摘要
研究目的:通过对中国赛艇队各级别男、女运动员06、07和08连续三年冬训期的机能监控和大赛前参赛能力的监测,以及特殊训练手段如高原训练和呼吸肌群专门训练对竞技状态的影响研究,旨在总结和凝练大训练周期中,我国优秀赛艇运动员的机能变化特征,为今后赛艇项目奥运会准备周期的进一步科学化训练提供实践依据。
研究对象和方法:研究对象为参加08奥运会的33名中国赛艇队运动员。按级别划分,对三年冬训期高原训练和08奥运会前机能状态进行了系统监测,并结合阶段性训练测试成绩进行综合分析。
研究结果与结论:1.高原训练对我国优秀赛艇运动员机能状态的影响:1.1各级别男女赛艇运动员高原训练期间乳酸阈功率均小于平原,且除男子轻量级运动员外,其他运动员高原训练后乳酸阈功率均显著高于高原训练前(P<0.05),提示高原训练对于赛艇运动员最大有氧能力的提高有明显作用;1.2高原训练期间,各级别男、女运动员瘦体质量均呈下降趋势,其中男、女轻量级运动员下降最为明显(P<0.05),分析原因可能是高原训练期间生理性缺氧及运动性缺氧的双重刺激,机体产生明显高于实际高原海拔的一系列反应,造成肌肉蛋白质分解速度加快。轻量级男女运动员高原期体重显著性下降,这与轻量级运动员的基础体质密切相关;1.3高原训练期间,上肢力量训练后CK恢复明显,下肢和腰背肌力量训练后CK恢复无显著性差异;1.4高原训练后,女子公开级运动员血红蛋白与6km测功仪成绩呈显著性负相关(Pearson系数为-0.952,P<0.05),且有氧耐力水平在高原训练后第四周达到最佳。
2.在赛艇项目的平原训练期,血尿素指标对监测赛艇Ⅳ级训练强度的训练效果有重要作用。
3.奥运会前,男子公开级运动员乳酸阈功率与专项测功仪成绩呈显著性负相关(Pearson系数为-0.968,P<0.05),且临近大赛,专项能力达到最大。
4.奥运会前,呼吸肌群专门训练对优秀女子公开级赛艇运动员机能状态的影响:4.1 60天呼吸肌群专门训练前后,最大摄氧量无明显变化(P>0.05);4.2呼吸肌群专门训练后,乳酸阈功率显著性增高(P<0.05),表明呼吸肌耐酸能力提高,有助于女子赛艇运动员最大有氧耐力水平的提高;4.3呼吸肌群专门训练后,血清睾酮没有显著性改变(P>0.05),皮质醇明显下降(P<0.05),血清睾酮/皮质醇显著升高(P<0.05),且明显高于对照组(P<0.05),说明经过呼吸肌训练的运动员整体机能状态优于未经呼吸肌训练队员;4.4呼吸肌群的强化训练,进一步研究显示呼吸肌可能是高水平赛艇运动能力再提高的限制因素,呼吸肌专门训练对赛艇项目训练深化和参赛准备有特殊意义,经过奥运会的检验是合法提高赛艇专项能力的新手段。
Purpose: The physiological state and pre-race competition effectiveness were monitored over all classes of male and female rowers on the Chinese National Rowing team in 3 consecutive years, respectively 2006, 2007 and 2008, and special training methods were applied like altitude training and the influence of specific training of respiratory muscles on competitive forms, with the purpose of summarizing the features of Chinese elite athletes physiological changes during the 3-year preparation cycle and serving as the practical base for Chinese rowing’s scientific development.
The subjects and methods of the research: 32 Chinese National Rowing Team members who participated in the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. Systematic monitoring of the athletes’physiological state over altitude training in the past three years and before the 2008 Olympic Games, and analyze it with stage testing results.
The results and conclusion:1. The influence of altitude training on the physiological state of Chinese elite rowers: 1.1 male and female athletes of all classes had lower lactate threshold power on the altitude than on the sea level. Except light weight man athletes, all athletes obtained significantly higher lactate threshold power after altitude training than before altitude (P<0.05) , which indicates that altitude training can significantly improve rowers’saerobic capacity. 1.2 During altitude training, the lean body mass of male and female rowers of all classes decreased significantly (P<0.05), probably because of the dual stimulation of physiological hypoxia and exercise hypoxia, which results in a much stronger physiological reaction than it should have on that altitude, and a faster muscle decomposition rate (P<0.05). The body weight of all light weight male and female rowers decreased significantly (P<0.05), which is closely related to their basic physical constitution. 1.3 during the altitude training, CK restored significantly after arms strength training, while after legs and back exercises, there was no significant difference. 1.4 after altitude training, it was clearly negative correlation between the Hb level of women open weight rowers and 6km ergometer testing results (the Pearson correlation is -0.952,P<0.05), and the aerobic endurance capacity came to the highest level after 4 weeks of altitude training.
2. Before the Olympic Games, it was clearly negative correlation between the lactate threshold power of man open weight rowers and specific ergometer testing results (the Pearson correlation is -0.968,P<0.05), and the specific capacity gradually came to the highest level when approaching the major competition.
3. Before the Olympic Games, the influence of specific training of respiratory muscles on the physiological state of elite female open weight rowers. 3.1 VO2max remained similar level as before after 60 days specific training of respiratory muscles (P>0.05). 3.2 after specific training of respiratory muscles, the lactate threshold power improved significantly (P<0.05), which means that the respiratory muscles are more lactate resistant and thus help improve the maximum endurance capacity of female rowers. 3.3 after specific training of respiratory muscles, there was no significant change in the serum testosterone (P>0.05) while cortisol level dropped significantly (P<0.05), and serum testosterone/cortisol value increased significantly (P<0.05), much higher than the control group (P<0.05), which means the general physiological state of rowers who did specific training of respiratory muscles are better than those who didn’t do it. 3.4 The intensifying training of respiratory muscles might be the restraint factor for high level rowers’further progress. There is a special meaning from the specific training of respiratory muscles for deepening rowing training and competition preparation. It is proved by the Olympic Games to be a new non-drug method of improving rowing specific capacity.
引文
[1] Secher NH.Physiological and biomechanical aspects of rowing Implications for training[J]. Sports Med.1993;15(1):24-42
[2]封飞虎,刘新黎.不同水平赛艇运动员2000米模拟划心功能及乳酸变化特点[J].湖北体育科技.1999;18(3):36-39
[3]周学军.赛艇运动的项目特性及训练指导思想.湖北体育科技[J].2000;20;(3)35-36
[4] Steinacker.Training of rowers before world championship[J]. Med Sci SportExerc.1998, 30(7):1158-1163
[5]张清,叶国雄主编.中国体育教练员岗位培训教材-赛艇[M].人民体育出版社.1999:239-251
[6]叶鸣.间歇性低氧训练在运动训练中的应用研究进展[J].中国运动医学杂志,2002,21(5):495-498
[7]李桦.中日竞走运动员高原训练的生理机能及运动能力的研究[J].体育科学,1995,(5):66-68.
[8]雷志平等.间歇性低氧训练的临床应用研究田.成都体育学院学报[J],1997,23(3):65-68.
[9]李晓霞等.高原训练时应激素对促红细胞生成素水平的调控作用[J].山东体育学院学报2003,(3):33-36
[10] Fauru T. AltitudeTrainingforEliteSPrinters. Track Teeh(US).1990,(I):113-116.
[11]李强.间歇性低氧刺激对运动能力影响的实验研究[J].体育科学,2001,(3):62-65
[12]林文韬.探讨常压下模拟高住低训对大鼠EPO及红细胞相关指标的影响[J].中国运动医学杂志.2003,22(6):566-568.
[13]冯连世,洪平.高原训练与红细胞功能的变化〔J〕.国家体委体育科学研究所论文集,1996:158-163.
[14] Mairbauri H.,schoberger E, Hasibeder H, Fischer W, Raas E. Benificial effect of exercising at moderate altitude on red cell oxygen transport and on exercise performance. P fluger’s Arch,1986(406):594-599.
[15]马福海.高原女子中长跑运动员海拔2260-3150m地区交替训练的研究「J].体育科学,2000,(2):37-39.
[16]李晓霞等.高原训练时应激素对促红细胞生成素水平的调控作用[J].山东体育学院学报, 2003,(3):33-36.
[17]浅野胜己.低压环境下运动负荷时的血液动态[J].最新医学,1983,(38):74~77.
[18]白鸿毅,郑静山.自行车运动员昆明高原训练T/C与Hb的变化[J].山西体育科技, 1994,(l):23-25.
[19]大村靖夫,山本正嘉,荻田太等.低压低氧与常压低氧环境下运动时生理应答的比较.Proceeding of the 3rd International Symposium on High AltitudeTraining, 99 Toyama,1999,91.
[20] Sime H.psyehological monitoring and modulation of training load of world canoeists. Med and Sci. of sports and exercise. 1994.26:1034
[21]沈金康.国家男子公路自行车运动员高原训练的研究[J].体育科学,1992,(5):34-36.
[22]王月华等.中国冬季两项滑雪队2000年世界杯赛前长白山高原训练特点的研究[C].中国体育科学学会第六次全国科学大会论文摘要汇编,2000:12.
[23]秦宇飞.对女子赛艇运动员亚高原训练规律的研究[J].武汉体育学院学报,1997,(1):49-52.
[24] N. Terrados. Altitude training and muscular metabolism[J]. INT. sports Med, 1992, (13)603-609
[25] Mizuno M, et al, Limb skeletal muscle adaptation in athlrtes after at altitude[J]. Appl physiol, 1990:68(2)496-502
[26]李世成.模拟高原训练对小鼠骨骼肌代谢的影响[J].北京体育大学学报,1998(2):15-18
[27]许豪文,等.“运动员血液”和运动的影响[J].山西体育科技,1991,l:23-28.
[28] Hagerman.FC.et a1.FISA.Coach[J].1990,1(1).
[29]杜忠林.无氧阈在赛艇训练中的应用研究[J].湖北体育科技,1993,12(4):43.
[30]曹棉英,吴昊等.优秀女子赛艇运动员奥运会赛前乳酸阈曲线变化规律的研究[J].浙江体育科学,2006,28(6): 84-87
[31]杜忠林等.赛艇项目三级负荷测试方法研究[J].湖北体育科技,1997,9(3): 41.
[32] Kurt.Jenses.赛艇测试程序.国际赛联.COACH(中文版),1994(5)
[32] F.C.Hagerman等.赛艇运动员能量系统的训练[J].美国赛艇,1997(1-2)
[33]冯连世,冯美云,冯炜权.优秀运动员身体机能评定方法[M].人民体育出版社,2003
[34] U.Hartmann.Heart Rate and Lactate During Endurance Training Programs in Rowing and its Relation to the Duration of Exercise by Top Elite Rowers.FISA:COACH,No.1,1990
[35]杜忠林,王武韶,顾军.优秀赛艇运动员无氧阈增长幅度的分析[J].中国运动医学杂志,2000,19(1):92-95.
[36]田麦久.负荷原则与训练过程[M].青海省体育运动委员会,1986.
[37]卢宁艳,王健.呼吸肌耐力训练研究进展[J].中国运动医学杂志, 2004, 23(6):660-662
[38]王健.呼吸肌疲劳的研究现状[J].咸宁学院学报, 2006, 26(6): 136-139
[39]唐虎,周军.呼吸肌训练--我国竞技体育潜能开发的“处女地”[M].第八届体育科学大会论文汇编:534
[40] Johnson, B. D., M. A. Babcock, O. E. Suman, and J. A. Dempsey. Exercise induced diaphragmatic fatigue in healthy humans [J]. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 1993, 460: 385–405
[41] Stefanos Vollanitis, et al. Specific respiratory warm-up improves rowing performance and exertional dyspnea[J]. Int J Official Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine, 2000, 5: 1190-1197.
[42]冯炜权,等.血乳酸与运动训练[M].北京:人民体育出版社,1990.102
[43]翁庆章.高原训练.青海体育科技.1988, 2: 1
[44]赵晋,王庆军,刘爱杰,袁守龙.通过血乳酸变化曲线对我国优秀女子赛艇运动员高原训练成效的分析[J],中国运动医学杂志,1997(2): 139-142
[45]程治平.内分泌生理学[M] .北京:人民卫生出版社,1984: 193.
[46]金惠铭.病理生理学[M] .北京:人民卫生出版社,1999: 103 -107.
[47]翁庆章.高原训练及其研究新动向[J] .国外体育动态,1997 ,24 :189-200.
[48]冯连世.高原训练理论与运用研究的进展[M] .北京:北京体育大学出版社,1999. 229 - 243.
[49]李天麟.高原与健康[M] .北京:北京科学技术出版社, 2001: 77.
[50]张华杰.赛艇运动员的力量素质及其训练方法[J].武汉体育学院学报.1998(1): 38-41.
[51]周学军.赛艇运动的项目特性及训练指导思想.湖北体育科技.2000,20(3)35-36.
[52] BAYER G, MAHLO E.Zur methodischen Gestaltung des Kraft-trainings imRudersport[J]. Leistungs sport.1992;(5):41-44.
[53] Tian Z J,Shi L,Liu X J,et a1.Changes of serum CK,LDH,SOD,SDH and Umb in the overtraining rats[J].Chin J Sports Med,2000,19(1):49-50.
[54] Cunningham D A,Critz J B.Effect of hypoxia and physical activity on plasma enzyme levels in men[J].Inter-national zietsehrift fur angewandte physiologic einehe-liesslish arbeitphysiologie,1972, (3): 302-308.
[55]杨奎生.高原训练对游泳运动员血清乳酸脱氢酶活性的影响[M].国家体委体育科学研究所论文选集.北京:国家体育总局体育科学研究所, 1996: 64-66
[56] Richardson R S,Wagner H,Mudaliar S R,et a1.Human VEGF gene expression in skeletal muscle:effect ofacute normoxic and hypoxic exercise[J].Am J Physiol,1999,277(6):H2247-H2252
[57] Olfert I M,Breen E C,Mathieu Costello O,et a1.Skeletal muscle capillarity and angiogenic mRNA levels after exercise training in norm oxia and chronic hypoxia [J].J Appl Physiol,2001,91(3):1176-1184
[58]刘建红,周志宏,欧明毫. HiLo训练法及其在实践中的应用[J].中国运动医学杂志, 2003, 22(1): 68-71.
[59]翁庆章,陆一凡,等.高原训练对优秀游泳运动员的生理效应[J].中国体育科技, 1993, 29(6, 7): 72-78.
[60]雷欣,李智等.平原运动员高原训练特点及其应用的研究[J].成都体育学院学报, 1996, 22(2): 82-87.
[61]冯炜权.运动训练生物化学[M].北京:北京体育大学出版社,1998.
[62]瞿祥虎.血尿素及其在运动员机能评定中的应用[J].武汉体育学院学报,1996,3:67-70.
[63]高林洲.不同训练负荷对高校足球运动员血乳酸和血尿素影响的研究[J].体育与科学,1999,20(1):41-43.
[64] Christina M, Spengler , Roos M, Sonja M, et al. Decreased exercise blood lactate concentrations after respiratory endurance training in humans[J]. Euro J Physiol , 1999 , 79 : 299-305.
[65] Perret C, Spengler CM, Egger G, et al. Influence of endurance exercise on respiratory muscle performance [J]. Med Sci Sports Exerc , 2000 , 32 (12) : 2052 - 2058.
[66] Bellemare F. Evaluation of human diaphragm physiological [J]. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis, 1993 , 48 :92 - 93.
[67]王瑞元.运动生理学[M].北京:人民体育出版社:259-269
[68] Spengler CM, Boutellier U. Breathless legs? Consider training your respiration [J]. News Physiol Sci , 2000 , 15:101 - 105.
[69] Spengler CM, Roos M, Laube SM, Boutellier U. Decreased exercise blood lactate concentrations after respiratory endurance training in humans [J]. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1999 Mar; 79(4): 299-305
[70]王林.低氧训练对睾酮、皮质醇影响的研究进展[J].辽宁体育科技,2004,26(5):46-47.
[71] Humpeler E,Skrabal F,et,a1.Influence of exposure to moderate altitude on the plasma concentration of cortisol,aldosterone,rennin,testosterone,and gonadotropins[J].Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol,1980,45(2-3):167-176.
[72]钱风雷.高原训练对游泳运动员血浆睾酮/皮质醇和促性腺激素的影响[J].上海体育科研,l993. 1:33-36.
[73]赵晋.高原训练对我国优秀赛艇运动员血清睾酮/皮质醇的影响[J].中国运动医学杂志,1997,16(2):137-139.
[74]冯连世,洪平,宗丕芳.高原训练对男子中长跑运动员血清激素的影响[J].体育科学,2000,20(4):49-52.
[75]田中,李卫平,许豪文等.模拟高住低练对优秀游泳运动员身体成分和物质代谢的影响[J].山东体育学院学报,2004,20(1):370.
[76]周志宏,刘建红,王奎等.利用低氧帐篷进行“高住低练”对划船运动员运动能力影响的初探[J].中国运动医学杂志,2003,22(3):258-262.
[77]刘明,张国庆,马先英等.模拟高原训练对游泳运动员血液载氧能力的影响[J].北京体育大学学报,2004,27(6):774-776.
[78] Markov G, Spengler CM, et al. Respiratory muscle training increases cycling endurance without affecting cardiovascular responses to exercise[J]. Eur J Appl Physiol, 2001, 85: 233 - 239.
[79] Kohl J, Koller EA, Brandenberger M, et al. Effect of exercise - induced hyperventilation on airway resistance and cycling endurance [J]. Eur J Appl Physiol, 1997, 75 : 305-311.
[80] Fairbarn, MS, Couttts KC, Pardy RL, et al. Improved respiratory muscle endurance of highly trained cyclists and the effects on maximal exercise performance [J]. Int J Sports Med, 1991, 12: 66-70.