面向对象软件的质量度量
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摘要
本文概述了软件度量的发展历程，系统介绍了软件度量框架和度量模型，对面向结构度量和面向对象度量之间的不同进行了归纳和分析，并重点介绍了面向对象软件度量内容。
本文从软件质量度量的角度，阐述了软件度量刑提高软件质量的实际意义，介绍了质量度量的方法论，分析比较了现行软件质量度量模型，提出了一种适合于度量实践环境的模型(MOQEM)，详细定义了其中的度量指标，并把此模型与国内外其他相关研究活动进行了比较。
本文设计并实现了一个实用面向对象软件度量工具(EM-OOMT)，并分析了该工具的优缺点，特别是对已有的面向对象度量指标的适用情况。采用MOQEM指导本文的实践活动，以现有的项目产品为研究对象，提出了MOQEM中的质量分析和评价方法。
This dissertation summarily depicts the development of software metrics, introduces frameworks and modals of software metrics, analyzes and summarizes difference between structure-oriented metrics and object-oriented ones while mainly introduces the part of object-oriented metrics.
From the viewpoint of software quality measurement, the practical meanings of software metrics to improve software quality is expounded, a methodology of quality measurement is introduced, current models in quality measurement are analyzed and compared. Also, a model that suits the environment of practices, named MOQEM, is proposed, concerning measurement metrics are defined thoroughly, and the model is compared with other relating research activities at home and abroad.
A practical measure tool used in object-oriented software is designed and implemented, merits and disadvantages are analyzed, especially the applicability to existing object-oriented metrics.
The activities mentioned in this treatise are guided by MOQEM, available software products are chosen as research objects, and the approaches to quality analysis and evaluation are put forward.
本文从软件质量度量的角度，阐述了软件度量刑提高软件质量的实际意义，介绍了质量度量的方法论，分析比较了现行软件质量度量模型，提出了一种适合于度量实践环境的模型(MOQEM)，详细定义了其中的度量指标，并把此模型与国内外其他相关研究活动进行了比较。
本文设计并实现了一个实用面向对象软件度量工具(EM-OOMT)，并分析了该工具的优缺点，特别是对已有的面向对象度量指标的适用情况。采用MOQEM指导本文的实践活动，以现有的项目产品为研究对象，提出了MOQEM中的质量分析和评价方法。
This dissertation summarily depicts the development of software metrics, introduces frameworks and modals of software metrics, analyzes and summarizes difference between structure-oriented metrics and object-oriented ones while mainly introduces the part of object-oriented metrics.
From the viewpoint of software quality measurement, the practical meanings of software metrics to improve software quality is expounded, a methodology of quality measurement is introduced, current models in quality measurement are analyzed and compared. Also, a model that suits the environment of practices, named MOQEM, is proposed, concerning measurement metrics are defined thoroughly, and the model is compared with other relating research activities at home and abroad.
A practical measure tool used in object-oriented software is designed and implemented, merits and disadvantages are analyzed, especially the applicability to existing object-oriented metrics.
The activities mentioned in this treatise are guided by MOQEM, available software products are chosen as research objects, and the approaches to quality analysis and evaluation are put forward.
引文
[1] Roger S.PressMan,Software Engineering a practitioner's approach,北京，清华大学出版社，2001
[2] 杨扬，计算机软件质量模糊综合评价方法，小型微型计算机系统，2000，Vol．21，No．3，312-315
[3] Tende Punter, Software Product Evaluation, personal materials, 1999
[4] Juha Rikkila, SW process improvement and Assessments, NOKIA, 2000
[5] 李臻峰，基于构件和三层体系结构软件开发技术的应用研究，南京航空航天大学硕士论文，2001
[6] Norman E. Fenton, Martin Neil. Software metrics: successes, failures and new directions, The Journal of Systems and Software, 1999, 47, 149-157
[7] Norman Fenton, Software Measurement: A Necessary Scientific Basis, IEEE Transaction on Software Engineering, 1994, Vol. 20, No. 3, 199-206
[8] Horst Zuse, History of Software Measurement, 1997
[9] 李心科等，一个面向对象软件度量工具的实现和度量使用研究，计算机学报，2000，Vol．23，No．11，1220-1225
[10] 蔡希尧，软件质量的度量问题，计算机工程与工程，1996，No．1，23-29
[11] Pfleeger, Status report on software measurement, IEEE Software, 1997, 33-43
[12] Barbara Kitchenham, Towards a framework for software measurement validation, IEEE Trans. On Software Eng., 1995, Vol. 21, NO.12, 929-943
[13] M. Morisio, Measurement processes are software, too, The J. of Sys. And Software,1999, NO.49, 17-31
[14] 周莹新等，对面向对象软件设计度量的扩展，北京邮电大学学报，1998，Vol．21，NO．2，38-42
[15] Manoel G. Mendonca, Validation of an approach for improving existing measurement frameworks, IEEE Trans. On Software Eng., 2000, Vol. 26, NO.6, 484-499
[16] Basili, A Methodology for Collecting Valid Software Engineering Data, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 1984, SE-10, No. 6, 728-738
[17] Stranger, A case study on GUI enhancement through framework composition (chapter 2)
[18] Berard, Metrics for Object-Oriented Software Engineering, an Internet posting on comp. Software-eng, 1995
[19] Chidanber and Kemerer, A Metrics Suite for Object Oriented Design, IEEE Trans. on Software Eng., 1994, Vol. 20, No. 6, 476-493
[20] Pfleeger, Maturity, Models, and Goals: How to Build a Metrics Plan, J. Systems Software, 1995, 31,143-155
[21] 钟珞等，面向对象度量——MOOD算法集及其应用分析，小型微型计算机系统，2001，Vol．22，NO．3，342-344
[22] 张社英等，软件质量度量方法学及其应用，北京航空航天大学学报，1997，Vol．23，No．1，62-67
[23] Stranger. Knowledge area: software quality analysis, sqaswebokmay 13, 1999
[24] A. April, Software product measurement for suppler evaluation, FESMA-AEMES Software Measurement Conference, 2000
[25] 阮彤等，面向对象软件度量工具的软件结构，计算机研究与发展，2000，Vol．37，No．4，401-406
[26] Wei Li, Object-Oriented Metrics that Predict Maintainability, J.Systems Software,1993, Vol. 23, 111-122
[27] Sallie Henry, Software Structure Metrics Based on Information Flow, IEEE Trans. On Software Engineering, 1981, Vol. SE-7, NO. 5, 510-518
[28] Jeffery, A Comparison of Function Point Counting Techniques,IEEE Trans. On Software Eng., 1993, Vol. 19, NO 5, 529-533
[29] L. Briand, J. Daly, and J. Wuest. A Unified Framework for Cohesion Measurement in Object-Oriented Systems, International Software Engineering Research Network Report. ISERN-97-05, 1997. http://64.26.156.66/oom/documents/isem-97-05.pdf
[30] L. Briand, A Unified Framework for Coupling Measurement in Object-Oriented Systems, International Software Engineering Research Network Report, ISERN-96-14, 1996. http://64.26.156.66/oom/documents/isern-96-14.pdf
[31] Wei Li, Another metric suite for object-oriented programming, The Journal of Systems and Software. 1998, 44, 155-162
[32] C. Briand, Exploring the relationships between design measures and software quality in object-oriented systems, The Journal of Systems and Software, 2000, 51,245-273
[33] C. Briand, Integrating Scenario-based and Measurement-based Software Product Assessment, International Software Engineering Research Network Report, ISERN-00-04, 2000, URL: http://64.26.156.66/oom/documents/isern-00-04.pdf
[34] 韩良秀等，基于Java环境面向对象软件质量的一些研究，华东理工大学学报，1999，Vol．25，No．1，80-82
[35] 廖彬山等，Ada软件质量保证系统的构成框架和集成机制，1995，Vol．32，No．10，55-59
[36] 钱树人等，流程结构复杂性量度分析及其应用，小型微型计算机系统，1998，Vol．19，No．7，69-73
[37] 李茜等，一组基于三级度量模型的面向对象度量准则，计算机科学，2001，Vol．28，NO．2，25-29
[38] 沈驿梅，一个面向对象软件度量自动生成工具，小型微型计算机系统，2000，Vol．21，NO．11，1186-1189
[39] 梅宏等，青鸟构件库的构件度量，软件学报，2000，Vol．11，No．5，634-641
[40] Rachel Harrison, An evaluation of the MOOD set of object-oriented software metrics, IEEE Trans. On Software Eng., 1998, Vol. 24, NO. 6, 491-496
[41] Victor R. Basili, A validation of object-oriented design metrics as quality indicators, IEEE Trans. On Software Eng., 1996, Vol.22, NO.10, 751-761
[42] F. G. Wilkie, Coupling measures and change ripples in C++ application software, The J. of Sys. And Software, 2000, 52, 157-164
[43] 陈火旺等，编译原理，长沙，国防工业出版社，1984
[44] JI Zhen-yan, Java Compiler Technology and Java Performance, Journal of Software, 2000, Vol. 11, NO. 2, 173-178
[45] Jack Barnard, Managing code inspection information, IEEE Software, 1994, 59-69
[46] S. Sherif, Metrics for object-oriented software projects, The J. of Sys. And Software, 1998, NO.44, 147-154
[47] R. Dumke, A framework for software measurement evaluation, International Workshop On Software Measurement, IWSW, 1999
[48] W. Price, Analyzing and measuring resusability in object-oriented designs, ACM OOPSLA, 1997, 22-33
[49] Michael K., A practical view of software measurement and implementation experiences within Motorola, IEEE Trans. On Software Eng., 1992, Vol. 18, NO. 11, 998-1010
[50] Karl E. Wiegers, Software Metrics: Ten Traps To Avoid, www. processimpact.com,1999
[51] R. Chidamber, Managerial use of metrics for object-oriented software: an exploratory analysis, IEEE Trans. On Software Eng., 1998, Vol. 24, NO. 8, 629-639
[52] NASA, Software Engineering Program - Software Measurement Guidebook, NASA,1995
[53] 盛骤等，概率论与数理统计，北京，高等教育出版社，1979
[54] Raymond J. Offen, Establishing Software Measurement Programs, IEEE Software,1997, 45-53
[55] Tracy Hall, Implementing Effective Software Metrics Programs, IEEE Software,1997, 55-64
[56] B. Grady, Successfully applying software metrics, IEEE Computer, 1994, 18-25
[57] E. Weller, Using metrics to manage software projects, IEEE Computer, 1994, NO. 9,27-33
[58] Victor Basili, Software process evolution at the SEL, IEEE Computer, 1994, NO. 6,58-67
[59] Lionel C. Briand, Resource Estimation in Software Engineering, International Software Engineering Research Network, Technical Report, ISERN 00-05
[60] R.J. Kusters, User-perceptions Of Embedded Software Quality, the Proceedings of the STEP97 Conference, IEEE Computer Society Press, ISBN 0-8186-7840-2, 1997
[61] Serge Demeyer, Metrics, Do They Really Help? LMO, 1999, URL: http://www.iam.unibe.ch/～demeyer/Deme98x/
[62] Mark C. Paulk, HOW ISO 9001 COMPARES WITH THE CMM, IEEE Software,1994, 74-84
[63] 何新贵，软件能力成熟度模型CMM的框架与内容，计算机应用，2001，Vol．21，NO．3，1-5
[64] 崔敬东，软件过程改进与软件企业ISO9000质量体系的建立，中国标准化，2001，NO．2，45-46
[65] Khaled E1-Emam, The Optimal Class Size for Object-Oriented Software: A Replicated Study, National Research Council of Canada, 2000
[66] 刘宗田，面向对象软件度量中的内聚缺乏度分析，计算机研究与发展，2001，Vol．38，NO．2，138-143
[67] 邢大红等，软件度量学综述，计算机工程与应用，2001，NO．1，17-19
[68] 高鹏等，一个实用面向对象软件度量工具的设计与实现，小型微型计算机系统，(已录用)
[69] 左银龙等，分布式多层应用系统的设计与实现，计算机工程，2001，Vol．27，NO．3，176-178
[70] 左银龙，分布式应用系统关键技术研究与应用，南京航空航天大学硕士论文，2001
[71] 柳雪涛等，数据仓库系统中用户驱动报表工具的设计与实现，小型微型计算机系统，(已录用)
[72] 沈国华，数据仓库用户工具的研究与实现，南京航空航天大学硕士论文，2002
[73] 柳雪涛，数据仓库系统软件继承框架研究，南京航空航天大学硕士论文，2002
[73] 沈国华等，基于数据仓库技术的工程数据管理系统的研究与实现，小型微型计算机系统，(已录用)
[74] 张定会等，基于星形模式的OLAP工具的研究和设计，计算机工程与设计，(已录用)
[75] 李臻峰等，通用静态格式报表打印设计，计算机工程，2001，Vol．27，NO．4，191-193
[76] 黄志球等，可复用的工程数据管理关键技术研究，南京航空航天大学博士论文，1999
[2] 杨扬，计算机软件质量模糊综合评价方法，小型微型计算机系统，2000，Vol．21，No．3，312-315
[3] Tende Punter, Software Product Evaluation, personal materials, 1999
[4] Juha Rikkila, SW process improvement and Assessments, NOKIA, 2000
[5] 李臻峰，基于构件和三层体系结构软件开发技术的应用研究，南京航空航天大学硕士论文，2001
[6] Norman E. Fenton, Martin Neil. Software metrics: successes, failures and new directions, The Journal of Systems and Software, 1999, 47, 149-157
[7] Norman Fenton, Software Measurement: A Necessary Scientific Basis, IEEE Transaction on Software Engineering, 1994, Vol. 20, No. 3, 199-206
[8] Horst Zuse, History of Software Measurement, 1997
[9] 李心科等，一个面向对象软件度量工具的实现和度量使用研究，计算机学报，2000，Vol．23，No．11，1220-1225
[10] 蔡希尧，软件质量的度量问题，计算机工程与工程，1996，No．1，23-29
[11] Pfleeger, Status report on software measurement, IEEE Software, 1997, 33-43
[12] Barbara Kitchenham, Towards a framework for software measurement validation, IEEE Trans. On Software Eng., 1995, Vol. 21, NO.12, 929-943
[13] M. Morisio, Measurement processes are software, too, The J. of Sys. And Software,1999, NO.49, 17-31
[14] 周莹新等，对面向对象软件设计度量的扩展，北京邮电大学学报，1998，Vol．21，NO．2，38-42
[15] Manoel G. Mendonca, Validation of an approach for improving existing measurement frameworks, IEEE Trans. On Software Eng., 2000, Vol. 26, NO.6, 484-499
[16] Basili, A Methodology for Collecting Valid Software Engineering Data, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 1984, SE-10, No. 6, 728-738
[17] Stranger, A case study on GUI enhancement through framework composition (chapter 2)
[18] Berard, Metrics for Object-Oriented Software Engineering, an Internet posting on comp. Software-eng, 1995
[19] Chidanber and Kemerer, A Metrics Suite for Object Oriented Design, IEEE Trans. on Software Eng., 1994, Vol. 20, No. 6, 476-493
[20] Pfleeger, Maturity, Models, and Goals: How to Build a Metrics Plan, J. Systems Software, 1995, 31,143-155
[21] 钟珞等，面向对象度量——MOOD算法集及其应用分析，小型微型计算机系统，2001，Vol．22，NO．3，342-344
[22] 张社英等，软件质量度量方法学及其应用，北京航空航天大学学报，1997，Vol．23，No．1，62-67
[23] Stranger. Knowledge area: software quality analysis, sqaswebokmay 13, 1999
[24] A. April, Software product measurement for suppler evaluation, FESMA-AEMES Software Measurement Conference, 2000
[25] 阮彤等，面向对象软件度量工具的软件结构，计算机研究与发展，2000，Vol．37，No．4，401-406
[26] Wei Li, Object-Oriented Metrics that Predict Maintainability, J.Systems Software,1993, Vol. 23, 111-122
[27] Sallie Henry, Software Structure Metrics Based on Information Flow, IEEE Trans. On Software Engineering, 1981, Vol. SE-7, NO. 5, 510-518
[28] Jeffery, A Comparison of Function Point Counting Techniques,IEEE Trans. On Software Eng., 1993, Vol. 19, NO 5, 529-533
[29] L. Briand, J. Daly, and J. Wuest. A Unified Framework for Cohesion Measurement in Object-Oriented Systems, International Software Engineering Research Network Report. ISERN-97-05, 1997. http://64.26.156.66/oom/documents/isem-97-05.pdf
[30] L. Briand, A Unified Framework for Coupling Measurement in Object-Oriented Systems, International Software Engineering Research Network Report, ISERN-96-14, 1996. http://64.26.156.66/oom/documents/isern-96-14.pdf
[31] Wei Li, Another metric suite for object-oriented programming, The Journal of Systems and Software. 1998, 44, 155-162
[32] C. Briand, Exploring the relationships between design measures and software quality in object-oriented systems, The Journal of Systems and Software, 2000, 51,245-273
[33] C. Briand, Integrating Scenario-based and Measurement-based Software Product Assessment, International Software Engineering Research Network Report, ISERN-00-04, 2000, URL: http://64.26.156.66/oom/documents/isern-00-04.pdf
[34] 韩良秀等，基于Java环境面向对象软件质量的一些研究，华东理工大学学报，1999，Vol．25，No．1，80-82
[35] 廖彬山等，Ada软件质量保证系统的构成框架和集成机制，1995，Vol．32，No．10，55-59
[36] 钱树人等，流程结构复杂性量度分析及其应用，小型微型计算机系统，1998，Vol．19，No．7，69-73
[37] 李茜等，一组基于三级度量模型的面向对象度量准则，计算机科学，2001，Vol．28，NO．2，25-29
[38] 沈驿梅，一个面向对象软件度量自动生成工具，小型微型计算机系统，2000，Vol．21，NO．11，1186-1189
[39] 梅宏等，青鸟构件库的构件度量，软件学报，2000，Vol．11，No．5，634-641
[40] Rachel Harrison, An evaluation of the MOOD set of object-oriented software metrics, IEEE Trans. On Software Eng., 1998, Vol. 24, NO. 6, 491-496
[41] Victor R. Basili, A validation of object-oriented design metrics as quality indicators, IEEE Trans. On Software Eng., 1996, Vol.22, NO.10, 751-761
[42] F. G. Wilkie, Coupling measures and change ripples in C++ application software, The J. of Sys. And Software, 2000, 52, 157-164
[43] 陈火旺等，编译原理，长沙，国防工业出版社，1984
[44] JI Zhen-yan, Java Compiler Technology and Java Performance, Journal of Software, 2000, Vol. 11, NO. 2, 173-178
[45] Jack Barnard, Managing code inspection information, IEEE Software, 1994, 59-69
[46] S. Sherif, Metrics for object-oriented software projects, The J. of Sys. And Software, 1998, NO.44, 147-154
[47] R. Dumke, A framework for software measurement evaluation, International Workshop On Software Measurement, IWSW, 1999
[48] W. Price, Analyzing and measuring resusability in object-oriented designs, ACM OOPSLA, 1997, 22-33
[49] Michael K., A practical view of software measurement and implementation experiences within Motorola, IEEE Trans. On Software Eng., 1992, Vol. 18, NO. 11, 998-1010
[50] Karl E. Wiegers, Software Metrics: Ten Traps To Avoid, www. processimpact.com,1999
[51] R. Chidamber, Managerial use of metrics for object-oriented software: an exploratory analysis, IEEE Trans. On Software Eng., 1998, Vol. 24, NO. 8, 629-639
[52] NASA, Software Engineering Program - Software Measurement Guidebook, NASA,1995
[53] 盛骤等，概率论与数理统计，北京，高等教育出版社，1979
[54] Raymond J. Offen, Establishing Software Measurement Programs, IEEE Software,1997, 45-53
[55] Tracy Hall, Implementing Effective Software Metrics Programs, IEEE Software,1997, 55-64
[56] B. Grady, Successfully applying software metrics, IEEE Computer, 1994, 18-25
[57] E. Weller, Using metrics to manage software projects, IEEE Computer, 1994, NO. 9,27-33
[58] Victor Basili, Software process evolution at the SEL, IEEE Computer, 1994, NO. 6,58-67
[59] Lionel C. Briand, Resource Estimation in Software Engineering, International Software Engineering Research Network, Technical Report, ISERN 00-05
[60] R.J. Kusters, User-perceptions Of Embedded Software Quality, the Proceedings of the STEP97 Conference, IEEE Computer Society Press, ISBN 0-8186-7840-2, 1997
[61] Serge Demeyer, Metrics, Do They Really Help? LMO, 1999, URL: http://www.iam.unibe.ch/～demeyer/Deme98x/
[62] Mark C. Paulk, HOW ISO 9001 COMPARES WITH THE CMM, IEEE Software,1994, 74-84
[63] 何新贵，软件能力成熟度模型CMM的框架与内容，计算机应用，2001，Vol．21，NO．3，1-5
[64] 崔敬东，软件过程改进与软件企业ISO9000质量体系的建立，中国标准化，2001，NO．2，45-46
[65] Khaled E1-Emam, The Optimal Class Size for Object-Oriented Software: A Replicated Study, National Research Council of Canada, 2000
[66] 刘宗田，面向对象软件度量中的内聚缺乏度分析，计算机研究与发展，2001，Vol．38，NO．2，138-143
[67] 邢大红等，软件度量学综述，计算机工程与应用，2001，NO．1，17-19
[68] 高鹏等，一个实用面向对象软件度量工具的设计与实现，小型微型计算机系统，(已录用)
[69] 左银龙等，分布式多层应用系统的设计与实现，计算机工程，2001，Vol．27，NO．3，176-178
[70] 左银龙，分布式应用系统关键技术研究与应用，南京航空航天大学硕士论文，2001
[71] 柳雪涛等，数据仓库系统中用户驱动报表工具的设计与实现，小型微型计算机系统，(已录用)
[72] 沈国华，数据仓库用户工具的研究与实现，南京航空航天大学硕士论文，2002
[73] 柳雪涛，数据仓库系统软件继承框架研究，南京航空航天大学硕士论文，2002
[73] 沈国华等，基于数据仓库技术的工程数据管理系统的研究与实现，小型微型计算机系统，(已录用)
[74] 张定会等，基于星形模式的OLAP工具的研究和设计，计算机工程与设计，(已录用)
[75] 李臻峰等，通用静态格式报表打印设计，计算机工程，2001，Vol．27，NO．4，191-193
[76] 黄志球等，可复用的工程数据管理关键技术研究，南京航空航天大学博士论文，1999