优秀赛艇运动员2008奥运会前多年度训练周期机能特征的研究
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摘要
研究目的:通过对中国赛艇队各级别男、女运动员06、07和08连续三年冬训期的机能监控和大赛前参赛能力的监测,以及特殊训练手段如高原训练和呼吸肌群专门训练对竞技状态的影响研究,旨在总结和凝练大训练周期中,我国优秀赛艇运动员的机能变化特征,为今后赛艇项目奥运会准备周期的进一步科学化训练提供实践依据。
研究对象和方法:研究对象为参加08奥运会的33名中国赛艇队运动员。按级别划分,对三年冬训期高原训练和08奥运会前机能状态进行了系统监测,并结合阶段性训练测试成绩进行综合分析。
研究结果与结论:1.高原训练对我国优秀赛艇运动员机能状态的影响:1.1各级别男女赛艇运动员高原训练期间乳酸阈功率均小于平原,且除男子轻量级运动员外,其他运动员高原训练后乳酸阈功率均显著高于高原训练前(P<0.05),提示高原训练对于赛艇运动员最大有氧能力的提高有明显作用;1.2高原训练期间,各级别男、女运动员瘦体质量均呈下降趋势,其中男、女轻量级运动员下降最为明显(P<0.05),分析原因可能是高原训练期间生理性缺氧及运动性缺氧的双重刺激,机体产生明显高于实际高原海拔的一系列反应,造成肌肉蛋白质分解速度加快。轻量级男女运动员高原期体重显著性下降,这与轻量级运动员的基础体质密切相关;1.3高原训练期间,上肢力量训练后CK恢复明显,下肢和腰背肌力量训练后CK恢复无显著性差异;1.4高原训练后,女子公开级运动员血红蛋白与6km测功仪成绩呈显著性负相关(Pearson系数为-0.952,P<0.05),且有氧耐力水平在高原训练后第四周达到最佳。
2.在赛艇项目的平原训练期,血尿素指标对监测赛艇Ⅳ级训练强度的训练效果有重要作用。
3.奥运会前,男子公开级运动员乳酸阈功率与专项测功仪成绩呈显著性负相关(Pearson系数为-0.968,P<0.05),且临近大赛,专项能力达到最大。
4.奥运会前,呼吸肌群专门训练对优秀女子公开级赛艇运动员机能状态的影响:4.1 60天呼吸肌群专门训练前后,最大摄氧量无明显变化(P>0.05);4.2呼吸肌群专门训练后,乳酸阈功率显著性增高(P<0.05),表明呼吸肌耐酸能力提高,有助于女子赛艇运动员最大有氧耐力水平的提高;4.3呼吸肌群专门训练后,血清睾酮没有显著性改变(P>0.05),皮质醇明显下降(P<0.05),血清睾酮/皮质醇显著升高(P<0.05),且明显高于对照组(P<0.05),说明经过呼吸肌训练的运动员整体机能状态优于未经呼吸肌训练队员;4.4呼吸肌群的强化训练,进一步研究显示呼吸肌可能是高水平赛艇运动能力再提高的限制因素,呼吸肌专门训练对赛艇项目训练深化和参赛准备有特殊意义,经过奥运会的检验是合法提高赛艇专项能力的新手段。
Purpose: The physiological state and pre-race competition effectiveness were monitored over all classes of male and female rowers on the Chinese National Rowing team in 3 consecutive years, respectively 2006, 2007 and 2008, and special training methods were applied like altitude training and the influence of specific training of respiratory muscles on competitive forms, with the purpose of summarizing the features of Chinese elite athletes physiological changes during the 3-year preparation cycle and serving as the practical base for Chinese rowing’s scientific development.
The subjects and methods of the research: 32 Chinese National Rowing Team members who participated in the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. Systematic monitoring of the athletes’physiological state over altitude training in the past three years and before the 2008 Olympic Games, and analyze it with stage testing results.
The results and conclusion:1. The influence of altitude training on the physiological state of Chinese elite rowers: 1.1 male and female athletes of all classes had lower lactate threshold power on the altitude than on the sea level. Except light weight man athletes, all athletes obtained significantly higher lactate threshold power after altitude training than before altitude (P<0.05) , which indicates that altitude training can significantly improve rowers’saerobic capacity. 1.2 During altitude training, the lean body mass of male and female rowers of all classes decreased significantly (P<0.05), probably because of the dual stimulation of physiological hypoxia and exercise hypoxia, which results in a much stronger physiological reaction than it should have on that altitude, and a faster muscle decomposition rate (P<0.05). The body weight of all light weight male and female rowers decreased significantly (P<0.05), which is closely related to their basic physical constitution. 1.3 during the altitude training, CK restored significantly after arms strength training, while after legs and back exercises, there was no significant difference. 1.4 after altitude training, it was clearly negative correlation between the Hb level of women open weight rowers and 6km ergometer testing results (the Pearson correlation is -0.952,P<0.05), and the aerobic endurance capacity came to the highest level after 4 weeks of altitude training.
2. Before the Olympic Games, it was clearly negative correlation between the lactate threshold power of man open weight rowers and specific ergometer testing results (the Pearson correlation is -0.968,P<0.05), and the specific capacity gradually came to the highest level when approaching the major competition.
3. Before the Olympic Games, the influence of specific training of respiratory muscles on the physiological state of elite female open weight rowers. 3.1 VO2max remained similar level as before after 60 days specific training of respiratory muscles (P>0.05). 3.2 after specific training of respiratory muscles, the lactate threshold power improved significantly (P<0.05), which means that the respiratory muscles are more lactate resistant and thus help improve the maximum endurance capacity of female rowers. 3.3 after specific training of respiratory muscles, there was no significant change in the serum testosterone (P>0.05) while cortisol level dropped significantly (P<0.05), and serum testosterone/cortisol value increased significantly (P<0.05), much higher than the control group (P<0.05), which means the general physiological state of rowers who did specific training of respiratory muscles are better than those who didn’t do it. 3.4 The intensifying training of respiratory muscles might be the restraint factor for high level rowers’further progress. There is a special meaning from the specific training of respiratory muscles for deepening rowing training and competition preparation. It is proved by the Olympic Games to be a new non-drug method of improving rowing specific capacity.
研究对象和方法:研究对象为参加08奥运会的33名中国赛艇队运动员。按级别划分,对三年冬训期高原训练和08奥运会前机能状态进行了系统监测,并结合阶段性训练测试成绩进行综合分析。
研究结果与结论:1.高原训练对我国优秀赛艇运动员机能状态的影响:1.1各级别男女赛艇运动员高原训练期间乳酸阈功率均小于平原,且除男子轻量级运动员外,其他运动员高原训练后乳酸阈功率均显著高于高原训练前(P<0.05),提示高原训练对于赛艇运动员最大有氧能力的提高有明显作用;1.2高原训练期间,各级别男、女运动员瘦体质量均呈下降趋势,其中男、女轻量级运动员下降最为明显(P<0.05),分析原因可能是高原训练期间生理性缺氧及运动性缺氧的双重刺激,机体产生明显高于实际高原海拔的一系列反应,造成肌肉蛋白质分解速度加快。轻量级男女运动员高原期体重显著性下降,这与轻量级运动员的基础体质密切相关;1.3高原训练期间,上肢力量训练后CK恢复明显,下肢和腰背肌力量训练后CK恢复无显著性差异;1.4高原训练后,女子公开级运动员血红蛋白与6km测功仪成绩呈显著性负相关(Pearson系数为-0.952,P<0.05),且有氧耐力水平在高原训练后第四周达到最佳。
2.在赛艇项目的平原训练期,血尿素指标对监测赛艇Ⅳ级训练强度的训练效果有重要作用。
3.奥运会前,男子公开级运动员乳酸阈功率与专项测功仪成绩呈显著性负相关(Pearson系数为-0.968,P<0.05),且临近大赛,专项能力达到最大。
4.奥运会前,呼吸肌群专门训练对优秀女子公开级赛艇运动员机能状态的影响:4.1 60天呼吸肌群专门训练前后,最大摄氧量无明显变化(P>0.05);4.2呼吸肌群专门训练后,乳酸阈功率显著性增高(P<0.05),表明呼吸肌耐酸能力提高,有助于女子赛艇运动员最大有氧耐力水平的提高;4.3呼吸肌群专门训练后,血清睾酮没有显著性改变(P>0.05),皮质醇明显下降(P<0.05),血清睾酮/皮质醇显著升高(P<0.05),且明显高于对照组(P<0.05),说明经过呼吸肌训练的运动员整体机能状态优于未经呼吸肌训练队员;4.4呼吸肌群的强化训练,进一步研究显示呼吸肌可能是高水平赛艇运动能力再提高的限制因素,呼吸肌专门训练对赛艇项目训练深化和参赛准备有特殊意义,经过奥运会的检验是合法提高赛艇专项能力的新手段。
Purpose: The physiological state and pre-race competition effectiveness were monitored over all classes of male and female rowers on the Chinese National Rowing team in 3 consecutive years, respectively 2006, 2007 and 2008, and special training methods were applied like altitude training and the influence of specific training of respiratory muscles on competitive forms, with the purpose of summarizing the features of Chinese elite athletes physiological changes during the 3-year preparation cycle and serving as the practical base for Chinese rowing’s scientific development.
The subjects and methods of the research: 32 Chinese National Rowing Team members who participated in the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. Systematic monitoring of the athletes’physiological state over altitude training in the past three years and before the 2008 Olympic Games, and analyze it with stage testing results.
The results and conclusion:1. The influence of altitude training on the physiological state of Chinese elite rowers: 1.1 male and female athletes of all classes had lower lactate threshold power on the altitude than on the sea level. Except light weight man athletes, all athletes obtained significantly higher lactate threshold power after altitude training than before altitude (P<0.05) , which indicates that altitude training can significantly improve rowers’saerobic capacity. 1.2 During altitude training, the lean body mass of male and female rowers of all classes decreased significantly (P<0.05), probably because of the dual stimulation of physiological hypoxia and exercise hypoxia, which results in a much stronger physiological reaction than it should have on that altitude, and a faster muscle decomposition rate (P<0.05). The body weight of all light weight male and female rowers decreased significantly (P<0.05), which is closely related to their basic physical constitution. 1.3 during the altitude training, CK restored significantly after arms strength training, while after legs and back exercises, there was no significant difference. 1.4 after altitude training, it was clearly negative correlation between the Hb level of women open weight rowers and 6km ergometer testing results (the Pearson correlation is -0.952,P<0.05), and the aerobic endurance capacity came to the highest level after 4 weeks of altitude training.
2. Before the Olympic Games, it was clearly negative correlation between the lactate threshold power of man open weight rowers and specific ergometer testing results (the Pearson correlation is -0.968,P<0.05), and the specific capacity gradually came to the highest level when approaching the major competition.
3. Before the Olympic Games, the influence of specific training of respiratory muscles on the physiological state of elite female open weight rowers. 3.1 VO2max remained similar level as before after 60 days specific training of respiratory muscles (P>0.05). 3.2 after specific training of respiratory muscles, the lactate threshold power improved significantly (P<0.05), which means that the respiratory muscles are more lactate resistant and thus help improve the maximum endurance capacity of female rowers. 3.3 after specific training of respiratory muscles, there was no significant change in the serum testosterone (P>0.05) while cortisol level dropped significantly (P<0.05), and serum testosterone/cortisol value increased significantly (P<0.05), much higher than the control group (P<0.05), which means the general physiological state of rowers who did specific training of respiratory muscles are better than those who didn’t do it. 3.4 The intensifying training of respiratory muscles might be the restraint factor for high level rowers’further progress. There is a special meaning from the specific training of respiratory muscles for deepening rowing training and competition preparation. It is proved by the Olympic Games to be a new non-drug method of improving rowing specific capacity.
引文
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