基于本体的应急领域知识表示与复用研究
|
摘要
突发事件的频发及其严重危害促使应急系统(包括应急管理业务体系和技术平台)建设成为国家发展战略。当前应急系统建设存在诸多问题的关键在于缺少一种管理理念作为指导,为此提出将知识管理理念和本体工程方法引入应急领域,在指导和规划应急系统建设的同时实现对应急领域知识的管理。
重点研究了应急领域知识的表示和复用,对于如何实现应急领域知识管理的最终目标提出了一种解决方案。即在突发事件发生时,基于语义去搜索和推理决策者所需的显性和隐性知识,以语义导航的方式展示,给出重要提示和类似案例的关联,以辅助其迅速决策,并在决策过程产生新的应急领域知识。
在理论和实现技术上取得了如下创新性的研究成果:
1.构建了应急领域知识结构模型:包括突发事件中蕴涵的显性知识(其性质机理蕴涵事实知识,演化过程蕴涵原理知识)与应急管理中蕴涵的隐性知识(管理体制蕴涵人力知识,应急机制蕴涵技能知识),并选择本体作为最适合的表示方法。
2.提出了应急领域本体工程的双向双形方法:即逆向获取和正向创建相结合,以减少对专家的依赖和利用现有成果,OWL语言编码化和UML图形可视化表示相结合,以便于业务人员和技术人员沟通并实现人和机器对模型的共同理解。
3.构建了应急领域知识本体模型并对其进行评价和应用:应用双向双形方法构建了应急领域知识本体并采用当前较为公认的方法对其进行了定性和定量评价;开发了应急领域知识语义搜索和浏览原型系统,验证了模型的有效性,并为应急领域知识的抽取、表示、存储、共享和创新提供了一个基础平台。
此外,对应急领域知识本体在应急预案语义搜索系统和应急信息平台建设中的复用做了有益探索。
本研究是应急管理、知识管理、信息科学等多学科的交叉研究,综合国内外最新研究成果,运用本体工程、软件工程、逆向工程等理论和方法,坚持规范研究与实证研究、定性分析与定量分析、观测归纳与推理演绎相结合,并实现原型系统以验证和推动理论研究。
The concept of knowledge management and ontology engineering approach was introduced to emergency response domain to guide and regulate the emergency system construction and realize management of the existing knowledge of emergency response domain at the same time.
The research focuses on the expression and reuse of emergency response knowledge. A practicable plan is proposed to achieve the system’s ultimate goal, that is searching the explicit knowledge and reasoning the tacit knowledge of the emergency domain needed by the policy-maker through the semantic search system; and the knowledge is expressed in the way of semantic navigation. It gives important prompts and connects to similar knowledge or cases to assist the policy-makers make quick decision. At the same time new emergency domain decision knowledge is created.
Followings are the innovation achievement of the research in theory, technology and implementation:
1. Emergency domain knowledge (EDK) construction model was accomplished. it includes explicit knowledge (property mechanism contains Know-What, and Evolution process contains Know - Why) contained in emergency and tacit knowledge (management system contains Know-Who, and management mechanism contains Know-How) contained in emergency management. Ontology is the best way to express knowledge in emergency response domain.
2. A new ontology project method was proposed. In this way the combination of forward foundation and reverse acquisition can reduce dependency on expert, reuse the production existed. And the combination of OWL language nominalization expression and UML graph visualization expression can realize the communication between emergency business staffs and information technology staffs, man and machine can understand the model in the same way as well.
3. The emergency domain knowledge ontology model (ontoEDK) was accomplished, evaluated and used it in application. It applied the new ontology project method to establish the ontoEDK, and used the OntoQA formulas to quantitatively evaluate it from different angles. Based on ontoEDK, EDK semantic search and browse prototype system was developed. As an example, the prototype system verified that ontoEDK is effective and scientific, also provided a basic platform for the construction, storage, extraction, expression of knowledge in emergency response system.
Besides, beneficial exploration was made to reuse the ontology of emergency response domain knowledge in emergency preplan research based on semantic and in the emergency information sharing by different systems or domains.
The research adopted the most advanced techniques of emergency management, knowledge management and information science, combined existing performance with a high starting point. The analysis and design of the ontology of emergency domain take advantage of set theory in algebra, system project, reverse project, description logics, and so on. We adhere to combined norms and empirical studies, qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, the observation & summarization and interpretation & reasoning, and use the prototype system to verify the theory and promote the relevant theoretical research.
重点研究了应急领域知识的表示和复用,对于如何实现应急领域知识管理的最终目标提出了一种解决方案。即在突发事件发生时,基于语义去搜索和推理决策者所需的显性和隐性知识,以语义导航的方式展示,给出重要提示和类似案例的关联,以辅助其迅速决策,并在决策过程产生新的应急领域知识。
在理论和实现技术上取得了如下创新性的研究成果:
1.构建了应急领域知识结构模型:包括突发事件中蕴涵的显性知识(其性质机理蕴涵事实知识,演化过程蕴涵原理知识)与应急管理中蕴涵的隐性知识(管理体制蕴涵人力知识,应急机制蕴涵技能知识),并选择本体作为最适合的表示方法。
2.提出了应急领域本体工程的双向双形方法:即逆向获取和正向创建相结合,以减少对专家的依赖和利用现有成果,OWL语言编码化和UML图形可视化表示相结合,以便于业务人员和技术人员沟通并实现人和机器对模型的共同理解。
3.构建了应急领域知识本体模型并对其进行评价和应用:应用双向双形方法构建了应急领域知识本体并采用当前较为公认的方法对其进行了定性和定量评价;开发了应急领域知识语义搜索和浏览原型系统,验证了模型的有效性,并为应急领域知识的抽取、表示、存储、共享和创新提供了一个基础平台。
此外,对应急领域知识本体在应急预案语义搜索系统和应急信息平台建设中的复用做了有益探索。
本研究是应急管理、知识管理、信息科学等多学科的交叉研究,综合国内外最新研究成果,运用本体工程、软件工程、逆向工程等理论和方法,坚持规范研究与实证研究、定性分析与定量分析、观测归纳与推理演绎相结合,并实现原型系统以验证和推动理论研究。
The concept of knowledge management and ontology engineering approach was introduced to emergency response domain to guide and regulate the emergency system construction and realize management of the existing knowledge of emergency response domain at the same time.
The research focuses on the expression and reuse of emergency response knowledge. A practicable plan is proposed to achieve the system’s ultimate goal, that is searching the explicit knowledge and reasoning the tacit knowledge of the emergency domain needed by the policy-maker through the semantic search system; and the knowledge is expressed in the way of semantic navigation. It gives important prompts and connects to similar knowledge or cases to assist the policy-makers make quick decision. At the same time new emergency domain decision knowledge is created.
Followings are the innovation achievement of the research in theory, technology and implementation:
1. Emergency domain knowledge (EDK) construction model was accomplished. it includes explicit knowledge (property mechanism contains Know-What, and Evolution process contains Know - Why) contained in emergency and tacit knowledge (management system contains Know-Who, and management mechanism contains Know-How) contained in emergency management. Ontology is the best way to express knowledge in emergency response domain.
2. A new ontology project method was proposed. In this way the combination of forward foundation and reverse acquisition can reduce dependency on expert, reuse the production existed. And the combination of OWL language nominalization expression and UML graph visualization expression can realize the communication between emergency business staffs and information technology staffs, man and machine can understand the model in the same way as well.
3. The emergency domain knowledge ontology model (ontoEDK) was accomplished, evaluated and used it in application. It applied the new ontology project method to establish the ontoEDK, and used the OntoQA formulas to quantitatively evaluate it from different angles. Based on ontoEDK, EDK semantic search and browse prototype system was developed. As an example, the prototype system verified that ontoEDK is effective and scientific, also provided a basic platform for the construction, storage, extraction, expression of knowledge in emergency response system.
Besides, beneficial exploration was made to reuse the ontology of emergency response domain knowledge in emergency preplan research based on semantic and in the emergency information sharing by different systems or domains.
The research adopted the most advanced techniques of emergency management, knowledge management and information science, combined existing performance with a high starting point. The analysis and design of the ontology of emergency domain take advantage of set theory in algebra, system project, reverse project, description logics, and so on. We adhere to combined norms and empirical studies, qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, the observation & summarization and interpretation & reasoning, and use the prototype system to verify the theory and promote the relevant theoretical research.
引文
[1]美国国家标准技术局NIST网站，http://www.nist.gov/
[2]欧盟FP6应急信息平台项目网站，http://www.eu-orchestra.org，http://www.win-eu.org, http://www.oasis-fp6.org/
[3]欧盟GMES项目网站，http://www.gmes.info/
[4]美国国家应急管理系统NIMS网站，http://www.fema.gov/emergency/nims/index.shtm
[5]中华人民共和国国务院，《国务院关于全面加强应急管理工作的意见》（国发〔2006〕24号）
[6]徐绍史，认清形势科学规划扎实推进突发公共事件应急信息系统建设和应用－国务院副秘书长徐绍史在第二届中国政府电子政务论坛上的讲话，信息化建设，2005，9
[7]中华人民共和国国务院，国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要（2006━2020年）, http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2006-02/09/content_183787.htm
[8]国家科技支撑计划“十一五”发展纲要http://www.most.gov.cn/tztg/200702/t20070213_41306.htm
[9]美国USC/ISI突发事件研究中心，http://crue.isi.edu
[10] Yigal Arens, Responding to the Unexpected: How IT can help prepare for future attacks and disasters, Communications of the ACM, Volume 46, Issue 9, 2003
[11] Murray Turoff, Emergency Response Information Systems: Requirements and Design Considerations, http://dimacs.rutgers.edu//Workshops/NJHomeland/slides.html, Oct 29, 2003
[12] D. Mendon?a, G. E. Beroggi, W. A. Wallace. Decision Support for Improvisation during Emergency Response Operations, International Journal of Emergency Management. 2001, 1(1): 30–38
[13] D.Mendon?a, G. E. Beroggi, W. A. Wallace, Evaluating Support for Improvisation in Simulated Emergency Scenarios. HICSS. 2003: 229
[14] D.Mendon?a, W. A. Wallace. Studying Organizationally-Situated Improvisation in Response to Extreme Events. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 22, 2, August 2004: 5-29
[15] Nigel Shadbolt, Tim Berners-Lee, Wendy Hall, The Semantic Web Revisited, IEEE Intelligent Systems 21(3), May, June, 2006: 96-101
[16] T. Gruber, R. Olsen. An Ontology for Engineering Mathematics. Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University, Tech Rep: KSL-94-18, 1994.
[17] Ontology Evaluation and Ranking using OntoQA .Tartir, Samir, Arpinar, I. Budak. in: International Conference on Semantic Computing. ICSC 2007. 2007
[18]邓志鸿，唐世渭，张铭等，Ontology研究综述，北京大学学报(自然科学版)，2002，38(5)：730-738．
[19] Gruber T. Towards principles for the design of ontology used for knowledge sharing. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 1995, 43(5/6): 907-928
[20] Nechies R., Fikes R., Finin T., et al. Enabling Technology for Knowledge Sharing, AI Magazine, 12(3), 1991: 36-56
[21] Mike Uschold. Knowledge level modelling: concepts and terminology. The Knowledge Engineering Review, Vol. 13(1), 1998:5-29
[22] Guarino, N., Giaretta, P.1995. Ontologies and Knowledge Bases: Towards a Terminological Clarification. In N. Macs (ed.) Towards Very Large Knowledge Bases: Knowledge Building and Knowledge Sharing 1995.IOS Press, Amsterdam: 25-32
[23] T. R. Gruber, Towards Principles for the Design of Ontologies Used for Knowledge Sharing, Proceeding of the International Workshop on Formal Ontology, Pad ova, Italy, 1993.
[24] T. R. Gruber, A Translation Approach to Portable Ontology Specifications. Knowledge Acquisition, 5(2) , 1993: 199-220
[25] William, S. , Austin.T. Ontologies. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 1999 Jaa/Feb: 18-19 tuder, V. R. Benjamins, D. Fensel:
[26] R. Studer, V. R. Benjamins, D. Fensel: Knowledge Engineering, Principles and Methods. Data and Engineering, 25(1-2), 1998: 161-197
[27]金鑫，基于本体的领域信息交互语义化研究，江苏：东华大学，2004：15-18
[28] Gruber, T.R. A Translation Approach to Portable Ontology Specification. Knowledge Acquisition, 1993(5): 199-220
[29] Musen, M.A. Dimensions of knowledge sharing and reuse. Computers and Biomedical Research, 1992(25): 435-467
[30]徐振宁，基于本体的Web数据语义信息的表示与处理方法研究，博士学位论文，国防科学技术，2002
[31] J. Heflin, J. Hendler. Searching the Web with SHOE. In Artificial Intelligence for Web Search. Menlo Park, CA:AAAI Press, 2000: 35-40
[32] Parallel Understanding Systems Group. SHOE General Ontology. University of Maryland. http://www.cs.umd.edu/projects/plus/SHOE/onts/general1.html,2002
[33] P. Karp, M. Riley, S. Paley, et al. EcoCyc: Electronic Encyclopedia of E Coli Genes and Metabolism. Nucleic Acids Research, 27(1), 1999: 55-58
[34] Gangemi, G. Steve, F. Giacomelli. ONIONS: An Ontological Methodology for Taxonomic Knowledge Integration. The ECAI-96 Workshop on Ontological Engineering, Budapest, 1996
[35]陆汝钤，石纯一，张松懋等，面向Agent的常识知识库，中国科学(E)，30(5)，2000：453-463
[36] Tim Bemers-Lee.Semantic Web-by X ML2000.2000-12-06. http://www.w3.org/2000/talks/1206-xml2k-tbl/slide10-0.html (2002-10-10)
[37]刘红阁，郑丽萍等，本体论的研究和应用现状，信息技术快报，2005，3(1)：1-12
[38] Uschold M,King M,Moralee S,et al. The Enterprise Ontology. The Knowledge Engineering Review 13(1), 1998: 31-89. [39] Gruninger, M. and Fox, M.S. Methodology for the design and evaluation of ontologies, In proceedings of the Workshop on Basic Ontological Issues in Knowledge Sharing, held in conjunction with IJCAI-95, Montreal, Canada, 1995
[40] Gómez-Pérez, A., Knowledge sharing and reuse, In Liebowitz, J., editor, The Handbook of Applied Expert Systems, CRC, 1998
[41]金芝，知识工程中的本体论研究，世纪之交的知识工程与知识科学（陆汝钤主编），清华大学出版社，2001：477-468
[42] Bernaras, et al. Building and reusing ontologies for electrical network applications. In: Proc of the European Conf on Artificial Intelligence. Budapest, Hungary. John Wiley and Sons, 1996: 298-302
[43] K. Knight, et al. Filling knowledge gaps in a broad-coverage MT system. The 14th Int’1 Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Montreal, Canada, 1995
[44]李景，本体理论及在农业文献检索系统中的应用研究——以花卉学本体建模为例,博士学位论文，中国科学院，2004
[45]刘凤华，朱欣娟，信息系统领域的本体模型研究，西安工程科技学院学报，2003(1)：53-57
[46]李景，苏晓鹭，构建领域本体的方法，计算机与农业，2003(7)：7-10
[47]王昕，熊光楞，基于本体的设计原理信息提取，计算机辅助设计与图形学学报，2003(3)：429-432
[48] Gruber, T, A, translation approach to portable ontology specifications. Knowledge Acquisition 5 (2), 1995: 199-220
[49] A. Th. Schreiber, BJ Wielinga, JM Akkermans W. Van de Velde. CML: The Com- monKADS conceptual modelling language. In L Steels, AT Schreiber and W Van de Velde. Editors. A Future for Knowledge Acquisition: Proceedings of the 8th European Knowledge Acquisition Workshop EKAW94. Springer-Verlag. (Volume 867 of Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.) 1994: 1-25.
[50] John Domingue, 1998. Tadzebao and WebOnto: Discussing, Browsing, and Editing Ontologies on the Web. Proceedings of KAW98. Available at http://www.prdm.net/ksi.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/KAW/KAW98/KAW98 Proc.html
[51] MacGregor, R., 1991, Inside the LOOM classifier, SIGART Bulletin, 2(3) :70-76
[52] D.Fensel, et al. OIL in anutshell. The 12th Int’1 Conf on Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management, France, 2000
[53]刘昕鹏，Ontology理论研究和应用模型，2003-03-2
[54] Web-ontology working group. OWL Web ontology language Reference. http.//www.w3.org. TR/2003/PR-owl-ref-20031215/ (2004-03-05)
[55] Jan Uhlír, Martin Falc: Annotating Narratives Using Ontologies and Conceptual Graphs, DEXA Workshops 2004: 84-88
[56] Alexander Faaborg, Carl Lagoze: Semantic Browsing. ECDL 2003: 70-81. [57] http://annotation.semanticweb.org/ [58] Shankar Vembu, Towards Bridging the Semantic Gap in Multimedia Annotation and Retrieval, Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Semantic Web Annotations for Multimedia, SWAMM 2006 at the 15th International World Wide Web Conference, WWW 2006.
[59] K. Hornsby (2004) Retrieving event-based semantics from images, Proceedings of the IEEE Sixth International Symposium on Multimedia Software Engineering, 13-15 December 2004, Miami, FL, IEEE Computer Society,2004: 529-536
[60] Bassi H. Amassing the Power of Intellectual Capital. Training & Development, 1997, 51(12): 25～30
[61] Quitas P, Lafrere P, Jones G, Knowledge management: A strategy agenda Long Range Planning, 1997, 30(3) : 322-329.
[62] Wiig, K. M. Knowledge Management: An Emerging Discipline Rooted in a Long History. In Despres C .and Chauvel, D. (Eds.). Knowledge Horizons: The Present and the Promise of Knowledge Management,Boston, Butterworth Heinemann, 2000:3-26.
[63] Allee,Vema.The Knowledge Evolution: Expanding Organizational Intelligence. Boston: Butterworth -Heinemann, 1997.
[64] Carl Frappuolo. Defining Knowledge Management. Computer world 3218: 80, 1998-2-23.
[65] Elliot Maise. Knowledge Management Takes Industry's Center Stage. CMP net Computer Reseller News, Feb. 2, 1998, Issue 774:1-2
[66]托马斯?H?达文波特，劳伦斯?普鲁萨克.营运知识：工商企业的知识管理，西：教育出版社，1999
[67]乌家培，信息与知识的关系述评，情报资料工作，l999(1)：2-4
[68]乌家培，信息管理与知识管理，中国改革报，1998-11-18
[69]邱均平，知识管理学，北京：科学技术文献出版社，2005
[70]王德禄，知识管理的IT实现－朴素的知识管理，北京：电子工业出版社，2003
[71]綦振杰编译，英特尔的知识管理模型，http://www.chinakm.com/mpapers/1999/09-24-3.htm
[72] http://www.vistacompass.com/ikm_public/index.htm
[73]吕君奎，国内外企业知识管理研究综述，新疆社科论坛，2004，1
[74]邱均平，马海群，再论知识管理与信息管理，图书情报工作，2000,10：5-8
[75] Georgia Prokopiadou, Christos Papatheodoro, Dionysis Moschopoulos. Integrating knowledge management tools for government information. Government Information Quarterly, 2004, 21(2) : 172-173
[76] U. Schultze, Jr R.J. Boland. Knowledge management technology and the reproduction of knowledge work practices. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 2000, 9( 2-3):193-212
[77] Schultzea, Bol. Knowledge management technology and the reproduction of knowledge work practices. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 2000, 9: 193-212.
[78] S. Lawren, C. L. Giles, Searching the World Wide Web, Science, 280(5360),1998: 98-100
[79] M. Uschold and M. Gruninger, Ontologies: Principles, Methods and Applications. Knowledge Engineering Review, 11(2), 1996: 93-115
[80] Guarino N., Masolo C., Vetere G. OntoSeek: Content-Based Access to the Web, IEEE Intelligent Systems, 14(3), l999: 70-80
[81] Michael.Bowman,Antonio.M.Lopez, Jr.Gheorghe Tecuci. Ontology Development for Military Applications. 2000
[82] Austin Tate Homepage, http://www.aiai.ed.ac.uk/~bat/
[83] The web site of e-Response Project, http://i-rescue.org/e-response/index.html
[84] The web site of I-Rescue Research Project, http://i-rescue.org/
[85] C. Siebra and A. Tate, I-Rescue: A Coalition Based System to Support Disaster Relief Operations,Proc. 3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Applications, Benalmadena, Spain, 2003
[86]曹存根，大规模知识获取和分析，知识科学和计算科学（陆汝钤主编），北京：清华大学出版社，2003：271-274
[87]刘长船,知识管理中的本体论，中国管理信息化(会计版)，2006，9
[88] Sure Y, Maedche A, Staab S. Leveraging corporate skill Knowledge-from ProPer to OntoProPer. In Mahling D, Reimer U, eds. Proc. of the Third IntleConferenc on Practical Aspects of Knowledge Management. Basel, Switzerland, Oct. 2000
[89] Angele J, Schnurr H-P, Staab S, Studer R. The Times they are changing the Corporate History Analyser. In: Mahling D, Reimer U, eds. Proc.of the Third Intl. Cord. On Practical Aspects of Knowledge Management. Basel, Switzerland, Oct. 2000
[90] Staab S ,Schnrr H-P, Studer R, Sure Y. Knowledge Processes and Ontologies. IEEE Intellignece Systems, 2001, 16(1)
[91]赵瑞清，王晖，邱涤虹，知识表示与推理(第一版），北京：气象出版社，1991：2-3
[92]孟广均，沈英，郭志明等，信息资源管理导论(第一版)，北京：科学出版社，1998.7
[93]史忠植等译，（荷）施赖伯(Schreiber, G.)等著，知识工程和知识管理，北京：机械工业出版社，2003
[94]国家标准(GB13690-92)，常用危险化学品的分类及标志，1992. 9
[95]乐飞红，公司知识管理系统，图书情报工作，2000(5)：47-52 [96]马海群，论知识经济、知识管理与知识产权，图书情报知识，2000(2)：78-83 [97] Durcker P F．the New Productivity Challenge. Harvard Business Review, 1991: 11-12
[98]陈安，李铭禄，刘洋，李华，应急管理的三个阶段与机理体系研究，工程研究，第三卷，北京：北京理工大学出版社，2007，6：133-143
[99] Michael T. Charles and John Choon K. Kim, Crisis Management: A Casebook, Springfield, IL：Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1998: 5-19
[100] Rosenthal Uriel, Alexander Kouzmin. Crisis Management and Institutional Resilience: An Editorial Statement. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, September, Volume 4, Number 3, 1996: 119-124
[101]计雷，池宏，陈安等，突发事件应急管理，北京：高等教育出版社，2006：93-94
[102]陈安，现代应急管理理论与方法，北京：中国社会出版社，2007：29-32 [103] Mayer Nude 1. Norman Antoko1. The Handbook for Effective Emergency and Crisis Management．Lexington．MA: D．C．Heath and Company，1988：36
[104] Nudell, Mayer, Antokol, Norman, The Handbook for Effective Emergency and Crisis Management. Lexington, Massachusetts: D.C. Health and Company. 1988
[105]高鹏程，行政危机管理，中国软科学，2004(11)：152-155
[106]马琳，我国危机管理研究述评，公共管理学报，2005(1)：84-90
[107]丁辉，论突发事件与应急机制，安全，2003，12：6-8
[108] Burlton R J．Transfer of Knowledge in Knowledge Management Systems: Unexplored Issues and Suggested Studies. European Journal of Information Systems,1992, 10(2)
[109]野中郁次郎，竹内广隆，创造知识的公司，科学技术部国际合作司中译本，1999
[110] Nonaka I. A Dynamic Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation.Organizational Science, 1994；(1)
[111]王环，袁小红，关于知识表示的讨论，计算机学报，1995，18(3 )：212-224
[112]王万森，人工智能原理及其应用，北京：电子工业出版社，2000：23-27
[113]Chandrasekaran B. , Josephson J R, Benjamins V R. What Are Ontologies,and Why Do We Need Them?, IEEE Intelligent Systems, Vo1.14, No.1, Special Issue on Ontologies, January/ February 1999: 20-26
[114]Uschold M, and Gruninger M. Ontologies: Principles, Methods and Applications. The Knowledge Engineering Review, 1996, 11 (2) : 93-155
[115]Ron Young. Accelerated Knowledge Transfer. Knowledge Management Journal: Information Week, 1997
[116] Christoph Tempich,H.Sofia Pinto, Steffen Staab. Ontology Engineering Revisited: An Iterative Case Study[C]．In Proceedings of 3rd European Semantic Web Conference(ESWC).
[117]王洪伟，基于本体的元数据模型的建立研究，博士学位论文，上海交通大学，2004
[118] Rekof M．On Reverse Engineering IEEE Transactions on Software Man and Cybernetics，1985, (3/4):244-252．
[119] Bergey John, and Hefley William. A Reengineering Process Framework. Software Engineering Institute. Carnegie Mellon University. Pittsburgh.PA, 1996.
[120]甄镭，信息系统升级与整合：策略、方法、技巧，北京：电子工业出版社，2004
[121] Object Management Group．OMG Unified Modeling Language Specification (Vermin I.2). 1998-07 [122]刘超，张莉．可视化面向对象建模技术—标准建模语言UML教程．北京航空航天大学出版社，1999．
[123]Cranefield S，Purvis M．UML as an ontology modeling language．Proc．of the Workshop on Intelligent Information Integration，16 Int．Joint Conference on AI. Stockholm, 1999
[124]钟凌燕，高济，一种基于UML的本体论建模方法，计算机工程，2003，29(2)，38-39
[125]Baclawski K, Kokar M, et a1.Extending UML to support ontology engineering for the semantic web．In 4 International Conf. on UML.Toronto,October 1-5, 2001
[126]王能斌，数据库系统原理，北京：电子工业出版社，2001
[127] Levene M, Vincent M W. Justification for Inclusion Dependency Normal Form. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 12(2) : 281-291, 2000.
[128] Mark Levene and George Loizou. Null Inclusion Dependencies in Relational Databases, Information and Computation, 136(2) :67-108, 1 August 1997
[129]张家明，周伯鑫，宋文忠，EER数据模型、O-O数据模型与概念设计，东南大学学报，1997，27(3)：121-123
[130]丁忠俊，从EER模型到关系模型转换系统的设计与实现，计算机工程应用，1997，10：3-7
[131] Noy N F, and McGuinness D L. Ontology Development 101: A uide to Creating Your First Ontology Stanford Knowledge Systems Laboratory Technical Report KSL-01-05 and Stanford Medical Informatics Technical Report SMI-2001-0880, March 2001.
[132] Auer S., A Web Based Platform for Collaborative Ontology Management, In Proc．International Semantic Web Conference, 2004
[133]谢红薇，袁占花，张晓波等，基于本体论的应急系统知识库建模的研究，计算机工程与应用，2005，13：41-43
[134] Knublauch H．Editing Semantic Web Contents with Prot6g6: The OWL Plug in, Presentation ofProtégéworkshop, http://protégé.stanford.edu/plugins/owl/download/Protege-Workshop-OWL, 2003.07
[135]曾宪文，陈向东，杨明福，基于UML的本体建模研究，计算机应用与软件，2006，23（7）：42-43
[136] Kendall E F, Dutra M E,An introduction and UML Profile for the Web Ontology Language, http://www.omg.org/news/meetings/workshops/UML2002-Manual/07-2 A UML Profile for the Web Ontology Language OWL.pdf, 2002.10
[137]王翀，何克清,刘进,基于OWL元模型的本体建模研究，武汉大学学报(理学版)第5O卷第5期2004年10月, VoI_5O No.5, 0ct.2004:581-585
[138] Tolvanen Juha,Pekka, Incremental Method Engineering with Modeling Tools: Theoretical Principles and Empirical Evidence, Jyvfiskylfi:University of Jyv~iskylfi, 1998
[139] Samir Tartir, I. Budak Arpinar, Michael Mooreetal, OntoQA: Metric-Based Ontology Quality Analysis, In: Proceedings of IEEE ICDM 2005 Workshop on Knowledge Acquisition from Distributed, Autonomous, Semantically Heterogeneous Data and Knowledge Sources, 2005
[140] Samir Tartir, I. Budak Arpinar,. Ontology Evaluation and Ranking using OntoQA. in: International Conference on Semantic Computing(ICSC) . Irvine, California, September，2007: 185-192
[141]董慧，余传明，杨宁等，基于本体的数字图书馆检索模型研究(Ⅲ)—历史领域资源本体构建,情报学报，2006，25(5)：564-574
[142]王文俊，刘昕鹏等，应急事件Ontology语义模型及其应用，计算机工程，2005，31(10)：10-12
[143]董慧，基于本体论和数字图书馆的信息检索，情报学报，2003，22（6）：648-652
[144]高济，基于表示本体论的智能系统开发，计算机研究与发展，1996，33(2)：801-807
[145]陆汝钤，金芝，陈刚，面向本体的需求分析，软件学报，2000，11(8)：1009-1017
[146] Lu Ruqian, Zhang Songmao. PANGU. An agent-oriented knowledge base. In Processing of Conference on Intelligent Information Processing(16th WCC2000), 2000: 486-493
[147] B. Chandrasekaran, J.R. Josephson, and V.R. Benjamins, 1999. What Are Ontologies, and Why Do We Need Them? Jan/Feb, 1999: 20-25
[148] E. Daniel, O. Leary. Impediments in the Use of Explicit Ontologies for KBS Development. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 1997, 46(2-3): 327～337
[2]欧盟FP6应急信息平台项目网站，http://www.eu-orchestra.org，http://www.win-eu.org, http://www.oasis-fp6.org/
[3]欧盟GMES项目网站，http://www.gmes.info/
[4]美国国家应急管理系统NIMS网站，http://www.fema.gov/emergency/nims/index.shtm
[5]中华人民共和国国务院，《国务院关于全面加强应急管理工作的意见》（国发〔2006〕24号）
[6]徐绍史，认清形势科学规划扎实推进突发公共事件应急信息系统建设和应用－国务院副秘书长徐绍史在第二届中国政府电子政务论坛上的讲话，信息化建设，2005，9
[7]中华人民共和国国务院，国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要（2006━2020年）, http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2006-02/09/content_183787.htm
[8]国家科技支撑计划“十一五”发展纲要http://www.most.gov.cn/tztg/200702/t20070213_41306.htm
[9]美国USC/ISI突发事件研究中心，http://crue.isi.edu
[10] Yigal Arens, Responding to the Unexpected: How IT can help prepare for future attacks and disasters, Communications of the ACM, Volume 46, Issue 9, 2003
[11] Murray Turoff, Emergency Response Information Systems: Requirements and Design Considerations, http://dimacs.rutgers.edu//Workshops/NJHomeland/slides.html, Oct 29, 2003
[12] D. Mendon?a, G. E. Beroggi, W. A. Wallace. Decision Support for Improvisation during Emergency Response Operations, International Journal of Emergency Management. 2001, 1(1): 30–38
[13] D.Mendon?a, G. E. Beroggi, W. A. Wallace, Evaluating Support for Improvisation in Simulated Emergency Scenarios. HICSS. 2003: 229
[14] D.Mendon?a, W. A. Wallace. Studying Organizationally-Situated Improvisation in Response to Extreme Events. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 22, 2, August 2004: 5-29
[15] Nigel Shadbolt, Tim Berners-Lee, Wendy Hall, The Semantic Web Revisited, IEEE Intelligent Systems 21(3), May, June, 2006: 96-101
[16] T. Gruber, R. Olsen. An Ontology for Engineering Mathematics. Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University, Tech Rep: KSL-94-18, 1994.
[17] Ontology Evaluation and Ranking using OntoQA .Tartir, Samir, Arpinar, I. Budak. in: International Conference on Semantic Computing. ICSC 2007. 2007
[18]邓志鸿，唐世渭，张铭等，Ontology研究综述，北京大学学报(自然科学版)，2002，38(5)：730-738．
[19] Gruber T. Towards principles for the design of ontology used for knowledge sharing. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 1995, 43(5/6): 907-928
[20] Nechies R., Fikes R., Finin T., et al. Enabling Technology for Knowledge Sharing, AI Magazine, 12(3), 1991: 36-56
[21] Mike Uschold. Knowledge level modelling: concepts and terminology. The Knowledge Engineering Review, Vol. 13(1), 1998:5-29
[22] Guarino, N., Giaretta, P.1995. Ontologies and Knowledge Bases: Towards a Terminological Clarification. In N. Macs (ed.) Towards Very Large Knowledge Bases: Knowledge Building and Knowledge Sharing 1995.IOS Press, Amsterdam: 25-32
[23] T. R. Gruber, Towards Principles for the Design of Ontologies Used for Knowledge Sharing, Proceeding of the International Workshop on Formal Ontology, Pad ova, Italy, 1993.
[24] T. R. Gruber, A Translation Approach to Portable Ontology Specifications. Knowledge Acquisition, 5(2) , 1993: 199-220
[25] William, S. , Austin.T. Ontologies. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 1999 Jaa/Feb: 18-19 tuder, V. R. Benjamins, D. Fensel:
[26] R. Studer, V. R. Benjamins, D. Fensel: Knowledge Engineering, Principles and Methods. Data and Engineering, 25(1-2), 1998: 161-197
[27]金鑫，基于本体的领域信息交互语义化研究，江苏：东华大学，2004：15-18
[28] Gruber, T.R. A Translation Approach to Portable Ontology Specification. Knowledge Acquisition, 1993(5): 199-220
[29] Musen, M.A. Dimensions of knowledge sharing and reuse. Computers and Biomedical Research, 1992(25): 435-467
[30]徐振宁，基于本体的Web数据语义信息的表示与处理方法研究，博士学位论文，国防科学技术，2002
[31] J. Heflin, J. Hendler. Searching the Web with SHOE. In Artificial Intelligence for Web Search. Menlo Park, CA:AAAI Press, 2000: 35-40
[32] Parallel Understanding Systems Group. SHOE General Ontology. University of Maryland. http://www.cs.umd.edu/projects/plus/SHOE/onts/general1.html,2002
[33] P. Karp, M. Riley, S. Paley, et al. EcoCyc: Electronic Encyclopedia of E Coli Genes and Metabolism. Nucleic Acids Research, 27(1), 1999: 55-58
[34] Gangemi, G. Steve, F. Giacomelli. ONIONS: An Ontological Methodology for Taxonomic Knowledge Integration. The ECAI-96 Workshop on Ontological Engineering, Budapest, 1996
[35]陆汝钤，石纯一，张松懋等，面向Agent的常识知识库，中国科学(E)，30(5)，2000：453-463
[36] Tim Bemers-Lee.Semantic Web-by X ML2000.2000-12-06. http://www.w3.org/2000/talks/1206-xml2k-tbl/slide10-0.html (2002-10-10)
[37]刘红阁，郑丽萍等，本体论的研究和应用现状，信息技术快报，2005，3(1)：1-12
[38] Uschold M,King M,Moralee S,et al. The Enterprise Ontology. The Knowledge Engineering Review 13(1), 1998: 31-89. [39] Gruninger, M. and Fox, M.S. Methodology for the design and evaluation of ontologies, In proceedings of the Workshop on Basic Ontological Issues in Knowledge Sharing, held in conjunction with IJCAI-95, Montreal, Canada, 1995
[40] Gómez-Pérez, A., Knowledge sharing and reuse, In Liebowitz, J., editor, The Handbook of Applied Expert Systems, CRC, 1998
[41]金芝，知识工程中的本体论研究，世纪之交的知识工程与知识科学（陆汝钤主编），清华大学出版社，2001：477-468
[42] Bernaras, et al. Building and reusing ontologies for electrical network applications. In: Proc of the European Conf on Artificial Intelligence. Budapest, Hungary. John Wiley and Sons, 1996: 298-302
[43] K. Knight, et al. Filling knowledge gaps in a broad-coverage MT system. The 14th Int’1 Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Montreal, Canada, 1995
[44]李景，本体理论及在农业文献检索系统中的应用研究——以花卉学本体建模为例,博士学位论文，中国科学院，2004
[45]刘凤华，朱欣娟，信息系统领域的本体模型研究，西安工程科技学院学报，2003(1)：53-57
[46]李景，苏晓鹭，构建领域本体的方法，计算机与农业，2003(7)：7-10
[47]王昕，熊光楞，基于本体的设计原理信息提取，计算机辅助设计与图形学学报，2003(3)：429-432
[48] Gruber, T, A, translation approach to portable ontology specifications. Knowledge Acquisition 5 (2), 1995: 199-220
[49] A. Th. Schreiber, BJ Wielinga, JM Akkermans W. Van de Velde. CML: The Com- monKADS conceptual modelling language. In L Steels, AT Schreiber and W Van de Velde. Editors. A Future for Knowledge Acquisition: Proceedings of the 8th European Knowledge Acquisition Workshop EKAW94. Springer-Verlag. (Volume 867 of Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence.) 1994: 1-25.
[50] John Domingue, 1998. Tadzebao and WebOnto: Discussing, Browsing, and Editing Ontologies on the Web. Proceedings of KAW98. Available at http://www.prdm.net/ksi.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/KAW/KAW98/KAW98 Proc.html
[51] MacGregor, R., 1991, Inside the LOOM classifier, SIGART Bulletin, 2(3) :70-76
[52] D.Fensel, et al. OIL in anutshell. The 12th Int’1 Conf on Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management, France, 2000
[53]刘昕鹏，Ontology理论研究和应用模型，2003-03-2
[54] Web-ontology working group. OWL Web ontology language Reference. http.//www.w3.org. TR/2003/PR-owl-ref-20031215/ (2004-03-05)
[55] Jan Uhlír, Martin Falc: Annotating Narratives Using Ontologies and Conceptual Graphs, DEXA Workshops 2004: 84-88
[56] Alexander Faaborg, Carl Lagoze: Semantic Browsing. ECDL 2003: 70-81. [57] http://annotation.semanticweb.org/ [58] Shankar Vembu, Towards Bridging the Semantic Gap in Multimedia Annotation and Retrieval, Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Semantic Web Annotations for Multimedia, SWAMM 2006 at the 15th International World Wide Web Conference, WWW 2006.
[59] K. Hornsby (2004) Retrieving event-based semantics from images, Proceedings of the IEEE Sixth International Symposium on Multimedia Software Engineering, 13-15 December 2004, Miami, FL, IEEE Computer Society,2004: 529-536
[60] Bassi H. Amassing the Power of Intellectual Capital. Training & Development, 1997, 51(12): 25～30
[61] Quitas P, Lafrere P, Jones G, Knowledge management: A strategy agenda Long Range Planning, 1997, 30(3) : 322-329.
[62] Wiig, K. M. Knowledge Management: An Emerging Discipline Rooted in a Long History. In Despres C .and Chauvel, D. (Eds.). Knowledge Horizons: The Present and the Promise of Knowledge Management,Boston, Butterworth Heinemann, 2000:3-26.
[63] Allee,Vema.The Knowledge Evolution: Expanding Organizational Intelligence. Boston: Butterworth -Heinemann, 1997.
[64] Carl Frappuolo. Defining Knowledge Management. Computer world 3218: 80, 1998-2-23.
[65] Elliot Maise. Knowledge Management Takes Industry's Center Stage. CMP net Computer Reseller News, Feb. 2, 1998, Issue 774:1-2
[66]托马斯?H?达文波特，劳伦斯?普鲁萨克.营运知识：工商企业的知识管理，西：教育出版社，1999
[67]乌家培，信息与知识的关系述评，情报资料工作，l999(1)：2-4
[68]乌家培，信息管理与知识管理，中国改革报，1998-11-18
[69]邱均平，知识管理学，北京：科学技术文献出版社，2005
[70]王德禄，知识管理的IT实现－朴素的知识管理，北京：电子工业出版社，2003
[71]綦振杰编译，英特尔的知识管理模型，http://www.chinakm.com/mpapers/1999/09-24-3.htm
[72] http://www.vistacompass.com/ikm_public/index.htm
[73]吕君奎，国内外企业知识管理研究综述，新疆社科论坛，2004，1
[74]邱均平，马海群，再论知识管理与信息管理，图书情报工作，2000,10：5-8
[75] Georgia Prokopiadou, Christos Papatheodoro, Dionysis Moschopoulos. Integrating knowledge management tools for government information. Government Information Quarterly, 2004, 21(2) : 172-173
[76] U. Schultze, Jr R.J. Boland. Knowledge management technology and the reproduction of knowledge work practices. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 2000, 9( 2-3):193-212
[77] Schultzea, Bol. Knowledge management technology and the reproduction of knowledge work practices. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 2000, 9: 193-212.
[78] S. Lawren, C. L. Giles, Searching the World Wide Web, Science, 280(5360),1998: 98-100
[79] M. Uschold and M. Gruninger, Ontologies: Principles, Methods and Applications. Knowledge Engineering Review, 11(2), 1996: 93-115
[80] Guarino N., Masolo C., Vetere G. OntoSeek: Content-Based Access to the Web, IEEE Intelligent Systems, 14(3), l999: 70-80
[81] Michael.Bowman,Antonio.M.Lopez, Jr.Gheorghe Tecuci. Ontology Development for Military Applications. 2000
[82] Austin Tate Homepage, http://www.aiai.ed.ac.uk/~bat/
[83] The web site of e-Response Project, http://i-rescue.org/e-response/index.html
[84] The web site of I-Rescue Research Project, http://i-rescue.org/
[85] C. Siebra and A. Tate, I-Rescue: A Coalition Based System to Support Disaster Relief Operations,Proc. 3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Applications, Benalmadena, Spain, 2003
[86]曹存根，大规模知识获取和分析，知识科学和计算科学（陆汝钤主编），北京：清华大学出版社，2003：271-274
[87]刘长船,知识管理中的本体论，中国管理信息化(会计版)，2006，9
[88] Sure Y, Maedche A, Staab S. Leveraging corporate skill Knowledge-from ProPer to OntoProPer. In Mahling D, Reimer U, eds. Proc. of the Third IntleConferenc on Practical Aspects of Knowledge Management. Basel, Switzerland, Oct. 2000
[89] Angele J, Schnurr H-P, Staab S, Studer R. The Times they are changing the Corporate History Analyser. In: Mahling D, Reimer U, eds. Proc.of the Third Intl. Cord. On Practical Aspects of Knowledge Management. Basel, Switzerland, Oct. 2000
[90] Staab S ,Schnrr H-P, Studer R, Sure Y. Knowledge Processes and Ontologies. IEEE Intellignece Systems, 2001, 16(1)
[91]赵瑞清，王晖，邱涤虹，知识表示与推理(第一版），北京：气象出版社，1991：2-3
[92]孟广均，沈英，郭志明等，信息资源管理导论(第一版)，北京：科学出版社，1998.7
[93]史忠植等译，（荷）施赖伯(Schreiber, G.)等著，知识工程和知识管理，北京：机械工业出版社，2003
[94]国家标准(GB13690-92)，常用危险化学品的分类及标志，1992. 9
[95]乐飞红，公司知识管理系统，图书情报工作，2000(5)：47-52 [96]马海群，论知识经济、知识管理与知识产权，图书情报知识，2000(2)：78-83 [97] Durcker P F．the New Productivity Challenge. Harvard Business Review, 1991: 11-12
[98]陈安，李铭禄，刘洋，李华，应急管理的三个阶段与机理体系研究，工程研究，第三卷，北京：北京理工大学出版社，2007，6：133-143
[99] Michael T. Charles and John Choon K. Kim, Crisis Management: A Casebook, Springfield, IL：Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1998: 5-19
[100] Rosenthal Uriel, Alexander Kouzmin. Crisis Management and Institutional Resilience: An Editorial Statement. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, September, Volume 4, Number 3, 1996: 119-124
[101]计雷，池宏，陈安等，突发事件应急管理，北京：高等教育出版社，2006：93-94
[102]陈安，现代应急管理理论与方法，北京：中国社会出版社，2007：29-32 [103] Mayer Nude 1. Norman Antoko1. The Handbook for Effective Emergency and Crisis Management．Lexington．MA: D．C．Heath and Company，1988：36
[104] Nudell, Mayer, Antokol, Norman, The Handbook for Effective Emergency and Crisis Management. Lexington, Massachusetts: D.C. Health and Company. 1988
[105]高鹏程，行政危机管理，中国软科学，2004(11)：152-155
[106]马琳，我国危机管理研究述评，公共管理学报，2005(1)：84-90
[107]丁辉，论突发事件与应急机制，安全，2003，12：6-8
[108] Burlton R J．Transfer of Knowledge in Knowledge Management Systems: Unexplored Issues and Suggested Studies. European Journal of Information Systems,1992, 10(2)
[109]野中郁次郎，竹内广隆，创造知识的公司，科学技术部国际合作司中译本，1999
[110] Nonaka I. A Dynamic Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation.Organizational Science, 1994；(1)
[111]王环，袁小红，关于知识表示的讨论，计算机学报，1995，18(3 )：212-224
[112]王万森，人工智能原理及其应用，北京：电子工业出版社，2000：23-27
[113]Chandrasekaran B. , Josephson J R, Benjamins V R. What Are Ontologies,and Why Do We Need Them?, IEEE Intelligent Systems, Vo1.14, No.1, Special Issue on Ontologies, January/ February 1999: 20-26
[114]Uschold M, and Gruninger M. Ontologies: Principles, Methods and Applications. The Knowledge Engineering Review, 1996, 11 (2) : 93-155
[115]Ron Young. Accelerated Knowledge Transfer. Knowledge Management Journal: Information Week, 1997
[116] Christoph Tempich,H.Sofia Pinto, Steffen Staab. Ontology Engineering Revisited: An Iterative Case Study[C]．In Proceedings of 3rd European Semantic Web Conference(ESWC).
[117]王洪伟，基于本体的元数据模型的建立研究，博士学位论文，上海交通大学，2004
[118] Rekof M．On Reverse Engineering IEEE Transactions on Software Man and Cybernetics，1985, (3/4):244-252．
[119] Bergey John, and Hefley William. A Reengineering Process Framework. Software Engineering Institute. Carnegie Mellon University. Pittsburgh.PA, 1996.
[120]甄镭，信息系统升级与整合：策略、方法、技巧，北京：电子工业出版社，2004
[121] Object Management Group．OMG Unified Modeling Language Specification (Vermin I.2). 1998-07 [122]刘超，张莉．可视化面向对象建模技术—标准建模语言UML教程．北京航空航天大学出版社，1999．
[123]Cranefield S，Purvis M．UML as an ontology modeling language．Proc．of the Workshop on Intelligent Information Integration，16 Int．Joint Conference on AI. Stockholm, 1999
[124]钟凌燕，高济，一种基于UML的本体论建模方法，计算机工程，2003，29(2)，38-39
[125]Baclawski K, Kokar M, et a1.Extending UML to support ontology engineering for the semantic web．In 4 International Conf. on UML.Toronto,October 1-5, 2001
[126]王能斌，数据库系统原理，北京：电子工业出版社，2001
[127] Levene M, Vincent M W. Justification for Inclusion Dependency Normal Form. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 12(2) : 281-291, 2000.
[128] Mark Levene and George Loizou. Null Inclusion Dependencies in Relational Databases, Information and Computation, 136(2) :67-108, 1 August 1997
[129]张家明，周伯鑫，宋文忠，EER数据模型、O-O数据模型与概念设计，东南大学学报，1997，27(3)：121-123
[130]丁忠俊，从EER模型到关系模型转换系统的设计与实现，计算机工程应用，1997，10：3-7
[131] Noy N F, and McGuinness D L. Ontology Development 101: A uide to Creating Your First Ontology Stanford Knowledge Systems Laboratory Technical Report KSL-01-05 and Stanford Medical Informatics Technical Report SMI-2001-0880, March 2001.
[132] Auer S., A Web Based Platform for Collaborative Ontology Management, In Proc．International Semantic Web Conference, 2004
[133]谢红薇，袁占花，张晓波等，基于本体论的应急系统知识库建模的研究，计算机工程与应用，2005，13：41-43
[134] Knublauch H．Editing Semantic Web Contents with Prot6g6: The OWL Plug in, Presentation ofProtégéworkshop, http://protégé.stanford.edu/plugins/owl/download/Protege-Workshop-OWL, 2003.07
[135]曾宪文，陈向东，杨明福，基于UML的本体建模研究，计算机应用与软件，2006，23（7）：42-43
[136] Kendall E F, Dutra M E,An introduction and UML Profile for the Web Ontology Language, http://www.omg.org/news/meetings/workshops/UML2002-Manual/07-2 A UML Profile for the Web Ontology Language OWL.pdf, 2002.10
[137]王翀，何克清,刘进,基于OWL元模型的本体建模研究，武汉大学学报(理学版)第5O卷第5期2004年10月, VoI_5O No.5, 0ct.2004:581-585
[138] Tolvanen Juha,Pekka, Incremental Method Engineering with Modeling Tools: Theoretical Principles and Empirical Evidence, Jyvfiskylfi:University of Jyv~iskylfi, 1998
[139] Samir Tartir, I. Budak Arpinar, Michael Mooreetal, OntoQA: Metric-Based Ontology Quality Analysis, In: Proceedings of IEEE ICDM 2005 Workshop on Knowledge Acquisition from Distributed, Autonomous, Semantically Heterogeneous Data and Knowledge Sources, 2005
[140] Samir Tartir, I. Budak Arpinar,. Ontology Evaluation and Ranking using OntoQA. in: International Conference on Semantic Computing(ICSC) . Irvine, California, September，2007: 185-192
[141]董慧，余传明，杨宁等，基于本体的数字图书馆检索模型研究(Ⅲ)—历史领域资源本体构建,情报学报，2006，25(5)：564-574
[142]王文俊，刘昕鹏等，应急事件Ontology语义模型及其应用，计算机工程，2005，31(10)：10-12
[143]董慧，基于本体论和数字图书馆的信息检索，情报学报，2003，22（6）：648-652
[144]高济，基于表示本体论的智能系统开发，计算机研究与发展，1996，33(2)：801-807
[145]陆汝钤，金芝，陈刚，面向本体的需求分析，软件学报，2000，11(8)：1009-1017
[146] Lu Ruqian, Zhang Songmao. PANGU. An agent-oriented knowledge base. In Processing of Conference on Intelligent Information Processing(16th WCC2000), 2000: 486-493
[147] B. Chandrasekaran, J.R. Josephson, and V.R. Benjamins, 1999. What Are Ontologies, and Why Do We Need Them? Jan/Feb, 1999: 20-25
[148] E. Daniel, O. Leary. Impediments in the Use of Explicit Ontologies for KBS Development. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 1997, 46(2-3): 327～337