图书馆数字资源选择标准研究
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摘要
馆藏资源是图书馆功能发挥与服务效益实现的基础。数字环境下,信息资源的状态、用户需求、图书馆运行模式等正在发生转变,传统环境下发展的资源选择标准应用于数字资源的选择具有很大局限性。开展数字资源选择标准研究,既有利于提高图书馆数字资源选择工作的科学性和规范性,也有利于实现图书馆资源配置的最优化,同时有利于提升数字资源建设的效果和效益,最终为图书馆创新服务模式、拓展服务空问、实现持续发展提供支持和保障。数字资源选择标准研究为国内外图书馆理论与实践界所重视。然而,如何建立既能反映用户需求,同时又具有代表性和实际应用价值的数字资源选择标准体系,目前仍处在不断探索中。论文认为,这一目标实现的关键在于以面向终端用户需求为价值导向,依据科学的程序和方法建立图书馆数字资源选择标准体系,并明确选择标准应用的操作化方法。论文采用问卷调查、访谈、案例分析、统计分析等相结合的研究方法,研究重点在于归纳提炼出图书馆数字资源选择标准初始集合,通过专家问卷调查实现选择标准体系的优化；在此基础上,选取案例进行选择标准体系的应用试验,验证其实用及适用性,并提出图书馆数字资源选择标准应用实施的优化策略。
第1章为文献综述。论文从国际和国内两个方面,系统梳理数字资源选择标准研究现状,比较分析我国在该领域研究存在的不足,主要包括：选择标准的选取和确定方法不尽合理：缺少对选择标准定义、数据获取方法、实际适用性的讨论,从而导致数字资源选择标准在实践中可操作性不强；理论探讨多于实际应用；缺乏对用户需求的关注等。指出应从数字资源选择标准的层面,探讨以终端用户需求为导向的数字资源选择标准体系的建立与应用,进而从根本上解决用户需求与资源建设脱节的问题,提供符合用户价值的服务。
第2章探讨图书馆数字资源选择的理性视角及现行数字资源选择标准。通过系统梳理图书馆资源选择历史视角的演进,总结提炼图书馆数字资源选择的价值导向——面向终端用户需求；结合相关研究归纳数字环境下终端用户需求的变化趋势；提出图书馆应结合用户调查、访谈、使用统计数据分析等多种方式开展用户研究,获得用户信息需求的真实意思表示；分析满足用户需求与图书馆现实状况的辩证关系,进一步明确数字资源选择标准体系确立和应用的指导思想。论文继而探讨数字资源与传统资源选择在对象、判断重点、程序、人员方面存在的差异,并结合分析国内外图书馆馆藏发展政策所提出的数字资源选择标准的特点与不足,指出重构图书馆数字资源选择标准体系的必要性。
第3章设计图书馆数字资源选择标准体系维度。采用内容分析法对国内外馆藏发展政策以及相关研究论文提出的60组数字资源选择标准加以归纳总结,结合我国图书馆发展实际,将数字资源选择标准体系划分为6个维度：资源质量、资源使用、资源服务、资源契合、资源成本、资源风险。其中,资源质量、资源使用、资源服务是从微观角度提出的选择标准体系维度,属于对资源本身特质的考察；资源契合、资源成本、资源风险是从较为宏观的角度提出的选择标准体系维度,即主要考察外部因素影响。在论述各维度内涵与外延的基础上,提出图书馆数字资源选择标准初始集合,完成图书馆数字资源选择标准的初选过程。
第4章采用专家问卷调查法确立图书馆数字资源选择标准体系。调查问卷采用李克特五分量表测度专家对于数字资源选择标准重要性和适用性感知。以调查对象对选择标准重要性感知为观测值,采用因子分析方法,提炼精简出关联度最强、能够较好解释原有标准体系所要测度目的的选择标准；在此基础上,以适用性得分高于4分为基准,选取在图书馆数字资源选择实践工作中更易操作的标准,最后得到涵盖6个选择维度、31个选择标准的体系,实现选择标准初始集合的优化。该选择标准体系是在综合来自不同类型图书馆数字资源建设专家意见的基础上得出,在不同类型、规模图书馆均有较为普遍的应用价值。由此验证研究假设“尽管不同群体对数字资源选择标准的认识存在差异,但寻找和确立一套具有代表性和适用性的图书馆数字资源选择标准体系是可能的。”
第5章为图书馆数字资源选择标准体系的应用试验。选取武汉大学图书馆作为案例,通过调查终端用户和馆员对于数字资源选择标准的重要程度认知,确立武汉大学图书馆数字资源选择标准体系权重,并将其应用于数据库的测评选择中。研究结果表明,不同群体对图书馆数字资源选择标准重要性认知存在差异。因此,数字资源选择标准权重的确立应广泛听取多方意见,特别是不同类别用户的意见。这样确立的选择标准权重所表征的数字资源选择考察重点才能更充分地反映用户需求。在应用图书馆数字资源选择标准体系测评选择数据库过程中,也应开展用户调查,了解用户使用感知,为图书馆数字资源选择决策提供依据。实证结果亦表明,论文提出的图书馆数字资源选择标准体系、相关选择标准判据及实施操作方法是可行的。
第6章探讨图书馆数字资源选择标准体系的应用策略。认为要提高数字资源选择标准体系应用的效果和效率,图书馆应强化“面向终端用户需求”的数字资源选择理念与模式,定期了解用户需求,数字资源选择过程中强调用户的广泛参与；应及时制定科学合理的数字馆藏发展政策,在政策层面上为选择合适的数字资源提供指导；应引入全面质量管理的方法,以数字资源管理系统作为质量管理工具,提高数字资源选择工作效率,降低数字资源选择标准体系应用成本；还应借鉴已有许可协议谈判原则声明及许可协议模型,设置版权图书馆员岗位,妥善处理数字资源许可协议问题。
第7章为总结与展望,梳理全文研究结论,分析研究的不足之处,并对未来研究提出展望。
(图38,表41,附录9)
The collection is the foundation on which a library's function is performed and its service benefit realized. Within the context of the digital environment, the format and the media of the information resources, users'needs, and the operation patterns of libraries are undergoing changes. Traditional selection criteria of print resources are no longer suitable for the selection of digital resources. Developing a study on selection criteria of digital resources will be beneficial not only to the promotion of a scientific and standard selection process, but also to the maximization of the allocation of library resources. Further more, it will improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the development of digital resources collection. Therefore, it will eventually support and guarantee libraries to innovate their service models, expand their development space and realize their sustainable development. Researches on the selection criteria of digital resources have been the concern of library circles both at home and abroad. However, it is still under studying as how to develop a selection criteria system which not only reflects users'needs, but also is representative and practical. The dissertation proposes that the key to achieve this goal is to be oriented by end-users'needs, developing a selection criteria system of digital resources according to scientific procedures and methods, and making clear the operational methods. By means of various research approaches, including surveys, interviews, focus groups, case studies, statistical analysis and so on, the study emphasizes on putting forward some selection criteria through comprehensively reviewing literatures and collection development policy proposed by different libraries; and then optimizing the selection criteria system through questionnaire survey. In order to demonstrate the practical and applicable features of the proposed selection criteria system, the study applies it to evaluate four databases in Wuhan University Library, and puts forward a series of measures, which would increase the effectiveness of the proposed selection criteria in practice.
Chapter One is a literature review. The study analyzes the status quo of the current researches about the selection criteria of digital resources, both at home and abroad. It points out that there have been achievements, but there are still some disadvantages, such as unreasonable selection and determination methods of the selection criteria, lack of analyses and discussions on the explanation of selection criteria, seldom explaining the methods of collecting statistic data and the practicability of the criteria, and so on so forth. All of these result in the incapability of selection criteria while being applied in practice. There have been too many theories instead of practical application in addition to neglect of the needs of users, and so forth. The study points out that it is necessary to set up and apply to a selection criteria system of digital resources in practice from the perspective of end-users'demands. In this way, the longstanding problem of the disconnection condition between users'needs and digital resources collection development will be solved and services will be provided in accordance with users'demand.
Chapter Two contains discussions on the rational perspective of digital resources selection and the current selection criteria. The study elaborates the historical development of collection acquisition, and sums up that the value orientation of digital resources selection is the end-users'needs. And then it identifies the changing needs and expectations of the users by analyzing related researches. The study also states that it is necessary for libraries to recognize the status quo of the needs and concerns of end-users by employing evidence-based methods such as surveys, interviews, focus groups studies and usage statistics analysis and so on. And then the study analyzes the dialectical relationship between meeting user needs and the libraries'real situation, further clarifying guiding idea which should be abided by when seting up and applying the selection criteria in practice. After that, the study figures out the differences between the selection of digital resources and traditional print resources, which focus on objects, selection criteria, acquisition procedure, and people involved in selection decisions. Concluding from the analysis on the characteristics and inadequacies of the selection criteria proposed by the collection development policies of domestic and foreign libraries, the study argues that it is urgent to reconstruct the selection criteria system of digital resources.
Chapter Three designs the dimensions of the selection criteria system of digital resources. The study makes content analysis to summarize 60 groups of selection criteria of digital resources proposed in collection development policies, as well as relevant research papers, both domestic and abroad. And then combined with the current situation of digital resources collection in Chinese libraries, the study divides the selection criteria system of digital resources into six dimensions:information quality, use and usage of digital resources, services provided by vendors, the relevancy among library, end-users and digital resources, resource cost and risk. Among these, information quality, use and usage of digital resources and services provided by vendors are dimensions of the selection criteria system proposed from the micro perspective, which focus on the characteristics of the digital resource itself. The relevancy among library, end-users and digital resources, resource cost and risk are dimensions from a more macroscopic point of view, taking into account mainly the external factors. Based on discussing the connotation and denotation of various dimensions, the study proposes the initial collection of selection criteria of digital resources, thus completes the primary selection process.
Chapter Four uses a questionnaire survey of experts to establish a selection criteria system of digital resources for libraries. The questionnaire uses five-item Likert Scale to measure the perception of experts about the importance and applicability of the selection criteria of digital resources. Taking the perception of experts about the importance of the selection criteria of digital resources as the observable variables, the study uses factor analysis to extract the criteria which are of the strongest correlation degree, and are able to explain the measuring purpose of the original selection criteria system. On this basis, the criteria which get scores about applicability higher than 4 are chosen and finally a selection criteria system covering six dimensions and 31 criteria is established, which is the result of the optimization of the initial selection criteria collection. The study sets up the selection criteria system on the basis of opinions of experts from different libraries. It is of universal application value and can be applied to libraries of different types and sizes. This validates the hypothesis that, "even though there are different opinions about the selection criteria of digital resources among different people, but expecting and establishing a representative and applicable selection criteria system of digital resources for libraries is possible.'
Chapter Five consists of experimental analysis. The study chooses Wuhan University Library as its experimental unit. Through investigating of users'and librarians'perception regarding the importance degree of each criterion, the respective weights of each criterion is decided through the Analytic Hierarchy Process. And then the author applies it to evaluate four full-text databases. Findings of the study indicate that there is a significant cognitive difference among different groups on perception about the importance of each criterion. Therefore, when assigning weights to the selection criteria, it is important to consult the opinions of a wide cross-section of people, especially the views of different users. By means of this, the emphasis of digital resources selection characterized by the weights of criteria can reflect more comprehensively the users'requirements. Furthermore, when applying the selection criteria system to evaluate or select databases, it is also necessary to figure out users'perception about the databases through surveys, which can provide the basis for decision-making. The study's findings also illustrate the feasibility of the selection criteria system of digital resources for libraries and the methods of operation.
Chapter Six discusses strategies of the application of the selection criteria system of digital resources in libraries. The study points out that in order to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of applying the selection criteria system to digital resources acquisition, firstly, libraries should strengthen the "user-centric" concept, develop a needs-based approach to allocate library resources; identify, understand and respond to end-users'needs and priorities on a regular basis; invite users to participate in the selection of digital resources. Secondly, libraries should formulate a digital resources collection development policy in time, providing general guidance for the selection of digital resources. Thirdly, libraries should introduce Total Quality Management, and take Electronic Resources Management System as a quality management tool, thus improving the efficiency of the selection of digital resources, and reduce the cost when applying the selection criteria system of digital resources. At last, when acquiring and licensing digital resources, libraries should draw on principles, guidelines and model license proposed by library consortiums or organizations; set up the copyright librarian positions, thus properly solving the license agreement problems.
Chapter Seven summarizes the research of the dissertation, and points out the limitations of the study, and puts forward some research prospects in the future.38 diagrams,41 tables and 9 appendices are included.
第1章为文献综述。论文从国际和国内两个方面,系统梳理数字资源选择标准研究现状,比较分析我国在该领域研究存在的不足,主要包括：选择标准的选取和确定方法不尽合理：缺少对选择标准定义、数据获取方法、实际适用性的讨论,从而导致数字资源选择标准在实践中可操作性不强；理论探讨多于实际应用；缺乏对用户需求的关注等。指出应从数字资源选择标准的层面,探讨以终端用户需求为导向的数字资源选择标准体系的建立与应用,进而从根本上解决用户需求与资源建设脱节的问题,提供符合用户价值的服务。
第2章探讨图书馆数字资源选择的理性视角及现行数字资源选择标准。通过系统梳理图书馆资源选择历史视角的演进,总结提炼图书馆数字资源选择的价值导向——面向终端用户需求；结合相关研究归纳数字环境下终端用户需求的变化趋势；提出图书馆应结合用户调查、访谈、使用统计数据分析等多种方式开展用户研究,获得用户信息需求的真实意思表示；分析满足用户需求与图书馆现实状况的辩证关系,进一步明确数字资源选择标准体系确立和应用的指导思想。论文继而探讨数字资源与传统资源选择在对象、判断重点、程序、人员方面存在的差异,并结合分析国内外图书馆馆藏发展政策所提出的数字资源选择标准的特点与不足,指出重构图书馆数字资源选择标准体系的必要性。
第3章设计图书馆数字资源选择标准体系维度。采用内容分析法对国内外馆藏发展政策以及相关研究论文提出的60组数字资源选择标准加以归纳总结,结合我国图书馆发展实际,将数字资源选择标准体系划分为6个维度：资源质量、资源使用、资源服务、资源契合、资源成本、资源风险。其中,资源质量、资源使用、资源服务是从微观角度提出的选择标准体系维度,属于对资源本身特质的考察；资源契合、资源成本、资源风险是从较为宏观的角度提出的选择标准体系维度,即主要考察外部因素影响。在论述各维度内涵与外延的基础上,提出图书馆数字资源选择标准初始集合,完成图书馆数字资源选择标准的初选过程。
第4章采用专家问卷调查法确立图书馆数字资源选择标准体系。调查问卷采用李克特五分量表测度专家对于数字资源选择标准重要性和适用性感知。以调查对象对选择标准重要性感知为观测值,采用因子分析方法,提炼精简出关联度最强、能够较好解释原有标准体系所要测度目的的选择标准；在此基础上,以适用性得分高于4分为基准,选取在图书馆数字资源选择实践工作中更易操作的标准,最后得到涵盖6个选择维度、31个选择标准的体系,实现选择标准初始集合的优化。该选择标准体系是在综合来自不同类型图书馆数字资源建设专家意见的基础上得出,在不同类型、规模图书馆均有较为普遍的应用价值。由此验证研究假设“尽管不同群体对数字资源选择标准的认识存在差异,但寻找和确立一套具有代表性和适用性的图书馆数字资源选择标准体系是可能的。”
第5章为图书馆数字资源选择标准体系的应用试验。选取武汉大学图书馆作为案例,通过调查终端用户和馆员对于数字资源选择标准的重要程度认知,确立武汉大学图书馆数字资源选择标准体系权重,并将其应用于数据库的测评选择中。研究结果表明,不同群体对图书馆数字资源选择标准重要性认知存在差异。因此,数字资源选择标准权重的确立应广泛听取多方意见,特别是不同类别用户的意见。这样确立的选择标准权重所表征的数字资源选择考察重点才能更充分地反映用户需求。在应用图书馆数字资源选择标准体系测评选择数据库过程中,也应开展用户调查,了解用户使用感知,为图书馆数字资源选择决策提供依据。实证结果亦表明,论文提出的图书馆数字资源选择标准体系、相关选择标准判据及实施操作方法是可行的。
第6章探讨图书馆数字资源选择标准体系的应用策略。认为要提高数字资源选择标准体系应用的效果和效率,图书馆应强化“面向终端用户需求”的数字资源选择理念与模式,定期了解用户需求,数字资源选择过程中强调用户的广泛参与；应及时制定科学合理的数字馆藏发展政策,在政策层面上为选择合适的数字资源提供指导；应引入全面质量管理的方法,以数字资源管理系统作为质量管理工具,提高数字资源选择工作效率,降低数字资源选择标准体系应用成本；还应借鉴已有许可协议谈判原则声明及许可协议模型,设置版权图书馆员岗位,妥善处理数字资源许可协议问题。
第7章为总结与展望,梳理全文研究结论,分析研究的不足之处,并对未来研究提出展望。
(图38,表41,附录9)
The collection is the foundation on which a library's function is performed and its service benefit realized. Within the context of the digital environment, the format and the media of the information resources, users'needs, and the operation patterns of libraries are undergoing changes. Traditional selection criteria of print resources are no longer suitable for the selection of digital resources. Developing a study on selection criteria of digital resources will be beneficial not only to the promotion of a scientific and standard selection process, but also to the maximization of the allocation of library resources. Further more, it will improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the development of digital resources collection. Therefore, it will eventually support and guarantee libraries to innovate their service models, expand their development space and realize their sustainable development. Researches on the selection criteria of digital resources have been the concern of library circles both at home and abroad. However, it is still under studying as how to develop a selection criteria system which not only reflects users'needs, but also is representative and practical. The dissertation proposes that the key to achieve this goal is to be oriented by end-users'needs, developing a selection criteria system of digital resources according to scientific procedures and methods, and making clear the operational methods. By means of various research approaches, including surveys, interviews, focus groups, case studies, statistical analysis and so on, the study emphasizes on putting forward some selection criteria through comprehensively reviewing literatures and collection development policy proposed by different libraries; and then optimizing the selection criteria system through questionnaire survey. In order to demonstrate the practical and applicable features of the proposed selection criteria system, the study applies it to evaluate four databases in Wuhan University Library, and puts forward a series of measures, which would increase the effectiveness of the proposed selection criteria in practice.
Chapter One is a literature review. The study analyzes the status quo of the current researches about the selection criteria of digital resources, both at home and abroad. It points out that there have been achievements, but there are still some disadvantages, such as unreasonable selection and determination methods of the selection criteria, lack of analyses and discussions on the explanation of selection criteria, seldom explaining the methods of collecting statistic data and the practicability of the criteria, and so on so forth. All of these result in the incapability of selection criteria while being applied in practice. There have been too many theories instead of practical application in addition to neglect of the needs of users, and so forth. The study points out that it is necessary to set up and apply to a selection criteria system of digital resources in practice from the perspective of end-users'demands. In this way, the longstanding problem of the disconnection condition between users'needs and digital resources collection development will be solved and services will be provided in accordance with users'demand.
Chapter Two contains discussions on the rational perspective of digital resources selection and the current selection criteria. The study elaborates the historical development of collection acquisition, and sums up that the value orientation of digital resources selection is the end-users'needs. And then it identifies the changing needs and expectations of the users by analyzing related researches. The study also states that it is necessary for libraries to recognize the status quo of the needs and concerns of end-users by employing evidence-based methods such as surveys, interviews, focus groups studies and usage statistics analysis and so on. And then the study analyzes the dialectical relationship between meeting user needs and the libraries'real situation, further clarifying guiding idea which should be abided by when seting up and applying the selection criteria in practice. After that, the study figures out the differences between the selection of digital resources and traditional print resources, which focus on objects, selection criteria, acquisition procedure, and people involved in selection decisions. Concluding from the analysis on the characteristics and inadequacies of the selection criteria proposed by the collection development policies of domestic and foreign libraries, the study argues that it is urgent to reconstruct the selection criteria system of digital resources.
Chapter Three designs the dimensions of the selection criteria system of digital resources. The study makes content analysis to summarize 60 groups of selection criteria of digital resources proposed in collection development policies, as well as relevant research papers, both domestic and abroad. And then combined with the current situation of digital resources collection in Chinese libraries, the study divides the selection criteria system of digital resources into six dimensions:information quality, use and usage of digital resources, services provided by vendors, the relevancy among library, end-users and digital resources, resource cost and risk. Among these, information quality, use and usage of digital resources and services provided by vendors are dimensions of the selection criteria system proposed from the micro perspective, which focus on the characteristics of the digital resource itself. The relevancy among library, end-users and digital resources, resource cost and risk are dimensions from a more macroscopic point of view, taking into account mainly the external factors. Based on discussing the connotation and denotation of various dimensions, the study proposes the initial collection of selection criteria of digital resources, thus completes the primary selection process.
Chapter Four uses a questionnaire survey of experts to establish a selection criteria system of digital resources for libraries. The questionnaire uses five-item Likert Scale to measure the perception of experts about the importance and applicability of the selection criteria of digital resources. Taking the perception of experts about the importance of the selection criteria of digital resources as the observable variables, the study uses factor analysis to extract the criteria which are of the strongest correlation degree, and are able to explain the measuring purpose of the original selection criteria system. On this basis, the criteria which get scores about applicability higher than 4 are chosen and finally a selection criteria system covering six dimensions and 31 criteria is established, which is the result of the optimization of the initial selection criteria collection. The study sets up the selection criteria system on the basis of opinions of experts from different libraries. It is of universal application value and can be applied to libraries of different types and sizes. This validates the hypothesis that, "even though there are different opinions about the selection criteria of digital resources among different people, but expecting and establishing a representative and applicable selection criteria system of digital resources for libraries is possible.'
Chapter Five consists of experimental analysis. The study chooses Wuhan University Library as its experimental unit. Through investigating of users'and librarians'perception regarding the importance degree of each criterion, the respective weights of each criterion is decided through the Analytic Hierarchy Process. And then the author applies it to evaluate four full-text databases. Findings of the study indicate that there is a significant cognitive difference among different groups on perception about the importance of each criterion. Therefore, when assigning weights to the selection criteria, it is important to consult the opinions of a wide cross-section of people, especially the views of different users. By means of this, the emphasis of digital resources selection characterized by the weights of criteria can reflect more comprehensively the users'requirements. Furthermore, when applying the selection criteria system to evaluate or select databases, it is also necessary to figure out users'perception about the databases through surveys, which can provide the basis for decision-making. The study's findings also illustrate the feasibility of the selection criteria system of digital resources for libraries and the methods of operation.
Chapter Six discusses strategies of the application of the selection criteria system of digital resources in libraries. The study points out that in order to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of applying the selection criteria system to digital resources acquisition, firstly, libraries should strengthen the "user-centric" concept, develop a needs-based approach to allocate library resources; identify, understand and respond to end-users'needs and priorities on a regular basis; invite users to participate in the selection of digital resources. Secondly, libraries should formulate a digital resources collection development policy in time, providing general guidance for the selection of digital resources. Thirdly, libraries should introduce Total Quality Management, and take Electronic Resources Management System as a quality management tool, thus improving the efficiency of the selection of digital resources, and reduce the cost when applying the selection criteria system of digital resources. At last, when acquiring and licensing digital resources, libraries should draw on principles, guidelines and model license proposed by library consortiums or organizations; set up the copyright librarian positions, thus properly solving the license agreement problems.
Chapter Seven summarizes the research of the dissertation, and points out the limitations of the study, and puts forward some research prospects in the future.38 diagrams,41 tables and 9 appendices are included.
引文
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