微带平板反射阵天线的研究与设计
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摘要
伴随着雷达系统和长距离通讯的蓬勃发展，高增益天线变得必不可少。相比传统的抛物面天线和相控阵天线，微带平板反射阵天线具有剖面低、质量轻、效率高、方向图可重构、加工方便等优势，应用前景十分广阔。
本文首先对微带平板反射阵天线的研究进展和热点问题进行了归纳总结，介绍了其基本原理。
其次在对各种微带贴片单元进行分析和比较的基础上，阐述了展宽平板反射阵天线带宽的方法，并利用双圆环微带单元设计和制作了带宽为20%的Ku频段圆口径平板反射阵天线，实测结果与仿真结果基本吻合；提出了一种双频(Ku/Ka)共口面平板反射阵天线设计方案，利用频率选择表面(FSS)取代上层Ka阵面金属地板，以减小两层阵面间的相互影响，仿真结果表明天线性能良好，很好地解决了口径复用问题。
最后介绍了矩形贴片极化变换的基本原理和栅格平板反射阵天线的设计步骤，并对模型进行了仿真分析；设计制作了一款Ku频段偏馈卫星电视接收天线，实测结果表明其具备较好的方向图及较佳的信号接收质量。
With the development of radar system and long distance communications, the needfor high gain antenna is unavoidable. Compared with traditional parabolic antennas andphased arrays, reflectarray is lower in profile, lighter in weight, higher in efficiency, andcheaper in cost. The radiation patterns of reflectarray can be reconfigured and the usageof which will be widely spread in the future.
First of all, the history and recent development of reflectarray is introduced andconcluded in this paper.
Secondly, detailed analysis and comparison are carried out to the phase curve of allkinds microstrip patches. Based on the theory of enhancing the bandwidth ofreflectarray, a Ku band reflectarray with double ring structure elements is designed andmanufactured. The measuring result implies that the gain and bandwidth matches wellto the simulation results. After that, the design principle of dual band co-aperturereflectarray is presented in this paper. A FSS structure is utilized as the metal ground ofKa band layer, with the existence of which interferes between two layers is minimizedto a relative low level. Simulation result shows that the performance of FSS backedreflectarray is almost the same compared with ground plane backed counterpart atcentral frequency.
In order to reduce the vertical dimension of reflectarray, a folded structure withpolarizing grids is introduced and the design principle is also concluded. Simulationresult shows that the polarizing grids bring a little drawback to the performance ofreflectarray when the vertical dimension of reflectarray is cut down to a half. At last, anoffset feed reflectarray for DBS is designed and manufactured with a relative goodperformance.
本文首先对微带平板反射阵天线的研究进展和热点问题进行了归纳总结，介绍了其基本原理。
其次在对各种微带贴片单元进行分析和比较的基础上，阐述了展宽平板反射阵天线带宽的方法，并利用双圆环微带单元设计和制作了带宽为20%的Ku频段圆口径平板反射阵天线，实测结果与仿真结果基本吻合；提出了一种双频(Ku/Ka)共口面平板反射阵天线设计方案，利用频率选择表面(FSS)取代上层Ka阵面金属地板，以减小两层阵面间的相互影响，仿真结果表明天线性能良好，很好地解决了口径复用问题。
最后介绍了矩形贴片极化变换的基本原理和栅格平板反射阵天线的设计步骤，并对模型进行了仿真分析；设计制作了一款Ku频段偏馈卫星电视接收天线，实测结果表明其具备较好的方向图及较佳的信号接收质量。
With the development of radar system and long distance communications, the needfor high gain antenna is unavoidable. Compared with traditional parabolic antennas andphased arrays, reflectarray is lower in profile, lighter in weight, higher in efficiency, andcheaper in cost. The radiation patterns of reflectarray can be reconfigured and the usageof which will be widely spread in the future.
First of all, the history and recent development of reflectarray is introduced andconcluded in this paper.
Secondly, detailed analysis and comparison are carried out to the phase curve of allkinds microstrip patches. Based on the theory of enhancing the bandwidth ofreflectarray, a Ku band reflectarray with double ring structure elements is designed andmanufactured. The measuring result implies that the gain and bandwidth matches wellto the simulation results. After that, the design principle of dual band co-aperturereflectarray is presented in this paper. A FSS structure is utilized as the metal ground ofKa band layer, with the existence of which interferes between two layers is minimizedto a relative low level. Simulation result shows that the performance of FSS backedreflectarray is almost the same compared with ground plane backed counterpart atcentral frequency.
In order to reduce the vertical dimension of reflectarray, a folded structure withpolarizing grids is introduced and the design principle is also concluded. Simulationresult shows that the polarizing grids bring a little drawback to the performance ofreflectarray when the vertical dimension of reflectarray is cut down to a half. At last, anoffset feed reflectarray for DBS is designed and manufactured with a relative goodperformance.
引文
[1] H. Jasik, Antenna Engineering Handbook, Chapters 12 and 15, MaGraw - Hill, NewYork,1961.
[2] J. M. Colin,“Phased array radars in France: present and future,”IEEE symposium on PhasedArray System and Technology, Boston, Massachusetts, October 1996, pp. 458–462.
[3] J. Huang,“Bandwidth study of microstrip reflectarray and a novel phased reflectarrayconcept ,”IEEE AP - S/URSI symposium, Newport Beach, California, June, 1995, pp. 582–585 .
[4] A. Martynyuk, J. Lopez, J. Cuevas, and Y. Sydoruk,“Wideband reflective array based onloaded metal rings,”IEEE MTT - S Microwave symposium, Long Beach, California, June2005.
[5] V. F. Fusco,“Mechanical beam scanning reflectarray,”IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 53,Nov. 2005, pp. 3842–3844.
[6] M. Zawadzki and J. Huang,“Integrated RF antenna and solar array for spacecraft application,”IEEE Phased Array System and Technology Conference, Dana Point, California, May 2000, pp.239–242.
[7] J. A. Encinar,“Design of two - layer printed reflectarray using patches of variable size,”IEEETrans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 49, October 2001, pp. 1403–1410.
[8] D. Pilz and W. Menzel,“Printed millimeter - wave reflectarrays,”Annales des Telecommun.56, No. 1–2, 2001, pp. 51–60.
[9] C. Han, J. Huang, and K. Chang,“A high efficiency offset - fed X/Ka dual– band reflectarrayusing thin membranes,”IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 53, Sept. 2005, pp. 2792–2798.
[10] Marek E. Bialkowski,“Investigations into Phase Characteristics of a Single-Layer ReflectarrayEmploying Patch or Ring Elements of Variable Size,”IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. Vol. 56,Nov 2008.
[11] S. V. Hum, G. McFeetors , and M. Okoniewski ,“A reflectarray cell based on a tunable MEMScapacitor,”IEEE AP - S/URSI Symposium, Albuquerque, New Mexico, July 2006, URSIsession 458.
[12] O. G. Vendik“A Phase Shifter with One Tunable Component for a Reflectarray Antenna,”IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 50, No. 4, August 2008.
[13] S. D. Targonski and D. M. Pozar .“Analysis and design of a microstrip reflectarray usingpatches of variable size,”in Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 1994.AP - S. Digest, pp. 1820–1823, June 1994.
[14] D. M. Pozar ,“Microstrip reflectarrays myths and realities,”JINA 2004, InternationalSymposium on Antennas, Nice, France, pp. 175–179, November 2004.
[15] Y. Zhuang, C. Wu, K. - L. Wu, and J. Litva,“Microstrip reflectarrays: Full - wave analysis anddesign scheme.”In Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 1993. AP - S.Digest, pages 1386–1389, July 1993.
[16] D. M. Pozar and D. H. Schaubert ,“Analysis of an infinite array of rectangular microstrippatches with idealized probe feeds,”IEEE Trans. on Antennas Propagat. , Vol. 32 , pp. 1101–1107, Oct. 1984 .
[17] J. A. Encinar , L. Datashvili , J. Agustin Zornoza , M. Arrebola , M. Sierra- Casta , J. L. Besada ,H. Baier , and H. Legay ,“Dual - polarization dual-coverage reflectarray for spaceapplications ,”IEEE Trans. on Antennas Propagat. , vol. 54 , pp. 2827–2837 , Oct. 2006 .
[18] R. Mittra , C. H. Chan , and T. Cwik ,“Techniques for analyzing frequency selective surfacesa review ,”Proc. IEEE , Vol. 76 , no. 12 , pp. 1593–1615 , Dec. 1988 .
[19] I. Bardi, R. Remski, D. Perry, and Z. Cendes,“Plane wave scattering from frequency selectivesurfaces by finite element method,”IEEE Trans. Magn. Vol. 38 no. 2, pp. 641–644, March2002.
[20] C. Wan and J. A. Encinar,“Efficient computation of Generalized Scattering Matrix foranalyzing multilayered periodic structures ,”IEEE Trans. on Antennas Propagat. , Vol. 43 ,pp. 1233– 1242 , Oct. 1995.
[21] M. Bozzi and L. Perregrini,“Analysis of multilayered printed frequency selective surfaces bythe MoM/BI - RME method,”IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. , Vol. 51, pp. 2830–2836, Oct.2003.
[22] F. Venneri , L. Boccia , G. Angiulli , G. Amendola , and G. Di Massa ,“Analysis and design ofpassive and active reflectarrays ,”Int. Journal of RF and Microwave Computer - AidedEngineering , pp. 370–377 , August 2003 .
[23] D. M. Pozar ,“Analysis of an infinite phased array of aperture coupled microstrip patches ,”I EEE Trans. on Antennas Propagat. , Vol. 37 , pp. 418–425 , April 1989
[24] M. Lambea , M. A. González , J. A. Encinar , and J. Zapata ,“Analysis of frequency selectivesurfaces with arbitrarely shaped apertures by Finite Element Method and GeneralizedScattering Matriz,”1995 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Intl. Symposium, Newport Beach,California, USA, pp. 1644–1647 .
[25] A. W. Robinson, M. E. Bialkowski, and H. J. Song,“An X-band passive reflectarray usingdual - feed aperture - coupled patch antennas,”Asia Pacific Microwave Conference, pp. 906–909, December 1999.
[26] J. A. Encinar and J. A. Zornoza ,“Broadband design of three - layer printed reflectarrays ,”IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat ., Vol. 51 , No. 7 , pp. 1662–1664 , July 2003 .
[27] Y. T. Lo and S. W. Lee, Antenna Handbook. Vol. I: Antenna Fundamentals and MathematicalTechniques. Van Nostrand Reinhold, pp. 1.28–29, 1993.
[28] J. Huang,“Microstrip reflectarray antenna for the SCANSCAT radar application,”JPLPublication No. 90 - 45, November 15, 1990.
[29] M. A. Milon, R. Gillard, D. Cadoret, and H. Legay,“Comparison between the infinite - arrayapproach and the surrounded - element approach for the simulation of reflectarray antennas,”IEEE AP - S/URSI symposium, Albuquerque, New Mexico, July 2006.
[30] D. Pozar , S. D. Targonski , and H. D. Syrigos ,“Design of millimeter wave microstripreflectarrays ,”IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat ., Vol. 45 , February 1997 , pp. 287–296 .
[31] J. Huang,“Analysis of a microstrip reflectarray antenna for microspacecraft applications,”JPLTDA Progress Report No. 42 - 120, February 15, 1995.
[32] E. Girard, R. Moulinet, R. Gillard, and H. Legay,“An FDTD optimization of a circularlypolarized reflectarray unit cell,”IEEE AP - S/URSI symposium, San Antonio, Texas, June2002, pp. III - 136–139.
[33] J. Huang,“Bandwidth study of microstrip reflectarray and a novel phased reflectarrayconcept ,”IEEE AP - S/URSI symposium, Newport Beach, California, June, 1995 , pp. 582– 585 .
[34]张耀峰.频率选择表面分析与优化设计.硕士学位论文,西北工业大学. 2003.
[35]王卓.高性能双频段馈源的分析与设计.硕士学位论文，电子科技大学. 2009.
[36] R. D. Javor, X. - D. Wu, and K. Chang.“Design and performance of a microstrip reflectarrayantenna.”Microwave and Optical Technology Letters , Vol. 7, No. 7, pp. 322–324, May 1994.
[37]陈红辉.三层贴片宽频带正交线极化变换微带反射阵.电波科学学报, Vol . 23, No. 2 April,2008.
[38] J. Agustín Zornoza,“Folded Multilayer Microstrip Reflectarray with Shaped Pattern,”IEEETrans. Antennas Propagat. Vol. 54, Feb 2006.
[39]刘会来.阵列反射天线的研究.硕士学位论文,电子科技大学. 2006.
[40]郭峥. Ku波段圆锥波纹喇叭馈源的设计.硕士学位论文,电子科技大学. 2007.
[2] J. M. Colin,“Phased array radars in France: present and future,”IEEE symposium on PhasedArray System and Technology, Boston, Massachusetts, October 1996, pp. 458–462.
[3] J. Huang,“Bandwidth study of microstrip reflectarray and a novel phased reflectarrayconcept ,”IEEE AP - S/URSI symposium, Newport Beach, California, June, 1995, pp. 582–585 .
[4] A. Martynyuk, J. Lopez, J. Cuevas, and Y. Sydoruk,“Wideband reflective array based onloaded metal rings,”IEEE MTT - S Microwave symposium, Long Beach, California, June2005.
[5] V. F. Fusco,“Mechanical beam scanning reflectarray,”IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 53,Nov. 2005, pp. 3842–3844.
[6] M. Zawadzki and J. Huang,“Integrated RF antenna and solar array for spacecraft application,”IEEE Phased Array System and Technology Conference, Dana Point, California, May 2000, pp.239–242.
[7] J. A. Encinar,“Design of two - layer printed reflectarray using patches of variable size,”IEEETrans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 49, October 2001, pp. 1403–1410.
[8] D. Pilz and W. Menzel,“Printed millimeter - wave reflectarrays,”Annales des Telecommun.56, No. 1–2, 2001, pp. 51–60.
[9] C. Han, J. Huang, and K. Chang,“A high efficiency offset - fed X/Ka dual– band reflectarrayusing thin membranes,”IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. 53, Sept. 2005, pp. 2792–2798.
[10] Marek E. Bialkowski,“Investigations into Phase Characteristics of a Single-Layer ReflectarrayEmploying Patch or Ring Elements of Variable Size,”IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. Vol. 56,Nov 2008.
[11] S. V. Hum, G. McFeetors , and M. Okoniewski ,“A reflectarray cell based on a tunable MEMScapacitor,”IEEE AP - S/URSI Symposium, Albuquerque, New Mexico, July 2006, URSIsession 458.
[12] O. G. Vendik“A Phase Shifter with One Tunable Component for a Reflectarray Antenna,”IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 50, No. 4, August 2008.
[13] S. D. Targonski and D. M. Pozar .“Analysis and design of a microstrip reflectarray usingpatches of variable size,”in Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 1994.AP - S. Digest, pp. 1820–1823, June 1994.
[14] D. M. Pozar ,“Microstrip reflectarrays myths and realities,”JINA 2004, InternationalSymposium on Antennas, Nice, France, pp. 175–179, November 2004.
[15] Y. Zhuang, C. Wu, K. - L. Wu, and J. Litva,“Microstrip reflectarrays: Full - wave analysis anddesign scheme.”In Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, 1993. AP - S.Digest, pages 1386–1389, July 1993.
[16] D. M. Pozar and D. H. Schaubert ,“Analysis of an infinite array of rectangular microstrippatches with idealized probe feeds,”IEEE Trans. on Antennas Propagat. , Vol. 32 , pp. 1101–1107, Oct. 1984 .
[17] J. A. Encinar , L. Datashvili , J. Agustin Zornoza , M. Arrebola , M. Sierra- Casta , J. L. Besada ,H. Baier , and H. Legay ,“Dual - polarization dual-coverage reflectarray for spaceapplications ,”IEEE Trans. on Antennas Propagat. , vol. 54 , pp. 2827–2837 , Oct. 2006 .
[18] R. Mittra , C. H. Chan , and T. Cwik ,“Techniques for analyzing frequency selective surfacesa review ,”Proc. IEEE , Vol. 76 , no. 12 , pp. 1593–1615 , Dec. 1988 .
[19] I. Bardi, R. Remski, D. Perry, and Z. Cendes,“Plane wave scattering from frequency selectivesurfaces by finite element method,”IEEE Trans. Magn. Vol. 38 no. 2, pp. 641–644, March2002.
[20] C. Wan and J. A. Encinar,“Efficient computation of Generalized Scattering Matrix foranalyzing multilayered periodic structures ,”IEEE Trans. on Antennas Propagat. , Vol. 43 ,pp. 1233– 1242 , Oct. 1995.
[21] M. Bozzi and L. Perregrini,“Analysis of multilayered printed frequency selective surfaces bythe MoM/BI - RME method,”IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. , Vol. 51, pp. 2830–2836, Oct.2003.
[22] F. Venneri , L. Boccia , G. Angiulli , G. Amendola , and G. Di Massa ,“Analysis and design ofpassive and active reflectarrays ,”Int. Journal of RF and Microwave Computer - AidedEngineering , pp. 370–377 , August 2003 .
[23] D. M. Pozar ,“Analysis of an infinite phased array of aperture coupled microstrip patches ,”I EEE Trans. on Antennas Propagat. , Vol. 37 , pp. 418–425 , April 1989
[24] M. Lambea , M. A. González , J. A. Encinar , and J. Zapata ,“Analysis of frequency selectivesurfaces with arbitrarely shaped apertures by Finite Element Method and GeneralizedScattering Matriz,”1995 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Intl. Symposium, Newport Beach,California, USA, pp. 1644–1647 .
[25] A. W. Robinson, M. E. Bialkowski, and H. J. Song,“An X-band passive reflectarray usingdual - feed aperture - coupled patch antennas,”Asia Pacific Microwave Conference, pp. 906–909, December 1999.
[26] J. A. Encinar and J. A. Zornoza ,“Broadband design of three - layer printed reflectarrays ,”IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat ., Vol. 51 , No. 7 , pp. 1662–1664 , July 2003 .
[27] Y. T. Lo and S. W. Lee, Antenna Handbook. Vol. I: Antenna Fundamentals and MathematicalTechniques. Van Nostrand Reinhold, pp. 1.28–29, 1993.
[28] J. Huang,“Microstrip reflectarray antenna for the SCANSCAT radar application,”JPLPublication No. 90 - 45, November 15, 1990.
[29] M. A. Milon, R. Gillard, D. Cadoret, and H. Legay,“Comparison between the infinite - arrayapproach and the surrounded - element approach for the simulation of reflectarray antennas,”IEEE AP - S/URSI symposium, Albuquerque, New Mexico, July 2006.
[30] D. Pozar , S. D. Targonski , and H. D. Syrigos ,“Design of millimeter wave microstripreflectarrays ,”IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat ., Vol. 45 , February 1997 , pp. 287–296 .
[31] J. Huang,“Analysis of a microstrip reflectarray antenna for microspacecraft applications,”JPLTDA Progress Report No. 42 - 120, February 15, 1995.
[32] E. Girard, R. Moulinet, R. Gillard, and H. Legay,“An FDTD optimization of a circularlypolarized reflectarray unit cell,”IEEE AP - S/URSI symposium, San Antonio, Texas, June2002, pp. III - 136–139.
[33] J. Huang,“Bandwidth study of microstrip reflectarray and a novel phased reflectarrayconcept ,”IEEE AP - S/URSI symposium, Newport Beach, California, June, 1995 , pp. 582– 585 .
[34]张耀峰.频率选择表面分析与优化设计.硕士学位论文,西北工业大学. 2003.
[35]王卓.高性能双频段馈源的分析与设计.硕士学位论文，电子科技大学. 2009.
[36] R. D. Javor, X. - D. Wu, and K. Chang.“Design and performance of a microstrip reflectarrayantenna.”Microwave and Optical Technology Letters , Vol. 7, No. 7, pp. 322–324, May 1994.
[37]陈红辉.三层贴片宽频带正交线极化变换微带反射阵.电波科学学报, Vol . 23, No. 2 April,2008.
[38] J. Agustín Zornoza,“Folded Multilayer Microstrip Reflectarray with Shaped Pattern,”IEEETrans. Antennas Propagat. Vol. 54, Feb 2006.
[39]刘会来.阵列反射天线的研究.硕士学位论文,电子科技大学. 2006.
[40]郭峥. Ku波段圆锥波纹喇叭馈源的设计.硕士学位论文,电子科技大学. 2007.