation of soil streptomyces strains eapable of degrading humic acids and analysis of their peroxidase activity[J].FEMS Microb Ecol 1995(16):115-122
[51]Simoes,D.C.M.,Mcneil,D.,Kristiansen,B.,et al.,Purification and partial characterization of a 1.57 kDa thermostable esterase from Bacillus stearothermophilus[J].FEMS Microbiol Lett 1997(147):151-156
[52]张咏梅,周国逸.吴宁.土壤酶学的研究进展[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2004,12(1):83-90.
[53]Naseby,C.,Pascual,J.A.,Laynch,J.M.,Effect of biocontrol strains of Triehoderma on plant growth,Pythium ultimum populations,soil microbial communitieand soil enzyme activities[J].J Appl Microbiol 2000(88):161-169.
[54]Dick,R.P.,Soil enzyme activities as indicators of soil quality[M].In:Doran J W,Coleman D C,Bezdicek D F,Stewart BA.(Eds.),Defining Soil Quality for a Sustainable Environment.American Society of Agronomy,Madison,WI,1994,107-124.
[55]高贤明,唐廷贵,梁宇,等.外来植物黄顶菊的入侵警报及防控对策[J].生物多样性,2004,12(2):274-279
[56]芦站根,崔兴国,蒋文静.衡水湖黄顶菊的入侵情况的初步调查研究[J].衡水学院学报,2006,8(1):69-71
[57]Dukes J.S.,Mooney H.A.,Does global change increase the success of biological invaders?[J].Trends in Ecology & Evolution 1999,14(4):135-139
[58]Kourtev P.S.,Ehrenfeld J.G.,Haggelom M.,Exotic plant species alter the microbial community structure and function in the soil[J].Ecology 2002,83(11):3152-3166
[59]Wolfe L.M.,Elzinga J.A.,Increased susceptibility to enemies following introduction in the invasive plant Silene latifolia.Ecology Letters 2004,7:813-820
[60]Reinhart K.O.,Callaway R.M.,Soil biota and invasive plants[J].New Phytologist 2006,170:445-457
[61]De Deyn G.B.,Raaijmakers C.E.,van der Putten W.H.,Plant community development is affected by nutrients and soil biota[J].Journal of Ecology 2004,92:824-834
[62]张鼎华,杨玉盛,吴擢溪,等.马尾松木荷混交林土壤微生物及肥力的初步研究[J].林业科技通讯,1988(9):6-8
[63]胡承彪,朱宏光,韦源生,等.不同类型混交林土壤微生物及生化特性的研究[J].林业科技通讯,1991(12):14-17
[64]雷雄,张鼎华,黄耀坚,等.森林土壤酶活性的初步研究[J].林业科技通讯,1985(1):13-14
[65]张鼎华,陈由强.森林土壤酶与土壤肥力[J].林业科技通讯,1985(3):1-3
[66]戴伟,白红英.土壤过氧化氢酶活性及其动力学特征与土壤性质的关系[J].北京林业大学学报,1995,16(1):37-40
[67]高子勤,张淑香.连作障碍与根际微生态研究Ⅰ.根系分泌物及其生态效应[J].应用生态学报,1998.9(5):549-554
[68]Mallik AU,Zhu H,Park YG.Overcoming Kalmia induced growth inhibition of Picea mariana by mycorrhizal inoculation[J].J Korean For Sci.1998.87:429-444
[69]Alden L,Demoling F,Baath E.Rapid method of determining factors limiting bacterial growth in soil[J].Appl Environ Microbiol.2001.67(4):1830-1838
[70]Mao J,Yang L-Z,Shi Y-M,el al.Crude extract of Astragalus mongholicus root inhibits crop seed germination and soil nitrifying activity[J].Soil Biol Biochem,2006.38:201-208
[71]关松荫等.土壤酶及其研究法[M].北京:农业出版社,1986.274-338
[72]杨玉盛,何宗明,邹双全等.格氏栲天然林与人工林根际土壤微生物及其生化特性的研究[J].生态学报,1998.18(2):198-202
[73]袁光林,马瑞霞,刘秀芬等,化感物质对土壤脲酶活性的影响[J].环境科学,1998.19(2):55-57
[74]Amann RI,Ludwig W,Schleifer KH.1995,Phylogenetic identification and in situ detection of individual microbial cells without cultivation[J].Microbiol Rev,59:143-169
[2]Pimental D.,Lach L.,Zuniga R.,Morrision D.,Environmental and economic costs of nonindigenous species in the United States[J].BioScience 2000,50:53-65。
[3]Perrings C.,Williamson M.,Cheltenhams S.D.,The Economics of Biological Invasions [J].UK,Edward Elgar 2000,145-151
[4]万方浩,郭建英,王德辉.中国外来入侵生物的现状、管理对策及风险分析体系.生物多样性与外来入侵物种管理国际研讨会论文集.北京:环境科学出版社,2002,77-102
[5]Elton C,S.The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants[M].London:Metheun,1958
[6]Vila M.,Weiner J.,Are invasive plant species better competitors than native plant species?-evidence from pair-wise experiments[J].Oikos 2004,105:229-238
[7]Alpert P.,Bone E.,Holzapfel C.,Invasiveness,invisibility and the role of environmental stress in the spread of nonnative plants[J].Perspectives in Plant Ecology,Evolution and Systematics 2000,3:52-66
[8]郭水良,方芳,黄华,强胜.外来入侵植物北美车前繁殖及光合生理生态学研究[J].植物生态学报,2004,28(6):787-793
[9]Rejmanek M.,Richardson D.M.,What attributes make some plant species more invasive?[J].Ecology 1996,77(6):1655-1661
[10]Greene D.E.,Johnson E.Aa.,Estimating the mean annual seed production of trees[J].Ecology 1994,75:642-647
[11]Holmes T.H.,Rice K.J.,Patterns of growth and soil-water utilization in some exotic annuals and native perennial bunchgrasses of California[J].Annals of Botany 1996,78:233-243
[12]Smith C.,Waiters L.J.,Fragmentation as a strategy for Caulerpa sprcies:fates of fragments and implications for management of an invasive weed[J].Marine Ecology 1999,20(3-4):307-319
[13]Hertling U.M.,Lubke R.A.,Assessing the potential for biological invasion-the case of Ammophila arenaria in South Africa[J].South African Journal of Science 2000,96(9-10):520-527
[14]Radford I,J.,Cousens R.D.,Invasiveness and comparative life-hisrory traits of exotic and indigenous Senecio species in Australia[J].Oecologia 2000,125(4)531-542
[15]赵广琦,张利权,梁霞.芦苇于入侵植物互米花草的光合特性比较[J].生态学报,2005,25(7):1605-1611
[16]徐正浩,王一平.外来入侵植物成灾的机制及防除对策[J].生态学杂志,2004,23(3):124-127
[17]高雷,李博.入侵植物凤眼莲研究现状及存在的问题[J].植物生态学报,2004,28(6):735-745
[18]马瑞燕,王韧.喜旱莲子草在中国的入侵机理及其生物防治[J].应用与环境生物学报,2005,13(4):347-356
[19]Marler M.J.,Zabinski C.A.,Callaway R.M.,Mycorrhizae indirectly enhance competitive effects of an invasive forb on a native bunchgrass[J].Ecology 1999,80(4):1180-1186
[20]Davis M.A.,Bier L.,Bushelle E.,Diegel C.,Hohnson A.,Kujala B.,Non-indigenous grasses impede woody succession[J].Plant Ecology 2005,178:249-264
[21]Lake J.C.,Leishman M.R.,Invasion success of exotiv in natural ecosystems:the role of disturbance,plant attributes and freedom from herbivores[J].Biological Conservation 2004,117:215-226
[22]Lloret F.,Medail F.,Brundu G..,Camarda I.,Moragues E.,Rita J.,Lambdon P.,Hulme P.,Species attributes and invasion success by alien plants on Mediterranean islands[J].Journal of Ecology 2005,93:512-520
[23]Williamson M.,Biological Invasions[M].London,Chapman & Hall,1996,425-427
[24]Mack R.N.,Simberloff D.,Lonsdale W.M.,Evans H.,Clout M.,Bazzaz F.A.,Biotic invasions:causes,epidemiology,global consequences,and control[J].Ecological Applications 2000,10:689-710
[25]Turnbull L,A.,Crawley M.J.,Rees M.,Are plant polulations seed-limited? Areview of seed sowing experments[J].Oikos 2000,88:225-238
[26]Baker H.G.,The evolution of weeds[J].Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1974,5:1-24
[27]Mack R.N.,Simberloff D.,Lonsdale W.M.,Evans H.,Clout M.,Bazzaz F.A.,Biotic invasions:causes,epidemiology,global consequences,and control[J].Ecological Applications 2000,10:689-710
[28]Lonsdale W.M.,Global patterns of plants invasions and the concept of invisibility[J].Ecology 1999,80:1522-1536
[29]Mack R N,Simberloff D,Lonsdale W M,et al.Biotic invasion:causes,epidemiology,global consequences,and control[J].Iss Ecol,No.5,2000
[30]Davis M A,Grime J P,Thomposon K.Fluctuation resources in plant communities:a general theory of invisibility[J].J Ecol,2000(88):528-534
[31]Shea K,Chesson P.Community ecology theory as a framework for biological invasions[J].Trends Ecol Evol,2002 17(4):170-176
[32]Rice EL.1984.Allelopathy.2nd ed[M].Orlando,FL:Academic Press
[33]孔垂华.植物化感作用研究中应注意的问题[J].应用生态学报,1998,9(3):332-336
[34]于兴军,于丹,马克平.不同生境条件下紫茎泽兰化感作用的变化与入侵力关系的研究[J].植物生态学报,2004,28(6):773-780
[35]Vivanco J.M.,Bais H.P.,Stermitz ER.,Thelen G.C.,Callaway R.M.,Biogeographical cariation in community response to root allelochemistry:novel weapons and exotic invasion[J].Ecology letters 2004,7:285-292
[36]Vaughn S.F.,Berhow M.A.,Allelochemicals isolated from tissues of the invasive weed garlic mustard(Alliaria petiolata)[J].Journal of Chemical Ecology 1999,25:2495-2504
[37]Hofmann E.& Seegerer A.Soil enzymes as a measure of biological activity[J].Biochem.1950.32I:97
[38]周礼恺.土壤酶学[M].科学出版社,1987
[39]廖铁军,黄云.紫色于脲酶活性与土壤营养的研究[J].西南农业大学学报,1995(17):72-75
[40]万淑婉.双季稻高产田的土壤微生物及土壤酶生物学指标[J].江西农业大学学报.1993,15(4):351-355
[41]McGill,W,B.Cole,C.V.Cooperative aspects of cycling of organic C,N,S and P through soil organic matter[J].Geoderma,1981(26):267
[42]Schlestinger,W.H.Biogeochemistory:an analysis of global change[M].Academic Press.New York,USA,1991
[43]孙波,赵其国,张桃林,俞慎.土壤质量与持续环境(Ⅲ.土壤质量评价的生物学指标)[J].土壤,1997(5):225-234
[44]Bandick,A.K.,Dick,R.P.,Field management effects on soil enzyme activities[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry 1999(31):1471-1479
[45]Groffman,P.M.,McDowellb,W.H.,Myerse,J.C.,Merriamb,J.L.,Soil microbial biomass and activity in tropical riparaian forests[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry 2001(33):1339-1348
[46]Taylor,J.P.,Wilson,B.,Mills,M.S.,Burns,R,G.,Comparison of microbial numbers and enzymatic activies in surface and subsoils using various techniques[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry 2002(34):387-401
[47]Glenn,J.K.,Gold,M.H.,Purification and characterization of an extracellular Mn(Ⅱ)-dependent peroxidase from the lignin-degrading basidiomycetes,Phancerochaete chrysosporium[J].Arch Biochem Biophys 1985(242):329-341
[48]Sariaslani,F.S.,Microbial enzymes for oxidation of organic molecules[J].Crit Rev Biotechn 1989(9):171-257
[49]Magnuson,M.,Crawford,D.L.,Comparison of extracellular peroxidase and esterase-deficient mutants of Streptomyces viridosporus T7A[J].Appl Envir Microbiol 1992(58):1070-1072
[50]Dari,K.,Bechet,M.,Blondeau,R.,Isolation of soil streptomyces strains eapable of degrading humic acids and analysis of their peroxidase activity[J].FEMS Microb Ecol 1995(16):115-122
[51]Simoes,D.C.M.,Mcneil,D.,Kristiansen,B.,et al.,Purification and partial characterization of a 1.57 kDa thermostable esterase from Bacillus stearothermophilus[J].FEMS Microbiol Lett 1997(147):151-156
[52]张咏梅,周国逸.吴宁.土壤酶学的研究进展[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2004,12(1):83-90.
[53]Naseby,C.,Pascual,J.A.,Laynch,J.M.,Effect of biocontrol strains of Triehoderma on plant growth,Pythium ultimum populations,soil microbial communitieand soil enzyme activities[J].J Appl Microbiol 2000(88):161-169.
[54]Dick,R.P.,Soil enzyme activities as indicators of soil quality[M].In:Doran J W,Coleman D C,Bezdicek D F,Stewart BA.(Eds.),Defining Soil Quality for a Sustainable Environment.American Society of Agronomy,Madison,WI,1994,107-124.
[55]高贤明,唐廷贵,梁宇,等.外来植物黄顶菊的入侵警报及防控对策[J].生物多样性,2004,12(2):274-279
[56]芦站根,崔兴国,蒋文静.衡水湖黄顶菊的入侵情况的初步调查研究[J].衡水学院学报,2006,8(1):69-71
[57]Dukes J.S.,Mooney H.A.,Does global change increase the success of biological invaders?[J].Trends in Ecology & Evolution 1999,14(4):135-139
[58]Kourtev P.S.,Ehrenfeld J.G.,Haggelom M.,Exotic plant species alter the microbial community structure and function in the soil[J].Ecology 2002,83(11):3152-3166
[59]Wolfe L.M.,Elzinga J.A.,Increased susceptibility to enemies following introduction in the invasive plant Silene latifolia.Ecology Letters 2004,7:813-820
[60]Reinhart K.O.,Callaway R.M.,Soil biota and invasive plants[J].New Phytologist 2006,170:445-457
[61]De Deyn G.B.,Raaijmakers C.E.,van der Putten W.H.,Plant community development is affected by nutrients and soil biota[J].Journal of Ecology 2004,92:824-834
[62]张鼎华,杨玉盛,吴擢溪,等.马尾松木荷混交林土壤微生物及肥力的初步研究[J].林业科技通讯,1988(9):6-8
[63]胡承彪,朱宏光,韦源生,等.不同类型混交林土壤微生物及生化特性的研究[J].林业科技通讯,1991(12):14-17
[64]雷雄,张鼎华,黄耀坚,等.森林土壤酶活性的初步研究[J].林业科技通讯,1985(1):13-14
[65]张鼎华,陈由强.森林土壤酶与土壤肥力[J].林业科技通讯,1985(3):1-3
[66]戴伟,白红英.土壤过氧化氢酶活性及其动力学特征与土壤性质的关系[J].北京林业大学学报,1995,16(1):37-40
[67]高子勤,张淑香.连作障碍与根际微生态研究Ⅰ.根系分泌物及其生态效应[J].应用生态学报,1998.9(5):549-554
[68]Mallik AU,Zhu H,Park YG.Overcoming Kalmia induced growth inhibition of Picea mariana by mycorrhizal inoculation[J].J Korean For Sci.1998.87:429-444
[69]Alden L,Demoling F,Baath E.Rapid method of determining factors limiting bacterial growth in soil[J].Appl Environ Microbiol.2001.67(4):1830-1838
[70]Mao J,Yang L-Z,Shi Y-M,el al.Crude extract of Astragalus mongholicus root inhibits crop seed germination and soil nitrifying activity[J].Soil Biol Biochem,2006.38:201-208
[71]关松荫等.土壤酶及其研究法[M].北京:农业出版社,1986.274-338
[72]杨玉盛,何宗明,邹双全等.格氏栲天然林与人工林根际土壤微生物及其生化特性的研究[J].生态学报,1998.18(2):198-202
[73]袁光林,马瑞霞,刘秀芬等,化感物质对土壤脲酶活性的影响[J].环境科学,1998.19(2):55-57
[74]Amann RI,Ludwig W,Schleifer KH.1995,Phylogenetic identification and in situ detection of individual microbial cells without cultivation[J].Microbiol Rev,59:143-169