WSN中能量优化方法研究
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摘要
无线传感器网络是由多个具有感应和路由能力的传感器节点组成的,能够实时监测、感知和采集网络分布区域内的各种环境或监测对象的数据,并对这些数据进行处理从而获得详尽而准确信息的无线网络。由于无线传感器网络是一个以数据为中心的网络,因此在传感器网络设计中路由协议的设计是一个非常关键的问题。目前有很多针对传感器网络的路由协议被提出来,但这些协议均是为静态传感器网络而设计的,存在sink节点的邻居由于需要为整个网络转发数据而迅速消耗能量的现象(被称为“热点”问题)。研究表明,引入移动sink节点可以有效的缓解“热点”问题,并提高网络生存期性能。
本文首先对无线传感器网络路由协议和sink节点移动策略进行了分析,总结了现有的研究现状,并对它们进行了分类比较。其次针对已有sink节点移动策略中的不足,提出了一种基于本地节点剩余能量的sink节点移动策略LMREM。LMREM是一种采用停-走方式的周期性移动策略,sink节点只有在静止时接收数据,而移动时不进行数据收发。在LMREM策略中,sink节点一次移动时只需探测本地局部节点的剩余能量,因此在探测开销和节点负担中取得了较好的平衡。此外,sink节点在探测剩余能量时将节点的邻居个数也考虑在内,以避免sink节点的直接邻居由于数量太少而承受较大的网络负载。
接着结合LMREM策略,针对MCF协议的不足提出了一种能量有效多路径的MMCF协议。MMCF协议消除了MCF中的数据冗余,在数据转发过程中考虑了下一跳节点的剩余能量,并且让数据通过多条路径发送,以均衡网络负载。另外,结合LMREM策略可以进一步优化MMCF协议的能量效率,提高网络生存期。最后,对结合了LMREM策略的MMCF协议进行了仿真模拟分析。通过在NS2中对LMREM-MMCF协议网络生存期、数据包丢失率和数据平均延迟等性能的测试表明,LMREM-MMCF协议显著的提升了网络生存期性能,并具有良好的数据包丢失率与数据平均延迟性能。
Wireless sensor networks(WSN for short) usually composed of a large amount of sensors that deployed in the monitoring fields to sense the physical environments, and a few sinks that involved in gathering data and communicating with the outside. Because of the data-centric application that mentioned above, routing protocol has become the most important part of the design in WSN. There are many routing protocols designed for WSN being proposed already. But if the sink is static, the sensors that around the sink (called "hotspots") will deplete their energy so fast to death. Many researches have pointed out that sink mobility can reduce the affection of the "hotspots" problem, and increase the lifetime of WSN remarkably.
First of all, summarizations of routing protocols and sink moving strategies have been proposed, and comparisons between different protocols and moving strategies have been made. Then a LMREM(Local Maximum Residual Energy Movement) strategy was proposed, which suggested that sink periodically move to a new position with the highest stay value that together defined by average neighbor residual energy and the neighbor number.
Combined with LMREM and based on Minimum Cost Forwarding (MCF) protocol, a MMCF routing protocol that fully support large scale sensor network application have been introduced. By extinguishing the data redundancy, taking advantage of the energy-rich nodes as the next hop, reaching sink in a multi-path way and taking sink mobility into consideration, MMCF would balance the network load greatly and achieve a prominent increase in network lifetime. At last, a simulation is carried out by NS2. The simulation results show that in contrast with MCF, LMREM-MMCF can prolong the lifetime of the network remarkably, while having a good performance in packet drop rate and average data delay.
本文首先对无线传感器网络路由协议和sink节点移动策略进行了分析,总结了现有的研究现状,并对它们进行了分类比较。其次针对已有sink节点移动策略中的不足,提出了一种基于本地节点剩余能量的sink节点移动策略LMREM。LMREM是一种采用停-走方式的周期性移动策略,sink节点只有在静止时接收数据,而移动时不进行数据收发。在LMREM策略中,sink节点一次移动时只需探测本地局部节点的剩余能量,因此在探测开销和节点负担中取得了较好的平衡。此外,sink节点在探测剩余能量时将节点的邻居个数也考虑在内,以避免sink节点的直接邻居由于数量太少而承受较大的网络负载。
接着结合LMREM策略,针对MCF协议的不足提出了一种能量有效多路径的MMCF协议。MMCF协议消除了MCF中的数据冗余,在数据转发过程中考虑了下一跳节点的剩余能量,并且让数据通过多条路径发送,以均衡网络负载。另外,结合LMREM策略可以进一步优化MMCF协议的能量效率,提高网络生存期。最后,对结合了LMREM策略的MMCF协议进行了仿真模拟分析。通过在NS2中对LMREM-MMCF协议网络生存期、数据包丢失率和数据平均延迟等性能的测试表明,LMREM-MMCF协议显著的提升了网络生存期性能,并具有良好的数据包丢失率与数据平均延迟性能。
Wireless sensor networks(WSN for short) usually composed of a large amount of sensors that deployed in the monitoring fields to sense the physical environments, and a few sinks that involved in gathering data and communicating with the outside. Because of the data-centric application that mentioned above, routing protocol has become the most important part of the design in WSN. There are many routing protocols designed for WSN being proposed already. But if the sink is static, the sensors that around the sink (called "hotspots") will deplete their energy so fast to death. Many researches have pointed out that sink mobility can reduce the affection of the "hotspots" problem, and increase the lifetime of WSN remarkably.
First of all, summarizations of routing protocols and sink moving strategies have been proposed, and comparisons between different protocols and moving strategies have been made. Then a LMREM(Local Maximum Residual Energy Movement) strategy was proposed, which suggested that sink periodically move to a new position with the highest stay value that together defined by average neighbor residual energy and the neighbor number.
Combined with LMREM and based on Minimum Cost Forwarding (MCF) protocol, a MMCF routing protocol that fully support large scale sensor network application have been introduced. By extinguishing the data redundancy, taking advantage of the energy-rich nodes as the next hop, reaching sink in a multi-path way and taking sink mobility into consideration, MMCF would balance the network load greatly and achieve a prominent increase in network lifetime. At last, a simulation is carried out by NS2. The simulation results show that in contrast with MCF, LMREM-MMCF can prolong the lifetime of the network remarkably, while having a good performance in packet drop rate and average data delay.
引文
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[2]I.F.Akyildiz,W.Su,Y.Sankarasubramaniam,et al.A Survey on Sensor Networks[J].IEEE Communications Magazine.2002,40(8):102-114
[3]孙利民,李建中,陈渝,等.无线传感器网络[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2005.27-57
[4]Chee-Yee Chonq,Kumar,S.P.Sensor Networks:Evolution,Opportunities,and Challenges[J].Proceedings of the IEEE,2003.91(8):1247-1256
[5]马祖长,孙怡宁,梅涛.无线传感器网络综述[J].通信学报.2004,25(4):114-124
[6]于海斌,曾鹏,梁铧.智能无线传感器网络系统[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.6-8
[7]李建中,高宏.无线传感器网络的研究进展[J].计算机研究与发展.2008.45(1):1-15
[8]孙雨耕,张静,孙永进,等.无线自组传感器网络[J].传感技术学报.2004,(2):331-335
[9]王继春,黄刘生,徐宏力,等.基于Voronoi图的无需测距的无线传感器网络节点定位算法[J].计算机研究与发展.2008.45(1):119-125
[10]Meguerdichian.S,Koushanfar.F,Potkonjak.M,et al.Coverage problems in wireless ad-hoc sensor networks[C].Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM,2001:1380-1387
[11]Smart Dust.http://Irobotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/pister/SmartDust/
[12]CrossBow Inc.http://www.xbow.com
[13]J.M.Kahn,R.H.Katz,K.S.J.Piste.Next Century Challenges:Mobile Networking for "Smart Dust"[J].Wireless Networks,2005.425-436
[14]Loren Schwiebert,Sandeep K.S.Gupta,Jennifer Weinmann.Research challenges in wireless networks of biomedical sensors[C].Proceedings of ACM MOBICOM,2001.151-165
[15]Slijepcevic S,Tsiatsis V,Zimbeck S,et al.On Communication security in wireless ad-hoc sensor networks[C].Proceedings of Eleventh IEEE International Workshops,2002:139-144
[16]Shih E,Cho S,Ickes N,et al.Physical layer driven protocol and algorithm design for energy-efficient wireless sensor networks[C].Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM MOBICOM,2001.272-286
[17]Canfeng Chen,Jian Ma,Ke Yu.Designing energy efficient wireless sensor networks with mobile sinks[C].Proceedings of the WSW at ACM SENSYS,2006
[18]A.Chakrabarti,A.Sabharwal,B.Aazhang,Using predictable observer mobility for power efficient design of sensor networks[C].Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Information Processing in Sensor Networks(IPSN),2003:129-145
[19]D.K.Goldenberg,J.Lin,A.S.Morse,B.E.Rosen,et al.Towards mobility as a network control primitive[C],Proceedings of the 5th ACM International Symposium on MOBIHOC,2004:163-174
[20]M.Grossglauser,D.N.C.Tse.Mobility increases the capacity of ad-hoc wireless networks[J],IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking,2007,10(4):477-486
[21]A.Howard,M.J.Mataric,G.S.Sukhatme.Mobile sensor networks deployment using potential fields:A distributed,scalable solution to the area coverage problem[C],Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Distributed Autonomous Robotic Systems(DARS),2002
[22]K.Hwang,J.In,Y.Yun,D.Eom.Dynamic sink oriented tree algorithm for efficient target tracking of multiple mobile sink users in wide sensor fields[C],Proceedings of the 60th IEEE VTC,2004:4607-4610
[23]D.Jea,A.A.Somasundara,M.B.Srivastava.Multiple controlled mobile elements (data mules)for data collection in sensor networks[C].Proceedings of the 1st IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems(DCOSS),2005,3560:244-257
[24]H.S.Kim,T.F.Abdelzaher,W.H.Kwon.Minimum energy asynchronous dissemination to mobile sinks in wireless sensor networks[C],Proceedings of the First International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems(SenSys),2003:193-204
[25]杨冕,秦前.基于无线传感器网络的路由协议[J].计算机工程与应用,2004,40(32):130-131,201
[26]唐勇,周明天,张欣.无线传感器网络路由协议研究进展[J].软件学报,2006,17(3)410-421
[27]Hedetniem i S,L iestman A.A Survey of gossiping and broadcasting in communication networks[J].Networks.1998,18(4):319-349
[28]Heinzelman W,Kulik J,Balak rishnan H.Adaptive protocols for information dissemination in wireless sensor networks[C].Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE MOBICOM,1999:174-185
[29]Intanagonwiwat C,Govindan R,Estrin D.Directed diffusion:a scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks[C].Proceedings of IEEE/ACM MOBICOM,2000:56-67
[30]Ye F,Chen A,Lu S,Zhang L.A scalable solution to minimum cost forwarding in large sensor networks[C]. Proceeding of IEEE Computer Communications and Networks,2001:304～309
[31] LiL, Halpern J H. Minimum energy mobile wireless networks revisited[C]. Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), 2001:612-620
[32] Heinzelman W, Chandrakasan A, Balakrishnan H. Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless micro sensor networks[C]. Proceeding of the 33rd Annual Hawaii Conference on System Sciences, 2000:3005～3014
[33]Lindsey S, Raghavendra CS. PEGASIS: Power-efficient gathering in sensor information systems[C]. Proceeding of the IEEE Aerospace Conference 2002:1125～1130
[34] Manjeshwar A, Agrawal DP. TEEN: A protocol for enhanced efficiency in wireless sensor networks[C]. Proceeding of the IEEE 15th Parallel and Distributed Processing System, 2001:2009～2015
[35] K.Akkaya, M.Younis, Energy-aware to mobile gateway in wireless sensor networks, Proceedings of the IEEE GLOBOCOM, 2004,16～21
[36] G.Wang, G.Cao, T.F.La Porta, et al. Movement-assisted sensor deployment[C], Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM, 2004:2469～2479
[37] P.Baruah, R.Urgaonkar, B.Krishnamachari. Learning-enforced time domain routing to mobile sinks in wireless sensor fields[C], Proceeding of the 29th Annual IEEE International Conference on LCN, 2004:525～532
[38] I Chatzigiannakis, A Kinalis, S Nikoletseas. Sink mobility protocols for data collection in wireless sensor networks[C], Proceeding of IEEE MOBIWAC, 2006:52～59
[39] Tong Lang, Zhao Qing, S.Adireddy. Sensor networks with mobile agents[C]. Proceedings of IEEE MILCOM, 2003,1:688～693
[40] S.Jain, R.C.Shah, G.Borriello. Exploiting mobility for energy efficient data collection in sensor networks[J].Mobile Networks and Applications.2006,11(3):327～339
[41] S.R.Gandham, M.Dawande, R. Prakash, et al. Energy efficient schemes for wireless sensor networks with multiple mobile base stations[C]. Proceedings of the IEEE GLOBECOM, 2003,1:377～381
[42] Z.M.Wang, S.Basagni, E.Melachrinoudis, et al. Exploiting sink mobility for maximizing sensor networks lifetime[C]. Proceedings of the 38th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2005:287
[43] Wang Wei., V.Srinivasan, K.C.Chaing .Using mobile relays to prolong the lifetime of wireless sensor networks[C]. Proceedings of IEEE MOBICOM, 2005:270～283
[44] Wang Gui-ling, Cao Guo-hong, T. L. Porta, et al .Sensor relocation in mobile sensor networks[C], Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference of the IEEE INFOCOM, 2005,4:2302～2312
[45] R.C.Shah, S.Roy, S.Jain ,et al. Data MULEs: modeling a three-tier architecture for sparse sensor networks[C], Proceedings of IEEE SNPA, 2003:30～41
[46] W.Zhao, M.H.Ammar, E.W.Zegura, Controlling the mobility of multiple data transport ferries in a delay-tolerant network[C], Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM, 2005:1407～1418
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