冰箱OEM生产模式的质量控制方法与质量管理体系的研究
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摘要
原工程制造OEM(Original Engineering Manufacture，缩写为OEM)，也常称订牌生产或贴牌生产，指由合作生产企业按品牌公司提出的技术、生产、质量、价格等要求进行指定产品的生产，品牌公司对合作企业生产的指定产品进行质量验收，合格后实行全部收购、销售的订牌委托生产的方式。
传统的生产模式，其质量控制方法与质量管理过程一般为进货检验、过程检验及产品终检三阶段模式。OEM模式的质量控制与管理方法与传统的生产模式既有联系又有较大的区别。目前国内外尚未见关于OEM生产的质量控制与质量管理统一、规范的模式。本课题的研究属于一个新的领域，针对解决企业的实际问题而进行。
本研究开展之前，美的冰箱项目正开始策划展开，管理程序和组织机构的策划等尚属空白。本研究针对企业的需要而进行，首先阐述了美的公司切入冰箱行业的背景和意义，分析了采取OEM方式生产冰箱的可行性和优缺点。接着将先进的质量管理方法导入美的冰箱OEM项目的运转过程中，主要开展的工作和取得的成就如下：
1．基于对美的冰箱OEM生产的实际情况的了解，为建立现代化的OEM质量管理体系进行质量策划，包括管理过程的识别，管理流程与内容的设计，实施步骤的规划，组织机构的规划，质量管理体系文件的策划等。
2．本研究综合美的冰箱公司进行OEM生产的经验，对于产品设计开发、采购、生产过程等重要过程建立或完善了质量控制程序。本研究建立了美的冰箱OEM产品验收规范、冰箱生产过程质量控制方法，研究并完善了驻厂代表管理制度，并编制出相关的质量管理文件。建立起一套美的冰箱OEM生产的现代质量管理体系，并在生产中应用和不断完善该质量管理体系，以保证美的冰箱OEM生产的质量，稳定和提高了美的冰箱OEM产品的质量。
3．本文对质量控制过程进行统计分析，验证了所导入的先进的OEM管理模式在生产中实施的效果。本研究还对OEM生产方式下的质量管理信息系统进行了初步策划，包括如何运用计算机网络系统使冰箱质量在生产、销售、售后服务等环节中形成闭环反馈系统，实现信息共享，从而避免批量性的质量事故的发生。
本文最后总结了本课题所取得的成绩和存在的不足，并提出今后研究方向。
OEM (Original Engineering Manufacture) is an advanced operation mode that the cooperation factory manufactures products according to the requirements of technique, production, quality and price by Brand Company, and the products are supplied to Brand Company after passed inspection and accepted. Brand Company is in charge of sale of products.
Generally, quality control and management process can be divided into three periods, such as incoming inspection, process inspection and final inspection in tradition operation mode There are relation and difference for quality control between OEM and tradition mode. Now there is not unity mode for OEM in the world. The study belongs to a new field.
The study aims at actual problem met by Midea Refrigerator Company. At first, it is introduced the background and meaning of Midea refrigerator project, and it is analyzed the feasibility of OEM mode taken by Midea refrigerator project, and discussed the advantage and disadvantage of OEM mode. It is studied quality control method and management system for OEM operation mode of Midea refrigerator project. The main study is showed as follows:
1. It is planned quality management system for Midea refrigerator OEM project in the study. The planning process includes identification of process, designs of management flow chart and management items, plan of implement step. It is established organization, and planned quality management document, etc
2.Through summing up the experiences of Midea OEM production, it is established a series of key quality control procedure, such as product design and development, supplier evaluation and purchase control, production process control. And it is established inspection specification of refrigerators and quality control rule of production process for OEM product. It is studied the system of stationed represent at manufacturing company for OEM mode. After all, an advanced quality management system is established and implemented, improved continually to ensure quality of OEM products.
3. The implement effect of management system is verified by statistic analysis. It is still planned simply the information program of quality management for OEM operation
mode. It is specified how to form a close information loop of production, sale and service by computer net, that may avoid quality accidents.
In the end, it is summarized the success and shortcoming of the study, and pointed out study direction in future.
传统的生产模式，其质量控制方法与质量管理过程一般为进货检验、过程检验及产品终检三阶段模式。OEM模式的质量控制与管理方法与传统的生产模式既有联系又有较大的区别。目前国内外尚未见关于OEM生产的质量控制与质量管理统一、规范的模式。本课题的研究属于一个新的领域，针对解决企业的实际问题而进行。
本研究开展之前，美的冰箱项目正开始策划展开，管理程序和组织机构的策划等尚属空白。本研究针对企业的需要而进行，首先阐述了美的公司切入冰箱行业的背景和意义，分析了采取OEM方式生产冰箱的可行性和优缺点。接着将先进的质量管理方法导入美的冰箱OEM项目的运转过程中，主要开展的工作和取得的成就如下：
1．基于对美的冰箱OEM生产的实际情况的了解，为建立现代化的OEM质量管理体系进行质量策划，包括管理过程的识别，管理流程与内容的设计，实施步骤的规划，组织机构的规划，质量管理体系文件的策划等。
2．本研究综合美的冰箱公司进行OEM生产的经验，对于产品设计开发、采购、生产过程等重要过程建立或完善了质量控制程序。本研究建立了美的冰箱OEM产品验收规范、冰箱生产过程质量控制方法，研究并完善了驻厂代表管理制度，并编制出相关的质量管理文件。建立起一套美的冰箱OEM生产的现代质量管理体系，并在生产中应用和不断完善该质量管理体系，以保证美的冰箱OEM生产的质量，稳定和提高了美的冰箱OEM产品的质量。
3．本文对质量控制过程进行统计分析，验证了所导入的先进的OEM管理模式在生产中实施的效果。本研究还对OEM生产方式下的质量管理信息系统进行了初步策划，包括如何运用计算机网络系统使冰箱质量在生产、销售、售后服务等环节中形成闭环反馈系统，实现信息共享，从而避免批量性的质量事故的发生。
本文最后总结了本课题所取得的成绩和存在的不足，并提出今后研究方向。
OEM (Original Engineering Manufacture) is an advanced operation mode that the cooperation factory manufactures products according to the requirements of technique, production, quality and price by Brand Company, and the products are supplied to Brand Company after passed inspection and accepted. Brand Company is in charge of sale of products.
Generally, quality control and management process can be divided into three periods, such as incoming inspection, process inspection and final inspection in tradition operation mode There are relation and difference for quality control between OEM and tradition mode. Now there is not unity mode for OEM in the world. The study belongs to a new field.
The study aims at actual problem met by Midea Refrigerator Company. At first, it is introduced the background and meaning of Midea refrigerator project, and it is analyzed the feasibility of OEM mode taken by Midea refrigerator project, and discussed the advantage and disadvantage of OEM mode. It is studied quality control method and management system for OEM operation mode of Midea refrigerator project. The main study is showed as follows:
1. It is planned quality management system for Midea refrigerator OEM project in the study. The planning process includes identification of process, designs of management flow chart and management items, plan of implement step. It is established organization, and planned quality management document, etc
2.Through summing up the experiences of Midea OEM production, it is established a series of key quality control procedure, such as product design and development, supplier evaluation and purchase control, production process control. And it is established inspection specification of refrigerators and quality control rule of production process for OEM product. It is studied the system of stationed represent at manufacturing company for OEM mode. After all, an advanced quality management system is established and implemented, improved continually to ensure quality of OEM products.
3. The implement effect of management system is verified by statistic analysis. It is still planned simply the information program of quality management for OEM operation
mode. It is specified how to form a close information loop of production, sale and service by computer net, that may avoid quality accidents.
In the end, it is summarized the success and shortcoming of the study, and pointed out study direction in future.
引文
[1] 张公绪主编．质量管理学．北京：高等教育出版社，1992
[2] J.M.朱兰著．质量管理．第四版 北京：企业管理出版社，1986
[3] Shonk, J.H., Team-Based Organization. (Homewood, Ill.: Irwin, 1996)
[4] Syrell, Michael, "Good-bye to Macho Management", Director, vol. 50, No. 8, March 1997, pp.48-55
[5] (日)石川馨著．日本质量管理．李伟明译．北京：企业管理出版社，1984
[6] 金良超编著．优化试验．北京：国防工业出版社，1988
[7] Warren Bennis, Good Managers and good Leaders, Across the Board, October 1984, pp.7-11.
[8] Keith Davis, Human Relation at Work, 3d ed. (New York: Mc. Graw-Hill,1967, pp. 96-97.
[9] 李铭编．GB／T19000—ISO9000系列国家标准．北京：企业管理出版社，1984
[10] 徐鹏航主编．质量管理指南．北京：中国财政经济出版社，1995
[11] 张公绪主编．品质管理．台湾：晓园出版社，1992
[12] Douglas C. Montgomery. Introduction to statistical Quality Control, John Wiley & Sons Inc. 1985
[13] 郑慧英．多元质量控制与诊断。北京航空航天大学研究生院优秀博士论文，1995
[14] Wade, M. R., Woodall, W. H. A Review and Analysis of Cause-Selecting Control Chart. Journal of Quality Technology,1993, 25(3)
[15] 卜祥民，张公绪．两种质量多元诊断理论在多品种小批量生产中的应用．中国质量，1998(3)
[16] 何国伟．可信性工程．北京：中国标准出版社，1997
[17] MIL-STD-105E, Sampling Procedures and Tables for Inspection by Attributes, May 1985
[18] 张公绪主编．质量专业工程师手册．第二版．北京：企业管理出版社，1996
[19] 王忠铭编著．产品设计开发的质量管理．上海：上海科学技术出版社，1984
[20] 关颍男等编著．实验设计方法入门．北京：冶金工业出版社，1985
[21] 张晓东、安景文、濮津．质量机能展开—质量保证的系统方法．北京：中国计量出版社，1997
[22] 蒋鸿章．94新版ISO9000质量管理和质量保证系列国际标准应用指南．北京：国防工业出版社，1995
[23] F.J.Aquilar,Scanning the Business Environment,New York:Macmillan,1967
[24] 李为柱．质量体系要素中的两个关键性问题．中国质量认证，1997(4)
[25] 陈国铭．质量体系认证结果判定的两类风险．中国质量认证，1997(3)
[26] 韩福荣．质量体系有效性评价理论和方法研究．北京工业大学学报，1998年经管学科专刊
[27] 钟锋编．GJB(国家军用标准)841—90故障分析与纠正措施系统．北京：国防工业出版社，1992
[28] ISO9000—4／IEC300-1-1993即GB／T19000．4-1995《质量管理和质量保证标准，第四部分可信性管理指南》
[29] 钟锋编．GJB450-1988《装备研制与生产的可靠通用大纲》．北京
[30] 钟锋编．GJB1407-1992《可靠性增长试验》．北京
[31] 何国伟．可信性概述．北京：北京工业大学出版社，1997
[32] Thomas A.Stewart,"The search for the Organization of Tomorrow",fortune,May 18,1992,pp.92-98
[33] 张尧庭编．概率统计．北京：中央广播电视大学出版社，1984
[34] 冯士雍编．回归分析方法．北京：科学出版社，1985
[35] 中国认证人员国家注册委员会编．国家注册审核员培训系列教材，1997
[36] W. R. Dill "Environment as an Influence On Managerial Autonomy",Administrative Science Quarterly,March 1958,pp.409-443
[37] H.Mintzberg,The Structure of Organizations,New York:Prentice-Hall,1979
[38] (日)水野滋主编．新QC七种工具．孙清礼译．北京：中国质量管理协会，1981
[2] J.M.朱兰著．质量管理．第四版 北京：企业管理出版社，1986
[3] Shonk, J.H., Team-Based Organization. (Homewood, Ill.: Irwin, 1996)
[4] Syrell, Michael, "Good-bye to Macho Management", Director, vol. 50, No. 8, March 1997, pp.48-55
[5] (日)石川馨著．日本质量管理．李伟明译．北京：企业管理出版社，1984
[6] 金良超编著．优化试验．北京：国防工业出版社，1988
[7] Warren Bennis, Good Managers and good Leaders, Across the Board, October 1984, pp.7-11.
[8] Keith Davis, Human Relation at Work, 3d ed. (New York: Mc. Graw-Hill,1967, pp. 96-97.
[9] 李铭编．GB／T19000—ISO9000系列国家标准．北京：企业管理出版社，1984
[10] 徐鹏航主编．质量管理指南．北京：中国财政经济出版社，1995
[11] 张公绪主编．品质管理．台湾：晓园出版社，1992
[12] Douglas C. Montgomery. Introduction to statistical Quality Control, John Wiley & Sons Inc. 1985
[13] 郑慧英．多元质量控制与诊断。北京航空航天大学研究生院优秀博士论文，1995
[14] Wade, M. R., Woodall, W. H. A Review and Analysis of Cause-Selecting Control Chart. Journal of Quality Technology,1993, 25(3)
[15] 卜祥民，张公绪．两种质量多元诊断理论在多品种小批量生产中的应用．中国质量，1998(3)
[16] 何国伟．可信性工程．北京：中国标准出版社，1997
[17] MIL-STD-105E, Sampling Procedures and Tables for Inspection by Attributes, May 1985
[18] 张公绪主编．质量专业工程师手册．第二版．北京：企业管理出版社，1996
[19] 王忠铭编著．产品设计开发的质量管理．上海：上海科学技术出版社，1984
[20] 关颍男等编著．实验设计方法入门．北京：冶金工业出版社，1985
[21] 张晓东、安景文、濮津．质量机能展开—质量保证的系统方法．北京：中国计量出版社，1997
[22] 蒋鸿章．94新版ISO9000质量管理和质量保证系列国际标准应用指南．北京：国防工业出版社，1995
[23] F.J.Aquilar,Scanning the Business Environment,New York:Macmillan,1967
[24] 李为柱．质量体系要素中的两个关键性问题．中国质量认证，1997(4)
[25] 陈国铭．质量体系认证结果判定的两类风险．中国质量认证，1997(3)
[26] 韩福荣．质量体系有效性评价理论和方法研究．北京工业大学学报，1998年经管学科专刊
[27] 钟锋编．GJB(国家军用标准)841—90故障分析与纠正措施系统．北京：国防工业出版社，1992
[28] ISO9000—4／IEC300-1-1993即GB／T19000．4-1995《质量管理和质量保证标准，第四部分可信性管理指南》
[29] 钟锋编．GJB450-1988《装备研制与生产的可靠通用大纲》．北京
[30] 钟锋编．GJB1407-1992《可靠性增长试验》．北京
[31] 何国伟．可信性概述．北京：北京工业大学出版社，1997
[32] Thomas A.Stewart,"The search for the Organization of Tomorrow",fortune,May 18,1992,pp.92-98
[33] 张尧庭编．概率统计．北京：中央广播电视大学出版社，1984
[34] 冯士雍编．回归分析方法．北京：科学出版社，1985
[35] 中国认证人员国家注册委员会编．国家注册审核员培训系列教材，1997
[36] W. R. Dill "Environment as an Influence On Managerial Autonomy",Administrative Science Quarterly,March 1958,pp.409-443
[37] H.Mintzberg,The Structure of Organizations,New York:Prentice-Hall,1979
[38] (日)水野滋主编．新QC七种工具．孙清礼译．北京：中国质量管理协会，1981