太阳能辅助热泵就仓干燥系统关键技术研究
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摘要
粮库是保证粮食储藏安全的重要基地,每年都要进行储粮轮换工作,特别是粮食收获季节的新粮入仓。由于受到气候条件、粮食来源等因素的影响,常常会出现高水分粮食直接入仓的现象。此时,必须对粮食进行适度的干燥作业,才能保证其全储藏。而现有的粮食干燥方法中,烘干机作业需要耗费大量的化石燃料,干燥成本高、工作量大;粮库直接通风干燥的周期又非常长,受天气影响大。新型粮食就仓干燥技术的研究开发,是当前粮食储藏技术发展的迫切要求。
本文提出利用太阳能及热泵干燥技术对高水分粮食进行就仓干燥的技术思路,以实现高效、节能、短时间、均匀化的粮食干燥处理过程,主要内容如下:
(1)基于谷物干燥需求,结合气候环境及太阳辐射资源条件,提出了一套太阳能辅助热泵就仓干燥新工艺,包括加热干燥、除湿干燥和通风干燥若干种模式:比较分析了各种流程的特点和使用条件,以某国家直属粮库为应用对象,确定了具体系统构成和运行模式。
(2)利用数学拓扑网络方法,建立了太阳能空气集热器阵列流动阻力的数学模型,分析了集热器阵列的流量与阻力分布规律,优化了太阳能集热器单元的阵列方式。
(3)分别建立了太阳能供热系统模型、热泵系统模型以及谷物就仓干燥模型,对系统的运行效果进行模拟分析,针对太阳能供热系统与热泵系统的外部工作条件变化,完成了系统性能和系统部件匹配性优化。
(4)设计制造一套太阳能辅助热泵就仓干燥示范装置,该装置适应于典型高大平房仓(长39m×高9m×宽24m),仓容量为3000t~5000t,干燥周期10天左右,降低水分1.5%的粮仓。实验验证了理论分析结果的正确性。实验结果表明,典型天气情况,系统运行稳定,热泵COPH可达5.0,太阳能辅助热泵就仓干燥装置的整体COPE为3.33~3.69,不含粮仓送风风机功耗时,系统的整体COPCH为5.88~6.86,太阳能对整个系统的加热贡献率SF为23%~36%。
(5)研究和示范试验结果表明,太阳能辅助热泵就仓干燥技术是一种安全、节能、高效的就仓干燥技术,且配合粮食搅拌机械可很好解决粮食干燥均匀性问题。典型仓容量(3000t)的吨干燥成本为9.3元/吨,低于谷物烘干机的干燥成本36.5元/吨。
Grain depot is an important base to ensure food storage safety. For every year, the grain in the depot should be alternated, especially in the harvest season. Due to climatic conditions, food sources and other factors, some part of grain with high water content may be stored. To guarantee the safe storage of grain, in bin drying operation is needed. There have been two commonly used methods, namely, grain drying unit and ventilation. Grain drying unit, usually spends a lot of fossil fuels, and the operation cost is high and the workload is heavy. Ventilation drying is limited by a long drying cycle, and is strongly dependent on weather conditions, etc. so there is an urgent requirement for development of new type of grain drying technology.
In this paper, a solar assisted heat pump in-bin grain drying unit has been proposed and studied. This technology is advantageous in energy saving, short drying time and uniform drying distribution, etc. the main work of this paper is summarized below:
(1) Based on the climate and solar radiation conditions for a typical grain depot, a solar assisted heat pump in-bin drying process, which involves several operation modes, such as drying by heating , drying through dehumidification, drying by ventilation, etc., has been designed and analyzed.
(2) Using topology network methods, a mathematical model, which can calculated the fluid flow and flow resistance of a solar air collector array, has been developed. The distribution for air flow and resistance in a solar collector array, and arrangement of the solar collectors are also optimized.
(3) Three other mathematical models including solar air heating system, heat pump system, as well as grain drying unit within the depot, are also developed. Based on the models, the performance of the system, the operation process and the matching method of the components for the system as a whole has been analyzed, and optimized.
(4) A solar assisted heat pump in-bin grain drying system for a grain depot, which is a typical large depot (length 39m×high 9m×width 24m), the capacity is 3000t~5000t, has been built. The experimental results show that the system works well, heat pump’s COPH is up to 5.0, the whole system’s COPE is 3.33~3.69, the whole system’s COPCH is 5.88~6.86 (only system power consumption is considered), solar heating contribution SF is 23%~36%.
(5) It is found that the solar assisted heat pump in-bin grain drying technology is a safe, energy-saving and efficient drying technology, and can resolve the issue of uniformity of grain drying by using one kind of machine-grain butler. The cost for drying is 9.3$/t, much lower than the grain dryer(36.5 $/t).
本文提出利用太阳能及热泵干燥技术对高水分粮食进行就仓干燥的技术思路,以实现高效、节能、短时间、均匀化的粮食干燥处理过程,主要内容如下:
(1)基于谷物干燥需求,结合气候环境及太阳辐射资源条件,提出了一套太阳能辅助热泵就仓干燥新工艺,包括加热干燥、除湿干燥和通风干燥若干种模式:比较分析了各种流程的特点和使用条件,以某国家直属粮库为应用对象,确定了具体系统构成和运行模式。
(2)利用数学拓扑网络方法,建立了太阳能空气集热器阵列流动阻力的数学模型,分析了集热器阵列的流量与阻力分布规律,优化了太阳能集热器单元的阵列方式。
(3)分别建立了太阳能供热系统模型、热泵系统模型以及谷物就仓干燥模型,对系统的运行效果进行模拟分析,针对太阳能供热系统与热泵系统的外部工作条件变化,完成了系统性能和系统部件匹配性优化。
(4)设计制造一套太阳能辅助热泵就仓干燥示范装置,该装置适应于典型高大平房仓(长39m×高9m×宽24m),仓容量为3000t~5000t,干燥周期10天左右,降低水分1.5%的粮仓。实验验证了理论分析结果的正确性。实验结果表明,典型天气情况,系统运行稳定,热泵COPH可达5.0,太阳能辅助热泵就仓干燥装置的整体COPE为3.33~3.69,不含粮仓送风风机功耗时,系统的整体COPCH为5.88~6.86,太阳能对整个系统的加热贡献率SF为23%~36%。
(5)研究和示范试验结果表明,太阳能辅助热泵就仓干燥技术是一种安全、节能、高效的就仓干燥技术,且配合粮食搅拌机械可很好解决粮食干燥均匀性问题。典型仓容量(3000t)的吨干燥成本为9.3元/吨,低于谷物烘干机的干燥成本36.5元/吨。
Grain depot is an important base to ensure food storage safety. For every year, the grain in the depot should be alternated, especially in the harvest season. Due to climatic conditions, food sources and other factors, some part of grain with high water content may be stored. To guarantee the safe storage of grain, in bin drying operation is needed. There have been two commonly used methods, namely, grain drying unit and ventilation. Grain drying unit, usually spends a lot of fossil fuels, and the operation cost is high and the workload is heavy. Ventilation drying is limited by a long drying cycle, and is strongly dependent on weather conditions, etc. so there is an urgent requirement for development of new type of grain drying technology.
In this paper, a solar assisted heat pump in-bin grain drying unit has been proposed and studied. This technology is advantageous in energy saving, short drying time and uniform drying distribution, etc. the main work of this paper is summarized below:
(1) Based on the climate and solar radiation conditions for a typical grain depot, a solar assisted heat pump in-bin drying process, which involves several operation modes, such as drying by heating , drying through dehumidification, drying by ventilation, etc., has been designed and analyzed.
(2) Using topology network methods, a mathematical model, which can calculated the fluid flow and flow resistance of a solar air collector array, has been developed. The distribution for air flow and resistance in a solar collector array, and arrangement of the solar collectors are also optimized.
(3) Three other mathematical models including solar air heating system, heat pump system, as well as grain drying unit within the depot, are also developed. Based on the models, the performance of the system, the operation process and the matching method of the components for the system as a whole has been analyzed, and optimized.
(4) A solar assisted heat pump in-bin grain drying system for a grain depot, which is a typical large depot (length 39m×high 9m×width 24m), the capacity is 3000t~5000t, has been built. The experimental results show that the system works well, heat pump’s COPH is up to 5.0, the whole system’s COPE is 3.33~3.69, the whole system’s COPCH is 5.88~6.86 (only system power consumption is considered), solar heating contribution SF is 23%~36%.
(5) It is found that the solar assisted heat pump in-bin grain drying technology is a safe, energy-saving and efficient drying technology, and can resolve the issue of uniformity of grain drying by using one kind of machine-grain butler. The cost for drying is 9.3$/t, much lower than the grain dryer(36.5 $/t).
引文
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[2]张璧光,刘志军,谢拥群.太阳能干燥技术.北京,化学工业出版社, 2007.
[3] Hansen, R.C. Keener H.M. and Gustafson R.J. Natural air grain drying in Ohio. Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 590 Woody Hayes Drive, Columbus, Ohio 43210.
[4] Bartosik R.E., Berruto R., Busato P. Natural air/low temperature rice drying: Feasibility of application in the north-west of Italy by means of simulation. (8291D)-4TH International Temperate Rice Conference 2007.
[5]潘朝松,江欣,王亚南等.新型就仓干燥设备用于高水分小麦就仓干燥试验.粮仓机械与仓房建设, 2005, (6): 41-44.
[6]国外谷物干燥参考资料,上海,上海科学技术文献出版社, 1978.
[7] http://www.kornknecht.de/web54_de.html.
[8] Bilgen E. and Bakeka B.J.D. Solar collector systems to provide hot air in rural applications. Renewable Energy, 2008, (33): 1461-1468.
[9] Othman M.Y.H., Sopian K. and Yatim B. Development of advanced solar assisted drying systems. Renewable Energy, 2006, (31): 703-709.
[10] Abdullah M.O., Mikie F.A., Lam C.Y. Drying performance and thermal transient study with solar radiation supplemented by forced-ventilation. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2006, (45): 1027-1034.
[11] Janjai S., Tung P. Performance of a solar dryer using hot air from roof-integrated solar collectors for drying herbs and spices. Renewable Energy, 2005, (30): 2085-2095.
[12] Sakamon Devahastin, Saovakhon Pitaksuriyarat. Use of latent heat storage to conserve energy during drying and its effect on drying kinetics of a food product. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2006, (26): 1705-1713.
[13] Phan Hieu Hien, Le Quang Vinh, Tran Thi Thanh Thuy. The solar Macaroni dryer. Electronic-only Proceedings of the International Conference on Crop Harvesting and Processing, 2007.2: 11-14.
[14]张璧光.太阳能干燥技术概况及应用前景.太阳能, 2007.7: 22-25.
[15]于业宇.太阳能在干燥领域的应用及展望.中国工程师, 1997, (6): 46-46.
[16]李洪斌,李志民,张跃等.农产品太阳能干燥技术的研究和发展.云南师范大学学报, 2004, (24): 37-40.
[17]陈坤杰,李娟玲,张瑞合.热泵干燥技术的应用现状与展望.农业机械学报, 2000, (31): 109-111.
[18]谢英伯,宋蕾娜,杨先亮.热泵干燥技术的应用及其发展趋势.农机化研究, 2006, (4): 12-15.
[19]刘贵珊,何建国,韩小珍等.热泵干燥技术的应用现状与发展展望.农业科学研究, 2006, (27): 46-49.
[20] Hawlader M.N.A., Chou S.K., Jahangeer K.A. Solar-assisted heat-pump dryer and water heater. Applied Energy, 2003, (74): 185-193.
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