三维虚拟城市自动生成方法研究
|
摘要
改革开放以来,我国城市发展迅速,城市化进程的速度达到了世界同期的两倍。如何实现城市经济快速、可持续发展,成为当今人们密切关注的重大课题。城市信息化作为城市发展的一个新方向,已经成了城市发展的“加速器”。数字化与信息化建设已经成为城市现代化建设的主流和趋势。在城市化过程中,城市规划的作用显得尤为重要。但是传统的城市规划手段显然无法适应城市信息化的发展。三维虚拟城市的出现为城市规划人员提供了新的技术和手段。城市规划人员可以在一个三维虚拟的环境中,用动态交互的方式对规划城区进行全方位的审视,这是传统规划手段所无法达到的。本文在三维虚拟城市基础上提出了城市自动化生成方法的研究。以开封市汴西新区作为研究区域,以城市元胞自动机(Cellular Automata,CA)作为城市发展动力学模型,将城市新区规划作为城市模拟发展的框架,模拟三维虚拟城市的自动化生成及演化过程。
本文的主要研究内容如下:
1、城市功能区的生成
首先在地理信息系统软件支持下,完成了城市元胞自动机所需要的基础地形数据、汴西新区土地规划数据和汴西新区项目用地统计资料的准备和处理工作,在此基础上构建了城市元胞自动机模型,并基于元胞自动机模拟得到了汴西新区2006年到2020年的发展演化数据。
2、三维虚拟城市模型建设
在三维建模的相关理论和方法的指导下,利用三维建模软件Terra Vista和MultiGen Creator构建了汴西新区三维地形和地物模型,建立了三维模型库。首先将地形图、遥感影像资料和道路、水系等经过转换配准后,以地形DEM、遥感影像、矢量数据等形式载入Terra Vista,统一生成了汴西新区地形模型。其次,建立城市虚拟景观的静态建筑物和动态建筑物。静态建筑物模型通过Terra Vista构建,在地形建模阶段通过点状或面状矢量数据生成。动态建筑物模型通过MultiGen Creator构建,通过三维虚拟城市生成系统实时调入三维场景。
3、开发三维虚拟城市生成系统
首先从理论上建立了三维坐标系统,确定了三维几何变换、投影变换和视口变换的方法。其次,在VC++6.0平台上开发了基于GeoCA-Urban模型和OpenGVS软件开发包的三维虚拟城市自动化生成系统,实现了虚拟城市多角度及自动漫游、虚拟城市自动化生成与动态显示等多种功能。系统主要通过OpenGVS软件开发包实现三维虚拟场景构建,重点解决了土地利用单元实体数据结构的建立、土地模拟数据读取与转换、三维坐标建立与换算方法、三维城市模型自动布置技术、实例对象动态管理技术及三维模型的自动演替算法等自动化生成关键技术。
本文采用汴西新区2006年到2020年的发展演化数据,利用该系统生成了汴西新区(2006年-2020年)动态三维虚拟城市,结果显示:该系统的运行效率较高;三维可视化效果显著;能够反应在不同时段下城市规划对于虚拟城市格局的影响;具有一定的自动化水平,能够大规模实时自动生成三维城市景观。研究表明,采用高精度的城市元胞自动机模型,对三维虚拟城市生成的精度具有一定的影响。另外,采用中小尺度的城市功能区划分来进行虚拟城市三维模型布设更加合理,在可视化效果方面也更加真实。
Since the Reform,the development of our country urban is rapid,The process of urbanization speed has reached double times of world same term.. How to realize the urban economy fast and sustainable development, has becomes an important issue which people closely pay attention to now. The urban informationization as a new direction for urban development, has become the "accelerator." The digitization and the informationization construction already became mainstream and tendency of the city modernization. In the urbanized process, urban planning's function appears especially important. But the traditional urban planning method is unable to adapt the urban informationization development obviously. The three dimensionalal virtual city’s appearance has provided a new technology and the method for the city planning staff. The urban planning staff may work in a three dimensionalal virtual environment, to plan the city with the dynamic interactive way to carry on omni-directional carefully examining, that the traditional plan methods are unable to achieve. In this paper, proposed a research problem of the Automatic-generation methods based on the three dimensionalal virtual city.Take the new developing region in west KaiFeng as a study area,and take the urban cellular automata as the the urban development dynamics model,and take the urban planning of new region as the frame of the urban simulation development, I simulate the automatic generation and the evolutionary process of three dimensionalal virtual city.
This article main research content is as follows:
1.Urban function area production
First,under the geographic information system software’s support, has completed the prepartion and handling work of the foundation topographical data, land use planning data and the developed area project land statistical data of the new developing region in west KaiFeng,which the urban cellular automata needs. Based on this, has constructed the urban cellular automaton model,and obtained the development evolution data of the new developing region in west KaiFeng from 2006 to 2020 based on the cellular automaton simulation.
2. Three dimensionalal virtual ciyt model construction
Under the three dimensionalal modelling's correlation theories and method instruction,used the three dimensionalal modelling software Terra Vista and MultiGen Creator ,has constructed the new developing region in west KaiFeng the three dimensionalal terrain and feature model,and has established the three dimensionalal model database. First,topographic maps, remote sensing image datas and roads, water systems are passed through the transformation matching,then load them into Terra Vista by the forms of DEM, remote sensing phantom and vector data,and generate the unifed terrain model of the new developing region in west KaiFeng. Second,it establishes the static building and the dynamic building models of the urban virtual landscape.The static building models are constructed by point or surface vector data stage in Terra Vista at the stage of terrain modeling.The dynamic building models are constructed by MultiGen Creator,called in the three dimensionalal scene through the three dimensionalal virtual city generating system.
3. Develops the three dimensionalal virtual city generating system
Firstly in theory,it has established the three dimensionalal coordinates system and determined the three dimensionalal geometric transform, the projection transormation and viewport transformation methods. Secondly,it has developed the three-dimensional virtual city automated generation system into the VC++6.0 platform based on the GeoCA-Urban model and the OpenGVS software development kit.The system has realized multiple perspectives and the automated roaming,automated generation, dynamic display and other functions of the virtual city.The system realizes the construction of three dimensionalal virtual scene mainly through the OpenGVS software development kit.it has solved the construction of the land use unit entity data structure,the access and conversion of the land simulation data, the three dimensionalal coordinates establishment and the conversion method, the three dimensionalal urban model automatic arrangement technology,the examples of objects dynamic management techniques and the algorithms of three dimensionalal model automated succession, such as automated generation key technologies.
In this paper,it uses the development evolution data of the new developing region in west KaiFeng from 2006 to 2020,and uses the system to generate the dynamic three dimensionala virtual city(2006-2020).The results showed that: This system's operating efficiency is high;The three dimensionalal visualization effect is remarkable;It can respond to the influence for the pattern of the virtual city in the different time intervals under the urban palnning;It can generate the large scale realtime automated three dimensionalal virtual scape.The research shows that adopting the high precision urban cellular automata has some definite influences upon the presicion about the generation of three dimensional virtual city.Moreover,using the small and medium scale urban function area planning to carry on the three dimensionalal urban model automatic arrangement are more reasonable,is also more real in the visualization effect aspect.
本文的主要研究内容如下:
1、城市功能区的生成
首先在地理信息系统软件支持下,完成了城市元胞自动机所需要的基础地形数据、汴西新区土地规划数据和汴西新区项目用地统计资料的准备和处理工作,在此基础上构建了城市元胞自动机模型,并基于元胞自动机模拟得到了汴西新区2006年到2020年的发展演化数据。
2、三维虚拟城市模型建设
在三维建模的相关理论和方法的指导下,利用三维建模软件Terra Vista和MultiGen Creator构建了汴西新区三维地形和地物模型,建立了三维模型库。首先将地形图、遥感影像资料和道路、水系等经过转换配准后,以地形DEM、遥感影像、矢量数据等形式载入Terra Vista,统一生成了汴西新区地形模型。其次,建立城市虚拟景观的静态建筑物和动态建筑物。静态建筑物模型通过Terra Vista构建,在地形建模阶段通过点状或面状矢量数据生成。动态建筑物模型通过MultiGen Creator构建,通过三维虚拟城市生成系统实时调入三维场景。
3、开发三维虚拟城市生成系统
首先从理论上建立了三维坐标系统,确定了三维几何变换、投影变换和视口变换的方法。其次,在VC++6.0平台上开发了基于GeoCA-Urban模型和OpenGVS软件开发包的三维虚拟城市自动化生成系统,实现了虚拟城市多角度及自动漫游、虚拟城市自动化生成与动态显示等多种功能。系统主要通过OpenGVS软件开发包实现三维虚拟场景构建,重点解决了土地利用单元实体数据结构的建立、土地模拟数据读取与转换、三维坐标建立与换算方法、三维城市模型自动布置技术、实例对象动态管理技术及三维模型的自动演替算法等自动化生成关键技术。
本文采用汴西新区2006年到2020年的发展演化数据,利用该系统生成了汴西新区(2006年-2020年)动态三维虚拟城市,结果显示:该系统的运行效率较高;三维可视化效果显著;能够反应在不同时段下城市规划对于虚拟城市格局的影响;具有一定的自动化水平,能够大规模实时自动生成三维城市景观。研究表明,采用高精度的城市元胞自动机模型,对三维虚拟城市生成的精度具有一定的影响。另外,采用中小尺度的城市功能区划分来进行虚拟城市三维模型布设更加合理,在可视化效果方面也更加真实。
Since the Reform,the development of our country urban is rapid,The process of urbanization speed has reached double times of world same term.. How to realize the urban economy fast and sustainable development, has becomes an important issue which people closely pay attention to now. The urban informationization as a new direction for urban development, has become the "accelerator." The digitization and the informationization construction already became mainstream and tendency of the city modernization. In the urbanized process, urban planning's function appears especially important. But the traditional urban planning method is unable to adapt the urban informationization development obviously. The three dimensionalal virtual city’s appearance has provided a new technology and the method for the city planning staff. The urban planning staff may work in a three dimensionalal virtual environment, to plan the city with the dynamic interactive way to carry on omni-directional carefully examining, that the traditional plan methods are unable to achieve. In this paper, proposed a research problem of the Automatic-generation methods based on the three dimensionalal virtual city.Take the new developing region in west KaiFeng as a study area,and take the urban cellular automata as the the urban development dynamics model,and take the urban planning of new region as the frame of the urban simulation development, I simulate the automatic generation and the evolutionary process of three dimensionalal virtual city.
This article main research content is as follows:
1.Urban function area production
First,under the geographic information system software’s support, has completed the prepartion and handling work of the foundation topographical data, land use planning data and the developed area project land statistical data of the new developing region in west KaiFeng,which the urban cellular automata needs. Based on this, has constructed the urban cellular automaton model,and obtained the development evolution data of the new developing region in west KaiFeng from 2006 to 2020 based on the cellular automaton simulation.
2. Three dimensionalal virtual ciyt model construction
Under the three dimensionalal modelling's correlation theories and method instruction,used the three dimensionalal modelling software Terra Vista and MultiGen Creator ,has constructed the new developing region in west KaiFeng the three dimensionalal terrain and feature model,and has established the three dimensionalal model database. First,topographic maps, remote sensing image datas and roads, water systems are passed through the transformation matching,then load them into Terra Vista by the forms of DEM, remote sensing phantom and vector data,and generate the unifed terrain model of the new developing region in west KaiFeng. Second,it establishes the static building and the dynamic building models of the urban virtual landscape.The static building models are constructed by point or surface vector data stage in Terra Vista at the stage of terrain modeling.The dynamic building models are constructed by MultiGen Creator,called in the three dimensionalal scene through the three dimensionalal virtual city generating system.
3. Develops the three dimensionalal virtual city generating system
Firstly in theory,it has established the three dimensionalal coordinates system and determined the three dimensionalal geometric transform, the projection transormation and viewport transformation methods. Secondly,it has developed the three-dimensional virtual city automated generation system into the VC++6.0 platform based on the GeoCA-Urban model and the OpenGVS software development kit.The system has realized multiple perspectives and the automated roaming,automated generation, dynamic display and other functions of the virtual city.The system realizes the construction of three dimensionalal virtual scene mainly through the OpenGVS software development kit.it has solved the construction of the land use unit entity data structure,the access and conversion of the land simulation data, the three dimensionalal coordinates establishment and the conversion method, the three dimensionalal urban model automatic arrangement technology,the examples of objects dynamic management techniques and the algorithms of three dimensionalal model automated succession, such as automated generation key technologies.
In this paper,it uses the development evolution data of the new developing region in west KaiFeng from 2006 to 2020,and uses the system to generate the dynamic three dimensionala virtual city(2006-2020).The results showed that: This system's operating efficiency is high;The three dimensionalal visualization effect is remarkable;It can respond to the influence for the pattern of the virtual city in the different time intervals under the urban palnning;It can generate the large scale realtime automated three dimensionalal virtual scape.The research shows that adopting the high precision urban cellular automata has some definite influences upon the presicion about the generation of three dimensional virtual city.Moreover,using the small and medium scale urban function area planning to carry on the three dimensionalal urban model automatic arrangement are more reasonable,is also more real in the visualization effect aspect.
引文
[1]王要武,郭红领,杨洪涛.我国数字城市建设的现状和发展对策[J].公共管理学报.2004年,1(2):58~64
[2]承继成,林晖,周成虎,等.数字地球导论[M].北京:科学出版社,2000
[3]徐冠华,孙枢等.迎接“数字地球”的挑战[J].遥感学报,1999(2):85~89
[4]涂超,颜辉武.虚拟城市开发技术探讨[J].现代计算机.2002(104) :31~33
[5]李德仁.数字地球与“3S”技术[A].中国地理信息系统协会论文集[C].北京:[s.n.],1999:28~31
[6]Itzhak Omer, Ran Goldblatt and Udi Or.Virtual City Design Based on Urban Image Theory.British Cartographic Society,2005,42(1):15~26
[7]孙敏,马蔼乃,陈军.三维城市模型的研究现状评述[J].遥感学报,2002,6(2):155~160
[8]崔汉国,张星,刘晓成.图像和建模相结合的虚拟场景绘制技术研究系统[J].仿真学报,2005(05)
[9]孙敏,陈军.三维城市模型的数据获取方法评述[J]测绘通报,2000(11):4~6.
[10]朱庆,林珲等.数码城市地理信息系统——虚拟城市环境中的三维城市模型初探[M].武汉大学出版社.2004
[11]Greuter.S,Parker.J,Stewart.N,Leach.G,Real-time procedural generation of pseudo infinite’cities.GRAPHITE,2003
[12]Kato, N., Okuno, T., Suzuki, R. and Kanoh, H. 2000. Modeling virtual cities on interaction between cells. IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC’ 2000), Volume: 1, 8-11 Oct. 2000, Pages: 143~148.
[13]Rob Ingram,John Bowers and Steve Benford.Building Virtual Cities:applying urban planning principles to the design of virtual environments.
[14]Chia-Cheng Lu.A Study of Virtual Buildings and Cities Generation.A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment for the Requirements of Master Degree in National Dong-Hwa University.2005
[15]武晓波,赵健,魏成阶等.元胞自动机模型用于城市发展模拟的方法初探—以海口市为例[J].城市规划,2002,126(18):69~73
[16]周成虎,孙站利,谢一春.地理元胞自动机研究[M].北京:科学出版社,1999
[17]段学军.虚拟城市:技术方案与应用[J].测绘通报 2001(12):1~4
[18]张显峰.基于 CA 的城市扩展动态模拟与预测[J].中国科学院研究生院学报,2000,17(1):70~78
[19]孙战利.基于元胞自动机的地理时空动态模拟研究[D].中科院博士论文,1999:23~45
[20]White R , Engelen G. Cellular automata and fractal urban form: a cel2lular modeling approach to the evolution of urban land - use patterns[J].Environment and Planning A,1993,25:1175~1199.
[21]张小林,刘继生,冯春萍.人文地理学导论[M].北京:测绘出版社,1995:179~183
[22]陈述彭主编.城市化与城市地理系统[M].北京:科学出版社,1999
[23]张显峰,崔伟宏.集成 GIS 和细胞自动机模型进行地理时空过程模拟与预测的新方法[J].测绘学报,2001,30(2):149~152
[24]王红,闾国年.城市细胞自动机模型研究的回顾与展望[J].经济地理,2003,23(2):154~157
[25]Chapin,F.S.and Weiss,S.F.a probabilistic Model of ResidentialGrowth .Transportation Research,1968,(2):375~390
[26]Tobler W.R.A Computer Movie Simulating Urban Growth in the Detroit Region[J]. Economic Geography,1970,46:234~240.
[27]Couclelis,H..Cellular Worlds: a Frame work for Modeling Micro MacroDynamics.Environment and Planning,1985,(17):585~596
[28]陈顺清.城市增长与土地增值[D].中科院地理博士论文,1999:23~122
[29]Batty,M.and Xie,Y.From Cells to cities[J].Environment and Planning,1994,(21):31~48
[30]Clarke,K.C.,Gaydos,L.J.,and Hoppen,S..A Self odifying Cellular automaton Model of Historical Urbanization In the Sanfrancisco Bayarea.Environment and Planning B,1997,(24):247~261
[31]Xie Y.A generalized model for cellular urban dynamics[J].Geographical Analysis,1997,28:350~373
[32]Engelen,G.and White,R.,Ingeulgee and Pauldrazan.Using cellular Automata for Integrated Modeling of Socio-environmental Systems[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,1995,(34):203~214
[33]Wu f.,Simland:a Prototype to Simulate Land Conversion Through theIntegrated GIS and CAwith AHP-Drived Transition Rules[J].Int.j.Geographical Information Science.1998,12(1):63~82.
[34]孙战利.空间复杂性与地理元胞自动机模拟研究[J].地球信息科学,1999(2):32~37
[35]Yeh A G O,Li X.Sustainable land development model for rapid growth areas using GIS[J].Int J Geographical Information Science,1998,12(2):169~189.
[36]Li X,Yeh A G O.Modeling sustainable urban development by theintegration of constrained cellular automata and GIS[J].Int J Geographical Information Science,2000,14(2):131~152.
[37]张显峰,崔伟宏.基于 GIS 和 CA 模型的时空建模方法研究[J].中国图象图形学报,2000,5(A版)(12):1012~1018.
[38]刘晓艳,林珲,张宏.虚拟城市建设原理与方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2003
[39]Waters,N.Is GIS prepared for the virtual reality age?.GISWorld,March,1997
[40]李清泉,杨必胜,史文中等.三维空间数据的实时获取、建模与可视化[M].武汉大学出版社.2003
[41] 郑 龙 , 郑 敏 , 喻 晓 峰 , 周 经 伦 . 虚 拟 城 市 可 视 化 的 研 究 与 实 现 [J]. 计 算 机 仿真.2006,23(10):185~188
[42]赵杰.数字地形模拟-地形数据获取与数字地形分析研究[D].武汉:武汉大学博士学位论文,2004
[43]Ranzinger M,Gleixner G.GIS Datasets for 3D Urban Planning[J].Comput.Environ.and Urban Systems,1997,21(2):159~173.
[44]Breuning M.Intergration of spatial information for geoinformation systems[M].Berlin Heidelberg:Springer--verlag,1996
[45]Schilcher M,Guo Z,Klaus M et al.Semi Automatic Derivation of 3D-City-Models from Existiong 2D-Geoinformations Systems[A].Deren Li et al.Spatial Information Science,Technology and its Applications:RS,GPS,GIS,Their Integration and Applications[C]1998.
[46] 龚健雅 , 夏宗国 . 矢量与栅格集成的三维数据模型 [J]. 武汉 : 武汉测绘科技大学学报.1997(1):7~15
[47]李清泉,李德仁.三维空间数据模型集成的概念框架研究[J].北京:测绘学报.1998(4),325~330
[48]周扬.数字城市三维可视化技术及应用[D].郑州:中国人民解放军信息工程大学硕士学位论文,2002:20~22
[49]Debevec P.e.,Taylor C.,Malik J.Modeling and rendering Architecture from Photographs:A Hybrid Geometry-based and Image-based Approach.In:SIGGARPH,1996
[50]秦海田.基于图像的建筑虚拟场景构建技术[D].武汉:武汉大学硕士学位论文,2002.
[51]常歌.基于遥感数据的城市景观建模技术研究与实践[D]:中国人民解放军信息工程大学博士学位论文,2001
[52]Takaichi Y,Yudai K,Yoshinori O.Three2Dimensional Object Modeling in a Three-Dimensional Urban Map[A].Proceedings of UM3’98 International Workshop on Urban Multi-Media/3D Mapping.[C]1998.
[53]Moons T.Frere D.Automatic modelling and 3D reconstruction of urban buildings high resolutionfromaerial imagery,In:Proc.Computer vision_ECCV’98,Vol.I,LNCS 1406,pp.410-426
[54]Heipke C.,A review of the state-of the art of topographic applications digital photogrammetric workstations.GIM International.2001(4):35~37
[55]Lothar Koppers.3D Map Virtual Reality and Geo Data EOGEO98[A].Precceing:Japan-Australia Joint Research Seminar on Three dimensionalal GIS[C].1998.
[56]Gruen A,Xinhua W.Creation of A 3D City Model of Zurich With CC-Modeler[A].Deren Li et al.Spatial Information Science,Technology and its Applications:RS,GPS ,GIS ,Their Integration and Applications[C].1998.
[57]Gruen A.Tobago:A Semi-automated Approach for the Generation of 3D Building Models [A].ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetty & Remote Sensing[C].1998.
[58]Tsuyoshi H.Realistic Visualization of Landscape and Application on Internet[A].Deren Li et al.Spatial Information Science,Technology and its Applications:RS,GPS,GIS Their Integration and Applications[C].1998.
[59]Kofler,M.,H.Rehatschek,and M.Gruber.A Database for a 3D GIS for Urban Environments Supporting Photorealistic Visualization,International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,Vol,XXXI,B2,VIENNA 1996
[60]李德仁,李清泉.一种三维 GIS 的混合数据结构的研究[J].测绘学报,1997,26(2):128~131
[61]杨宝民,朱一宁.分布式虚拟现实技术及其应用[M]北京:科学出版社.2000
[62]Antonicellia,Scisciog,Rosicarellir,et al.Exploiting Pompei Cultural Heritage:The Plinius Project.[s.l.]:Eurographics association,1999
[63]朱选,刘素霞.地理信息系统原理与技术[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社.2006
[64]M.Batty,Yichun Xie, Zhanli Sun.Modeling urban dynamics through GIS-based cellular automata. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems,23 (1999) 205±233:18
[65]Terrain Experts,Inc.Terra Vista Getting Started Guide V3.0[M].Tucson :Terrain Experts,Inc.2001.
[66] 吕 颖 , 宋 子 善 , 沈 为 群 . 全 局 动 态 测 试 系 统 的 可 视 化 研 究 [J]. 计 算 机 测 量 与 控制,2003,(3):171~173
[67]张尚弘,张超,郑钧,王兴奎.基于 Terra Vista 的流域地形三维建模方法[J].水力发电学报,2006,25(3):36~39
[68] 董 战 鲲 , 曹 青 .Multigen 建 模 技 术 在 视 景 仿 真 中 的 研 究 与 应 用 [J]. 电 子 技 术 应用,2006(2):14~17
[69]祝国瑞,高山.虚拟城市的 3 维建模[J].测绘通报.2004(6):46~48
[70]Tomas Akenine-Moller.实时计算机图形学[M](第二版).北京:北京大学出版社,2004.
[71]张帆,史琼芳,达汉桥.Creator 应用于虚拟城市三维建模的关键技术与实践[J].测绘工程,2005,14(4):55~57
[72]金宝轩.三维城市模型的构造方法与可视化研究.昆明理工大学硕士学位论文,2002
[73]Gemini Cor. OpenGVS Programming Guide Version 4.4,USA,2001
[74]李刚.汽车驾驶模拟器新一代实时场景系统的开发.吉林大学硕士学位论文,2003:15~16
[75]钱乐祥,刘润达.虚拟现实技术在城市小区规划中的应用[J].计算机工程,2004,30(11):153~158
[76]高磊,徐士进,吴俊奇,周会群,陆现彩.基于 OpenGVS 的湖山三维仿真系统实现[J].江西科学,2006,24(3):275~279
[77]Batty M,Xie Y.Possible urban automata.Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design,1997,24 :175~192.
[2]承继成,林晖,周成虎,等.数字地球导论[M].北京:科学出版社,2000
[3]徐冠华,孙枢等.迎接“数字地球”的挑战[J].遥感学报,1999(2):85~89
[4]涂超,颜辉武.虚拟城市开发技术探讨[J].现代计算机.2002(104) :31~33
[5]李德仁.数字地球与“3S”技术[A].中国地理信息系统协会论文集[C].北京:[s.n.],1999:28~31
[6]Itzhak Omer, Ran Goldblatt and Udi Or.Virtual City Design Based on Urban Image Theory.British Cartographic Society,2005,42(1):15~26
[7]孙敏,马蔼乃,陈军.三维城市模型的研究现状评述[J].遥感学报,2002,6(2):155~160
[8]崔汉国,张星,刘晓成.图像和建模相结合的虚拟场景绘制技术研究系统[J].仿真学报,2005(05)
[9]孙敏,陈军.三维城市模型的数据获取方法评述[J]测绘通报,2000(11):4~6.
[10]朱庆,林珲等.数码城市地理信息系统——虚拟城市环境中的三维城市模型初探[M].武汉大学出版社.2004
[11]Greuter.S,Parker.J,Stewart.N,Leach.G,Real-time procedural generation of pseudo infinite’cities.GRAPHITE,2003
[12]Kato, N., Okuno, T., Suzuki, R. and Kanoh, H. 2000. Modeling virtual cities on interaction between cells. IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC’ 2000), Volume: 1, 8-11 Oct. 2000, Pages: 143~148.
[13]Rob Ingram,John Bowers and Steve Benford.Building Virtual Cities:applying urban planning principles to the design of virtual environments.
[14]Chia-Cheng Lu.A Study of Virtual Buildings and Cities Generation.A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment for the Requirements of Master Degree in National Dong-Hwa University.2005
[15]武晓波,赵健,魏成阶等.元胞自动机模型用于城市发展模拟的方法初探—以海口市为例[J].城市规划,2002,126(18):69~73
[16]周成虎,孙站利,谢一春.地理元胞自动机研究[M].北京:科学出版社,1999
[17]段学军.虚拟城市:技术方案与应用[J].测绘通报 2001(12):1~4
[18]张显峰.基于 CA 的城市扩展动态模拟与预测[J].中国科学院研究生院学报,2000,17(1):70~78
[19]孙战利.基于元胞自动机的地理时空动态模拟研究[D].中科院博士论文,1999:23~45
[20]White R , Engelen G. Cellular automata and fractal urban form: a cel2lular modeling approach to the evolution of urban land - use patterns[J].Environment and Planning A,1993,25:1175~1199.
[21]张小林,刘继生,冯春萍.人文地理学导论[M].北京:测绘出版社,1995:179~183
[22]陈述彭主编.城市化与城市地理系统[M].北京:科学出版社,1999
[23]张显峰,崔伟宏.集成 GIS 和细胞自动机模型进行地理时空过程模拟与预测的新方法[J].测绘学报,2001,30(2):149~152
[24]王红,闾国年.城市细胞自动机模型研究的回顾与展望[J].经济地理,2003,23(2):154~157
[25]Chapin,F.S.and Weiss,S.F.a probabilistic Model of ResidentialGrowth .Transportation Research,1968,(2):375~390
[26]Tobler W.R.A Computer Movie Simulating Urban Growth in the Detroit Region[J]. Economic Geography,1970,46:234~240.
[27]Couclelis,H..Cellular Worlds: a Frame work for Modeling Micro MacroDynamics.Environment and Planning,1985,(17):585~596
[28]陈顺清.城市增长与土地增值[D].中科院地理博士论文,1999:23~122
[29]Batty,M.and Xie,Y.From Cells to cities[J].Environment and Planning,1994,(21):31~48
[30]Clarke,K.C.,Gaydos,L.J.,and Hoppen,S..A Self odifying Cellular automaton Model of Historical Urbanization In the Sanfrancisco Bayarea.Environment and Planning B,1997,(24):247~261
[31]Xie Y.A generalized model for cellular urban dynamics[J].Geographical Analysis,1997,28:350~373
[32]Engelen,G.and White,R.,Ingeulgee and Pauldrazan.Using cellular Automata for Integrated Modeling of Socio-environmental Systems[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,1995,(34):203~214
[33]Wu f.,Simland:a Prototype to Simulate Land Conversion Through theIntegrated GIS and CAwith AHP-Drived Transition Rules[J].Int.j.Geographical Information Science.1998,12(1):63~82.
[34]孙战利.空间复杂性与地理元胞自动机模拟研究[J].地球信息科学,1999(2):32~37
[35]Yeh A G O,Li X.Sustainable land development model for rapid growth areas using GIS[J].Int J Geographical Information Science,1998,12(2):169~189.
[36]Li X,Yeh A G O.Modeling sustainable urban development by theintegration of constrained cellular automata and GIS[J].Int J Geographical Information Science,2000,14(2):131~152.
[37]张显峰,崔伟宏.基于 GIS 和 CA 模型的时空建模方法研究[J].中国图象图形学报,2000,5(A版)(12):1012~1018.
[38]刘晓艳,林珲,张宏.虚拟城市建设原理与方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2003
[39]Waters,N.Is GIS prepared for the virtual reality age?.GISWorld,March,1997
[40]李清泉,杨必胜,史文中等.三维空间数据的实时获取、建模与可视化[M].武汉大学出版社.2003
[41] 郑 龙 , 郑 敏 , 喻 晓 峰 , 周 经 伦 . 虚 拟 城 市 可 视 化 的 研 究 与 实 现 [J]. 计 算 机 仿真.2006,23(10):185~188
[42]赵杰.数字地形模拟-地形数据获取与数字地形分析研究[D].武汉:武汉大学博士学位论文,2004
[43]Ranzinger M,Gleixner G.GIS Datasets for 3D Urban Planning[J].Comput.Environ.and Urban Systems,1997,21(2):159~173.
[44]Breuning M.Intergration of spatial information for geoinformation systems[M].Berlin Heidelberg:Springer--verlag,1996
[45]Schilcher M,Guo Z,Klaus M et al.Semi Automatic Derivation of 3D-City-Models from Existiong 2D-Geoinformations Systems[A].Deren Li et al.Spatial Information Science,Technology and its Applications:RS,GPS,GIS,Their Integration and Applications[C]1998.
[46] 龚健雅 , 夏宗国 . 矢量与栅格集成的三维数据模型 [J]. 武汉 : 武汉测绘科技大学学报.1997(1):7~15
[47]李清泉,李德仁.三维空间数据模型集成的概念框架研究[J].北京:测绘学报.1998(4),325~330
[48]周扬.数字城市三维可视化技术及应用[D].郑州:中国人民解放军信息工程大学硕士学位论文,2002:20~22
[49]Debevec P.e.,Taylor C.,Malik J.Modeling and rendering Architecture from Photographs:A Hybrid Geometry-based and Image-based Approach.In:SIGGARPH,1996
[50]秦海田.基于图像的建筑虚拟场景构建技术[D].武汉:武汉大学硕士学位论文,2002.
[51]常歌.基于遥感数据的城市景观建模技术研究与实践[D]:中国人民解放军信息工程大学博士学位论文,2001
[52]Takaichi Y,Yudai K,Yoshinori O.Three2Dimensional Object Modeling in a Three-Dimensional Urban Map[A].Proceedings of UM3’98 International Workshop on Urban Multi-Media/3D Mapping.[C]1998.
[53]Moons T.Frere D.Automatic modelling and 3D reconstruction of urban buildings high resolutionfromaerial imagery,In:Proc.Computer vision_ECCV’98,Vol.I,LNCS 1406,pp.410-426
[54]Heipke C.,A review of the state-of the art of topographic applications digital photogrammetric workstations.GIM International.2001(4):35~37
[55]Lothar Koppers.3D Map Virtual Reality and Geo Data EOGEO98[A].Precceing:Japan-Australia Joint Research Seminar on Three dimensionalal GIS[C].1998.
[56]Gruen A,Xinhua W.Creation of A 3D City Model of Zurich With CC-Modeler[A].Deren Li et al.Spatial Information Science,Technology and its Applications:RS,GPS ,GIS ,Their Integration and Applications[C].1998.
[57]Gruen A.Tobago:A Semi-automated Approach for the Generation of 3D Building Models [A].ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetty & Remote Sensing[C].1998.
[58]Tsuyoshi H.Realistic Visualization of Landscape and Application on Internet[A].Deren Li et al.Spatial Information Science,Technology and its Applications:RS,GPS,GIS Their Integration and Applications[C].1998.
[59]Kofler,M.,H.Rehatschek,and M.Gruber.A Database for a 3D GIS for Urban Environments Supporting Photorealistic Visualization,International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,Vol,XXXI,B2,VIENNA 1996
[60]李德仁,李清泉.一种三维 GIS 的混合数据结构的研究[J].测绘学报,1997,26(2):128~131
[61]杨宝民,朱一宁.分布式虚拟现实技术及其应用[M]北京:科学出版社.2000
[62]Antonicellia,Scisciog,Rosicarellir,et al.Exploiting Pompei Cultural Heritage:The Plinius Project.[s.l.]:Eurographics association,1999
[63]朱选,刘素霞.地理信息系统原理与技术[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社.2006
[64]M.Batty,Yichun Xie, Zhanli Sun.Modeling urban dynamics through GIS-based cellular automata. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems,23 (1999) 205±233:18
[65]Terrain Experts,Inc.Terra Vista Getting Started Guide V3.0[M].Tucson :Terrain Experts,Inc.2001.
[66] 吕 颖 , 宋 子 善 , 沈 为 群 . 全 局 动 态 测 试 系 统 的 可 视 化 研 究 [J]. 计 算 机 测 量 与 控制,2003,(3):171~173
[67]张尚弘,张超,郑钧,王兴奎.基于 Terra Vista 的流域地形三维建模方法[J].水力发电学报,2006,25(3):36~39
[68] 董 战 鲲 , 曹 青 .Multigen 建 模 技 术 在 视 景 仿 真 中 的 研 究 与 应 用 [J]. 电 子 技 术 应用,2006(2):14~17
[69]祝国瑞,高山.虚拟城市的 3 维建模[J].测绘通报.2004(6):46~48
[70]Tomas Akenine-Moller.实时计算机图形学[M](第二版).北京:北京大学出版社,2004.
[71]张帆,史琼芳,达汉桥.Creator 应用于虚拟城市三维建模的关键技术与实践[J].测绘工程,2005,14(4):55~57
[72]金宝轩.三维城市模型的构造方法与可视化研究.昆明理工大学硕士学位论文,2002
[73]Gemini Cor. OpenGVS Programming Guide Version 4.4,USA,2001
[74]李刚.汽车驾驶模拟器新一代实时场景系统的开发.吉林大学硕士学位论文,2003:15~16
[75]钱乐祥,刘润达.虚拟现实技术在城市小区规划中的应用[J].计算机工程,2004,30(11):153~158
[76]高磊,徐士进,吴俊奇,周会群,陆现彩.基于 OpenGVS 的湖山三维仿真系统实现[J].江西科学,2006,24(3):275~279
[77]Batty M,Xie Y.Possible urban automata.Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design,1997,24 :175~192.