无线传感器网络中MAC协议研究
|
摘要
无线传感器网络是由大量集成了传感、数据收集、处理和无线通信能力的传感器节点构成的无线自组织网络。其低成本、自组织、体积小等特点及强大的数据获取能力使无线传感器网络能够广泛应用于多种领域。无线传感器网络中,介质访问控制协议(Medium AccessControl,MAC)规定了无线信道的使用方式,为无线节点合理分配通信资源。传统MAC协议的设计目标是最大化吞吐量、最小化延迟并保证其公平性。而无线传感器网络能量极为有限的特点决定了其MAC协议的设计要以最小化能耗为首要目标。
本文首先对典型无线传感器网络MAC协议进行了分类介绍,从传感器节点能量消耗的主要原因入手,分析了MAC协议设计中采用的节能机制。随后详细介绍了专用于无线传感器网络的基于竞争的MAC协议——SMAC(Sensor-MAC),分析了SMAC的节能机制,并指出了周期性睡眠带来的延迟影响。
论文提出了两种MAC协议的设计方案:第一,提出了延迟控制的动态占空比MAC协议DC-SMAC。该协议旨在改善SMAC固定占空比不能适应负载变化以及延迟过大的不足,节点能够根据数据包的平均延迟动态调整占空比,并可根据应用的需要选择合适的延迟容忍度。仿真结果表明,相比SMAC,DC-SMAC在延迟、能耗以及吞吐量方面都有显著提高;第二,提出了带功率控制的MAC协议TPC-SMAC。功率控制的目的在于优化网络拓扑,减少冲突,进一步减少能耗。TPC-SMAC利用SMAC的同步过程建立优化功率表,为不同邻居选择合适的功率等级。除此之外,TPC-SMAC还加入了邻居数目优化策略,通过发送功率的控制合理选择邻居,控制邻居数目,达到优化网络拓扑、降低冲突概率的目的。仿真结果表明,TPC-SMAC较之SMAC在能量消耗和网络吞吐量方面都有一定程度的提高。
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is composed of a larger number of sensors which have functions of data sensing, gathering, handling and communicating. The characteristic of WSN includes low price, small size, powerful data-gathering capacity, which makes it can be widely used in many areas. In WSN, MAC (medium access control) protocol provides the way of wireless channel use and reasonable distribution of communication resources for nodes. The design of traditional MAC protocols usually focuses on throughput maximizing, latency minimizing and guarantee the fairness of channel access at the same time. As a result of the power limitation in sensor nodes, the MAC design in WSN always put minimizing energy-consumption into the top goal.
First of all, we introduced the classic MAC protocols in WSN. Then we have given a detailed introduction to SMAC (Sensor-MAC), which is mainly designed for WSN. We analyzed its energy-saving mechanism, and pointed out the latency affection brought by periodic sleeping.
We put forward two schemes that based on SMAC: DC-SMAC and TPC-SMAC. DC-SMAC aimed to improve the fixed duty cycle of SMAC, which have a high latency and couldn't adapt to the traffic change in the network. DC-SMAC can adjust the duty cycle dynamically according to the average packet delay, and can choose an appropriate delay tolerance according to the specific application. The results of our simulation show that in contrast to SMAC, DC-SMAC have a remarkable improvement on end-to-end latency, energy consumption and throughput. TPC-SMAC uses transmission power control to optimize network topology and reduce collision. The optimal power table is built in synchronization process of SMAC, and the appropriate transmission power level is selected for every neighbor. In addition, neighbor optimal scheme is used in TPC-SMAC, which can select neighbor node by transmission power adjusting. The result of the simulation shows that TPC-SMAC has a certain extent of improvement on energy consumption and throughput.
本文首先对典型无线传感器网络MAC协议进行了分类介绍,从传感器节点能量消耗的主要原因入手,分析了MAC协议设计中采用的节能机制。随后详细介绍了专用于无线传感器网络的基于竞争的MAC协议——SMAC(Sensor-MAC),分析了SMAC的节能机制,并指出了周期性睡眠带来的延迟影响。
论文提出了两种MAC协议的设计方案:第一,提出了延迟控制的动态占空比MAC协议DC-SMAC。该协议旨在改善SMAC固定占空比不能适应负载变化以及延迟过大的不足,节点能够根据数据包的平均延迟动态调整占空比,并可根据应用的需要选择合适的延迟容忍度。仿真结果表明,相比SMAC,DC-SMAC在延迟、能耗以及吞吐量方面都有显著提高;第二,提出了带功率控制的MAC协议TPC-SMAC。功率控制的目的在于优化网络拓扑,减少冲突,进一步减少能耗。TPC-SMAC利用SMAC的同步过程建立优化功率表,为不同邻居选择合适的功率等级。除此之外,TPC-SMAC还加入了邻居数目优化策略,通过发送功率的控制合理选择邻居,控制邻居数目,达到优化网络拓扑、降低冲突概率的目的。仿真结果表明,TPC-SMAC较之SMAC在能量消耗和网络吞吐量方面都有一定程度的提高。
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is composed of a larger number of sensors which have functions of data sensing, gathering, handling and communicating. The characteristic of WSN includes low price, small size, powerful data-gathering capacity, which makes it can be widely used in many areas. In WSN, MAC (medium access control) protocol provides the way of wireless channel use and reasonable distribution of communication resources for nodes. The design of traditional MAC protocols usually focuses on throughput maximizing, latency minimizing and guarantee the fairness of channel access at the same time. As a result of the power limitation in sensor nodes, the MAC design in WSN always put minimizing energy-consumption into the top goal.
First of all, we introduced the classic MAC protocols in WSN. Then we have given a detailed introduction to SMAC (Sensor-MAC), which is mainly designed for WSN. We analyzed its energy-saving mechanism, and pointed out the latency affection brought by periodic sleeping.
We put forward two schemes that based on SMAC: DC-SMAC and TPC-SMAC. DC-SMAC aimed to improve the fixed duty cycle of SMAC, which have a high latency and couldn't adapt to the traffic change in the network. DC-SMAC can adjust the duty cycle dynamically according to the average packet delay, and can choose an appropriate delay tolerance according to the specific application. The results of our simulation show that in contrast to SMAC, DC-SMAC have a remarkable improvement on end-to-end latency, energy consumption and throughput. TPC-SMAC uses transmission power control to optimize network topology and reduce collision. The optimal power table is built in synchronization process of SMAC, and the appropriate transmission power level is selected for every neighbor. In addition, neighbor optimal scheme is used in TPC-SMAC, which can select neighbor node by transmission power adjusting. The result of the simulation shows that TPC-SMAC has a certain extent of improvement on energy consumption and throughput.
引文
[1]Estrin D,Govindan R,Heidemann J.Next century challenges:Scalable ordination in sensor networks[C].In Proc.of the 5~(th)ACM/IEEE Int'l Conf.on Mobile Computing and Networking(MobiCom),Washington,USA,1999.263-270
[2]Akyikliz I F,Su W,Sankarasubramaniam Y,et al.Wireless sensor networks:A survey[J].Computer Networks,2002,38:393-422
[3]Potte G,Kaise W.Wireless integrated network sensors[J].Communications of the ACM.2000,43(5):551-558
[4]任丰原,黄海宁,林闯.无线传感器网络[J].软件学报,2003,14(7):4-13
[5]Agre J,Clare L.An integrated architecture for cooperative sensor networks [J].IEEE Computer Magazine,2000,33(5):106-108
[6]蹇强,龚正虎,朱培栋,等.无线传感器网络MAC协议研究进展[J].软件学报,2008,19(2):389-403
[7]Brad Karp,H.T.Kung.GPSR:Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing for Wireless Networks[C].In Proc.of the 6~(th)ACM/IEEE Int'l Conf.on Mobile Computing and Networking(MobiCom),Boston,MA,2000.243-254
[8]L.Stojmenovic,Xu Lin.Loop-free Hybrid Single-Path/Flooding Routing Algorithms with Guaranteed Delivery for Wireless Networks[J].IEEE Trans.Parallel Distributed.System.2001,12(10):1023-1032
[9]C.Intanagonwiwat,R.Govindan,D.Estrin.Directed diffusion:a scalabe and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks[C].In Proc.of the 6~(th)ACM/IEEE Int'l Conf.on Mobile Computing and Networking(MobiCom),Boston,MA,2000.56-67
[10]W.Heinzelman,A.Chandrakasan,H.Bslsktidhsn.Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Micro-sensor Networks[C],In Proc.of the 33~(rd)Annual Hawaii International Coference on System Sciences,Maui,HI,USA,2000.3005-3014
[11]王继春,黄刘生,徐宏力,等.基于Voronoi图的无需测距的无线传感器网络节点定位算法[J].计算机研究与发展,2008,45(1),119-125
[12]Meguerdichian.S,Koushanfar.F,Potkonjak.M,et al.Coverage problems in wireless ad-hoc sensor networks[C].In Proc.of the 20th Int'l Annual Joint Conf.of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies(INFOCOM),Anchorage,Alaska. 2001.1380-1387
[13]K.Chakrabarty,SS.Iyengar,H.Qi,et al.Grid coverage for surveillance and target location in distributed sensor networks[J].IEEE Transactions on Computers 2002,51(12):1448-1453
[14]Dhillon.S.S,Chakrabarty.K.Iyengar S.S.Sensor Placement for grid coverage under imprecise detections[C].In Proc.of the 5~(th)IEEE Int'l Conference on Information Fusion,Annapolis,Maryland.2002.1581-1587
[15]Dhillon.S.S,Chakrabarty.K.Sensor Placenment for Effective Coverage and Surveillance in Distributed Sensor Networks[C].In Proc.of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference(WCNC),New Orleans,Louisiana,USA,2003.1609-1614
[16]李建中,李金宝,石胜飞.传感器网络及其数据管理的概念问题与进展[J].软件学报,2003,14(10):1717-1727
[17]李建中,高宏.无线传感器网络的研究进展[J].计算机研究与发展,2008,45(1):1-15
[18]W.Ye,J.Heidmann,D.Estrin.An Energy Efficient MAC protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks[C].In:Proc.of the 21st Int'l Annual Joint Conf.of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies(INFOCOM),New York,2002.1567-1576.
[19]T.van Dam,K.Langendoen.An Adaptive Energy-efficient MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks[C].In:Proc.of the ACM Int'l Conf.on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems(SenSys).New York,2003.171-180.
[20]Nguyen.C.K,Kumar.A.An energy-aware medium-access-control protocol with frequent sleeps for wireless sensor networks[C].In Proc.of the 10th IEEE Computers and Communications(ISCC)2005,386-391
[21]Jamieson K,Balakrishnan H,Tay Y C.Sift:A MAC protocol for event-driven wireless sensor networks.[J]MIT Laboratory for Computer Science,Tech.Rep.2003
[22]G.Lu,B.Krishnamachari,C.Raghavendra.An Adaptive Energy-Efficient and Low-Latency MAC for Data Gathering in Wireless Sensor Networks[C].In:Proc.of the 18th IEEE Int'l Parallel and Distributed Processing Symp(IPDPS),New Mexico,2004.224-230
[23]刘阿娜,李琳,于宏毅,等.一种基于路由信息能量有效的无线传感器网MAC协议[J].电子与信息学报.2008,30(1):29-32
[24]Rajendran V,Obracazka K,Garcia-Luna-Aceves J J.Energy-efficient,collision-free medium access control for wireless sensor networks[C].Proc 1st Int'l Annual Joint Conf on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems(SenSys),Los Angeles,CA.2003.181-192
[25]Sohrabi K,Gao J,Ailawadhi V,et al.Protocols for self-organization of a wireless sensor network[J].IEEE Personal Communications Magazine.2007(5):16-27
[26]Julius Degesys,Ian Rose,Ankit Patel,et al.DESYNC:Self-Organizing Desynchronization and TDMA on Wireless Sensor Networks[C].In:Proc.of the 6th int'l Conf.on Information Processing in Sensor Networks(IPSN).Cambridge,Massachusetts,2007.11-20
[27]Injong Rhee,Ajit Warrier,Mahesh Aia,et al.ZMAC:a Hybrid MAC for Wireless Sensor Networks[C].In:Proc.of the 3rd ACM Conf.on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems(SenSys).San Diego,Califomia,2005.90-101
[28]赵志伟,张信明,刘道科,等.基于竞争允许TDMA的无线传感器MAC 层协议[J].计算机工程,2007,33(21):116-121
[29]ZHAO Ming,CHEN Zhi-gang,ZHANG Lian-ming,Hybrid Spatial Correlation-based Medium Access Control for Dense Event-driven Sensor Networks [J].系统仿真学报.2007,19(8):1863-1868
[30]于宏毅.无线移动自组织网[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2005.52-55
[31]Ye Wei,Heidemann J,Estrin D.Medium access control with coordinated,adaptive sleeping for wireless sensor networks[J].IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking,2004,12(3):494-506
[32]Lin P,Qiao C,Wang X.Medium access control with a dynamic duty cycle for sensor networks[C].In Proc.of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference(WCNC),2004.1534-1539
[33]Jing Ai,Jingfei Kong,Damla Turgut.An adaptive coordinated medium access control for wireless network[C].In:Proc.of the 9th IEEE Symp.on computers and communications(ISCC),Alexandria,2004.214-219
[34]刘冰,张琳,张惠民.自适应无线传感器网络MAC协议[J].北京邮电大学学报,2007,30(5):108-111
[35]OPNET Modeler[EB/OL].http://www.opnet.com/products/modeler /home.html
[36]GloMoSim Tutorial[EB/OL].http://pcl.cs.ucla.edu/slides/workshop99/Jaytut-pw99/
[37]Network simulator-NS2[EB/OL].http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns
[38]NO Ad-Hoc Routing Agent(NOAH)[EB/OL].http://icapeople.epfl.ch/widmer/uwb/ns-2/noah/
[39]Energy Model Update in ns-2[EB/OL].http://www.isi.edu/ilense/software /smac/ns2_energy.html
[40]Jung ES,Vaidya NH.A power control MAC protocol for ad hoc networks[C].In Proc.of the 8~(th)ACM/IEEE Int'l Conf.on Mobile Computing and Networking(MobiCom).Atlanta,2002.36-47
[41]Muqattash A,Krunz M.A single-channel solution for transmission power control in wireless ad hoc networks[C].In:Proc.of the 3th ACM Int'l Symp.on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing(MobiHoc),Tokyo,Japan,2004.210-221
[42]Mohamed R,Fahmy S,Pandurangan G.Latency-Sensitive power control for wireless ad hoc networks[C].In Proc.of the 6~(th)ACM International Workshop on Modeling,Analysis,and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems(MSWiM),Montreal,2005.31-38
[43]Kawadia V,Narayanaswamy S,Rozovsky R.Protocols for media access control and power control in wireless networks[C].In Proc.of the 40th IEEE Conf.on Decision and Control,Orlando,2001.1935-1940
[44]Narayanaswamy S,Kawadia V,Sreenivas RS.Power control in ad-hoc networks:Theory,architecture,algorithm and implementation of the COMPOW Protocol[C].In:Proc.of the European Wireless Conf.Florence,2002.156-162
[45]Nar PC,Cayirci E.PCSMAC:A power controlled sensor-MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks[C].In Proc.of 2nd European Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks,Istanbul,Turkey,2005.81-92
[46]Sinha A,Chandracsan A.Dynamic power managerment in wireless sensor networks[J].Design & Test of Computers,2001,18(2):62-74
[47]杨贺,张树东,孙利民.无线传感器网络的拓扑控制机制[J].计算机科学,2007,34(1):36-38
[48]徐雷鸣,庞博,赵耀.NS与网络模拟[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2003
[49]李方敏,徐文君,高超.一种适用于无线传感器网络的功率控制MAC协议[J].软件学报,2007,18(5):1080-1091
[50]J.Gomez,A.T.Campbell.A case for variable-range transmission power-control in wireless multihop networks[C].In Proc.of the 23rd Int'l Annual Joint Conf.of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies(INFOCOM),Hong Kong, 2004.1425-1436
[51] Gomez J, Campbell AT, Naghshineh M, et al. Conserving transmission power in wireless ad hoc networks[C]. In Proc. 9th International Conference on Network Protocols(ICNP) ,Washington,2001.24-34
[52] A.A. Pires, J.F. de Rezende, C .Cordeiro. ALCA:A new scheme for power control on 802.11 ad hoc networks[C]. In Proc.of IEEE International Symposium on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks(WoWMoM),Taormina,Italy, 2005.475-477
[53] A.Muqattash, M.Krunz. POWMAC: A Single-Channel Power-Control Protocol for Throughput Enhancement in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks[J]. IEEE Journal on Selected Area on Communication, 2005,2(5): 1065-1094
[54] Luiz H.A. Correia, Daniel F. Macedo, Daniel A.C, et al. Transmission power control in MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks[C]. In Proc.of 8th ACM international symposium on Modeling, analysis and simulation of wireless and mobile systems, 2005.282-289
[55] J. Pollastre, J. Hill, D. Culler. Versatile Low Power Media Access for Wireless Sensor Networks[C]. In Proc.of the 2nd ACM Conf. on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys), Baltimore, 2004.95-107
[56] Yu CS, Shin KG, Lee B. Power-Stepped protocol: Enhancing spatial utilization in a clustered mobile ad hoc network[J]. IEEE Journal on Selected areas in communications, 2004,22(7):1322-1334
[57] Kubisch M, Karl H, Wolisz A, et al. Distributed algorithms for transmission power control in wireless sensor networks[C]. In Proc. of the IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking (WCNC), New Orleans, USA, 2003.558-563
[58] Ding P, Holliday JA, Celik A. DEMAC: An adaptive power control MAC protocol for ad-hoc networks[C]. In Proc.of the 16th IEEE International Symposium on Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMR), Berlin, Germany, 2005.1389-1395
[59] Kleinrock L, Silvester JA. Optimum transmission radii for packet radio networks or why six is a magic number[C]. In: Proc.of the IEEE National Telecommunications Conf., Birmingham, 1978. 431-435
[60] Tagagi T, Kleinrock L. Optimal transmission ranges for randomly distributed packet radio terminals. IEEE Trans, on Communications[J], 1984,32(3):246-257
[61]S.Du,A.K.Saha,D.B.Johnson.RMAC:a Routing-Enhanced Duty-Cycle MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks[C].In Proc.of the 26th Annual IEEE Conference on Computer Communications(INFOCOM),Anchorage,Alaska,2007.1478-1486
[2]Akyikliz I F,Su W,Sankarasubramaniam Y,et al.Wireless sensor networks:A survey[J].Computer Networks,2002,38:393-422
[3]Potte G,Kaise W.Wireless integrated network sensors[J].Communications of the ACM.2000,43(5):551-558
[4]任丰原,黄海宁,林闯.无线传感器网络[J].软件学报,2003,14(7):4-13
[5]Agre J,Clare L.An integrated architecture for cooperative sensor networks [J].IEEE Computer Magazine,2000,33(5):106-108
[6]蹇强,龚正虎,朱培栋,等.无线传感器网络MAC协议研究进展[J].软件学报,2008,19(2):389-403
[7]Brad Karp,H.T.Kung.GPSR:Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing for Wireless Networks[C].In Proc.of the 6~(th)ACM/IEEE Int'l Conf.on Mobile Computing and Networking(MobiCom),Boston,MA,2000.243-254
[8]L.Stojmenovic,Xu Lin.Loop-free Hybrid Single-Path/Flooding Routing Algorithms with Guaranteed Delivery for Wireless Networks[J].IEEE Trans.Parallel Distributed.System.2001,12(10):1023-1032
[9]C.Intanagonwiwat,R.Govindan,D.Estrin.Directed diffusion:a scalabe and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks[C].In Proc.of the 6~(th)ACM/IEEE Int'l Conf.on Mobile Computing and Networking(MobiCom),Boston,MA,2000.56-67
[10]W.Heinzelman,A.Chandrakasan,H.Bslsktidhsn.Energy-Efficient Communication Protocol for Wireless Micro-sensor Networks[C],In Proc.of the 33~(rd)Annual Hawaii International Coference on System Sciences,Maui,HI,USA,2000.3005-3014
[11]王继春,黄刘生,徐宏力,等.基于Voronoi图的无需测距的无线传感器网络节点定位算法[J].计算机研究与发展,2008,45(1),119-125
[12]Meguerdichian.S,Koushanfar.F,Potkonjak.M,et al.Coverage problems in wireless ad-hoc sensor networks[C].In Proc.of the 20th Int'l Annual Joint Conf.of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies(INFOCOM),Anchorage,Alaska. 2001.1380-1387
[13]K.Chakrabarty,SS.Iyengar,H.Qi,et al.Grid coverage for surveillance and target location in distributed sensor networks[J].IEEE Transactions on Computers 2002,51(12):1448-1453
[14]Dhillon.S.S,Chakrabarty.K.Iyengar S.S.Sensor Placement for grid coverage under imprecise detections[C].In Proc.of the 5~(th)IEEE Int'l Conference on Information Fusion,Annapolis,Maryland.2002.1581-1587
[15]Dhillon.S.S,Chakrabarty.K.Sensor Placenment for Effective Coverage and Surveillance in Distributed Sensor Networks[C].In Proc.of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference(WCNC),New Orleans,Louisiana,USA,2003.1609-1614
[16]李建中,李金宝,石胜飞.传感器网络及其数据管理的概念问题与进展[J].软件学报,2003,14(10):1717-1727
[17]李建中,高宏.无线传感器网络的研究进展[J].计算机研究与发展,2008,45(1):1-15
[18]W.Ye,J.Heidmann,D.Estrin.An Energy Efficient MAC protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks[C].In:Proc.of the 21st Int'l Annual Joint Conf.of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies(INFOCOM),New York,2002.1567-1576.
[19]T.van Dam,K.Langendoen.An Adaptive Energy-efficient MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks[C].In:Proc.of the ACM Int'l Conf.on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems(SenSys).New York,2003.171-180.
[20]Nguyen.C.K,Kumar.A.An energy-aware medium-access-control protocol with frequent sleeps for wireless sensor networks[C].In Proc.of the 10th IEEE Computers and Communications(ISCC)2005,386-391
[21]Jamieson K,Balakrishnan H,Tay Y C.Sift:A MAC protocol for event-driven wireless sensor networks.[J]MIT Laboratory for Computer Science,Tech.Rep.2003
[22]G.Lu,B.Krishnamachari,C.Raghavendra.An Adaptive Energy-Efficient and Low-Latency MAC for Data Gathering in Wireless Sensor Networks[C].In:Proc.of the 18th IEEE Int'l Parallel and Distributed Processing Symp(IPDPS),New Mexico,2004.224-230
[23]刘阿娜,李琳,于宏毅,等.一种基于路由信息能量有效的无线传感器网MAC协议[J].电子与信息学报.2008,30(1):29-32
[24]Rajendran V,Obracazka K,Garcia-Luna-Aceves J J.Energy-efficient,collision-free medium access control for wireless sensor networks[C].Proc 1st Int'l Annual Joint Conf on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems(SenSys),Los Angeles,CA.2003.181-192
[25]Sohrabi K,Gao J,Ailawadhi V,et al.Protocols for self-organization of a wireless sensor network[J].IEEE Personal Communications Magazine.2007(5):16-27
[26]Julius Degesys,Ian Rose,Ankit Patel,et al.DESYNC:Self-Organizing Desynchronization and TDMA on Wireless Sensor Networks[C].In:Proc.of the 6th int'l Conf.on Information Processing in Sensor Networks(IPSN).Cambridge,Massachusetts,2007.11-20
[27]Injong Rhee,Ajit Warrier,Mahesh Aia,et al.ZMAC:a Hybrid MAC for Wireless Sensor Networks[C].In:Proc.of the 3rd ACM Conf.on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems(SenSys).San Diego,Califomia,2005.90-101
[28]赵志伟,张信明,刘道科,等.基于竞争允许TDMA的无线传感器MAC 层协议[J].计算机工程,2007,33(21):116-121
[29]ZHAO Ming,CHEN Zhi-gang,ZHANG Lian-ming,Hybrid Spatial Correlation-based Medium Access Control for Dense Event-driven Sensor Networks [J].系统仿真学报.2007,19(8):1863-1868
[30]于宏毅.无线移动自组织网[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2005.52-55
[31]Ye Wei,Heidemann J,Estrin D.Medium access control with coordinated,adaptive sleeping for wireless sensor networks[J].IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking,2004,12(3):494-506
[32]Lin P,Qiao C,Wang X.Medium access control with a dynamic duty cycle for sensor networks[C].In Proc.of IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference(WCNC),2004.1534-1539
[33]Jing Ai,Jingfei Kong,Damla Turgut.An adaptive coordinated medium access control for wireless network[C].In:Proc.of the 9th IEEE Symp.on computers and communications(ISCC),Alexandria,2004.214-219
[34]刘冰,张琳,张惠民.自适应无线传感器网络MAC协议[J].北京邮电大学学报,2007,30(5):108-111
[35]OPNET Modeler[EB/OL].http://www.opnet.com/products/modeler /home.html
[36]GloMoSim Tutorial[EB/OL].http://pcl.cs.ucla.edu/slides/workshop99/Jaytut-pw99/
[37]Network simulator-NS2[EB/OL].http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns
[38]NO Ad-Hoc Routing Agent(NOAH)[EB/OL].http://icapeople.epfl.ch/widmer/uwb/ns-2/noah/
[39]Energy Model Update in ns-2[EB/OL].http://www.isi.edu/ilense/software /smac/ns2_energy.html
[40]Jung ES,Vaidya NH.A power control MAC protocol for ad hoc networks[C].In Proc.of the 8~(th)ACM/IEEE Int'l Conf.on Mobile Computing and Networking(MobiCom).Atlanta,2002.36-47
[41]Muqattash A,Krunz M.A single-channel solution for transmission power control in wireless ad hoc networks[C].In:Proc.of the 3th ACM Int'l Symp.on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing(MobiHoc),Tokyo,Japan,2004.210-221
[42]Mohamed R,Fahmy S,Pandurangan G.Latency-Sensitive power control for wireless ad hoc networks[C].In Proc.of the 6~(th)ACM International Workshop on Modeling,Analysis,and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems(MSWiM),Montreal,2005.31-38
[43]Kawadia V,Narayanaswamy S,Rozovsky R.Protocols for media access control and power control in wireless networks[C].In Proc.of the 40th IEEE Conf.on Decision and Control,Orlando,2001.1935-1940
[44]Narayanaswamy S,Kawadia V,Sreenivas RS.Power control in ad-hoc networks:Theory,architecture,algorithm and implementation of the COMPOW Protocol[C].In:Proc.of the European Wireless Conf.Florence,2002.156-162
[45]Nar PC,Cayirci E.PCSMAC:A power controlled sensor-MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks[C].In Proc.of 2nd European Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks,Istanbul,Turkey,2005.81-92
[46]Sinha A,Chandracsan A.Dynamic power managerment in wireless sensor networks[J].Design & Test of Computers,2001,18(2):62-74
[47]杨贺,张树东,孙利民.无线传感器网络的拓扑控制机制[J].计算机科学,2007,34(1):36-38
[48]徐雷鸣,庞博,赵耀.NS与网络模拟[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2003
[49]李方敏,徐文君,高超.一种适用于无线传感器网络的功率控制MAC协议[J].软件学报,2007,18(5):1080-1091
[50]J.Gomez,A.T.Campbell.A case for variable-range transmission power-control in wireless multihop networks[C].In Proc.of the 23rd Int'l Annual Joint Conf.of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies(INFOCOM),Hong Kong, 2004.1425-1436
[51] Gomez J, Campbell AT, Naghshineh M, et al. Conserving transmission power in wireless ad hoc networks[C]. In Proc. 9th International Conference on Network Protocols(ICNP) ,Washington,2001.24-34
[52] A.A. Pires, J.F. de Rezende, C .Cordeiro. ALCA:A new scheme for power control on 802.11 ad hoc networks[C]. In Proc.of IEEE International Symposium on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks(WoWMoM),Taormina,Italy, 2005.475-477
[53] A.Muqattash, M.Krunz. POWMAC: A Single-Channel Power-Control Protocol for Throughput Enhancement in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks[J]. IEEE Journal on Selected Area on Communication, 2005,2(5): 1065-1094
[54] Luiz H.A. Correia, Daniel F. Macedo, Daniel A.C, et al. Transmission power control in MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks[C]. In Proc.of 8th ACM international symposium on Modeling, analysis and simulation of wireless and mobile systems, 2005.282-289
[55] J. Pollastre, J. Hill, D. Culler. Versatile Low Power Media Access for Wireless Sensor Networks[C]. In Proc.of the 2nd ACM Conf. on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys), Baltimore, 2004.95-107
[56] Yu CS, Shin KG, Lee B. Power-Stepped protocol: Enhancing spatial utilization in a clustered mobile ad hoc network[J]. IEEE Journal on Selected areas in communications, 2004,22(7):1322-1334
[57] Kubisch M, Karl H, Wolisz A, et al. Distributed algorithms for transmission power control in wireless sensor networks[C]. In Proc. of the IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking (WCNC), New Orleans, USA, 2003.558-563
[58] Ding P, Holliday JA, Celik A. DEMAC: An adaptive power control MAC protocol for ad-hoc networks[C]. In Proc.of the 16th IEEE International Symposium on Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMR), Berlin, Germany, 2005.1389-1395
[59] Kleinrock L, Silvester JA. Optimum transmission radii for packet radio networks or why six is a magic number[C]. In: Proc.of the IEEE National Telecommunications Conf., Birmingham, 1978. 431-435
[60] Tagagi T, Kleinrock L. Optimal transmission ranges for randomly distributed packet radio terminals. IEEE Trans, on Communications[J], 1984,32(3):246-257
[61]S.Du,A.K.Saha,D.B.Johnson.RMAC:a Routing-Enhanced Duty-Cycle MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks[C].In Proc.of the 26th Annual IEEE Conference on Computer Communications(INFOCOM),Anchorage,Alaska,2007.1478-1486